Essay Wittig Reaction

Essay Wittig reaction
SYNTHESIS OF TRANS–9–(2–PHENYLETHENYL) ANTHRACENE (A WITTIG REACTION)
Introduction:
The purpose of this experiment is to convert carbonyl compounds to alkenes using Wittig reaction.
In this case we will be synthesizing Trans–9–(2–phenylethenyl) anthracene from
benzyltriphenylphosphonium chloride and 9–anthraldehyde. We will also aim to obtaining a high
percent yield and purity for the synthesis of Trans–9–(2–phenylethenyl) anthracene. The mechanism
for this reaction goes thus:
Experimental:
Benzyltriphenylphosphonium chloride (0.201g) and 9–anthraldehyde (0.116g) were weighed and
added to a short–neck round–bottomed flask (5ml). Dichloromethane (2ml) was measured using a
measuring cylinder and added to the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Hickey) Organic chemistry lab 2 manual, department of Chemistry University of New Orleans. We
observed a yellow residue in the bottom of the flask after the dichloromethane has been boiled off,
and 2–propanol (3ml) was added to it and then was heated until the entire residue dissolved and the
solution was transferred to a clean Erlenmeyer flask.
After allowing the flask to cool to room temperature and cooling on ice, the product was collected
and washed with 2–propanol (2ml) into a clean Hirsch funnel and was filtered using vacuum
filtration. The triphenylphosphine oxide remained in the propanol solution, and the crystals were
dried by drawing air through them. The mass, percentage yield and melting point of the product was
obtained. The crystals were stored in a glass vial for next experiment.
Data/calculations
Mass of product obtained = 0.077g
Mole Ratio for both C25H22PCl and C15H10 O with product is 1:1
Determination of the number of moles for each reactant: Benzyltriphenylphosphonium chloride
(C25H22PCl) =
9–anthraldehyde (C15H10 O) =
The limiting reagent is therefore Benzyl triphenylphosphonium chloride.
The theoretical yield of 9–(2 phenylethenyl) anthracene is 0.145g
Actual 0.077g
Percentage yield =
Melting Point:
Fast ramp Slow ramp
Start temp.

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Essay about Lab Report
Synthesis of Butyl Benzoate Using Phase Transfer Catalysis
The objective of the experiment is to synthesize the butly benzoate by nucleophilic substitution and
characterize it by IR spectroscopy. The percent yield of the final product is determined after the
synthesis.
Procedures:
2.0 mL of 1–bromobutane, 3.0 g of sodium benzoate, 5.0 mL of water, 4 drops of
Aliquat 336, and a boiling stone were placed in a 50mL round–bottomed flask. The reaction mixture
was refluxed for 1 hour and the flask was cooled in a beaker in the water of room temperature. The
solid was formed in the mixture and the flask was shaken until it dissolved. The flash was rinsed
with 15 mL dichloromethane and it was added to the separating funnel. 10 mL of ... Show more
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fig)
Discussion
1) Errors & discrepancy
Firstly, the error of the percent yield or 18.8% yield of final product was due to the transfer of
reactions of organic layers to the Erlenmeyer flask several times, which led to the lost of the final
products. Besides, the excess benzoate was not entirely removed by the water and remained in the
final product. For the step of adding NaCl, the water was not entirely extracted from the organic
product as only several times of the extraction were done in the experiment.
2) Mechanism of the reaction
The above is the mechanism of the nucleophilic substitution (SN2), which the negative
O atom attacks the positive C atom and form the intermediate product in the second step. Br is
replaced by the benzoate ion and Br– is formed at the end of the reaction.
Conclusion
Butyl benzoate is synthesized through the nucleophilic substitution and the percent yield of the final
product is 18.8% from the experiment.
1) How is the phase transfer catalyst removed from product?
Water and dichloromethane are used to dissolve the phase transfer catalyst to the aqueous stage.
Then, the aqueous layer with the catalyst can be removed by using the separating funnel. Besides,
dehydrating agent can also be used to further remove the catalyst in the aqueous layer.

2) What purpose does washing with 15% (half–saturated) NaCl solution serve?
The 15% NaCl solution is to extract the water from the organic

Catalase Activity Lab Report
How Hydrogen Peroxide Breakdown Occurs at the different rates and how Temperature Effects
Catalase Activity. Introduction
The breakdown of Hydrogen Peroxide (H2O2) occurs at the same rate in all cells, and the catalase
activity is not affected by temperature. My reasoning behind this hypothesis is because by adding
hydrogen peroxide at the same time it should breakdown at the same pace. Additionally, the
chemical reaction rate should be the same at any temperature.
Enzymes also known as biological catalase, originate from a living organism in order to act as a
catalase to boost the rate of a chemical reaction. One of the main factors that control enzyme
activity is the environment the enzyme is exposed to. A catalase is an enzyme that creates a chain
reaction that disassembles hydrogen Peroxide into Water (H2O) and oxygen (O2). Anselme Payen a
French scientist discover enzymes by using a diastase enzyme to breakdown maltose into dextrose
in 1833 (Reference, 2017). Materials and Methods
With a glass–marking pen preferably black, mark four sterile test tubes. The test tubes should be
marked 1A, 2A, 3A, and 4A. First, using a mortar and pestle to grind together a spatula of sand, a
0.5 cm pieces of apple, and 1 ml of distilled water. Then pour this mixture into test tube 1A. Second,
using a mortar and pestle to grind together a spatula of sand, a 0.5 cm pieces of potato, and 1 ml of
distilled water. Then pour this mixture into test tube 2A. Third, using a mortar and

How To Mummification Process Essay
How To Mummify a Body To start the mummification process the body of the deceased would first
be taken to the place of purification to be cleansed. The body is initially washed with palm wine,
and then rinsed with water of the Nile river. One of the embalmers would then make an incision into
the deceased's left side and remove most of the internal organs to prevent them from decomposing.
These organs are then packed in natron salt in order to dry them out and keep them preserved. At the
time the brain wasn't known to be of any importance or have any function, so a long metal hook was
stuck through the deceased's nose, the brain was crushed and mashed, pulled it out back through the
nose and disposed of. On the contrary, the heart was left in the body because it was believed to be
"the center of intelligence and feeling" ("Mummification") and was needed in the afterlife. Before
the organs were wrapped and returned to the body, they were each stored in special canopic jars
with different gods for the corresponding organs. The liver was protected by Imsety, the human
looking god; the baboon–headed god Hapy protects the lungs; the jackal–headed god Duamutef
looks after ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The dried out organs are then taken and wrapped in linen, then returned to the body. Meanwhile, the
body is filled with sawdust, and oiled one last time before being completely wrapped in linen. When
the wrapping of the body begins, the embalmers start by wrapping the head, neck fingers, and toes,
all individually. Then the arms and legs are wrapped and between those layers of linen, protective
amulets are placed to protect the deceased's soul in the afterlife, including such amulets as the "Isis
Knot", and the "plummet". While all this is happening, a priest would say prayers to ward off evil
spirits in the

Microliters
For instance, suspect 1's DNA is correlated with micro test tubes number 1 and 2 and suspect 2's
DNA corresponds to micro test tubes numbered 3 and 4. Therefore, Tubes 1–4 all received 10
microliters of reaction, Tube 1 and 2 (suspect 1) received 15 microliters of DNA 1 and tubes 3 and
4(suspect 2) each received DNA 2, tubes 1 and 3 received 15 microliters of Enzyme 1 and tubes 2
and 4 received 15 microliters of enzyme 2. The micro test tubes were filled using a micropipette,
making sure to replace each tip every time a substance was drawn and transferred then discarded
properly in order to avoid any type of contamination between the enzymes within the micro test
tubes. After following the table layout the tubes were capped and placed in an ... Show more content
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Now the micro test tubes were provided from the previous week containing the DNA reaction
samples and each tube as before that were labeled 1–4 all received an addition of gel loading
solution in the amount of 5 microliters each. The wells of the gel were then filled using a
micropipette with 20 microliters of each of the specifications as follows: Lane 1 was filled with
standard DNA fragments from tube labeled Markers, Lane 2 was filled with DNA from crime scene
containing enzyme 1 which was tube labeled CS1, Lane 3 filled with DNA from crime scene
containing enzyme 2 which corresponds to tube labeled CS2, Lane 4 filled with contents from tube
labeled number 1 which was suspect 1's DNA with enzyme 1, Lane 5 filled with contents of tube
labeled number 2 which was suspect 1's DNA with enzyme 2, Lane 6 was filled with DNA from
suspect 2 containing enzyme 1 which was in the tube labeled number 3, Lane 7 was filled with tube
labeled number 4 which contained suspect's 2 DNA with enzyme 2, and finally Lane 8 was filled
with the same contents as Lane 1 which was labeled Markers. Now the gel box gets covered up and
then hooked up to the power source. Making sure that the black and red cords were also plugged
afterwards matching up the colors black–to–black and red–to–red. Electrophoresis began when the
power source was turned on at 150V and 150mA, which is known as running the gel. This continued
on for 45 minutes, in order to make sure it was working confirmation was received by what looked
like soda fizz in the solution. After the lapse of 45 minutes everything was unplugged and
uncovered and the gel was removed carefully by the instructor and placed on a UV illuminator for
observation and comparisons. The goal here was to see which bands on the crime scene matched to
the bands that were created in this experiment (Upadhyaya,

Extract Nicotine From Tobacco Samples And Calculate The...
A Soxhlet extraction is used only if the desire substance we want to extract from the sample has
limited solubility in a particular solvent, and the impurities cannot dissolve in the solvent. The
purpose of this experiment is to extract nicotine from tobacco samples and calculate the amount of
nicotine in it. In this experiment, nicotine will be the substance we want to get, and dichloromethane
will be the solvent. Through several cycles of extraction, nicotine was able to dissolve in the solvent
which makes the color of liquid in the extractor to fade. The solvent was later on evaporated, and
nicotine was obtained. Only a little amount of solvent will be used in this extraction. Since the
solvent will go back to the distilling flask again and began a new cycle. The temperature also cannot
be too high; it must depend on the boiling point of the solvent. The result can tell us the specific
amount of nicotine presented in the sample and it can give us an idea how much nicotine a smoker
takes in a day.
II. Introduction:
We may know that there are lots of tobacco smokers in the world. Tobacco kills around 6 million
people each year. More than 5 million of these deaths are cause by the direct use of tobacco while
over 600,000 of individuals died due to the exposure to second–hand smoke (WHO, 2015). This
experiment aims to extract nicotine from tobacco sample and to calculate the amount of nicotine in a
specific brand of cigarette sample with the use of Soxhlet extraction.

Hydrolysis Lab Report
To begin our experiment, we needed five cuvettes, two flasks, two beakers, glucose, sucrose,
lactose, phosphate buffer and ortho–nitro–phenyl–galactoside (ONPG), a lactase pill (our enzyme)
and a spectrophotometer. As our experiment began, we crushed the lactase pill in a mortar and pestle
and dissolved it in 4mL of phosphate buffer in a beaker. We let the solution sit for two minutes, then
strained through a napkin that was slightly pushed into the new beaker so we could have our stock
enzyme solution. Then, we took 1mL of the stock and added it to 9mL of phosphate buffer in a
small flask to create 1/10 enzyme dilution. Again, we took 1mL of the 1/10 enzyme dilution and
added to another flask filled with 9mL of phosphate buffer. We finally

Osmosis Experiment Lab Report
Before anything else, the laboratory assistant must gather the materials necessary for the
experiment. The assistant needs four dialysis bags impermeable to sucrose but permeable to water,
four 100mL beakers, distilled water, and a scale. The results will be obtained by calculating the
percent change in mass of the dialysis bags.
15mL of each solution will be placed into separate dialysis bags. The bags will be tied with some
space for oxygen so osmosis can occur. After wiping the bags with a paper towel to make sure there
is no excess solution, each bag will be weighed in grams for the initial mass. Record the initial mass
and accordingly label the bags A, B, C, D.
Next, fill each beaker with 100mL of distilled water and submerge the bags in the beakers. Allow ...
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The definition of diffusion state that molecules will travel down the concentration gradient, or, that
molecules will move from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration. Building
off that, osmosis, whose most basic definition is the diffusion of water, was responsible for the
results in this experiment. Each dialysis bag was concentrated with less water and more sucrose,
hence, the bag is hypertonic. The water outside the bag has more water and less solute, hence, it is
hypotonic. In other words, the area outside the bag had a higher water potential while the area inside
the bag had lower water potential. Water naturally moves from an area that is hypertonic to
hypotonic, or, an area with high water potential to an area with low water potential. Water potential
is lowered when there is solute so that is why the dialysis bag has a lower water potential. Since the
dialysis bag is selectively permeable, meaning only certain molecules may pass through the
membrane, the net movement of water was the most influential factor in this experiment since
sucrose could not pass through the

Determination Of Copper Sulphate Using Colorimetry Lab Report
Finding the concentration of an unknown sample of copper sulphate using colorimetry.
In this task the concentration of an unknown sample of copper sulphate using colorimetry was used
to find the concentration. In this investigation copper sulphate was used which is CuSO4.5H20 as a
formula. To make a standard solution which was 1M, the same clean equipment was used to make
up the standard solution as used to make sodium carbonate. However there was one difference and
that was that the hot distilled water was used to dissolve the copper sulphate crystals. There had to
be enough hot water in order to dissolve the crystals into the beaker and then add cold distilled
water to cool the solution.
After this, the solution was poured into a volumetric flask just about to the 1dm3 line and then it
was left there to cool to the same temperature as the room before filling precisely to the 1dm3 line
with distilled water. The molar mass of CuSO4.5H20 was 249.5 so that means 249.5g of copper
sulphate was needed to dissolve, in order to make a standard solution, into 1dm3of distilled water.
Following this, a linear dilution of the CuSO4.5H2O was made in order to be used to make a
calibration curve after using the colorimeter to write down the absorbance of each sample. A linear
dilution is diluted with distilled water in order for it to make the concentration weaker and weaker.
For this investigation, the dilutions made ranged from 0.01 to 0.1 M/l . It was essential to only make
up 10cm3

Spinach Lab
Introduction: My lab partners and I performed an experiment that involved placing spinach disks
into separate cups of distilled water (dH2O) and 0.2% sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3) solution to
examine photosynthesis in leaf tissue (Department of EEB, 2015). Discovering that the spinach
disks quickly floated to the top of the 0.2% NaHCO3 solution and not in dH2O, we wondered if
varied concentrations of carbonation would affect the rate of photosynthesis (PS). We tested this by
halving the 0.2% NaHCO3 solution (using equal parts dH2O and 0.2% NaHCO3 solution to make
0.1% NaHCO3 solution). I hypothesize that if the spinach disks are placed in the 0.1% NaHCO3
solution, then they will have a slower PS compared to the disks placed in 0.2% NaHCO3. CO2 ...
In conclusion, the hypothesis is supported by the experiment. Only 2/10 disks floated to the top of
the 0.1% NaHCO3 solution, while all 10 of the disks in the 0.2% NaHCO3 solution floated to the
top. A potential follow–up experiment could be to test the affects of increased concentrations of
carbonation on PS (Bagley et al., 2015). There was the possibility of human error and bias having
impact on the experiment. When using syringes, the plunger may have been pulled too harshly and
damaged some of the disks. This could have led to disks not floating to the top in the experiment.
Another form of error could have been the use of disks that were cut from the veins of the leaf,
which has less chloroplasts, meaning less process of photosynthesis happening, and result in the
disks not floating to the

Chemical Properties Of Binary Compounds
Experiment 1
Prelab : Compound Molecular Weight (g/mol) Melting / Boiling Point (°C) Density (g/〖cm〗^3)
Characteristics
Sodium Bromide, NaBr 103 747 / 1390 3.2 White crystal, cause skin and eye irritation
Bromine, 〖Br〗_2 160 –7.2 / 58.8 3.1 Red liquid, corrosive Chemical properties of binary
compounds of group 1 : Halides Hydrides Oxides Diagonal relationship
Purpose :
Part I
Part II – To diagnose diagonal relationship.
Step–wise procedure :
Part I Prepare 40mL of concentrated 〖Na〗_2 〖CO〗_3⦁〖10H〗_2 O solution. Weight Fe
powder on XXXX balance and transfer to a 250mL Erlenmeyer flask. Measure 16mL of water using
a graduate cylinder, mixed it with Fe in Erlenmeyer flask and set into ice bath in fume hood. Add
3.8g ( XXmL) of 〖Br〗_2 dropwise from burette to Erlenmeyer flask and stir the solution with a
glass rod simultaneously. Filter the mixture using gravity filtration method into porcelain dish and
add 1.4g (XXmL) of 〖Br〗_2. Boil the content in the porcelain dish on a hotplate. At the same
time, add concentrated 〖Na〗_2 〖CO〗_3〖10H〗_2 O solution dropwise with Pasture pipette
and stir it. Test the basicity of the solution using universal indicator (strips turned blue). Filter off
the precipitate when solution reached room temperature. Wash precipitate with 10 – 15mL hot
distilled water. Transfer filtrate to large evaporation dish. Heat the content on hot plate together with
not more than 2 boiling chips in fume hood. Cool it in ice bath when crystals

Alcohol Fermentation Report
During alcohol fermentation, we were assigned a particular yeast strain/beer. Once have figured out
which yeast strain/beer your TA assigned you, you needed to pipette 5–10mL in each test tube. We
did three treatments with a control for each, which is a total of 6 test tubes. While you filled up your
test tubes with beer, you could have had your beaker of water on the burner, waiting for it to reach
99 degrees Celsius. While I was waiting for the water to get to boiling point I placed a test tube rack
into a tub to where I was able to create a hot bath. Carefully we ensured two rubber stoppers to one
test tube that was in the hot bath and another on the control test tube. Once we have placed the
rubber stoppers on the test tubes, open Logger Pro 3.9 to record the temperature at 0,5,15,and 30
minutes. After recording the pressure on our table, I used two different beer test tubes to test for pH.
For pH I just spiked the sample with 2mL of acidic solution and then placed both tubs in the warm
bath that has now cooled slightly. Then recorded the pH onto the table. But for aeration experiment I
want to aerate your beer for 10 min before running. Start the aeration while working on the pH
experiment. We used the warm bath to facilitate fermentation again. ... Show more content on
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While I determined the overall health of the yeast strains, I performed a cell count by using a
microscope and a hemocytometer. At the same time you can add methylene blue: which was used to
determine the number of dead and alive cells. The dead cells were stained dark blue on the other
hand alive cells were pale blue cells and budding cells. When we added the methylene blue to he
yeast sample we were determining the viability of the yeast

Diacetylcaffeic Acid Synthesis Lab Report
Laboratory session 1: Diacetylcaffeic acid → Diacetylated CAPE The millimoles of 2g of
diacetylcaffeic acid starting material was calculated. The amount of oxalyl chloride (in grams and
millimoles) to be added was also calculated. This was calculated by every millimole of
diacetylcaffeic acid present, 2 equivalent amount of oxalyl chloride was needed. Step 1: The
diacetylcaffeic acid was transferred into pre–weighed (66.16g) 100cm3round–bottom flask and the
mass after the transfer (68.16g). 20cm3 dichloromethane was added into the flask and the flask was
clamped into an ice bath on top of a stirrer hotplate, ensuring the heater remained off. The calculated
oxalyl chloride amount was added by a demonstrator utilising an adjustable autopipette. ... Show
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A 5cm TLC plate was marked with 0, 15, 30, 45 and 60 minutes respectively on the baseline. 300
mg of ester material was placed in a 50cm3 round bottomed flask. 5cm3 of methanol and
dichloromethane was added to dissolve the material spotted at time 0 on the TLC plate. 225mg of
potassium carbonate was further added to the solution. Each time intervals were spotted
respectively, whilst the reaction was mixed at room temperature. Only after all time points were
spotted was the plate ran using 50:50 ethyl acetate as the solvent. Rotary evaporator was used to
remove the solvents after confirming absence of diacetylated CAPE. 20cm3of ethyl acetate
dissolved any remaining residues and transferred to a separating funnel. The organic solution was
washed with water by adding 2 separate 20cm3of water and filtering water out after each addition.
Then 2 further separate additions of brine measuring 20cm3each and again filtering brine to retain
only the organic solution. Magnesium sulphate dried the organic solution and filtered into a pre–
weighed (66.24g) 100cm3round bottom flask to remove ethyl acetate with the rotary evaporator. A
vacuum desiccator was used to dry the material for

Lab Report On Turnips
The experiments were performed in the science lab 1.226 at the University of Texas Rio Grande
Valley, Edinburg on October 2, 2017. The experiments were performed in a two–day process due to
lack of time. Instructions were given by our TA on where to find the substances (guaiacol under the
fume hood, turnip extract, peroxide, and distilled water were placed on our lab tables in dropper
bottles, along with the spectrophotometer) and were told to get started. In activity 1 we will be
testing 3 concentrations of an enzyme (0.5 ml, 1.0 ml, and 2.0 ml of turnip extract). To quantify the
rate of reaction in turnips, guaiacol will be used as the color reagent. Guaiacol is oxidized when it
encounters peroxide, allowing light at 470 nm to be absorbed and allowing us to measure the
absorbance. In the first activity from experiment day 1, three test tubes were obtained and two clean
cuvettes from our lab TA, and placed in a test tube rack on our lab tables. We used one of the test
tubes to make the control, another to make the substrate and the last one to make the enzyme. We
did this process 3 times to test the effects of the low enzyme concentration, medium enzyme
concentration, and high enzyme concentration on the enzyme reaction rate. For the low enzyme
concentration, on the control test tube we added 1.0 ml of guaiacol, 0.5 ml turnip extract, 0 ml of
peroxide and 8.5 ml of distilled water, getting a total volume of 10 ml in the test tube. For the low
enzyme concentration, on the

Synthesis Of T-Pentyl Chloride Lab Report
Introduction: The purpose of this experiment was to synthesize t–pentyl chloride from the reaction
of t–pentyl alcohol and concentrated HCl. This reaction occurred through an SN1 reaction, a
unimolecular nucleophilic substitution reaction. This was a First Order Rate Reaction where the rate
of t–pentyl chloride was dependent only on the concentration of t–pentyl alcohol. After the reaction
was completed, the products were achieved via 3 liquid–liquid extractions and then after by simple
distillation. In the liquid– liquid extractions a solute was transferred from one solvent to another.
Then in the simple distillation the miscible liquids or the solution, was separated by differences in
boiling points. After this the product was determined through infrared spectroscopy. Procedure:
Isolation of Crude Product A mixture of 22 ml ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In the process, extraction and distillation techniques were used. The theoretical amount of t– pentyl
chloride was 17.358g, while 15.78 g was the actual amount produced which gave a percent yield of
90.9%. An error occurred while performing the experiment, the filtered dried product in the
distillation process was placed in the wrong flask. Due to this that part of the experiment had to be
redone and the new filtered product had some aqueous solution in it, which caused the boiling point
to be under the specified temperature. The boiling point then was at 50 ℃ compared with the
expected range of 79– 84 ℃. The IR spectrum used above was from another group's results. The
experimental IR spectrum has more prominent peaks in the 3000 cm–1 range compared to the
expected IR spectrum. Nonetheless, the experimental IR spectrum resembles the expected IR
spectrum in the sense that the peaks are closely around the same wavenumber range. This is
probably due to the product being distilled at the right boiling

Caffeine Reasearch Lab
Two tea bags, 1.1 g of sodium carbonate, and 40 mL of water were added to a 250 mL beaker. It was
made sure that the tea bags were completely submerged. The contents of the beaker were swirled so
that the sodium carbonate dissolved. The beaker was covered with a watch glass and the solution
was heated and allowed to gently boil for 30 minutes. The beaker was then removed from the hot
plate and allowed to cool. Using a spatula additional liquid was squeezed out of the tea bag and into
the beaker. The tea bag was disposed of. The solution was cooled in an ice bath before adding 2 mL
of methylene chloride. The two phases were thoroughly mixed by repeatedly drawing the methylene
chloride layer into a pipette and squirting it back through the aqueous ... Show more content on
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It turned the sodium sulfate brown and what passed through the filter and into the tube was
colorless. Some brown liquid passed through the filter. After being filtered, the contents of the filter
flask were light brown. After allowing the methylene chloride to evaporate, only a white solid was
left in the flask. After sublimation, the sublimed product was white. The objective of this experiment
was to isolate caffeine from tea bags and purify the caffeine by a sublimation process. To
accomplish this a liquid–liquid extraction technique was used along with the process of sublimation.
During the liquid–liquid extraction the sodium carbonate deprotonates the caffeine so that it is more
soluble in the organic layer. The organic layer is colorless because it contains the caffeine while the
dark colored tannins move into the aqueous layer. Sublimation is the process by which a solid
transitions directly into the gas phase. The temperature of the caffeine was raised as the pressure
was decreased. The pure caffeine was converted back into a solid when it condensed on the cold
finger. Food and drinks that contain caffeine include coffee (16 ounce serving containing about 133
mg), soft drinks (23–69 mg per 12 ounces), and chocolate bars

Alkyl Halides
The synthesis of alkyl halides from alcohol is the basis for this experiment, providing reactions with
interesting contrast in mechanisms. Not only synthesizing, but extracting is another important
procedure that involves quick actions and judgement, when removing unnecessary layers in a
separatory funnel. This allows us to learn and grasp more of an understanding between organic
compounds in the laboratory.
Experimental To begin the experiment, a 125 mL separatory funnel is needed and a gathered amount
of t–pentyl chloride at 10.0 mL should be inserted into the funnel. 20.0 mL of concentrated HCl
(Hydrochloric acid) was gathered and also inserted into the separatory funnel with the 10.0 mL of t–
pentyl chloride. A diagram of separatory funnel and its indicated parts will be shown in the
following:
[Figure 1]
Once added, a reaction should occur immediately and a large amount of gas should be formed and
visible. Begin to swirl in order for the mixture to be fully mixed and cause all the immediate gas to
be formed and released with the stopper taken off. After a minute or so, ... Show more content on
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Analytically, both graphs have a peak forming at ~less than 3000 cm–1, which indicates an Sp3 C–
H stretch in both tested compounds. Another peak both IR spectrum graphs share is a peak formed
at ~800–700 cm–1, which indicates a C–Cl bond in both tested compounds. The last peak both IR
spectrums graph show is a peak formed at ~1500–1450 cm–1, which indicate both an –CH3 bend
and –CH2– bend. Based off this analysis, this concludes that the pure t–pentyl chloride gathered
through our experiment is indeed t–pentyl chloride, based off comparing the IR spectrums of the
actual compound, t–pentyl chloride, shown in the

Acetylsalicylic Acid Synthesis Lab Report
The objective of the experiment is to examine various reactions involving acetylsalicylic acid, such
as the synthesis of acetylsalicylic acid and the synthesis of methyl salicylate.
Procedure Part A– Acetylsalicylic Acid (Aspirin)
In a 50 mL Erlenmeyer flask, 1.4 g (0.1 mol) of salicylic acid and 3 mL (3.1 g, 0.03 mol) of acetic
anhydride were placed, using the acetic anhydride to wash any salicylic acid from the walls of the
flask. Afterwards, 5 drops of phosphoric acid were added, which activated the reaction and
subsequent mechanism described in Figure 1.A, and the flask containing the mixture was placed on
a hot plate for 5 minutes. Quickly after 5 minutes, the flask was removed and 2 mL of water were
added, this addition was done in ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Although acceptable results, when compared to the results of Part A these results seem to pale in
comparison, and the reason for this discrepancy is unfortunately well known. By the end of the
experiment there was some confusion as to what the exact products were supposed to be, peers that
finished rather quickly reported a solid crystal as their product, which astounded some of my peers
and myself, since we were still boiling a liquid substance that consisted of the results. After some
research and inquiries with the TA from the lab next–door, it was found that the actual product from
the experiment was supposed to be a sort of oily substance characterized by a reddish tint. In the
experiment performed here, the mixture did experience a period of a reddish tint, however believing
the resultant compound would be a solid, this phase was ignored and continued to boil, which
resulted in the given brownish oil. This confusion led to boiling the mixture for far more than was
necessary, causing an excessive loss of sample; an obvious way this could have been avoided would
have been to thoroughly research what the resultant compound's properties would be, instead of
relying on the data and observations of other peers. Another possible reason for this discrepancy was
the difficulty of separating the compounds in the separatory funnel, as the difference between the
organic and aqueous layers was indiscernible, the only way to be able to discern them was to add
more water, which could greatly affect the separation of the actual compounds, not to mention the
possibility of some of the aqueous layer separating along with the organic layer, causing
inconsistencies with the ester found in the layer2. That said, the

Lab Report Essay
The next step was testing whether a dilution of the whole blood sample made it easier to practically
perform the extraction procedure. It was also determined whether a change of pH improved
extraction efficiency. For these two assessments, the sample was diluted with 1 mL of Milli Q H2O
at different pH values, i.e. pH 4.0, 6.0 and 8.0.
One mL of spiked whole blood, 1 mL of buffer and 100 μLs of [C4mim][PF6] were placed in a
conical test tube and mixed. The sample was then rotated for 40 min, cooled in an ice bath for 1 min
and centrifuged for 12 min at 3500 rpm. The top phase was removed and the solution was
centrifuged again for 5 min at 3500 rpm. Fifty μLs of extract were diluted in 1 mL of LC–MS grade
MeOH and 10 μLs of the solution were injected into the LC–MS/MS. The three procedures with ...
The sample was extracted for 5 min using a rotary mixer. Then, the sample was cooled for 1 min, 10
min or it was centrifuged straight away for 12 min at 3500 rpm. The top layer was removed and the
sample was centrifuged again at 3500 rpm for 5 min. Ten μLs of the extract were diluted in 200 μLs
of MeOH in a vial insert. Ten μLs of this were injected into the LC–MS/MS.
A standard (83.5 ng/mL) was prepared using 16.7 μLs of BZD stock and 983.3 μLs of MeOH.
4.4.6 Centrifugation time
A centrifugation system is used to obtain two phases: the bottom layer containing the IL and the
target analyte and the top layer containing the sample matrix. The minimum centrifugation time
necessary to obtain sufficient phase separation was determined practically.
One mL of whole blood was diluted in a conical test tube using 1 mL of buffer solution (pH 8.0).
Sixty μLs of [C4mim][PF6] were added to this and then mixed. The sample was rotated for 5 min. It
was then centrifuged for 3, 6, 9 or 12 min at 3500 rpm. The blood was removed and 10 μLs of the
extract were

Trimyristin Synthesis Lab Report
Objective: To isolate trimyristin from Nutmeg and purify trimyristin recrystallization from acetone.
Procedure:
Weigh out 4.00 g of nutmeg powder directly into a 50 ml Erlenmeyer flask.
Add 25 ml of diethyl ether and swirl periodically for 15 minutes.
(Do this in the fume hood)
Label a 50 ml vacuum flask and weight it to 4 places.
Support the labeled 50 ml vacuum flask using a ring stand and clamp.
Place a sintered funnel with a vacuum adaptor on the labeled flask.
Filter the solution by pouring the nutmeg/diethyl ether mix onto the sintered funnel.
Wash the Erlenmeyer flask with1–2 ml of diethyl ether and add it to the residue on the sintered
funnel. Do this 3 times.
Evaporate the solvent using the airline in the fume ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Determine the percent recovery from recrystallization
Pure product / crude product x 100
0.94 g / 2.3 g x 100 = 40.9 ~ 41%
2. If the melting point of the purified trimyristin was done before it was completely dry, what would
be the effect on the melting point and why?
If it wasn't dry and we took the melting point, we would want to know that it would still have an
impurity, thus having a lower melting point
3. If the crude trimyristin were a white solid, would you have used norite? Explain.
We wouldn't have used norite because it is only used for colored impurities.
4. Assume the amount of trimyristin in nutmeg is 20% by weight. What would be the expected
amount to be recovered from the 5.00 g of nutmeg? Calculate your percent recovery using the
'expected recovery' amount.
1.00 g / 5.00 x 100 = 20 %
5. Why was acetone a good solvent to recrystallize the trimyristin? What were the disadvantages?
Acetone is a good solvent because it yields a pure compound, thus making trimyristin soluble hot,
and insoluble cold. The disadvantages are that acetone has a low boiling point and the solubility
makes no difference in the compound.
Conclusion
All in all, I was able to dissolve the nutmeg and extract trimyristin. Upon doing the calculation, 41%
of trimyristin was

Determining The Intensitity Of Light: The Beer-Lambert Law Of
When light is seen through the human eye, all the colors that are seen are those that are not absorbed
by the substance. Spectrophotometry is the method used to measure how much a substance absorbs
light by determining the intensity of the light. In 1852, The Beer–Lambert law of A= εlc (where A is
the absorptivity, ε is the molar absorptivity, l is the path length of the cell, and c is the concentration)
was created. The law shows that the absorptivity of a chemical substance is directly proportional to
its concentration. The amount of light can be measured by either the absorbance (A) or its
transmittance (T). Transmittance, or the light that passes through a substance, can be calculated with
T=I/I_0 (where I is the intensitity of the light ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The cuvettes were filled up to two–thirds with each of the Kool–Aid solutions and tapped to remove
the bubbles. A Kimwipe was used to remove possible smudges on the cuvette so that light could
pass through the SpectroVis. The corresponding absorbance at the average maximum wavelengths
of Red 40 and Blue 1 were recorded. The solution was disposed of down the sink and the cuvette
and pipette were washed with deionized water and dried. If the absorbance values of the Kool–Aid
samples did not fall within the range of the absorbance values from Part B, the solutions were
diluted using a 2–fold serial dilution. Two serial dilutions were performed on the Strawberry
solution and only one serial dilution was need for the Black Cherry

The Plant Samples Collection : A Healthy, Fresh And...
1.1 Plant Samples Collection:
Healthy, fresh and disease free Mint (Mentha), and Coriander (Coriander sativum) were purchased
in the month of November 2014, from the Karachi local market Gulistan–e–Johar, Karachi,
Pakistan. The plants samples were deposited and identified by Herbarium Department of Karachi
University.
1.2 Plant Processing:
Plants samples were washed with tap water for three to four times and removed all dust and soil
particles, and finally washed with distilled water. Then leaves of both plants (Coriander & Mint)
were plug off and was cut with clean knife and made their small pieces and kept them in tray dryer
in open environment for dryness. Both the samples were dried completely after seven days then
their homogenized fine powder were obtained (60–80 mesh), by using a commercial electric
grinder. The powdered material was stored in air tight sterilized bottles in refrigerator at 4°C for
further use.
1.3 Test Microorganisms:
Four different bacterial strain were used as indicator microorganisms for testing antibacterial
activities were following: Two Gram–Positive bacterial strains (Staphylococcus aurus ATCC 25923
& Staphylococcus ATCC25923) and two Gram–Negative bacterial strains (Escherichia coli
ATCC25922 & Salmonella enteritidis ATCC14028). All were American Type Culture Collection.
These strains were provided by the Food Microbiology laboratory University of Karachi and
commercial laboratory (Food Microbiology) SGS, Karachi. Stock cultures were

Friedel – Crafts Acylation: Synthesis of...
Introduction
Friedel–Crafts acylation of anisole with acetic anhydride was used in this experiement to synthesize
4–methoxyacetophenone with the use of a reflux apparatus. Friedel–Crafts reactions can be done by
alkylation, which involves mixing an alkyl or acyl halide with a Lewis acid, or acylation, which is
done with acid chlorides or anhydrides(Lefevre). Acylation was used because it does not have as
many disadvantages aklyations reactions have such as polyalkylation, second electrophilic attacks,
and the rearrangement of alkyl carbocation electrophile (McMurry). Acylation reactions require
molar amounts of a Lewis catalyst, in our case Aluminum Chloride (AlCl 3) was used (Arata,
Nakamura, & Shouji).
Materials and Methods
Reflux ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This was done for 15 minutes until there were no visible vapors coming from the reaction mixture.
The reaction mixture was then poured into a 50–mL beaker containing 5g of ice. The reaction flask
was rinsed three times with 2 mL of dichloromethane. The rinsing was also added to the ice mixture.
The mixture was transferred to a seperatory funnel. Sodium Hydroxide (NaOH, 1 mL) was added to
the funnel and the funnel was shaken vigorously making sure to open one end periodically to allow
air to escape. The layers were allowed to separate and the two layers were poured into two separate
beakers. The organic layer was poured back into the funnel and this step was repeated once more
with NaOH, then again with NaCl. Once the organic layer was separated, 520g of anhydrous
Magnesium Sulfate was added to dry the layer.
Distilling and Crystallizing the Product The organic layer was heated for approximately 30 minutes
on a hot plate to try and remove the dichloromethane. Petroleum ether (1 mL) was added to a test
tube and placed in an ice bath. The product from the flask was transferred to a watch glass. The 1
mL of petroleum ether was used to wash the crystals on the watch glass and was removed using a
pipet.
Results
With the methods used, .053g of 4–Methoxyacetophenone was obtained.
Discussion
The theoretical yield of 4–Methoxyacetophenone is .764g. Our actual experimental yield was .053g.
The percent yield was 6.9%.

Of A Biphenyl / P-Toluidine Experiment
The first part of the experiment, 3.001g of a biphenyl/p–toluidine sample was obtained. The solid
sample was dissolved in 10ml of dichloromethane. A TLC was constructed with a 20%
EtOAc/Hexane as the solvent system; after it was completed, Rf values and observation were
recorded. The solution was then added to the separatory funnel, making sure that the stopcock of it
is closed before the solution is added. After that, 10ml of 3M HCL solution was added into the
separatory funnel. The stopper of the separatory funnel was placed. To mix the layers together the
separatory funnel was held in the following way:
1) Holding the top of the funnel with the dominant, while keeping the stopper in the right position
by holding the top between the middle finger and ring finger.
2) Then the bottom of the funnel was held with the other hand while putting the stem between the
pointer and middle finger.
3) The separator funnel was held in this manner to help prevent it from slipping out the hands.
The separatory funnel was then inverted and the mixture was shaken gently. While the funnel was
inverted and turned away from any close by students, the stopcock was then opened cautiously to
vent ay pressure that has built up. Hearing any hissing sound, indicated the release of pressure.
Making sure the stockpot was closed, the separatory funnel was placed back in the ring stand; which
then the stopper was removed. The layers of the mixture in the funnel separated. The pH of the top
layer was

Dehydration Of Sulfuric Acid And Phosphoric Acid
Dehydration of 2–methylcyclohexanol Authors: Johnny Presley Abstract: Dehydration of 2–
methylcyclohexanol to 3–methylcyclohexene is simple distillation where dehydration was used to
prepare the final product. The results of the experiment showed that the 3–methylcyclohexene was
formed via an E1 reaction from 2–methylcyclohexanol with a 1:1 ratio of sulfuric acid and
phosphoric acid. However, some H2O was left over, which was seen when we look at the IR and see
a small water peak. This could be due to the fact that not enough sodium sulfate was added and not
for long enough. These results were confirmed by the quality tests that showed that a precipitate
formed when KMnO4 was added to the solution and in the IR spectroscopy peaks showed peaks at
3022.62cm–1 which matches an alkene, further showing that the formation of 3–methylcyclohexene
was successful with a percent yield of 56.46%. Introduction: The major reaction that happened was
an E1 reaction (otherwise known as a unimolecular elimination reaction). In this reaction the
removal of an HX substituent group results in the formation of a double bond via beta hydrogen
elimination4. In an E1 reaction the deprotonation of hydrogen in the beta position occurs and from
here a carbocation is formed, which results in the formation of an alkene product. This happens
when the OH group on the 2–methylcyclohexanol is hydrated by H2SO4, which allows the OH to
become an H2O. Since H20 is a better leaving group now it will

The Effect Of Ocean Acidification On Some Of The World 's...
Purpose
To study the effects of Ocean Acidification on some of the world's sea life.
Aim – An explanation of what the experiment requires you to do.
Variables
I will change the Acid Concentration in Molars (independent variable).
I will measure the change in mass in grams (dependent variable).
Other Variables are the Time that the oyster shell is in the Hydrochloric Acid and also the original
mass of the oyster shells.
Hypothesis – An explanation of what you believe the outcomes of the experiment will be, with
justification for your decision. If the Hydrochloric Acid effects the oyster shell then it should
decrease because the Hydrochloric Acid will erode the oyster shell. I think the mass of the Oyster
shells in grams will decrease ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Hydrochloric Acid (HCL)
Very hazardous in case of skin contact (corrosive, irritant, permeator), of eye contact (irritant,
corrosive), of ingestion, . Slightly hazardous in case of inhalation (lung sensitizer).
The substance may be toxic to kidneys, liver, mucous membranes, upper respiratory tract, skin,
eyes, Circulatory System, teeth. Repeated or prolonged exposure to the substance can produce
targeted organ damage.
Wear a lab coat to protect your arms, legs, neck and clothing. Wear safety glasses to prevent from
getting in eyes.
Skin Contact:
In case of contact, immediately flush skin with plenty of water for at least 15 minutes while
removing contaminated clothing and shoes. Cover the irritated skin with an emollient.
Eye Contact:
In case of contact, immediately flush eyes with plenty of water for at least

Colitis Case Study
2.4 Evaluation of colitis on survival rate and body weight
Survival rate and body weight were two index during the evaluation of the severity of colitis [19,
20]. The survival rate and body weight was recorded daily during the administration of TCA.
2.5 Evaluation of colitis on the change of colon
The severity of colitis was evaluated by the presence of colonic weight, colonic length, and colonic
damage of macroscopic scores. Macroscopic scores for evaluation of the severity of colitis was
performed with the method described by Melgar et al. [21] with slight modification. The method of
macroscopic scoring was shown in Table. 1.
2.6 Histological evaluation
The damaged degree of colonic tissue on histopathology was evaluated under light microscope. ...
The colonic tissue was homogenized in potassium phosphate buffer with 0.5% hexadecyl trimethyl
ammonium bromide and centrifuged at 20,000 × g at 4°C. Then the supernatants were collected,
added to a reaction mixture containing 0.1 mM H2O2 and1.6 mM tetramethylbenzidine, and
incubated at 37 °C. The results were obtained by an ELIASA at 450 nm.
2.8 Evaluation of TNF–α, IFN–γ, and IL–1β
The colonic tissue levels of TNF–α, IFN–γ, and IL–1β were detected with a commercially available
enzyme–linked immunosorbent assay kits. The procedures were conducted strictly according to the
kit instructions. The absorbance was measured spectrophotometrically at 450 nm. Cytokine levels in
the colonic tissue were expressed as pg cytokine/mg tissue.
2.9 Statistical analysis
All dates were presented as the means ±S.E.M (standard error of mean). Statistical analysis was
carried out using SPSS 19.0 statistical software. Statistical analysis of survival rate was used by
one–way analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by the Student–Newman–Keuls test [20]. Other
statistical tests were performed using ANOVA followed by LSD–t test. P < 0.05 was considered
statistically

The Effect of Concentrations of Starch and Sugar Solutions...
The Effect of Concentrations of Starch and Sugar Solutions on Synthetic Semi–
Permeable Membranes
Question: Is dialysis tubing selectively permeable?
Hypothesis: If one has dialysis tubing, which is dipped in water, filled with
Gatorade and starch and is left for 15 minutes, the sugar in the Gatorade will exit the dialysis and
into the water. So the dialysis is semi–permeable.
Materials: 16 cm dialysis tubing beaker cylinder test tubes transfer pipettes
Gatorade Starch solution 10 g/1000 ml water Benedict's Solution Iodine
Solution string ring stand water bath boiling chips goggles
Scientific Method: 1. Each group will make up a Gatorade solution as follows: ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
Vortex, gradually turning the speed up.
Heat in a water bath.
Cool the tube. 2. Wet the dialysis tubing with the beaker of distilled water. 3. Twist one end of the
tubing. 4. Fold the twisted end over on itself. 5.
Tie a tight knot. Leave the extra string. 6. Insert the transfer pipette (cut off top) about one third of
the way into the tubing. 7. Tie a knot securely around the transfer pipette. Leave the extra string. 8.
Add two transfer pipettes (two squirts) of the Gatorade solution to the tubing. 9. Add two transfer
pipettes (two squirts) of the starch solution to the tubing. 10. If you spilled any solutions while
transferring, carefully rinse the tubing. 11. Fill the cylinder with distilled water to about 2.54 cm
from the top. 12. Place the tubing into the cylinder of water. 13. Rest the apparatus against the ring
stand.
14. Note the height of the water in the tube. 15. Record the time the tube was placed into the
cylinder (it will stay for about 20 minutes)
Time tubing was placed into cylinder: 1:15.00 p.m.
Time tubing was taken out of cylinder: 1:31.12.87 16. Note any changes in the height of the water in
the transfer pipette.
The height of the water in the transfer pipette was that it did not change. Observations and Data:
Tests:

Flight Assay Lab Report
Procedure: Climbing Assay The experiment will entail working in pairs with two vials per fly strain,
per table, and with 2 vials per strain containing nothing. 1. The vial should be divided into 3
sections labelled A, B, and C, with section A being the farthest from the ground, and section C being
the closest to the ground. Each section is 3 cms in height. 2. Approximately 10 flies should be
transferred to a plastic vial that contains nothing. The vial needs to be covered with a cotton stopper.
3. Ensure that all the flies are in the bottom area of the vial. 4. The flies will distribute themselves
within the 3 compartments during a 20 second time period. Identify the number of flies in each
compartment. 5. Merge the results with the results ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
For each table, there will be 1 vial per strain. In addition, 2 graduated cylinders with 500–ml
capacity will be needed on each table. 2. Each of the cylinders needs to be covered on the inside
with paraffin wax that can be applied with forceps and cotton. 3. Transfer the flies of a vial into the
cylinder using a funnel. Ensure that during the transfer process, the funnel is kept in a vertical
position so that the flies do not come in contact with paraffin layered cylinder walls. 4. The ability
of the flies to fly measure their flying potential. The flies with good flying ability will hit the walls
of the cylinder close to the top, whereas the flies with lesser flying potential will hit the cylinder
walls at lower levels or hit the bottom. 5. Document the number of flies and the position of collision
with the cylinder walls. The cylinder can be divided into 3 areas for ease of measurement.
Procedure: Extraction of Mitochondria The experiment will entail the following: 1. 3 strains of
female flies (wt, sdhB, and w501) will be used for this experiment. For each Eppendorf tube (for a
total of 3 tubes with 1 tube per strain) use 1000 µl of Mitochondria Isolation Buffer (MIB), and
around 20 whole female

Different Types Of Fibers And The Distinguishing...
Introduction The purpose of this lab was to learn about the different types of fibers and the
distinguishing characteristics of used to identify them. Natural fibers and man–made fibers were
examined in this lab. The fibers tested were part of a multi–fiber fabric with the following
arrangement: Acetate
Cotton
Nylon
Silk
Viscose (Rayon)
Wool
The first lab activity was to observe and record the characteristics of each of these fibers through a
stain test, a microscope test, a solvent test, and a burn test. The second lab activity was to observe
the characteristics of an unknown fiber thread and to identify the fiber by comparing its
characteristics to the data from the first activity. The burn test is used to observe the reaction of a ...
Step 3: Slowly move the end of the thread toward the flame horizontally from the side. Note and
record any observable reactions from the fiber as it approaches the flame.
Step 4: Ignite the end of the thread, and then remove it from the flame. Note how the fibers burn,
any noticeable odors, and any extinguishing characteristics.
Step 5: After the flame has extinguished on the fiber, examine any remaining ash/residue. Note the
color, form, and texture.
Step 6: Record observations.
Step 7: Repeat steps 1–6 for each fiber in the multi–fiber fabric.
Solvent Test
Step 1: Place 18 test tubes in the test tube rack in three sets of six.
Step 2: Use a sharpie to label the test tubes in one set A1–A6, the next set H1–H6, and the last set
S1–S6.
Step 3: Use forceps to obtain one thread of acetate from the multi–fiber fabric.
Step 4: Using scissors, cut the thread to obtain three 5–mm long pieces. Use forceps to drop one
piece into each test tube labeled with a 1.
Step 5: Repeat steps 3–4 for each fiber, placing each fiber pieces into the respective numbered tubes.
Step 6: Using a different pipette for each solvent, add 1–mL of acetone to each test tube labeled with
an A. Add 1–mL of hydrochloric acid to each test tube labeled with an H. Add 1–mL sodium
hypochlorite to each test tube labeled with an S.
Step 7: After 5–10 minutes, observe and record any changes to each fiber in each

How The Amount Of Motor Oil Affects Hatching Viability Of...
AP Biology Lab Report: How the Amount of Motor Oil Affects Hatching Viability of Brine Shrimp
Eggs
Question
How does the amount of motor oil in the environment of a brine shrimp affect the hatching viability
of brine shrimp eggs?
Hypothesis
If hatching viability is affected by the amount of motor oil in the environment of the brine shrimp
eggs, then when the amount of motor oil is increased the hatching viability will decrease.
Experimental Design
The independent variable was the amount of motor oil in 2% salt solution because it is the variable
that was being tested and purposefully manipulated. The dependent variable was the hatching
viability of the brine shrimp tested (which was calculated by adding the number of brine shrimp
swimming at 24 hours to the number of brine shrimp swimming at 48 hours, and then divided by the
total number of eggs initially placed in the petri dish). The control group was a petri dish of brine
shrimp in 30 ml of 2% salt solution with no motor oil. The constants, or variables that need to be
controlled, were the salinity percentage of the salt solution (2%), the amount of salt solution in each
petri dish (30 ml), the total time the brine shrimp were left in the petri dishes (48 hours), and the
frequency of when the brine shrimp were checked (every 24 hours).
Procedure
Materials:
Approximately 100 brine shrimp eggs
Scissors
Pipet
Paintbrush
5 microscope slides
1 stereomicroscope
5 pieces of double–sided tape
5 petri dishes
Permanent marker

Super Absorbent Polymer
Super Absorbent Polymer (SAP) Material Introduction SAP or called Super Absorbent Polymer is
used for absorbing liquids. Some of its real life uses are for cleaning up spills in the kitchen, in adult
incontinence products and feminine hygiene products.1 Materials 1) 2 – 2 Oz cups 2) 1 – 9 Oz cup
3) Shot cup 4) Water 5) Measuring items Data Collection and Outcomes 9 Oz Cup For the 9 Oz
Cup, we placed a ¼ teaspoon of SAP into it, then places ½ a cup of water into the 9 Oz Cup and
stirred it. Upon stirring the SAP and the water in the 9 Oz Cup we observed that the SAP fully
absorbed all of the water in roughly 48 seconds, we then tilted the 9 Oz cup upside down to see if
the SAP would stay stuck in the cup, but it did not. After waiting a while

Scientific Measurements, Precision, And Accuracy Of...
Scientific Measurements, Precision, and Accuracy of Laboratory Glassware When conducting
experiments, scientists must understand the significance of accurate and precise measurements
while utilizing the correct volumetric containers that are used to quantify data. That way, all
information that is collected can be trusted and accurately reflects the facts of the investigation.
When measuring the volume of aqueous solutions, it is imperative to acknowledge the accuracy,
precision, and percent error of the measurements. Accuracy is how close the results are to the actual
accepted measurement, also known as the "true" value. Precision is how close two or more
measurements are relative to each other, only found by measuring a solution multiple times. Percent
error is the difference between an an accepted value and a measured value, and is used to determine
the accuracy of measurements.Understanding the importance of the aforementioned terms will lead
to more valid experiments.
State Problem/ Purpose:
The purpose of this experiment is to learn the differences between the accuracy/ precision of three
pieces of laboratory glassware, as well as to understand when to make an approximated
measurement or an exact one. Using a volumetric pipet, graduated cylinder, and a beaker will yield
different accuracies, due to the nature of the glassware. Thus, as mentioned before, it is important to
understand when to know that one's data is reliable or not. The formula "density = mass/volume"

Surface Area And Reaction Rate Lab Report
Procedure: Use safety precautions Wear goggles Tie hair back Take off any loose or dangling
clothing Find and record the mass of the beaker using the scale. Measure and record the height and
diameter of the tablet using the ruler. Fill the beaker with 250mL of water. Find and record the mass
of the beaker with water using the scale. Record the temperature of the water using the thermometer.
Remove one Alka Seltzer out of the Ziploc bag and close the bag tightly. Place the Alka Seltzer onto
the scale and record the mass. Prepare timer to start at the exact time the Alka Seltzer is dropped
into the beaker of water. Drop the Alka Seltzer into the water. Record the time at which the bubbles
cease. This is the total ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The water was taken from the same source and the same thermometer was used, yet different values
were derived each time. This is a type of environmental factor, which is a random error as it affected
the values differently. This error causes the rate of collisions to decrease or increase based on the
change in temperature, which in turn causes the rate of reaction to decrease or increase too. The
change in temperature was also affecting the reaction rate, causing the results to fluctuate because of
an added factor. One way to mitigate the source of error is to take more data on the temperature to
average as one constant temperature. This would avoid any additional factors affecting the reaction
rate, and completely isolate the relationship between the surface area and reaction

Naphthalene And Salicylic Acid Lab Report
The purpose of this experiment is to separate a mixture of salicylic acid and naphthalene using
extraction, recrystallization and sublimation techniques. Extraction is the separation of compounds
from a mixture based on their relative solubilities in different solvents. Sublimation is the process of
separation by which a substance transitions from the solid phase into the gas phase, skipping the
liquid phase. Recrystallization involves dissolving a substance in an appropriate solvent then
crystallizing it as it cools (impurities remain in solution). The melting points of the substances were
determined in order to assess their purity and the percent recovery of pure naphthalene and salicylic
acid were calculated. According to the results, the melting point of pure naphthalene was between
86°C –89°C range, whereas for pure salicylic acid was 167°C –170°C. Both determined melting
points were higher compared to the literature value of 80.26°C and 158.6°C for pure naphthalene
and salicylic acid respectively. Lastly, the percent recovery for pure naphthalene and salicylic acid
were 17.7% and 71.2% accordingly. In this experiment were used three separation techniques:
extraction, sublimation and recrystallization. During the first method, 0.70 g sample of salicylic
acid–naphthalene mixture was dissolved in 10 ml of diethyl ether. The solution was placed in a
separatory funnel and 10 ml of saturated aqueous sodium bicarbonate solution was added to it. After
the initial gas was

What Happens When Glucose Contained Or Not Sugar Essay
Purpose
The main purpose of this experiment was to test some substances in order to now if they contained
or not sugar.
Introduction
The primary role of carbohydrates is to provide energy to all cells in the body; Also, carbohydrate
are energy storage, energy producer, builder of macromolecules and assist in lipid metabolism.
Carbohydrate monomer is monosaccharides
In this experiment the control is water. Water is used as a control because it is purified and
considered a standard control, called a negative control because it can't make any result change.
Material
Six large test tube
Benedict's regeart
One pipette
Wax pencil
Boiling water bath
Text tube holder
10 Ml pipette
Unknown solution
Starch suspension
Glucose ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Discussion
Glucose which is a sugar gave a positive result. Starch is founded in plants therefore gave a negative
result. Unknown which didn't contain sugar gave a negative result. Distilled water which is the one
used as a control gave a negative result. Onion Juice which contain monosaccharides and
polysaccharides gave a positive result. Potato juice which has little sugars gave a positive result.
Dicussion
Onion juice and potato juice gave positive but, the difference in the appearance when the benedict is
added is understandable because onion juice contain monosaccharaide and polysaccharide what
made it be stronger than potato juice which just contain simple

Basic Principles Of A Chemistry Lab
Chapter 1
Basic principles
Laboratory course is an integral part of chemistry education and accounts for a major percentage of
the assessment marks. Chemistry laboratory is a place where the fundamental rules of laboratory
techniques which are very important for students at all levels can be learnt. Observations are
foreword of experimentation but preconditioned by outline of practical understanding. Design and
choice of experimental method may influence the result. The advantage of chemistry laboratory
practices will help the students to work precisely and efficiently to get the desired result. This
chapter meant to offer an intensive explanation of essential practical procedures and information and
help students to master basic ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
 Never mix chemicals unless it is required in the experiment as it may cause accidents.
 Slightest amount of any harmful substances ought to be used.
 Don't leave the lighted burner when nothing is being heated.
 The hot apparatus should be placed on a glazed tile or wire gauze and not be placed on working
table directly.
 Hold the test tube far from yourself and the person standing near you, when heating solutions.
 Stopper reagent bottles appropriately and keep them on the shelf immediately after use.
 Under no circumstances unconsumed reagents should be added back into their storage bottles.
 Wash skin quickly with running water if contacted by any chemical. If acids or bases get into
your eyes, wash them with water immediately and see a physician as soon as possible.
 Always clearout spillages and broken glass wares as it can cause accidents.
 Never throw used filter papers, any chemical or broken glass apparatus in the sink or on the floor.
Discard all the chemicals as instructed by the instructor and broken glassware in the labelled
broken–glass bins.
 Clean the glass wares and equipments as well as your work space before leaving the laboratory.
 After each laboratory session, hand washing must be done.
Laboratory safety equipments
Chemistry laboratory is a place where accidents can occur due to harmful chemical substance, fire,
explosives, fumes, hot glass wares and sharp objects. It

Isolation of the Active Ingredient in an Analgesic Drug
Sasha Thiel
09.10.2012
CH203 Lab
Experiment 1: Isolation of the Active Ingredient in an Analgesic Drug
Pre–Lab:
A. Least accurate to most accurate 1. Beakers (5ml markings) 2. 10ml graduated cylinder (0.1
markings) 3. 5ml vials (0.1 and 0.3 markings) 4. 1ml plastic pipets (0.1 ml markings) 5. 1ml
syringes (0.1 ml markings) 6. 1ml graduated volumetric pipets (0.01 ml markings) B. A 1ml
graduated volumetric pipet is the best to use if you want 0.15 ml of reactant C. 1ml plastic pipets
(used 2 times) are best to use when you want 2 ml of solvent
Safety Hazards: 1. Methanol is flammable and toxic. Don't breathe it in or drink it. 2. All organic
waste goes in the waste containers and not ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
(Note: Ibuprofen is slightly sticky even when dry) 6. Weigh watch glass now and determine weight
of active ingredient 7. Calculate weight % recovery using weight from label 8. Crush crystals into
powder with a stirring rod and use a melting point device to determine the melting point of your
active ingredient. 9. Record the melting point. Watch for sweating or shrinkage 10. Place product in
a small vial and label it for the professor.
Observation:
My analgesic

Jci Holland Case
JCI Holland Facility Blood–Lead Level Problem Analysis February 14, 2014 Prepared For: Jamie
Morris Toledo Facility EHS Manager Johnson Controls Battery Division 10300 Eber Rd. Holland,
OH 43528 Prepared By: Dennis Prater II Chief Executive Officer DenPrater EHS Services 1234
Safety Way. Toledo, OH 43614 1234 Safety Way Toledo, OH 43614 419–765–4321 2015 JCI
Holland Blood Lead Levels February 14, 2015 Johnson Controls Battery Division 10300 Industrial
St. Holland, OH 43528 Attention: Jamie Morris, EHS Manager JCI Holland Facility Blood–Lead
Level Problem Analysis Our company has completed our investigation into factors that may be
leading to increased blood lead levels at your Holland facility. Our company has spent four months
... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Nonexistent hoods and inadequate hoods should be replaced and installed immediately. The low on
nonexistent fpm's produced by these hoods are in violation of OSHA regulations. Putting garage
doors on the equipment doors should be done after this. The free flow of lead from POS to other
parts of the plant is of great concern to everyone's health. Keeping the lead in the POS department
would make it much easier to control. The installation of a wind tunnel between POS and COS
should be installed in the next couple years. A large sized capital improvement investment will be
required for this construction. Personal hygiene, facility sanitation practices, and employee dietary
needs should be instituted immediately. These changes have very little cost and do not require much
labor downtime. Conclusion The blood–lead levels in the Holland, Ohio facility are the worst not
only in the United States, but the world as well. In order to lower these blood lead levels each
changes and improvements must be made in all six categories outlined in this report. The changes
range from simple policy changes that at little or no cost, to engineering controls that will be fairly
expensive. I look forward to meeting with you and other plant leadership to discuss this study, and
how to we should move forward with these recommendations to reduce blood lead levels in the
Holland, Ohio facility. Works

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