SophiaPathwaysforCollegeCredit–EnglishCompositionII.docx

Sophia Pathways for College Credit – English
Composition II
SAMPLE TOUCHSTONE ANDSCORING
Logan Stevens
English Composition II
December 20, 2019
Where’s the Beef?: Ethics and the Beef Industry
Americans love their beef. Despite the high rate of its
consumption, in recent years
people in the United States have grown increasingly concerned
about where their food comes
from, how it is produced, and what environmental and health
impacts result from its production.
These concerns can be distilled into two ethical questions: is the
treatment of cattle humane and

is there a negative environmental impact of beef production?
For many, the current methods of
industrial beef production and consumption do not meet
personal ethical or environmental
standards. Therefore, for ethical and environmental reasons,
people should limit their beef
consumption.
The first ethical question to consider is the humane treatment of
domesticated cattle. It
has been demonstrated in multiple scientific studies that
animals feel physical pain as well as
emotional states such as fear (Grandin & Smith, 2004, para. 2).
In Concentrated Animal Feeding
Operations (CAFOs), better known as “factory farms” due to
their industrialized attitude toward
cattle production, cattle are often confined to unnaturally small
areas; fed a fattening, grain-based
diet; and given a constant stream of antibiotics to help combat
disease and infection. In his essay,
“An Animal’s Place,” Michael Pollan (2002) states that beef
cattle often live “standing ankle
Comment [SL1]: Hi Logan! This is a greattitle.
Comment [SL2]: It will help strengthen your opening

sentence to include somesort of facts or statistics
about
beef consumption in America.
Comment [SL3]: Throughout your essay, you talk about
more than just limiting the consumption of beef. How
could
you strengthen your Thesis Statement to connect all
of
those points?
Composition II
deep in their own waste eating a diet that makes them sick”
(para. 40). Pollan describes
Americans’ discomfort with this aspect of meat production and
notes that they are removed from
and uncomfortable with the physical and psychological aspects
of killing animals for food. He
simplifies the actions chosen by many Americans: “we either
look away—or stop eating
animals” (para. 32). This decision to look away has enabled
companies to treat and slaughter
their animals in ways that cause true suffering for the animals.

If Americans want to continue to
eat beef, alternative, ethical methods of cattle production must
be considered.
The emphasis on a grain-based diet, and therefore a reliance on
mono-cropping, also
contributes to the inefficient use of available land. The vast
majority of grain production (75-
90% depending on whether corn or soy) goes to feeding animals
rather than humans, and cattle
alone account for a significant share. As a result, a majority of
land available for agriculture also
goes to producing livestock, whether actually housing the
animals or growing grain to feed them
(Lappé, 2010, p. 22). This inefficiency means that a
disproportionate amount of agricultural,
food, and monetary resources are poured into a type of cattle
production which has been
demonstrated to be inhumane and to have negative
environmental consequences.
In addition to the inhumane treatment of animals, CAFOs also
raise ethical questions in
terms of the environmental impacts of industrial agriculture.
Because cattle raised on factory
farms are primarily “grain-fed,” meaning that their diet largely

consists of corn and/or soy rather
than grass or other forage, huge amounts of grain are required
to provide the necessary feed. This
grain comes primarily from “monocropping,” an agricultural
practice that involves planting the
same crop year after year in the same field. Although rotating
crops to different fields each
season helps to retain the natural balance of nutrients in the
soil, mono-cropping is considered to
be more efficient on an industrial scale, providing larger yields
of grain even though it also
Comment [SL4]: Great use of sources! The transitions
here
could be a bit smoother and the connection
between these
ideascould be a bit more explicit.
Comment [SL5]: This is a greattopicsentence.
Comment [SL6]: In terms of cohesion, you may want to
look into how your paragraphs flow from one to the
other.
The content of your essay is great, but how
could you
structure it differently to make it even better?

Composition II
requires the use of more chemical fertilizers to provide adequate
nutrients for the plants. These
chemicals can leach into the groundwater, polluting both the
surrounding land and the water
supply.
Other environmental issues include the amount of manure
produced by factory farmed
cattle. Traditionally, cattle graze a large area and distribute
their waste accordingly. In contained
situations such as CAFOs, however, animal waste builds up in a
relatively small area and the
runoff from rainstorms can potentially contaminate the
groundwater (Sager, 2008, para. 7).
Furthermore, because closely contained animals are more prone
to disease, factory-farmed cattle
are routinely treated with antibiotics, which can also leach into
the local ground and water,
potentially affecting humans. According to Brian Palmer
(2010), “Based on some estimates, we

spend more than $4 billion annually trying to clean up CAFO
manure runoff. In addition, the
long-term, low-dose antibiotics CAFOs give livestock can lead
to antibiotic-resistant bacteria,
further undermining our dwindling supply of useful medicines”
(para. 12). The negative impacts
of antibiotic runoff, manure contamination, fossil fuel use, and
mono-cropping indicate that
sourcing beef from CAFOs is neither an ethically responsible
nor an environmentally sustainable
decision.
An alternative to the grain-fed cattle raised in CAFOs is cattle
which are allowed to range
and forage for grass and other greenery as their primary form of
nourishment. This “grass-fed”
beef is, almost by definition, more humane than grain-fed beef
because the animals are allowed
to move freely and eat a more natural diet. There is also some
evidence that grass-fed beef is
healthier than grain-fed beef for the humans who consume it: it
is higher in cancer fighting,
vitamin-A producing beta-carotene; it is much lower in fat,
including having half the saturated
Comment [SL7]: This is a greatparagraph, but it

could be
stronger with the use of sources supporting and
reinforcing
theseideas.
Comment [SL8]: This is a good use of a signal
phrase, but it
would also be helpful to indicate what position
Brian Palmer
holds so that the audience can understand why
his inputis
relevant. Is he a scientist? A farmer? A
reporter?
Composition II
fat as grain-fed beef; and it contains many more omega-3 fatty
acids, conjugated linoleic acid
(CLA), which prevents cancer growth, and vitamin E, which
prevents cancer as well as heart
disease (Ruechel, 2006, p. 235). Due to the benefits of a grass-
based diet, as well as the benefits
of being raised in pastures rather than feedlots, grass-fed cattle
themselves tend to be healthier.
Taken altogether, grass-fed cattle production is better
physically for both the cows and humans.

It is important to note that grass-fed does not inherently mean
organic, which is a
separate, legal category with its own requirements. It is possible
to find grain-fed beef from
cattle raised or slaughtered in inhumane conditions that is
labeled “organic” because the cattle
were fed organic grain, whereas grass-fed beef may come from
cattle that have been raised on
land that does not meet the requirements for organic labeling
(Sager, 2008, paras.10-15).
However, in a guide to raising grass-fed cattle, Julius Ruechel
(2006), notes that “Raising [cattle]
in a pasture reduces or even eliminates the use of toxic
pharmaceutical pesticides to control
parasites and all but eliminates residues of high doses of
antibiotics used on cattle in feedlot
conditions” (p. 236). Even though it may not always be organic,
choosing grass-fed beef reduces
or eliminates many of the environmental and ethical concerns
raised by factory farming.
Grass-fed beef also comes with some benefits to the
environment. As noted earlier, most
grain-fed beef relies on environmentally damaging mono-
cropping. This problem is not an issue

with grass-fed beef, which relies primarily on forage and does
not require the same crop to be
planted year after year. Further, if the grass-fed beef that one
eats comes from local farms and
ranches, it lessens the environmental impact, whereas the long-
distance shipping required by
factory farming practices consumes fossil fuels, which
contribute to global warming. Lappé
(2010) explains the massive effects that industrial food
production has on the environment,
noting that throughout the life cycle of production, processing,
distribution, consumption, and
Comment [SL9]: I wasn’t sure how the information in
this
paragraph was relevant, but you do a good job of
demonstrating it here. You could make theselinks a
bit
clearer in the earlier parts of this paragraph.
Composition II
waste, our food chain may be responsible for as much as a third
of the factors causing global

climate change (p. 11). However, as Pollan (2002) argues by the
end of his essay, farms which
focus on traditional agricultural practices are both more humane
and more environmentally
friendly than CAFOs. Ultimately, food decisions should be
made with an eye to sustainability
and humane treatment, ethical stances that are both supported
by local farms focused on
sustainable diversity.
Despite grass-fed beef scoring better on an environmental
impact level than grain-fed
beef, it is still not perfect, a fact that highlights the problems of
eating beef at all if one is
concerned with environmental ethics. Most notably, to assuage
Americans’ rapacious appetites
for beef, landowners in South America often clear cut rainforest
in order to create grazing land.
“The realities of the global market are a great temptation to
many: Where land is cheap and the
demand for grass-fed cattle is on the rise, the local economy
may respond by cutting down a
forest to create pasture or by planting grass where millet or rice
has been grown” (Sager, 2008,

para. 21). This practice has negative environmental impacts on
the local landscape and the planet
as a whole, since losing vast swathes of rainforest increases the
amount of carbon dioxide in our
atmosphere, contributing to ozone depletion. In their article for
Science magazine, scholars
Molly Brown and Christopher Funk (2008) examine how climate
change will affect food
security and find that people in the developing world are at
particular risk for a lack of food due
to climate change. Mono-cropping and mono-grazing practices,
designed to snag American
dollars in the short term and not to sustain the local population
in the long term, will only
exacerbate these effects (p. 580–81). Furthermore, the rise in
the market for grass-fed beef has
meant that much grass-fed beef is shipped to the U.S. from
South America and Australia. Even if
these animals are raised in a humane and sustainable manner,
the long distances they travel to
Comment [SL10]: This is a very good introduction to
the
counter-arguments.

Composition II
reach American bellies has significant, negative environmental
impact, again due to the use of
fossil fuels (Sager, 2008, para. 21). This reinforces the
importance of buying beef which has
been locally produced, reducing the impact of long-distance
shipping and potential mono-grazing
in other countries.
No matter how ethically sourced, one can still identify some
serious ethical problems
with the raising and slaughter of beef, and those ethical
quandaries are passed on to consumers.
While grass-fed beef is clearly an ethical improvement over
grain-fed beef in terms of humane
treatment and potentially in terms of environmental impact, “No
matter how you slice it, eating
beef will never be the greenest thing you do in a day. Scientists
at Japan’s National Institute of
Livestock and Grassland Science estimate that producing 1
kilogram of beef emits more
greenhouse gas than driving 155 miles” (Palmer, 2010, para. 2).

A kilogram of beef is about the
equivalent of two generously sized rib-eye steaks. Multiply this
by the amount of beef consumed
by Americans in a year and the impact of these greenhouse
gasses cannot be ignored. However,
as compelling as this argument is, it is not reasonable to expect
that Americans will stop eating
beef altogether. In the short term, Americans need to eat
humanely raised, locally sourced, grass-
fed beef, which will ultimately lessen the ethical and
environmental consequences.
If consumers are truly concerned about the ethical treatment of
animals and the
environmental impact of agricultural production, then the
logical action is to stop eating meat
altogether. If Americans are not willing to do this, then the next
best action is to focus on
humanely raised, locally sourced, grass-fed beef, while
acknowledging that this may affect our
beef consumption at many levels. Pollan (2002) concludes his
essay by acknowledging that more
humane treatment of animals would likely cause higher prices
and lower consumption. However,
he states, “maybe when we did eat animals, we’d eat them with

the consciousness, ceremony and
Comment [SL11]: Excellent. I like that you have two
paragraphs addressing the counter-arguments, one
focused
on environment and one focused on ethics. This
parallels
your discussion nicely.
Comment [SL12]: How could you change the
wording to
make it less dismissive of the counter-
arguments?
Composition II
respect they deserve” (para. 82). This emphasis on the respect
for and well-being of the animals
cultivated for food benefits both the animals and the consumer,
acknowledging the desire to be
true omnivores while satisfying our need for ethical clarity.

Comment [SL13]: Very good concluding statement!
Composition II
References
Brown, M., & Funk, C. (2008). Food security under climate
change. Science, 319
(5863), 580-581. doi: 10.1126/science.1154102
Cook, C. (2004). Diet for a dead planet: How the food industry
is killing us. New York,
NY: New Press.
Davis, C., & Lin, B.H. (2005). Factors affecting U.S. beef
consumption. Retrieved from

https://www.ers.usda.gov/publications/pub-
details/?pubid=37389.
Grandin, T. & Smith. G. (2004). Animal welfare and humane
slaughter. Grandin.com.
Retrieved from
http://www.grandin.com/references/humane.slaughter.html
Lappé, A. (2010). Diet for a hot planet: The climate crisis at the
end of your fork. New
York, NY: Bloomsbury.
Palmer, B. (2010, December 21). Pass on grass: Is grass-fed
beef better for the
environment? Slate. Retrieved from
http://www.slate.com/articles/health_and_science/the_green_lan
tern/2010/12/pa
ss_ on_grass.htm
Pollan, M. (2002, November 10). An animal’s place. The New
York Times. Retrieved
from http://www.nytimes.com/2002/11/10/magazine/an-animal-
s-place.html
Ruechel, J. (2006). Grass-fed Cattle: How to produce and
market natural beef. North
Adams, MA. Storey Publishing.
Sager, G. (2008). Where’s your beef from?: Grass-fed Beef: Is

it green, humane and
healthful? Natural Life Magazine. Retrieved from
http://www.naturallifemagazine.com/0812/grass-
fed_beef_green_humane_healthful.htm
Composition II
Reflection Questions:
1. Provide one example of a place where you have used
rhetorical appeals or source
material to support your argument. How does this enhance your
essay? (2-3 sentences)
One place I was able to use source material throughout my
essay, but I think the part where I
included the statistic about how producing 1 kilogram of beef
emits more greenhouse gas
than driving 155 miles. This helps enhance my essay because it
puts the information into
perspective for the reader in terms of how much the production
of meat can affect our
environment.
2. Touchstone 4 is a revision of this draft. What kind of

feedback would be helpful for you
as you revise? Are there parts of your draft that you’re
uncertain of? (3-4 sentences)
I think a fresh set of eyes will certainly be beneficial to ensure I
come up with the best draft
possible. Sometimes, I can “get in my own head” about my
writing and am not able to see
the big picture as easily. An objective critique of the essay is
going to be much appreciated
and will help me immensely.
Composition II
Research Essay Draft Rubric and Feedback
Rubric
Category
Feedback Score
(acceptable, needs
improvement etc.)
Argument

Development
and Support
Your thesis statement takes a specific position
on one side of a debatable issue. Try to focus it a
bit more by adding a bit more detail to it. The
details you provide are primarily relevant and
support your main idea. You consistently use
logical reasoning and source material to support
your argument effectively throughout your essay.
34/40
Research
You reference a number of credible, outside
sources effectively, using quotation, paraphrase,
and summary. You primarily incorporate these
sources smoothly into your discussion. You could
fine-tune some of your signal-phrasing in your
next draft. There is a good balance between
original writing and outside sources.
25/30
Organization You have a great start on the organization of
your paper. You have a thesis, an adequate
number of paragraphs with topic sentences, and
you address counterarguments. You also have
an effective concluding paragraph. Look a bit

more closely at the organization of your
paragraphs (see notes in body of essay) to
enhance this even more.
13/15
Style
You do a great job with your word choices and
sentence structures.
4/5
Conventions There are few – if any – negligible errors in
grammar, punctuation, spelling, capitalization,
formatting, and usage.
5/5
Reflection You demonstrate thoughtful reflections, and
consistently include insights, observations, and
examples in your responses.
5/5

Overall Score and Feedback: 86/100
CHANGE INITIATIVE ASSESSMENT: PAPER ASSIGNMENT
INSTRUCTIONS
Each student will prepare 1 document to submit through
TurnitIn. The project is an
organizational change report that will total no more than 15
pages (not counting title or reference
pages; no abstract is required). The paper must follow current
APA format guidelines and will
contain 2 main parts. Part 1 must be 1250–1750 words, and Part
2 must be 1500–2000 words. A
minimum of 10 peer-reviewed sources must be used within the
paper.
Part 1 (a maximum of 1750 words) must be written as a case
and must describe vs.
analyze/recommend. Part 1 must be modeled after the cases read
during the course, containing
similar format and content. Part 1 must contain a case
description of a large organizational
change (one about which you are able to obtain significant
information). Types of change might
include mergers, acquisitions, downsizing, new strategic
direction, globalization, public image
failures (BP, Toyota, Facebook, Goldman Sachs), macro-
economic change, political/legal shifts,
or some other type of organizational change.
The target organization may be a private, government, or non-
profit organization with which you
are familiar. Remember that you will need to select an
organization for which you are able to
collect considerable information in order to create a

comprehensive case.
Part 2 (a maximum of 2000 words) must be a thorough analysis,
with suggestions for change and
recommendations for management interventions in the case from
Part 1. This part of your
Project must be modeled after your 2 Consulting Proposal
assignments, each of which includes
an analysis section and a recommendations section. In the
analysis, apply course concepts to the
case. In your recommendations, provide strategic, practical, and
insightful actions for
management.
Consider the following questions in Part 2:
Based on your learning related to this course, how would you
diagnose what is really
going on in the organization selected?
How well do the organizational leaders/members understand
what the issues really are?
How ready is the organization to change in terms of awareness,
motivation, flexibility,
and skill?
Given the context of the change (social, political, economic,
customer need, etc.), how
big a change is required to move the organization to a
productive and effective mode of
existence?
Analyze the company’s particular approach to change. Why did
the organization take one
particular approach to change (e.g., downsize) rather than other
possible ones (e.g.,
creating a learning organization)? How effectively was the
particular change attempt
carried out?
BMAL 504
Page 2 of 2
How did resistance to change manifest itself? How effectively

was the resistance
addressed?
What were the objectives of the change effort? How successful
was the change effort
given its objectives?
How might the organization have used some of the materials
and learnings from this
course to increase the success of the change effort?
What consulting strategy would you use in working with the
organization?
What recommendations would you make to the organization on
how to be more effective
in implementing and/or sustaining changes going forward?
6
Shavonna McFarlin
Sep 14, 2022
Should Video Games Be Considered a Sport?

Should Video Games be Considered Sport?
Working Thesis: Video games should not be considered a sport,
thesevideo games do not involve e application of athletic
abilities or any physical exertion that is required in the
conventional sport.
Annotated Bibliography
Baronowski, T., Abdelsamad, D., Baronowski, J., O’Connor, T.
M., Thompson, D., Barnett, A.,…Chen, T-A. (2012). Impact of
an active video game on healthy children’s physical activity.
Pediatrics, 129(3), 636-642.
https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2011-2050
The authors assert that receiving an active game under natural
circumstances does not offer a public health benefit to the
children. They argue that under laboratory conditions, active
video games can enable children to take part in moderate or
even vigorous physical activity. The source highlights the
inconsistencies in literature regarding how active video games
allow children to increase physical activity under more
naturalistic situations. Bronowski et al. claim that there was no
proof that children receiving video games were active over a
period of twelve weeks than those receiving inactive video
games. This source will be useful to my paper as it
demonstrates why video games should not be considered as a
sport since they lack health benefits to children, unlike typical
sport. Therefore, I can use it to represent my argument and
counterarguments.
(Peer-Reviewed Article)
Kane, D., & Spradley, B. D. (2018). Recognizing Esports as a
sport.
The Sport Journal.
https://thesportjournal.org/article/recognizing-esports-as-a-
sport/
These authors present a theoretical framework that is founded

on the concept of considering eSports as sports. They argue that
competitive video gamers are beginning to show similar athletic
properties as conventional sports athlete. They further argue
that the concept of video games has also changed. Individuals
have begun to play video games competitively in tournaments
with close resemblance to sports competition rather than
playing video games recreationally. This source will be useful
in my essay since it tends to favor eSports as a form of sport
while underpinning the changes that have occurred within this
gaming. Such information will help me evaluate the benefits of
eSports and what makes it qualify to be a sport.
Yen, B. (2022). Opinion: Playing video games should be
considered a sport. HS Insider.
https://highschool.latimes.com/diamond-bar-high-
school/opinion-playing-video-games-should-be-considered-a-
sport/
Bianca Yen, a well-respected journalist, opines that eSports
should be considered a sport since Esport competitors go
through a training that is similar to sports players before
competition. These players like others have physical fitness,
athletic ability, intense physical training, and have large arena
to compete in as athletic sports players do. She further argues
that the physical demands of Esport during their training are
just similar as athletes. Besides, their heart rate can reach 160
to 180 bpm, which is comparable to a heart rate of an athlete
while running. This information creates context for the topic
and will be useful in the last parts of the main body paragraphs
of my essay to make my counterargument to readers why they
should consider video games as sport and not vice versa.
(Magazine)
Pelletier, V. H., Lessard, A., Piche, F., Tetreau, C., &
Descarreaux, M. (2020). Video games and their associations
with physical health: a scoping review.
BMJ Open Sport,
6(1), e000832. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjsem-2020-

000832
These authors investigate the potential associations between
video games practice and physical health. They reveal that time
spent gaming is related to some health outcomes indicators.
They indicate that there is no adequate evidence to resolve on a
potential relationship between gaming time and physical
activity, or dietary behaviors, or sedentary behaviors. This
source is useful in understanding the physical health
consequences of playing video games among healthy video
game players. They further reveal that video gaming time is
associated with decline in some physical health indicators and
behaviors, including general health status and BMI. This source
is useful to my essay since Pelletier’s perspective is
foundational to my argument that video games should not be
considered sport, and why we should go for the natural physical
activity to promote the body’s health.
Berger, A. A. (2002).
Video games: a popular culture phenomenon. New
York, NY; Transaction Publishers.
This author argues that video games should not be regarded a
sport since they do not entail physical activity. He asserts that
video games need substantial amount of skill, training and
strategy. Nonetheless, mental exertion cannot be equated to
physical exertion. Berger states that while conventional sports
need both physical and mental exertion, video games only
require mental exertion. Thus, the absence of physical exertion
in video games makes them not be considered as sport.
Although video games are becoming a typical pastime activity
for most young individuals and some adults, they should not be
regarded as sport since they do not entail physical movement.
This source will be useful to my essay since Berger’s
perspective is basic to my argument that video games as they do
not enhance most of the benefits that conventional sports do,

including aiding in weight loss, physical fitness, encouraging
the development of healthy eating habits, and body
strengthening.
(Book)
Reflection Questions:
1.
Accurately recording bibliographic information is
essential and saves you time, as you can transfer this
information to the References page of your drafted essay. Each
source entry should include a brief summary of the source as
well as 3-4 sentences describing how you intend to use that
source to build or support your argument. Discuss how your
annotated bibliography meets these criteria. (2-3 sentences)
These requirements have been met in my annotated bibliography
since the summary of the source is given and an explanation
given of how each source will be useful in my Argumentative
essay. I believe this is an essential step before drafting the
essay since it saves on time for gathering pertinent information
since I have established the validity and usefulness of each
source.
2.
Which strategies were most helpful for you when
searching for credible sources? (2-3 sentences)
The strategies I found most helpful during credible source
searching include looking at both the source’s date of
publication and whether the information would support my
claim or not. In addition, I cross-checked the information to
ensure it is valid. I found this useful in finding the sources I
could utilize fully, rather than drawing a lot of detail from
multiple sources.
3.
What difficulties did you face while searching for
credible sources? How did you overcome these difficulties? (2-3
sentences)
I found that most sources lacked sufficient literature supporting
my claim. I found it difficult identifying sources with detailed

information to back my claim, as most only offered fewer
details. Considering the challenges, I ensured I searched for
consistent and clear group of sources to ensure the information I
use is sufficient to back my claim.
8
Shavonna McFarlin
June 27, 2022
Research Question: Should Video Games Be Considered a
Sport?
Working Thesis Statement: Video games should not be
considered a sport, these video games do not involve e
application of athletic abilities or any physical exertion that is
required in the conventional sport.
Detailed Outline
I. Working thesis Introduction: Video games should not be
considered as sports because because they don’t fit eh criteria
and characteristics of conventional sports
A. Description why video games is not sport
B. Definition History and background
Source1. Baronowski et al. (2012) sport involves a contest
where people participate in physical activities.
Source 2. (Borg, 2015) the major feature in conventional sport

is organization, video games often ae poorly organized unlike
conventional sports that is organized into levels.
II. Lack of Physical Activity
A. Video games do not involve physical activities
B. Mental exertion cannot be compared to physical exertion
C. Lack of physical exertion limits video games to be sports.
Source1.Sports are beneficial since they incorporate physical
activities due to lack of physical exertion
Source2.Players of Video games do not become stronger
physically
III. Lack of Authentic Ability
A. Video games ask application of physical ability
B. No much great commitment in video games unlike in sports
such as football, swimming etc.
C. Athletic ability is attained through physical training
Source 1. There is limited application of athletic ability in
video games
Source 2. Authentic prowess is achieved by undergoing mental
and physical conditioning
IV. Counterargument
A. Video games are not to be considered as sports
B. There is no involvement of athletic ability
C. Just like conventional sports video games attract big
audience
D. Video games have increased popularity, and has been a
critical component in people’s lives
Source1.Young,2016 on the mental exertion, training and
strategy in video games is similar to those in sports
Source 2. Gustavo, video games are becoming highly
competitive and players earn a lot of money just as in sport.
VI. Conclusion:
A. Video games lack physical exertion and athletic ability and
therefore should not be considered as a sport
B. Emphasizing of the importance of sports
Source 1. Little physical activity is needed in playing video
games

Reflection Questions
Q1. During the process of researching, the most challenging
aspect for me is the time it takes to gather all information from
different sources for the paper. It is difficult to assess the
sources trying to find the right information for the paper, where
the information provided in the source is credible to be used in
my essay. At first, I underestimated the time it was to take, it
ended up taking longer than I expected.
Q2. The working thesis statement was a single sentence that
presented the one side of a debatable argument. I tried to be
more specific by giving more details in comparing sports and
video games and what makes video games not to be considered
as a sport.
Q3. I start by introducing and giving a brief background and
history of video games and sports. I then switch to discussing
the characteristic that makes video game not to be considered a
sport. The counter argument outlines the characteristics of video
games that are almost similar sports.
Q4. I am positive and confident that the information that I have
provided in my essay will be an insight to the structure of the
paper. I think that my introduction and the outline is clear and
easy to follow for the person reading my essay. I would like
some guidance on citation, I have tried my very best to follow
the APA guidelines but I am to very sure about the intent
citations.

Introduction
The emergence of internet and commuters have led to a new
gene of competition called the eSports. This has led to the
controversial issue of whether video games are supposed to be
considered as sports or not. Conventional sports and video
games share similar characteristics. However, the similarities
are not good enough and should not justify video games as
sports. Video games are not considered as sports because they
lack the athletic ability and physical exertion of the
conventional sports.
Definition, Background, and History
Playing computer games isn't a game yet a side interest. A
distraction movement individuals take part in when they are
exhausted or when they need to unwind. The contrast between a
game and a serious side interest is how much actual effort
included (Cashmore, 2010). Many individuals pick computer
games as side interests since they don't include actual
development. As indicated by the World Health Organization,
one of the difficulties that youngsters face is the negative
wellbeing impact of embracing stationary ways of life since
they support the improvement of conditions, for example,
corpulence and sicknesses like diabetes. The association
suggests cooperation in sports as one of the techniques to
diminish the frequency of diabetes and corpulence among kids
and youngsters. Computer games are not suggested on the
grounds that they support stationary ways of life that insensible
individuals to their general surroundings. Preceding the rise of
the PC, sports were fundamentally characterized by how much
physical and mental strength expected to dominate an action and
gain greatness (Cashmore, 2010). In contemporary society,
global competitions just incorporate occasions that include
actual challenges of solidarity and endurance. After the rise of
the PC, the expression "eSports' was authored to allude to
games played through the guide of electronic gadgets (Newman,
2008).

Absence of Physical Activity
Computer games ought not be viewed as a game since they don't
include active work (Brookey and Oates, 2015). Online
multiplayer games require huge measure of preparing, ability,
and technique. Nonetheless, mental effort couldn't measure up
to actual effort. Computer games require mental effort just
while traditional games require both mental and actual effort
(Berger, 2002). The absence of actual effort in computer games
denies them the potential chance to be viewed as a game.
Computer games are continuously turning into the most widely
recognized diversion movement among youngsters and a few
grown-ups (Vorderer and Bryant, 2012).
They ought not be viewed as a game since despite the fact that
they have likenesses with ordinary games, they don't include
actual development (Consalvo, Mitgutsch, and Stein, 2013).
Sports are useful on the grounds that they improve actual
wellness, help in weight reduction, fortify the body, and support
the advancement of smart dieting propensities. None of these
advantages can be appreciated from playing computer games.
Analysts have contended that computer games players don't turn
out to be actually more grounded or better as a result of the
absence of actual effort (Baronowski et al., 2012). Customary
games and computer games require huge measure of preparing,
technique, responsibility, and smartness (Berger, 2002). In any
case, the absence of actual work excludes computer games from
getting the game status. Dominating a game like ball or football
takes time, energy, and exertion (Brookey and Oates, 2015).
Absence of Athletic Ability
In addition to the fact that individuals neglect to comprehend
that computer games can't be viewed as a game in light of
absence of actual effort, yet additionally miss the mark on use
of athletic capacity. Players don't have to have any athletic
capacity to take part in competitions. Traditional games like
football, ball, tennis, swimming, and cycling involve incredible
responsibility and preparing (Cashmore, 2010). Extraordinary

athletic capacity is achieved through serious actual preparation
and mental molding. Any individual can become perfect at
playing computer games since it requires no athletic capacity
(Berger, 2002). The main actual development associated with
playing computer games is the development of fingers while
squeezing buttons on the regulator. The abilities expected to
play computer games are grown intellectually and not actually
(Vorderer and Bryant, 2012). Athletic ability is accomplished
by going through fierce meetings of physical and mental
molding for a specific timeframe (Cashmore, 2010).
Competitors routinely test the constraints of their capacities by
persevering through the torment of experiencing hazardous
wounds. Additionally, the fatigue experienced in customary
game comes from physical and mental effort and has various
medical advantages (Cashmore, 2010).
For what reason Should Video Games Be Considered a Sport
Computer games ought not be viewed as a game since they
neither include actual effort nor the utilization of athletic
capacity. In any case, many individuals feel that how much
preparation, procedure, and mental effort expected to play
computer games are like those engaged with ordinary games
(Young, 2016). A few scientists contend that very much like
regular games, computer games draw in huge crowds, are
profoundly serious, bring in proficient players a ton of cash,
and have turned into a significant piece of standard satellite
broadcasting companies' customizing (Consalvo et al., 2013).
For instance, the 2013 League of Legends Championship pulled
in excess of 32 million fans and created millions in income.
The expanded prevalence of eSports is a sign computer games
will ultimately be a basic part of individuals' day to day
routines. More individuals are embracing computer games and
thus, investing energy and exertion working on their abilities.
Acquiring authority in computer games requires the very level
of preparing and specialization that is applied in traditional
game (Newman, 2008). In such manner, computer games ought
to be viewed as a game since they share a few similitudes with

traditional games. A few specialists might contend that dynamic
computer games empower players to participate in moderate and
fiery active work, and an outcome, partake in the advantages of
active work (Consalvo et al., 2013). They contend that not at all
like uninvolved computer games, dynamic computer games
include actual effort.
While many individuals might feel that dynamic computer
games include changing levels of moderate and fiery actual
work, ebb and flow research delineates the inverse. For
instance, a review directed by Baronowski et al. (2012) found
no connection between actual work and dynamic computer
games. As referenced before, one of the primary qualities of a
game is active work. Computer games are acquiring ubiquity as
innovation progresses and as eSports become a kind of revenue
(Young, 2016). Nonetheless, it is exceptionally impossible that
computer games will be played at any worldwide occasion
including ordinary games.
Conclusion
The controversy of considering video game as a sport is an
issue. There are common similarities between video games and
sports but those are not enough to justify. The findings of the
research were that video games lack physical exertion and
athlete ability. Athlete ability is not a requirement in video
game. Therefore, video game should not be considered as a
sport.
References
Berger, A. A. (2002).
Video games: a popular culture phenomenon. New
York, NY: Transaction Publishers.

Baronowski, T., Abdelsamad, D., Baronowski, J., O’Connor, T.
M., Thompson, D., Barnett, A.,…Chen, T-A. (2012). Impact of
an active video game on healthy children’s physical activity.
Paediatrics, 129(3), 636-642.
Borg, O. J. (2015).
Is computer gaming really sport? Web.
Brookey, R. A., & Oates, T. P. (2015).
Playing to win: sports, video games, and the culture of
play. Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press.
Cashmore, E. (2010).
Making sense of sports. New York, NY: Taylor &
Francis.
Consalvo, M., Mitgutsch, K., & Stein, A. (2013).
Sports videogames. New York, NY: Routledge.
Newman, J. (2008).
Playing with videogames. New York, NY: Routledge.
Vorderer, P., & Bryant, J. (2012).
Playing video games: motives, responses,
and consequences. New York, NY: Routledge.
Young, H. (2016).
Seven-figure salaries, sold-out stadiums: is pro video
gaming a sport?Web.

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