Conceptual design for water supply system

WATER SUPPLY PROJECT- VAVOL
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Group – 6
SBST, CEPT UNIVERSITY.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
We feel immense pleasure in expressing our propounded regards and deep sense of gratitude
to our PROJECT- I faculty Prof. Devanshu Pandit , for his constructive criticism, constant
encouragements and especially for creating in us the spirit of independent thinking. His keen
interest and untiring assistance enabled us to complete this project…
We would also like to thank Mr. M.K. Maheshwari from G.W.S.S.B and Mr.Sneha lMakwana
from WASMO for their guidance and support, and also Mr. B. U. Thakur, Talati of Vavol for
providing all the required information. We are very grateful to Mr. Rakesh Patel (Ex Deputy
Sarpanch) for sharing us his experiences of working in the village and understanding the real
needs of the people and the problems.
We are very grateful to Mr.Rohit Patel who has helped us with the technical aspects of the
design and also develop the insight in practical aspects of designing such systems.
Last but not the least we would like to thank our friends and family for their unfailing support
and encouragement.

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Table of Contents
1-SELECTION OF VILLAGE..................................................................................................... 10
1.1 SCOPE OF STUDY:..............................................................................................................................10
1.2 METHODOLOGY OF THE STUDY:.......................................................................................................10
1.3 LIMITATION OF STUDY:.....................................................................................................................10
1.4 SCENARIO IN GUJARAT .....................................................................................................................11
1.5 SELECTION PROCESS .........................................................................................................................12
1.5.1 REASONS FOR SELECTING GANDHINAGAR DISTRICT.................................................................12
TDS CONTENT..........................................................................................................................................13
1.5.2 SELECTION OF GANDHINAGAR TALUKA.....................................................................................14
1.6 SELECTION OF VAVOL VILLAGE.........................................................................................................15
1.6.1 POPULATION GROWTH..............................................................................................................16
1.6.3 DETAILS OF THE SHORLISTED VILLAGES.....................................................................................16
1.6.4 DETAILS OF THE SHORLISTED VILLAGES (cont.) ........................................................................17
1.7 FINAL SELECTION...............................................................................................................................18
2-VILLAGE PROFILE .............................................................................................................. 20
2.1 LOCATION..........................................................................................................................................20
2.2 HISTORY OF VILLAGE.........................................................................................................................23
2.3 TOPOGRAPHY....................................................................................................................................23
2.4 GEOLOGICAL AND GEO-HYDROLOGICAL CONDITIONS.....................................................................24
2.5 CLIMATE AND RAINFALL ...................................................................................................................26
2.6 AGRICULTURE....................................................................................................................................26
2.7 DEMOGRAPHIC .................................................................................................................................27
2.8 LAND USE PATTERN ..........................................................................................................................28
2.9 SERVICES ...........................................................................................................................................30
2.9.1 Water Supply..............................................................................................................................30
2.9.2 Electricity....................................................................................................................................30
2.9.3 Drainage and Sewerage .............................................................................................................30
2.9.4 Internal Roads............................................................................................................................31
2.9.5 Other Amenities.........................................................................................................................32
2.10 GRAM PANCHAYAT AND OTHER BODIES........................................................................................32

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2.11 FUTURE DEVELOPMENTS................................................................................................................33
3-WATER SUPPLY PROFILE ................................................................................................... 36
3.1OVERVIEW..........................................................................................................................................36
3.2 SOURCE OF WATER...........................................................................................................................36
3.3 STORAGE OF WATER.........................................................................................................................39
3.4 TREATMENT OF WATER ....................................................................................................................40
3.5 DISTRIBUTION ...................................................................................................................................40
3.6 AGE OF EACH COMPONENT..............................................................................................................42
3.7 OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE .....................................................................................................42
3.7.1EMPLOYED PEOPLE:....................................................................................................................42
3.7.2MAINTENANCE CHARGES: ..........................................................................................................42
3.8 FINANCES ..........................................................................................................................................43
3.9 OTHER ISSUES: ..................................................................................................................................43
4 HOUSEHOLD SURVEY........................................................................................................ 45
4.1.1INTRODUCTION...............................................................................................................................45
4.1.1.1 WHAT IS A HOUSEHOLD SURVEY............................................................................................45
4.1.1.2 HOUSEHOLD SURVEY CARRIED OUT AT VAVOL......................................................................45
4.1.2 OBJECTIVE ......................................................................................................................................45
4.1.3 SCOPE AND LIMITATIONS OF SURVEY ...........................................................................................46
4.1.4 SAMPLING SIZE: .............................................................................................................................46
4.1.5 DISTRIBUTION OF THE SAMPLE: ....................................................................................................46
4. 2 ANALYSIS..........................................................................................................................................49
4.2.1 DEMOGRAPHIC ANALYSIS..........................................................................................................49
2.1.4 NO. OF FAMILIES WITH DOMESTICATED ANIMALS ...................................................................53
4.2.2 CURRENT WATER SUPPLY SYSTEM ................................................................................................55
4.2.2.1 SOURCE OF WATER AND TYPE OF CONNECTION....................................................................55
4.2.2.2 TIME FOR WATER SUPPLY.......................................................................................................56
4.2.2.3 MAXIMUM WATER USAGE .....................................................................................................56
2.2.4 NUMBER OF HOUSES WITH TANKS............................................................................................57
4.2.2.5 RAINWATER HARVESTING.......................................................................................................58
4.2.2.6 IN TIMES OF NO SUPPLY OF WATER .......................................................................................59

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4.2.2.7 WATER TAX PAID.....................................................................................................................60
4.2.3 SATISFACTION................................................................................................................................61
4.2.3.1 TIME OF WATER SUPPLY.........................................................................................................61
4.2.3.1 QUALITY OF WATER ................................................................................................................62
4.2.3.2 PRESSURE OF WATER..............................................................................................................63
4.3 CONCLUSION:....................................................................................................................................63
5-STAKE HOLDER SURVEY .................................................................................................... 65
5.1: INTRODUCTION................................................................................................................................65
5.1.1 Who is a Stakeholder? ...............................................................................................................65
5.1.2 What is a Stakeholder Survey? ..................................................................................................65
5.2: STAKEHOLDERS’ SURVEY FOR VAVOL..............................................................................................66
5.2.1 Objective of the Stakeholder Survey .........................................................................................66
5.2.2 Methodology..............................................................................................................................66
5.2.3 IDENTIFYING THE STAKEHOLDERS .............................................................................................67
5.3: OBSERVATIONS OF THE SURVEY......................................................................................................68
5.3.1 VILLAGE AS A WHOLE.................................................................................................................68
5.3.2 CURRENT WATER SUPPLY SYSTEM ............................................................................................68
5.3.3 OTHER PROBLEMS AND SOLUTIONS..........................................................................................70
5.4 MEETING BETWEEN WASMO OFFICIAL AND VILLAGE STAKEHOLDERS............................................71
5.4.1 Source ........................................................................................................................................72
5.4.2 Treatment ..................................................................................................................................72
5.4.3 Storage.......................................................................................................................................72
5.4.4 Distribution ................................................................................................................................73
5.4.5 Sector Reform Yojna and Taxes .................................................................................................73
6- GAP ANALYSIS ................................................................................................................. 75
6.1.1 Need for New System ....................................................................................................................75
6.1.2 Design Period for the New System ................................................................................................75
6.1.3 POPULATION AND WATER DEMAND.............................................................................................76
6.1.3.1 POPULATION...........................................................................................................................76
(a) Arithmetical Progression Method..................................................................................................76
6.1.4 WATER DEMAND............................................................................................................................79

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6.1.5 STORAGE........................................................................................................................................80
6.1.5.1DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM ................................................................................................................81
6.1.6 QUALITY .........................................................................................................................................82
6.1.7 PRESSURE.......................................................................................................................................84
6.1.8 RAIN WATER HARVESTING SYSTEM...............................................................................................86
6.1.9 DRAINAGE ......................................................................................................................................86
6.1.10 FINANCES .....................................................................................................................................86
6.1.11 MISCELLANEOUS..........................................................................................................................87
7- PROPOSED DESIGN.......................................................................................................... 89
7.1 REQUIREMENTS OF THE NEW SYSTEM.............................................................................................89
7.2 ZONING .............................................................................................................................................89
7.2.1CURRENT ZONING.......................................................................................................................89
7.2.2PROPOSED ZONING.....................................................................................................................89
7.3 SOURCE OF WATER...........................................................................................................................91
7.4 STORAGE...........................................................................................................................................91
7.5 PROPOSED DISTRIBUTION NETWORK...............................................................................................92
7.5.1 PIPES FOR HGLR, SUMP TO ESR .................................................................................................94
7.5.2 FOR ESR TO HOUSEHOLD...........................................................................................................94
7.6 OTHER COMPONENTS.......................................................................................................................95
7.6.1PUMP SELECTION........................................................................................................................95
7.7 PROPOSED DESIGN ...........................................................................................................................96
8- BLOCK COST .................................................................................................................... 98
8.1 PROPOSED SYSTEM...........................................................................................................................98
8.2 BLOCK COST ......................................................................................................................................98
8.2.1 Land for establishing system......................................................................................................98
8.2.2SUMP, HGLR and ESR..................................................................................................................98
To arrive at the block cost of sump and ESR, block cost values of various capacities are taken and
plottedto generate the trend and from that the cost of the sump and ESR of the required capacity
are calculated......................................................................................................................................98
8.2.2 Maintenance Cost....................................................................................................................101
8.3 DISTRIBUTION NETWORK ...............................................................................................................102
ZONE 1...............................................................................................................................................102

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ZONE 2...............................................................................................................................................102
8.4 OTHER COMPONENTS.....................................................................................................................103
8.5 OPERATION COST - MANPOWER....................................................................................................104
9- FEASIBILITY.................................................................................................................... 106
Annexure A: Spot Elevation & Zoning................................................................................. 110
Annexure B: Calculation for size of sump & ESR ................................................................. 111
Annexure C: Detailed Design of Zone 1 & Results as per Loop software.............................. 115
TABLE OF FIGURES
Figure 1: GROUND WATER FEASIBILITY ......................................................................................................12
Figure 2: TDS levels .....................................................................................................................................13
Figure 3 District map of Gujarat..................................................................................................................14
Figure 4: Location of Vavol and Gandhinagar.............................................................................................18
Figure 5: Location of Vavol..........................................................................................................................20
Figure 6: Map From CEPT University to Vavol Village ................................................................................21
Figure 7: PART-1: From CEPT University toThaltej Crossroad ....................................................................22
Figure 8Part-2: Thaltej Crossroad to Adalaj................................................................................................22
Figure 9Part-3: From Adalaj to Vavol..........................................................................................................22
Figure 10 Physical Map Of Gujarat..............................................................................................................23
Figure 11 Geological Map of India ..............................................................................................................24
Figure 12 Seismic Zoning Map of Gujarat ..................................................................................................25
Figure 13: Agriculture Map of Gujarat........................................................................................................26
Figure 14: Land Use Details.........................................................................................................................29
Figure 15: Road Network of Vavol..............................................................................................................31
Figure 16: Plan showing future growth of town.........................................................................................33
Figure 17: Location of borewells.................................................................................................................37
Figure 18: Borewell 1 located near Gram Panchayat .................................................................................37
Figure 19: Borewell 2 located near Dhobi Ghat..........................................................................................38
Figure 20: Borewell 3 located at Kubernagar .............................................................................................38
Figure 21: Elevated Storage Reservoir in Vavol ..........................................................................................39
Figure 22 Plan showing pipe line layout & bore wells................................................................................41
Figure 23: Area Distribution for Household Survey....................................................................................47
Figure 24 Percentage Of Women Educated Corresponding To Different Levels Of Education..................49
Figure 25 Family Income of the Houses Surveyed......................................................................................50
Figure 26: Literacy Level of Women Area Wise..........................................................................................51
Figure 27: Number of Members in Different Families Zone Wise..............................................................52
Figure 28: No. Of Households with Animals ...............................................................................................53

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Figure 29: No. Of Houses in each Zone Having Animals ............................................................................54
Figure 30 Type of Connection- Number Of Houses....................................................................................55
Figure 31 Area wise Maximum Usage of Water .........................................................................................56
Figure 32 Total Percentage of Houses Surveyed- Maximum Usage...........................................................57
Figure 33: No. of Storage Tank- No. Of Houses Surveyed In an Area.........................................................57
FIGURE 34 INCOME VS TANK......................................................................................................................58
Figure 35 % Of houses Storing Rain Water .................................................................................................59
Figure 36: Source of Water In times of No Water Supply...........................................................................59
Figure 37: Water Tax paid per year.............................................................................................................60
FIGURE 38 QUALITY OF WATER ..................................................................................................................62
Figure 39: Occurrence of Diseases..............................................................................................................62
Figure 40: Pressure of Water Supply ..........................................................................................................63
Figure 41: Meeting between the Stakeholders ..........................................................................................72
Figure 42: Population Projection ................................................................................................................78
Figure 43: Water Demand...........................................................................................................................79
Figure 44: Shortage of water against demand............................................................................................80
Figure 45: Storage Requirement.................................................................................................................81
Figure 46 : Location of the components.....................................................................................................84
Figure 47: Houses doing Rain Water Harvesting ........................................................................................86
Figure 48: Water Need................................................................................................................................89
Figure 49: Proposed Zoning with elevation variation.................................................................................90
Figure 50: Proposed Distribution Network.................................................................................................92
Figure 51: Proposed Design Flowchart .......................................................................................................96
Figure 52: Trend Line Showing Sump Costing.............................................................................................99
Figure 53: Trend Line Showing Cost of ESR...............................................................................................100

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LIST OF TABLES
Table 1 population growth by various methods.........................................................................................16
Table 2 Village profiles................................................................................................................................16
Table 3 village water supply details............................................................................................................17
Table 4: Population of the village ...............................................................................................................27
Table 5: Type of Workers in Village ............................................................................................................28
Table 6: Land Use........................................................................................................................................28
Table 7: Establishment Division..................................................................................................................29
Table 8: Water Supply Timings in village ....................................................................................................30
Table 9: Road length details........................................................................................................................31
Table 10: Infrastructure in the village.........................................................................................................32
Table 11: Water Supply timings and area...................................................................................................40
Table 12: Age of Component ......................................................................................................................42
Table 13: Area- Number of Forms ..............................................................................................................48
Table 14: List of Stakeholders surveyed .....................................................................................................67
Table 15: Density for given size of town.....................................................................................................77
Table 16: Water Quality Report for Water from Bore-1 + Bore-2..............................................................82
Table 17: Water Quality Report for water from Bore-3 .............................................................................83
Table 18: Water Discharge in different areas.............................................................................................85
Table 19: Details of Zone ............................................................................................................................91
Table 20: Maintenance Cost .....................................................................................................................101
Table 21 : Pipe Costing For Zone 1............................................................................................................102
Table 22: Pipe Costing For Zone 2.............................................................................................................102
Table 23: Costing of Other Components...................................................................................................103
Table 24: Salaries of Staff..........................................................................................................................104
Table 25: Operation & Maintenance Cost ................................................................................................104
Table 26: Funding......................................................................................................................................106
Table 27: Populations at every 5 years.....................................................................................................106
Table 28 Tax Collected..............................................................................................................................107
Table 29 Cost Obtained from New Connection........................................................................................107

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Chapter 1: Selection of Village

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1-SELECTION OF VILLAGE
1.1 SCOPE OF STUDY:
Locating a suitable site with the population up to 10,000 souls which has an acute water supply
and quality issues and which requires a new water treatment and supply system in order to
eradicate the water related problems.
1.2 METHODOLOGY OF THE STUDY:
For the town short listing initially Internet and the government agencies located in Gandhinagar
were approached to gather the basic details of towns having water related issues. The process
of short listing goes in this manner, initially we approached GWSSB (Gujarat Water Supply and
Sewerage Board) who gave us the names of the talukas, and towns where water related
problems were identified, and then we visited WASMO (Water and Sanitation Management
Organisation) which works at village level for household supply, from here we gather the
information and water related status of the villages, and at the end we visited GUDA (Gujarat
Urban Development Authority) who gave us the village details.
1.3 LIMITATION OF STUDY:
The site selection is based on the secondary data obtained from the agencies and not on the
primary data collected from the village. Also the selection has been limited to the Central
Region i.e. in a radius of 50 km as the study had to be carried out on a regular basis. We took
Gandhinagar district as our boundary for study and we shortlisted some of the towns from the
district and carried out the comparitative analysis for their selection. We kept only those towns
into our consideration which have population greater than 6000 souls, as areas having less
population than this has less feasibility for project designing.

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1.4 SCENARIO IN GUJARAT
According to the present scenario of Gujarat state, some areas viz. (North state borderline
areas, Rajkot & Jamnagar District, Central Region, &Panchmahal) have been identified which
have scarce water supply. Moreover the state has faced three drought years in the last decade.
Gandhinagardistrict which lies in the central region has an population growth of 12.15 percent
in the last decade and due to this water demand is increased which is generally fulfilled by bore
wells as Naramdawater is not accessible in far by rural areas, as a result of which water table is
also going down, though it increases because of 15000 check dams which were built during last
two years.1
But this claim was rejected by the study done by Columbia Water Centre (CWC) which says that
in north Gujarat where the survey was carried out in 180 sq km of cash-rich areas in
Mehsana&Gandhinagar, water tables have been falling steadily over 15- 20 years. At present it
is about 600 ft below ground level. Also the rate of decline is 9 ft/yr as per observation wells,
and 20 ft/yr as per farmer recollections. "Water levels are either approaching or already below
mean sea level, hence increases the risk of intrusion of saline water, a transition that could end
agriculture in the area. Studies state that 82% of wells have salt in their water over the last 5-15
years. Other changes in water quality include increasing temperature (reported by 52%)
fluoride (30%) and dust (30%). Most people expected the water table to continue its decline,
and on an average expect water to last for about only six years. Because of this farmers will
have to deepen their wells (30%) or migrate (30%) to some other location or restrict crop
cultivation to the rainy season only (20%). 2
1
Articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com (article February 7’ 2002)
2
Water.columbia.edu

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1.5 SELECTION PROCESS
1.5.1 REASONS FOR SELECTING GANDHINAGAR DISTRICT
3Figure 1 shows that Gandhinagar district is the over exploited area. Here the population
density is more. This creates a greater water demand; hence sufficient supply system must be
implemented to eradicate the probable problems. Also since gandhinagar is developing a
higher rate, so future demands also increases for which the system is not designed
for.Gandhinagar is the only city in the country which uses maximum water which is about 330
litres/ day according to Asian development bank report.Also the district has fluoride content up
to 1.6mg/l. But as per IS 10500 (1991) guidelines, permissible limit of fluoride content in
potable water is 1.5mg/l .Hence further problem is increased.4
3
geological map, gujaratresourecs water development program(gwrdc.gujrat.gov.in/maps.htm)
4
www. WASMO.org
Figure 1: GROUND WATER FEASIBILITY

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TDS CONTENT
5The figure shows that the Water quality in Gandhinagar district has TDS value between 2500-
5000.But as per IS 10500 (1991) guidelines, permissible limit of TDS in potable water is 2000
ppm. This water is supplied mainly through regional water supply system (RWSS) hence it is
clear that water quality in gandhinagar district is not up to the desired standards. Therefore
water treatment processes are required before distributing the water.
5
Revenue department water resource management program
Figure 2: TDS levels

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1.5.2 SELECTION OF GANDHINAGAR TALUKA
Figure 3 District map of Gujarat
Figure 1 show that Gandhinagar District comprises of four talukas, viz. (Gandhinagar,
Kalol,Dehgam& Mansa). This district witnesses average rainfall of 667 mm. The district has four
rivers to supply water viz. (Sabarmati, Khari, Vatrak, Meshvo), The Population of the district
is13, 87,478 (As per 2011 census) which is 20th highest population in the state. It has a
Population density of 660 person/ sq.km which is 4th highest in the state.6
6
www.vibrantgujrat.com

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We selected GandhinagarTaluka because of the recent statements given by the CM, stating
that Gandhinagar will be developed as a world- class city, as he dedicates various new
developments works to the public. In this he laid the foundation for a project for renovating
water supply pipelines in Gandhinagar.7
1.6 SELECTION OF VAVOL VILLAGE
Chart 1 Graph showing population of shortlisted towns (2001 census)8
From the Chart above, according to population basis we shortlisted the towns
viz.(Adarajmoti,Kolawada,Randheja,Uwarshad,Vavol). All these towns have population greater
than 6000 souls; we kept these on the feasibility basis as towns having population less than
6000 are not feasible for designing new project on the basis of cost factor.
7
Indian Express.htm
8
GandhinagarTalukaPanchaayat
0
2000
4000
6000
8000
10000
12000
VILLAGE
POPULATION
POPULATION

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1.6.1 POPULATION GROWTH
VILLAGE
2001
CENSUS
Population Projection
2011
CENSUSArithmetical Geometrical
Incremental
Increase
Graphical
Adarajmoti 7958 9073 15740 10820 15400 9152
Kolawada 10803 12159 12532 12292 12256 12423
Randheja 11096 12544 12217 - - 12760
Uwarshad 9106 - - - - -
Vavol 7034 8106 8441 8415 8256 15000
9Table 1 population growth by various methods
Thus, table 1 clearly indicates that there has been a tremendous increase in population of
vavol,which falsify all the projected parameters of the probable population. Hence vavol is the
most authentic town, as the scope of study increases here. The increase in population is mainly
due to new establishments (i.e. townships) that are constructed in the village area because of
being adjacent to Gandhinagar city.
1.6.3 DETAILS OF THE SHORLISTED VILLAGES
Table 2 shows that capacity of sump is least in Vavol, although quality issues are not that
prominent in this area but considering the land area, sump capacity is less.
9
GWSSB water supply scheme
10
VILLAGE
Total
area
(hectare)
Existing
water
supply
system
Water
quality
problem
Concentration
(mg/l)
Capacity
of sump
(litres)
Adarajmoti 1170.5 TW NITRATE 108.54 3,60,000
Kolawada 1655.5 TW NITRATE 141.76 3,60,000
Randheja 1419.09 TW NA NA 6,00,000
Uwarshad 1727.1 TW NITRATE 221.5 4,70,000
Vavol 761.4 TW NA NA 2,30,000
10Table 2 Village profiles

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1.6.4 DETAILS OF THE SHORLISTED VILLAGES (cont.)
VILLAGE
Existing ESR Pumping details
Capacity
(lt)
Height
(m)
Pumping
discharge
(lps)
Total
head
(m)
HP of
pump
No. of
pump
Adarajmoti 80,000 12 33.3 22 15 1
Kolawada 2,30,000 20 45.44 20 15 2
Randheja 80,000 12 52.05 22 12.5 2
Uwarshad 50,000 12 30.36 22 20 2
Vavol 1,00,000 12 25.46 22 10 1
11Table 3 village water supply details
Table 3 shows that capacity of ESR invavol village is only 1,00,000 litres which cannot satisfy
15000 souls (for 70 lpcd), also height of ESR does not provide adequate pressure for village
topography because it is very widespread and as a result of which sufficient pressure is not
obtained at the tail end of the village (as inquired from the village talathi).
The village has only one pump existing and due to which supply is irregular, i.e. areas are fed at
different slots.
11

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1.7 FINAL SELECTION
Based on the above parameters and justification, Vavol is the most appropriate city as it has
greater scope of study because the town has its own importance because of being adjacent to
the capital city. As a result of which new establishment is taking place.
12
This Village is recently undertaken by GUDA in its jurisdiction, hence its planning and
development becomes an utmost issue for GUDA. Also half of the village area is now a part of
Gandhinagar city.
12
Maps.google.co.in
Figure 4: Location of Vavol and Gandhinagar
Figure 4: Location of Vavol and Gandhinagar

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Chapter 2: Village Profile

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2-VILLAGE PROFILE
2.1 LOCATION
Vavol is a village in GandhinagarTaluka of Gandhinagar District of Gujarat.
It is located at 4 km distance from main city Gandhinagar. The pin code of the village is
38210613.
A few nearby villages are Bhundiya -Dharampur, Khadiya - Thadakuva, Limbadia-Karai,
Sughad - Nabhoi, Jakhora - Rajpur, Kolavada and Pundarasan.
Figure 5: Location of Vavol
13
http://www.getpincode.info
GUJARAT
GANDHINAGAR DISTRICT

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A plan showing the way to Vavol from CEPT University is given in fig.1
Figure 6: Map From CEPT University to Vavol Village
The whole path is diivided into three parts for understanding. In each part major junctions and
landmarks have been marked for ease.

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Figure 7: PART-1: From CEPT University toThaltej Crossroad
Figure 8Part-2: Thaltej Crossroad to Adalaj
Figure 9Part-3: From Adalaj to Vavol

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2.2 HISTORY OF VILLAGE14
During 1347 A.D. it was under the reign of MuhmmadTughlag and governed by Sheikh
Muizauddin. Then during 1411A.D. Mahmud Begda became the Sultan of Gujarat. He made
Ahmadabad his capitol city. Vavol being located near to Ahmadabad and also on the route
to Agra and Delhi, flourished along with Shertha, Randheja and Pethapur.
In 1573 A.D. Emperor Akbar conquered Gujarat and Vavol came under his rule. After
Aurangzeb passed away the old and new governors fought many battles for the rule. The
famous Battles of Adalaj were fought near Vavol. The Kolis of Pethapur fought valiantly
against the Mughals.
In 1758 A.D. the reign was shifted to SadashivRamchandra and DamajiGaekwad from
Mominkhan and the Maratha era began. After India gained freedom, a separate State of
Gujarat came was formed on 1st May 1960. A new capitol was required for the state and so
Gandhinagar city was constructed on the banks of Sabarmati near Vavol.
2.3 TOPOGRAPHY
Figure 10 Physical Map Of Gujarat
14
Census of India 2001

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As shown in the figure 6, Vavolcomesunderplain region. The village is almost at the same
level as that of Gandhinagar which has a mean sea level of 31m. The terrain of the Village is
even. The coordinates of the village are 23°13'12"N and 72°38'3"E (as recorded on site).
2.4 GEOLOGICAL AND GEO-HYDROLOGICAL CONDITIONS
Figure 11 Geological Map of India15
As shown in the figure 12,Vavol has alluvial formation. Rocky area is not found in this
village. Alluvium thickness is more in this village as it is situated in the western side of the
district. The village has Goradutype of alluvial soil. The Goradusoil is alluvial soil of older
origin and are dark red to red in color. They are very productive. This is reflected in the kind
of crops grown here and the past agricultural occupation at this place.
15
http://www.gwrdc.gujarat.gov.in/maps.htm
VAVOL

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Figure 12 Seismic Zoning Map of Gujarat16
The latest version of seismic zoning map of India given in the earthquake resistant design code
of India [IS 1893 (Part 1) 2002] assigns four levels of seismicity for India in terms of zone factors.
According to the present zoning map, Zone 5 expects the highest level of seismicity whereas
Zone 2 is associated with the lowest level of seismicity.
It can be seen from figure 8 that Gandhinagar falls under Zone III of Seismicity. Therefore it is a
Moderate damage risk zone for earthquakes.
16
http://www.isr.gujarat.gov.in

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2.5 CLIMATE AND RAINFALL17
The climate can be described as hot summer, cool winter and generally dry except for the
monsoons. Winter is from December to February with maximum daily temperature from 29oC
to a minimum temperature of 14oC. Summer is from March to May with maximum temperature
of 41oC to a minimum temperature of 26oC. During the hottest days the temperature may
exceed 46oC. There are large variations in the temperature, varying from 8oC in the monsoon
months and approximately 15oC during the other seasons. The monsoon season is from months
from June to September and October – November is the post monsoon period. July is the
rainiest month of the season. The average rainfall is 698 mm annually. Winds are light and
moderate throughout the year.
2.6 AGRICULTURE
Figure 13: Agriculture Map of Gujarat
17

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Group – 6
Due to the type of soil at the village, the land there is very fertile. As shown in the map above,
the major crops grown here are bajran, cotton, jowar and oil seed.
Crops grown in:
Winter: Wheat, Raido, Rachka
Summer: Bajra, Jowar
2.7 DEMOGRAPHIC
All demographic details are as per Census Report Of the year 2001.
Total Area of village = 761.4 Hectares
No. of Households = 1493
CATEGORY TOTAL MALE FEMALE
TOTAL POPULATION 7034 3676 3358
CHILDREN (AGE- 0 TO 6) 1035 582 453
SCHEDULED CASTE 739 384 355
SCHEDULED TRIBES 55 32 23
LITERATES 4898 2810 2088
ILLITERATES 2136 866 1270
Table 4: Population of the village18
From the given table we get to know that the sex ratio is 913 females per 1000 males. Also
the total literacy rate is 69.6% and the literacy rate in women is 62.1%. The schedules tribes
consist of only 0.7% of the population and scheduled caste consist of 10.5%. Also from the
information gathered from Gram Panchayat the residents of the village are Patels,
Rajputs,Thakers, Rabaris, Suthars and Brahmins. People of other caste are also there.
Approximately 60 households of Muslims also reside there.
18

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Group – 6
SR. NO. CATEGORY TOTAL MALE FEMALE
1. TOTAL WORKERS 2810 2083 727
1.1 MAIN WORKERS 2256 1863 393
1.1.(a) CULTIVATORS 201 177 24
1.1.(b) AGRICULTURAL LABORS 220 174 46
1.1.(c) HOUSEHOLD INDUSTRY WORKERS 85 80 5
1.1.(d) OTHER WORKERS 1750 1432 318
1.2 MARGINAL WORKERS 554 220 334
1.2.(a) CULTIVATORS 10 2 8
1.2.(b) AGRICULTURAL LABORS 301 95 206
1.2.(c) HOUSEHOLD INDUSTRY WORKERS 20 6 14
1.2.(d) OTHER WORKERS 223 117 106
2. NON WORKERS 4224 1593 2631
Table 5: Type of Workers in Village19
The major occupation of the people is agriculture but now the trend is changing. More
people are selling their land at high prices to developers and becoming self employed by
starting their own business or taking up jobs in Gandhinagar city.
2.8 LAND USE PATTERN
The table below shows the total area of land in the village and the purpose of its use. The
wasteland includes the non – agricultural land as well as the non used land. The area of
public use is the area of the village i.e. the gaamtal where the residents of the village reside.
LAND USE AREA (m2) % OF TOTAL LAND
TOTAL 7613435 -
AGRICULTURE 5243998 68.8
WASTE LAND 207508 2.64
PUBLIC USE 1202537 15.8
LAKE 56210 0.7
GRAZING LAND 231173 3.03
KABRISTAN 33297 0.4
CEMETARY 1427 0.01
NEW CONST. 637285 8.62
Table 6: Land Use20
19
20

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Group – 6
Figure 14: Land Use Details
LAKE, DHOBIGHAT, BUS STAND,RABARI RESIDENCES, & CEMETORY.
HARI NAGAR, DRAGAH & GRAVEYARD
DARGI’S, DARBAAR’S RESIDENCES.
HARIJAN’S, THAKUR’S, RAWAL RESIDENCES
APARTMENT, PARK, MARKET.
SUTHAAR’S, PATEL’S & BRAHMIN’S RESIDENCES & POST OFFICE
THAKUR’S, PRAJAPATI’S RABAARI’S, SHEIKH RESIDENCES, MARKET,
CENTRAL BANK, & PANCHAAYAT
PRIMARY SCHOOL
MOSQUE & THAKUR RESIDENCES
TEMPLE
MUSLIM RESIDENCE, & GOVT. PRIMARY SCHOOL
BRAHMIN’S, MOCHI & MODI RESIDENCES ,TUBE WELL & ESR
RABAARI’S & PATEL RESIDENCES, SHOPPING COMPLEX
Table 7: Establishment Division

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Group – 6
2.9 SERVICES
2.9.1 Water Supply
Water in the village is supplied through tap connections. The source of the water is bore well. In
all there are 3 bore wells in the village. The water from the bore well is pumped to ESR having a
capacity of 1, 40,000 litres. From here water is supplied to tap through cement concrete pipes.
The water is supplied from morning 5am to noon 3pm. Water is supplied in the whole village
for two hours in the morning and then in slots to each of the four areas.
There is no special supply for drinking water.
AREA PUMPING TIMINGS
Complete Village 5AM – 7 AM
Kubernagar 7AM – 9AM
Defence colony 9AM- 11AM
Patel, Thakur, Harijan&Modi acquired area 11AM- 1PM
Darbar residences 1PM-3PM
Refilling of ESR 3PM-5PM
Table 8: Water Supply Timings in village
2.9.2 Electricity
24 hours electricity is supplied to the village from GEB.21 But in our last two visits we
observed frequent power cut in the village.
2.9.3 Drainage and Sewerage
The village has a drainage and sewerage system but the waste is not treated and just
thrown out at the end of the system in the lake, out of the village. 22
21
Gram Panchayat
22
Gram Panchayat

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Group – 6
2.9.4 Internal Roads
Figure 15: Road Network of Vavol
SR NO SYMBOL DESIGNATION TOTAL LENGTH (KM)
1 MAIN ROAD 1.9
2 INTERNAL ROAD 2.5
3 RAILWAY LINE ------
Table 9: Road length details

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Group – 6
2.9.5 Other Amenities
CATEGORY
SENIOR SECONDARY 0
COLLEGE 0
PRIMARY HEALTH CENTRE 0
PRIMARY HEALTH SUBCENTRE 1
TAP WATER FOR DRINKING YES
RAILWAY STATION NO
COMMERCIAL BANK YES
CO-OPERATIVE BANK NO
Table 10: Infrastructure in the village23
The table shows the infrastructure statistics in 2001 and not much has changed since then. Only
the no. of primary health sub-centre has increased to 4 as many private centres have been
opened.
SCHOOLS
At present there are 4 schools in the village of which two are Primary schools, one is Secondary
school and one is Higher Secondary school.
MEDICAL FACILITIES
There are 5 private clinics, one and Primary health sub centre and one clinic for animals.
TELECOMMUNICATION
Landline connections are that of BSNL and various connections are available for mobile.
Internet BSNL connection is also available.
SOCIAL INFRASTRUCTURE
Religious Places: 1 Mosque, 4Temples
One Movie Theatre
2.10 GRAM PANCHAYAT AND OTHER BODIES
The Gram Panchayat is the immediate governing body there.
Income of the Panchayatin 2010 year was: Rs. 53, 15,270/-
Expenditure of the Panchayat in 2010 Year was: Rs. 31, 34,970/-
23

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2.11 FUTURE DEVELOPMENTS
Figure 16: Plan showing future growth of town

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Group – 6
Figure 16 shows the reservation for various types of uses that are planned in the TPS scheme.
The TPS included the gamtalofVavol, water bodies and surrounding agricultural lands.
It was identified as one of the Nucleus Villages and is earmarked as residential zone (R7) in the
Gandhinagar Development Plan, 2011. The total area of the TPS is 175 ha, there are 319 plots
and most of the area is vacant. The project involved a diverse set of tasks – carrying out an
accurate topographical survey, compiling land ownership details, preparing the base map by
reconciling the survey with cadastral maps, getting the base map certified by the revenue
department, marking all plots owned by a single owner, planning the road network, delineating
plots for public use, delineating final plots, valuing land, designing detailed infrastructure,
estimating the costs of development, distributing the costs of development on the owners,
calculating betterment charges, preparing the documents for presenting the proposals to the
owners, assisting the AMC in scrutinizing the objections/suggestions, modifying the proposals,
preparing the documents for publishing the TPS and preparing the final documents for
submission to the State Government.24
24
TPS No. 13 Vavol

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Group – 6
Chapter 3: Water Supply Profile

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Group – 6
3-WATER SUPPLY PROFILE
3.1OVERVIEW
Water is required for many purposes in the village. Mainly the water is required for
domestic purposes but there are 3 schools in the village which face the water scarcity
issue. A private school is constructing a bigger storage overhead water tank to cope up
with the demands. Moreover the DhobhiGhat area of the village requires more water.
As per CPHEEO manual 70 liters of water is to be supplied to a person everyday and the
current population of Vavol is 15,000 souls. So a minimum of 10, 50,000 liters of water is
required per day. There is no issue related to the quality of water but there are
problems regarding the pressure of water and quantity of water supplied.
Type of Water Supply: Intermittent Water Supply
3.2 SOURCE OF WATER
There are two sources of water to the village:
(a)Water coming from Narmada Canal
Due to high costs and incapability of paying the cost water supplied through the
Narmada Mains, this source is not being used at present.
(b)Borewell
The other source of water is borewell. There are 3 borewells in the village. The locations
of the borewells have been shown in the plan below:

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Group – 6
Figure 17: Location of borewells
BOREWELL-1
The major one is located near the lake. It is this borewell through which the whole
village (except for Dhobi-Ghaat and Kubernagar ) is supplied water. The depth of this
borewell is 350 feet.
Figure 18: Borewell 1 located near Gram Panchayat

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Group – 6
BOREWELL-2
The second one is nearDhobhiGhat i.e. on the north eastern side of the village. Here, the
water is supplied throughout the hours of supply especially for the purpose of cleaning
clothes. The depth of this borewell is 400 ft.
Figure 19: Borewell 2 located near Dhobi Ghat
BOREWELL-3
The third is located at Kubernagar which is at the farthest north eastern end of the
village. As this region developed later than the remaining areas of the village, a special
borewell for the region was drilled. The depth of this borewell is 350ft
Figure 20: Borewell 3 located at Kubernagar

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Group – 6
3.3 STORAGE OF WATER
At present there is one Underground Sump and there are 2 ESRs (Elevated Storage Reservoirs)
at the village. All three of these are located near the borewell-1. The Capacities of the reservoirs
are:
ESR-1: 50,000 litres
ESR-2:1, 40,000litre
Underground Sump: 2, 40,000litre
ESR-1 is not in use as it is very old (older than 25 years) and has the connection to an
underground sump to which the water used to be supplied from the Narmada Mains.
Therefore, the Sump and ESR-1 are NOT IN USE right now.
The water from Borewell-1 is pumped to the ESR-2 and is supplied to the village from there.
Hence, there is no underground storage reservoir right now. This is a point to be worried
about as in case of sudden failure of the borewell or cut off of electricity supply there is no
water stored.
Figure 21: Elevated Storage Reservoir in Vavol

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Group – 6
3.4 TREATMENT OF WATER
The water obtained at Vavol is free from fluorides and TDS, so no treatment is required
for that but normal disinfection with chlorine is done. First chlorine in powder form was
used but now it is used in liquid form. A chlorine release machine is fitted at mouth of
the pipe carrying water to the ESR. It releases the chlorine in appropriate amounts as
the water is pumped in the ESR. 1 liter of chlorine is consumed daily. No health issues
have occurred in the village due to quality of water. No RO or any other systems are
used to purify drinking water.
3.5 DISTRIBUTION
The water is transmitted through a pipe network which is 25 years old. Cement pipes of
dia. 6inches for the mains and the cement pipes of dia. 4 inches for the distribution lines
are used.
In the passage of time the ground level has risen due to filling up of areas and so the
pipes are approximately 10 feet below the ground. Thus maintenance and repair
becomes very difficult.
The type of water supply is Intermittent and is supplied in a staggered as in the way as
shown below:
AREA TIME
FULL VILLAGE 5 AM - 7 AM
KUBERNAGAR 7 AM - 9 AM
DEFENCE COLONY 9 AM - 11AM
PATELVAS, THAKORVAS,
HARIJAN, MUSLIM ETC.
11AM - 1 PM
DARBARVAS 1PM - 3PM
FILLING TANK 3PM - 5PM
Table 11: Water Supply timings and area25
25
Gram Panchayat

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Group – 6
Total Length of main pipe line (5”) ( ) = 3618 mt.
Total length of sub main pipes (3”) ( ) = 5188 mt.
Figure 22 Plan showing pipe line layout & bore wells

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Group – 6
3.6 AGE OF EACH COMPONENT
Sr.No. COMPONENT AGE OF
COMPONENT
DESIGN PERIOD
AS PER MANUAL
1. Electric Motor And Pumps 15 15
2. Pump House(Civil Works) 25 30
3. Clear Water Reservoir 15 15
4. Distribution System 35 30
Table 12: Age of Component
Therefore we get from the table above that the motors and the Reservoir have
completed their design period. Hence, they are no more suitable to be used.
3.7 OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE
3.7.1EMPLOYED PEOPLE:GramPanchayathas employed 2 operators to operate the
whole system. One operates the borewell 1 and 2and his salary is Rs 3000/ month while
the other operates the borewell 3 located at Kubernagar and his salary is Rs 1500/
month.
3.7.2MAINTENANCE CHARGES:A motor break down costs from Rs. 25,000 – 30,000 and
it generally occurs twice in a year. Apart from this the ESR is cleaned twice a year costing
aboutRs.5000 each time. Apart from this pipes fail, so they are repaired or replaced.

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Group – 6
3.8 FINANCES
The total income of Gram PanchayatisRs 53,15,270/ year while its expenditure is Rs
31,34,970/ year so the PanchayatearnsRs 21,80,300/ year approximately.The Gram
PanchayatspentRs 2.99.251 / year which is 9% of the total expenditure. It also collects a
water tax of 90rs per household and so in total generates an income of 1,26,330Rs /
year which is 2% of the total income.
Chart 2: Water Supply Income vsExpanditure
3.9 OTHER ISSUES:
The level of the village has increased due to filling up of lands. This has led to the
lowering of distribution pipes from the surface.
There are no issues related to the quality of water but relating to quantity and pressure
of the water supplied.

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Chapter 4: Household Survey

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4 HOUSEHOLD SURVEY
4.1.1INTRODUCTION
4.1.1.1 WHAT IS A HOUSEHOLD SURVEY
Household survey is a survey carried out for collection of detailed and varied socio-
demographic data pertaining to conditions under which people live, their well-being, activities
in which they engage and various factors which influence the same. Household survey provides
a cheaper alternative to census for timely data. The accuracy of the data obtained can be made
accurate and relevant for use by deciding correct sample size for surveying, its correct
distribution and inclination towards carrying out the survey.
4.1.1.2 HOUSEHOLD SURVEY CARRIED OUT AT VAVOL
A household survey was carried out on 21st August 2011 in the village of Vavol stretched over a
span of 6 hours from 10am to 4 pm to find out the issues relating to water supply and other
matters affecting it.
4.1.2 OBJECTIVE
The objectives of the survey are:
 To identify the prevailing issues and problems in water supply
 To have a generalized view of the economic and cultural background of the people
residing in the locality and to establish a pattern in water related issues with respect to
the same.
 To serve as the basis for design of the new water supply system
 To also cross check the authenticity of the data obtained till now
 To support the hypothesis of water requirement in the village
 To understand the level of public awareness, satisfaction and future expectations
The survey was carried out to find out the issues relating to water supply at the local level and
to find out the people’s view and opinion and suggestions to improve the current system and
also to check the authenticity of the data obtained about the water supply system till now.

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4.1.3 SCOPE AND LIMITATIONS OF SURVEY
The survey is limited to the Gaamtalonly. The population ofVavol is 15,000 souls residing in the
established 3453 households. The societies which have their own bore-wells and storage tank
and the water is not supplied by the Gram Panchayat have been also included in the study.
The Personal Interview method was used for the survey as it is the most ideal and accurate.
The target population is
1. The no. of households to assess the water quality, pressure and quantity.
2. Various income groups for assessment of economic variations region wise in the village
3. Various genders for assessment of the level of education and other specific issues
pertaining to water supply
4. Various caste to know about their water requirements in accordance to their cultural
and religious needs
5. Various age groups
4.1.4 SAMPLING SIZE:
The sampling can be done through various statistical methods. The sample size also depends
upon the population, type of study, accuracy required for the study etc. The population of
Vavol is currently 15,000 souls and there are 3453 households. The sample size is taken 2% of
the number of households.
4.1.5 DISTRIBUTION OF THE SAMPLE:
The samples are taken from different parts of the village, from various income groups, religion
and gender. We have divided the village into different sections depending upon the time of
distribution of the water. Also the samples are taken depending upon the density of population
and so as Kubernagar has the highest population density it also has the highest no. of samples.
The samples from taken from the Patel vas and Vaghari vas indicate the whole central eastern
portion of the village.

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Group – 6
Figure 23: Area Distribution for Household Survey
We have selected these zones according to the residential patterns and density of population.
In all there are 78 forms which have been filled up in the survey from various parts of the
village. The distribution of the forms is as mentioned in table 1.

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Group – 6
SR.No. AREA NO. OF FORMS
1. Vaaghrivaas 8
2. Sheik vaas 8
3. Tarpoj 6
4. Dhobighat 7
5. Patel vaas 8
6. Bhumi park 3
7. Harinagar 4
8. Kubernagar 20
9. Darbaarvaas 7
10. Thakur vaas 6
TOTAL 77
Table 13: Area- Number of Forms
Though BhumiPark has been classified as an area, it is a new society with its own private water
supply. This society is in Harinagararea of the village.

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Group – 6
4. 2 ANALYSIS
The analysis of the information collected is done under four categories:
1. Demographic Analysis
2. Current Supply Analysis
3. Public Satisfaction Analysis
4. Public Awareness Analysis
4.2.1 DEMOGRAPHIC ANALYSIS
4.2.1.1 LITERACY OF FEMALE HEAD OF THE FAMILY
The literacy level of the female head of the house is a very important parameter as in a small
Indian village like Vavol females predominantly carry out the chores and are involved in
housework. This affects the awareness of the female head of the family regarding the system
and the hygiene related issues at domestic level. Figure-1 shows a chart showing the
percentage of women educated corresponding to different levels of education.
Figure 24 Percentage Of Women Educated Corresponding To Different Levels Of
Education.
48%
17%
25%
0%
10%
% OF FEMALE HEAD
ILLITERATE PRIMARY SECONDARY HIGHER SECONDARY GRADUATE

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Group – 6
The chart above suggests that women of almost half of the number of houses surveyed are
completely illiterate. 17% of the female heads have attended primary school and 24 % have
attended secondary school also. About 10% of female heads are graduates. It was observed
that this 10 % of female heads were very young and were the ones belonging to a family having
a good financial background (mostly belonging to the Sheikh Vaas area where experienced
people of the village reside).
4.2.1.2 MONTHLY INCOME OF THE PEOPLE
The monthly income of the family will be an indicator of the standard of living of the people
thus, affecting factors like kind of drainage system in the house, higher level of services for
satisfaction. It also shows the capability of the people to make up for the shortcomings of the
system at personal level by installing pumping device and having a personal storage tank.
The income of the people varies a lot in the village. About 14 % of the people have their income
up to Rs. 2000. And about 6% of the people have their income above Rs. 25,000 per month.
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
0-2000
2001-5000
5001-10,000
10,001-25,000
25,000 and above
14%
31%
35%
13%
6%
Figure 25 Family Income of the Houses Surveyed

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Group – 6
4.2.1.3 SIZE OF FAMILY
The size of the family is a function of the literacy of the of the female head of the family and of
course the mind-set of the people (which is not a measurable entity). In terms of water supply
system, the number of people in a family will affect the number of connections and their
satisfaction level.
Figure 26: Literacy Level of Women Area Wise
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
PERCENTAGE
AREA
Literacy Level of Women
ILLITERATE
PRIMARY
SECONDARY
HIGHER SECONDARY
GRADUATE

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Group – 6
Figure 27: Number of Members in Different Families Zone Wise
The fact that literacy level of woman of the house determines the size of family due to
consciousness and awareness is very prominent here. It can be seen that illiteracy is highest in
the areas of Dhobighaat, Kubernagar and Thakur Vaas. Of these, the effect on the size of family
due to this can be seen in Kubernagar and Thakur Vaas.
The number of members in the families in DarbarVaas is big due to people of various
generations staying together in a joint family. Apart from this, the number children are also big
in the area Kubernagar.
25
100
25
50 57 62.5
33
25
15 15 17
50
0
75
50 43 37.5
67
75
45
70
83
0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0
40
15
0
25
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
No.ofMembersinFamily
Area
No. of Members per Family
0 to 4 5 to 8 9 to 12 above 12

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Group – 6
2.1.4 NO. OF FAMILIES WITH DOMESTICATED ANIMALS
It is important to understand the trend in the village in domesticating of animals. This also
depends on the cultural trend in the area and at times even the profession. For example, a
person having a dairy as business will have cattle.
The Pie charts below in Figure 6 and 7 show the related numbers.
Figure 28: No. Of Households with Animals
8
69
NO. OF HOUSEHOLDS WITH ANIMALS
YES
NO

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Group – 6
Figure 29: No. Of Houses in each Zone Having Animals
From figure 6 it can be concluded that of the 77 houses surveyed only 8 have domesticated
animals. Therefore, 10% of the houses surveyed have animals.
Of these 8 houses, 4 are from Kubernagar, 2 are from VaaghriVaas, and 1 from
DhobighaatandDarbarVaas each.
Cattle are domesticated in all the areas apart from VaaghriVaas. Here, goats are domesticated
as they are cheaper to be fed and maintained and their milk can also be consumed.
2
0
1
0
00
4
1
0
NO. OF HOUSES WITH ANIMALS
VAAGHRI VAAS
SHEIKH VAAS
TARPOJ
DHOBIGHAT
PATEL VAAS
BHUMI PARK
HARINAGAR
KUBERNAGAR
DARBAAR VAAS

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4.2.2 CURRENT WATER SUPPLY SYSTEM
4.2.2.1 SOURCE OF WATER AND TYPE OF CONNECTION
Figure 30 Type of Connection- Number Of Houses
As shown in the bar graph above, 53 houses ultimately consumed water supplied by the Gram
Panchayat and 5 houses had their source in private bore-wells.
It is observed that people in VaaghriVaas and DarbarVaas have community connections. All the
three houses getting their daily water from neighbours are from Kubernagar Area.
Private Bore wells are present in Bhumi Park which is a new and big society and Sheikh Vaas
where the people have a steady income.
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
PRIVATE TAP COMMUNITY
TAP
NEIGHBOUR'S
TAP
PRIVATE
BOREWELL
No.ofConnections
Type of Connection
TYPE OF CONNECTION
Series1

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Group – 6
4.2.2.2 TIME FOR WATER SUPPLY
The time for water supply in within a zone varied a lot. This may be due to false data given by
people or other issues like poor design, varying elevation etc.
Therefore, this parameter has not been taken into consideration.
4.2.2.3 MAXIMUM WATER USAGE
The maximum water usage for the people is either for sanitation or for their daily household
work like washing clothes, cleaning the house etc.
The people who visit the Dhobighaatto wash the clothes or have established flushing system
have their maximum usage in sanitation.
Figure 31 Area wise Maximum Usage of Water
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
PercentageofUse
Type of Use
Usuage of Water
WASHING/CLEANING
SANITATION
DRINKING

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Group – 6
Figure 32 Total Percentage of Houses Surveyed- Maximum Usage
It can be seen from Figure 10 that most of the people (73%) consume highest quantity of water
for their daily chores.
In DhobiGhaat, in all houses the answer was daily works and in SheikhVaas in all the houses
sanitation takes the highest quantity of water, as they have a stable income and send their
clothes out for washing.
2.2.4 NUMBER OF HOUSES WITH TANKS
The number of houses in an area having tank shows the need to have a water tank to meet
their daily needs of water. It is also a fact that, there are people who need tanks but cannot
afford it.
Figure 33: No. of Storage Tank- No. Of Houses Surveyed In an Area
2%
25%
73%
MAXIMUM USAGE OF WATER
DRINKING SANITATION WASHING/CLEANING
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
StorageAvailable
Area
NO. OF STORAGE TANKS
NO
YES

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Group – 6
As shown in the figure 11, not many people in VaaghriVaas and Sheikh Vaas have storage
tanks. This shows both the incapability to have one in spite of need and not having one due to
lack of need of tanks respectively.
FIGURE 34 INCOME VS TANK
4.2.2.5 RAINWATER HARVESTING
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
NO.OFSTORAGETANKS
AREA SURVEYED
INCOME VS NO. OF TANKS
0-2000
2001-5000
5001-10,000
10,001-25,000
25,000 and above
17%
83%
RAIN WATER STORED
YES
NO

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Group – 6
Figure 35 % Of houses Storing Rain Water
Of the 77 houses surveyed, only 12 houses harvest rain water. Actually in this case, the usage of
word “harvesting” would be a misnomer. Of the houses which do it, 3 are from Kubernagar.
The financial condition of all the three is very poor and they cannot afford to construct a tank.
Therefore, they have made small pits in which they collect the rain water.
4.2.2.6 IN TIMES OF NO SUPPLY OF WATER
There are very rare occasions when the water is not supplied at all. This usually happens when
there is cut off of electricity or when cleaning of the ESR is to be done.
Figure 36: Source of Water In times of No Water Supply
As shown in the figure, 27 houses used water stored in their tanks, 1 house is dependent on
water from rains and others have their other sources.
The other sources include:
 Narmada Water From Tap near the Railway Crossing
 Water from nearby societies having tanks
 Water tankers
27
1
34
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
WATER STORED IN
TANK
RAIN WATER OTHER
IN CASE OF NO SUPPLY

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Group – 6
4.2.2.7 WATER TAX PAID
The water tax paid by the people is as shown in the figure below. The y axis shows the number
of houses.
Most of the houses have their tax around Rs.60 per year.
Figure 37: Water Tax paid per year
16
39
7
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
RS 0 TO 30 RS 30 TO 60 RS 60 TO 90
No.ofHouseholds
Amount of Water Tax
TAX PAID PER YEAR

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Group – 6
4.2.3 SATISFACTION
The satisfaction of the people was checked for three parameters- timing, quantity and pressure
of water they get.
4.2.3.1 TIME OF WATER SUPPLY
Most of the people who are satisfied with the number of hours of supply are the ones with
tanks.
The time of water supply is not constant in all the areas. The chart above shows that 65% of the
people are satisfied the hours of supply.
0%
65%
35%
TIME OF SUPPLY
TIME OF NO SUPPLY? YES NO

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Group – 6
4.2.3.1 QUALITY OF WATER
FIGURE 38 QUALITY OF WATER
The water has high silt content. As the source of water is ground it is suitable for drinking. It
does not require any treatment though the water has to be left to let the silt settle down.
Figure 39: Occurrence of Diseases
Due to water, about 10% of the houses have had illnesses in the past. This shall be covered in
detail in the stakeholder’s survey. Here diseases like diarrhoea, viral are dominant.
64%
36%
0%
SAFE DRINKING WATER
YES
NO
NO TAP
10%
90%
OCCURENCE OF DISEASES
YES
NO

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Group – 6
4.2.3.2 PRESSURE OF WATER
Figure 40: Pressure of Water Supply
The tail ends of the village have a major issue of the pressure. If the Pressure becomes
adequate the timings will also become sufficient.
4.3 CONCLUSION:
The critical area which needs attention isKubernagar as all the conditions are adverse here
(physical, demographic, design of the system there).
Vaaghri vas has no regular water supply timings, moreover it is located on the far end of the
village, as a result water pressure is inadequate in this area.
All the areas have an issue of silt content in the water. Due to this they let around 2 buckets of
water coming initially to flow and then use it. This is practiced in all the places leading to
excessive wastage of water from an already depleting source of water.
57%
43%
PRESSURE OF WATER SUPPLY
YES
NO

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Group – 6
Chapter 5: Stakeholder Survey

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Group – 6
5-STAKE HOLDER SURVEY
5.1: INTRODUCTION
5.1.1 Who is a Stakeholder?
A person or group or an organisation having an interest in the system are the stakeholders of
the system. In case of water supply system for a village, the stakeholders can be classified as:
1. Primary Stakeholders –They are those who engage in economic transactions and have
authority over the system. (For example Panchayat, general public, Government Boards,
Execution Agencies, Involved Corporate)
2. Secondary Stakeholders They are those who although they do not engage in direct
economic exchange with the business are affected by or can affect its actions. (For
example the general public, communities, business support groups, other institutions)
5.1.2 What is a Stakeholder Survey?
In order to upgrade/design/analyse any system or organisation, it is very important to get the
feedback of the stakeholders of the system as they are important in achieving successful and
realistic outcomes.
Following steps shall be taken to carry out a stakeholder’s survey:
1. Define the objective of the survey
2. Design the survey
3. Identify the stakeholders
4. Market the survey to encourage the participation of the stakeholders
5. Carry out the survey and draw conclusions

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Group – 6
5.2: STAKEHOLDERS’ SURVEY FOR VAVOL
5.2.1 Objective of the Stakeholder Survey
The objectives of the Survey were:
1. To check the level of awareness of the stakeholders regarding the current water supply
and needs
2. To identify and prioritise major issues/flaws put forward by the stakeholders
3. To find solutions for the same
4. To get their feedback on the results obtained from the household survey
5. To get an idea from their learning from the past actions relating to water supply in Vavol
6. To understand the role and involvement of the stakeholders in bringing about the
changes suggested by them
5.2.2 Methodology
Stakeholders’ survey mainly being a survey resulting in qualitative outcomes, was carried out by
discussing various things with the stakeholder. A questionnaire was prepared to make sure no
issue was left unaddressed during the discussion.
Structure and main issues covered in the questionnaire:
1. General information of the stakeholder
2. Their overall outlook of the village
3. Problems and challenges regarding water supply system
 Quality Of Water
 Quantity/Availability Of Water
4. Views on Operation and Maintenance practices
5. Other sensitive issues like biased supply of water, negative political influence on the
system’s efficiency etc.
6. Involvement and participation of the Stakeholder in improvising the system

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Group – 6
5.2.3 IDENTIFYING THE STAKEHOLDERS
Both primary and secondary stakeholders have been covered in the survey. In the primary
stakeholders, the people involved in the daily operation of the system, the immediate
regulating authority and people from bodies at taluka and district level have been surveyed.
Teachers and doctors have been covered under secondary stakeholders.
The teachers’ outlook would highly affect the approach of the people. The doctors were
surveyed as they could highlight the issues relating to quality (affecting health) and mind-set of
people.The people of the village are definitely the main stakeholders in the system and their
views are covered in the household survey. As representative of the people, community and
regional heads were also surveyed.
Sr.
No.
Name Of the Person
Surveyed
Occupation/Designation
1. Mr B U Thakur Talati
2. Mr Rakesh Patel Ex DeputySarpanch
3. Mr M K Maheshwari Deputy Executive Engineer, GandhinagarTaluka,
WASMO and GWSSB
4. Mr SnehalMakwana District Co-ordinator, Gandhinagar, WASMO
5. Mr Mohammad Sheikh Community Head of SheikhVaas, Active in
PanchayatWorks
6. Mr Vinu Lineman, Operation of valves
7. Dr Anita Goel Doctor, Shreeji Clinic
8. Dr Shailesh Doctor, Private Clinic
9. Dr Jignesh Doctor, Veterinary Hospital
10. Mr Ramesh Shah Teacher, M D Shah
11. Mr Vishal Teacher, PrathmikShaala
Table 14: List of Stakeholders surveyed

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Group – 6
5.3: OBSERVATIONS OF THE SURVEY
5.3.1 VILLAGE AS A WHOLE
Vavol being located near the capital city of Gandhinagar, has already become an urban
agglomeration. The population of the village has almost doubled in the last decade and has
crossed 15,000. Demographically, a lot of changes (like shift in the occupation from farming to
government jobs, income of the people etc.) Have been observed in the village and this will
magnify further in the coming years. Currently, the village falls under the authority of
Panchayat but looking at the pace of growth of the village it can be expected to be governed by
the Gandhinagar Municipal Cooperation in coming few years. It is important to pay attention to
and upgrade all the existing services in Vavolas the needs and expectations of the people are
changing and increasing.
5.3.2 CURRENT WATER SUPPLY SYSTEM
Among the primary stakeholders, the people involved in the functioning of the current system
were well aware of the system, its components and it’s working. Here, a technical approach and
knowledge was missing among the stakeholders.
5.3.2.1 QUANTITY OF WATER
 SUPPLY
According to them the hours of supply of water are sufficient in all the areas of the village. The
requirements of quantity and pressure are not being satisfied at present as the distribution
system is very old and is around 3 m below the current ground level of the village. As the
distribution system was laid around 35 years back, it was meant to satisfy the needs of the
people then which was much less. From the same mains a number of new connections have
been drawn, resulting in reduction of pressure of the water.
Now, in order to solve the above problems, priority should be given to laying of a new
distribution system at appropriate depth. Pump of greater capacity (60 HP) should be installed
for increasing the pressure. For natural pressure obtained under the effect of gravity, a new ESR
of higher capacity of greater height (20 m) should be constructed. The people should also start
using the dhobi ghaat as far as possible for cleaning clothes to reduce the need of the water got
from the house tap connection.
It is known that within a zone of supply, a few communities get more water and a few get very
less water. This is a result of unplanned distribution of connections, poor design and biased
supply of water. To encounter this problem, valves should be installed at society level.

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Group – 6
 STORAGE AT USERS’ END
Even if adequate quantity of water is supplied to the people, many families which are financially
challenged cannot store water as they do not have any means for storage. Water tanks should
be provided to these families at a subsidized rate in order to solve the problem of quantity at
user’s level also.
5.3.2.2 QUALITY OF WATER
There are no major issues regarding the quality of water here at the source level. Though there
is a lot of silt content in the water coming out of the taps as the water is continuously supplied
from the bore well and the silt is not allowed settle. A bigger ESR which would not require
continuous inflow from the bore well could be a solution. Even the sup which is there should be
used.
InKubernagar, water with very high silt content is obtained. Therefore, the usable quantity of
water obtained is very less. Here, there is an urgent need to construct an ESR.
As told by the doctors surveyed, the people of Vavol are prone to having diseases and disorders
like diarrhoea, kidney stones, dysentery very often. A major reason for this is that there is no
special supply for drinking water. This could be solved by either setting up an RO plant in the
village (aided by WASMO) and by creating awareness among the people regarding treatments
to be done to water to make it drinkable.
As per the veterinary doctor, bronchitis, stomach infection and pneumonia are common
disease in animals due to water consumed. The reason for this is that the animals consume
water mainly from lakes where people discharge their waste water. Special provision of water
for animals should be there by constructing more havadas and refilling and changing the water
often.
5.3.2.3 OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE ISSUES
Almost all the stakeholders believed that even the though the system itself has shortcomings, if
the operation practices are improved a few problems can be encountered. More number of
operators are required. The timings of the supply vary at times. There is biased supply of water
as the village is dominated by the people from DarbarVaas and all the Panchayat members are
also darbars. Here, the differences are very community oriented. Maintenance of the pipelines
is almost impossible as they are difficult to have access to.

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Group – 6
5.3.3 OTHER PROBLEMS AND SOLUTIONS
 POLITICAL ISSUES
Under Sector Reform Yojana being run by WASMO, all the villages of Gandhinagartaluka having
any problem relating to water supply would get technical and financial assistance to upgrade
the system. 90 % of the required investment would be funded by the Government and the
remaining 10% has to be contributed by the Panchayat and the people of the village together.
The idea of getting 10 % from the people is to ensure that the consumers also have a stake in
the system and they value.
Issues relating to the physical system i.e. construction of new components can be covered
under this yojana. Irresponsibility, lack of dedication and lack of intention to work for the
general public has been noticed on the part of the Sarpanch and the other Panchayat members.
ThePanchayatmembers are rarely active in the village. Their practices are aimed at welfare of
their own community. It is very important to create awareness among the people to realise the
potential of their village, to know the available privileges to them so that they can themselves
get benefit from them and question.
 RAIN WATER HARVESTING
The village of Vavol is at a lower level than the other surrounding areas as a result of which the
village gets waterlogged during monsoons. This fact could be used productively by harvesting
rain water and constructing recharge wells.
 WATER TREATMENT
No proper water treatment is done in the village as the water quality is satisfactory but for
disinfection chlorine tablets are used, this treatment is carried out at the source only, but it is
not done at regular pre defined timings as a result inefficient treatment is observed. This can be
overcome by pre deciding the disinfection timings.

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Group – 6
5.4 MEETING BETWEEN WASMO OFFICIAL AND VILLAGE STAKEHOLDERS
During the stakeholder survey many administrative issues regarding the water supply system
came into picture and with a view of solving these issues a meeting was organised by us
between the WASMO officials and the village stakeholders.
The meeting was conducted on 19th September 2011 at 11 am in the Gram Panchayatoffice. A
notice was circulated among the stakeholders by the talati to inform the people about the
meeting. The following stakeholders from different parts of the village were informed:
1. Kuber Singh Gol (Sarpanch)
2. Rakesh Patel (Tarpoj, Patelvas)
3. Bhartiben Mahesh Nadiya (Harijanvas)
4. AmajiThakor (Thakorvas)
5. Shailsh Patel (Patelvas)
6. VirendraPratapjiGol (Operator)
7. Umarsha Mohammed Dewan (Kubernagar)
8. NathjiMafatbhai Desai (Rabarivas)
9. RajuBhikhabhai Dantani (Vaagharivas)
10. Mohammed Rehman Sheikh (Sheikhvas)
11. Devendra Singh Gol (Darbarvas)
12. Ramesh ShomabhaiRaval (Ravalvas)
The meeting was held amongst Mr.Gadhvi, a WASMO representative, the talatiMr. B. U.
Thakur and the stakeholders of the village. Many of the informed were absent and only a few
people turned up for the meeting. Out of 12, only 6 stakeholders came which were from
Thakorvas, Patelvas, Kubernagar, Rabarivas, Sheikhvas and the Sarpanch. A discussion was
carried out on all the aspects of the water supply system i.e. source, storage, treatment and
distribution from which the major issue was the distribution system. All the issues discussed are
mentioned below:

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Group – 6
Figure 41: Meeting between the Stakeholders
5.4.1 Source
The WASMO official studied the area of the village and recommended that a new bore
well is required at the south side of the village but the stakeholders informed that the
south side mainly consists of the residential societies which have a borewell of their own
and plus that they do not have enough funds for the new bore at present. The WASMO
official also suggested the use of Narmada water as the water quality is very good but
the stakeholders complained that it was too costly for them. For a use of 2 months of
Narmada water the Govt. generated a bill of Rs 3 lacs which was not at all possible for
the people to pay.
5.4.2 Treatment
Even though so many cases of kidney stones are registered in the village, the
stakeholders as well as the official both were satisfied with the treatment which was
done. When been asked about the silt problem in Kubernagar, the stakeholders
responded that this problem is because the bore is new and will solve itself as the time
passes.
5.4.3 Storage
Both the officials and stakeholders agreed that 2 new ESRs, 1 at Kubernagar and the
other at Dobhighat are required. This way they can separate the supply of these areas.
The ESR of head 12m at Kubernagar has the first priority as there is no distribution
system there as such and stations and hand pumps are provided at various points to get
water. This would also solve the silt problem as it would settle down in the ESR. Also this
area is at a higher level so it is not possible to supply water from the ESR1 (Gram
Panchayat). Also as the village has expanded the current height of the ESR1 i.e. 12m is
not enough and should be increased to 20m to obtain the required head and also to
settle the silt.

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Group – 6
5.4.4 Distribution
This was the most major topic of the meeting. All the areas are facing many issues
because of the improper water distribution. This is because the pipes are old, deep and
small to carry the required water at adequate pressure. Moreover there is no supply
network at Kubernagar and hand pumps and stations are provided at various points.
Vaaghari vas also faces a lot of water shortage due to less pressure. To solve this
problem the stakeholders already have prepared a new pipe network plan but the
WASMO officials do not think that this network would be able to sustain the demand.
Also more valves are required to regulate the supply so as everyone gets equal supply.
But the Gram Panchayatdoes have enough staff to maintain the system.
5.4.5 Sector Reform Yojna and Taxes
When been asked about the taxes, the stakeholders were persistent that all villagers pay
the taxes. Also they informed us that from this year they have increased the property
tax and is now equal to that of Gandhinagar. According to the Sector Reform Yojna, the
Govt. will pay 90% of the expenses while the village i.e. the public has to bear the rest
10% and generate a public fund for it. Here but the issue is that the GramPanchayat is
capable enough to bear these expense but they cannot pay as the people are not
contributing to the public fund.

Page 74
Group – 6
Chapter 6: Gap Analysis

Page 75
Group – 6
6- GAP ANALYSIS
It helps to compare the present scenario to the future demands & to establish the gap between
the two and in turn helps in designing self- sustaining systems.
Gap analysis is a process of determining, documenting and plugging the gaps between present
conditions and ideal situations. This can be done by benchmarking and doing other
assessments. Gap analysis provides a measurement to know much investment of time, money
and human resources is required to achieve the desired goal.
The basic parameters considered for the gap analysis are:
1. Quantity
2. Quality
3. Pressure
4. Finances
5. Miscellaneous
From which the gap in following can be established:
1. Source
2. Storage
3. Treatment
4. Distribution
6.1.1 Need for New System
The current system was designed for the demand of 10, 17,736 litres but right now the demand
is 12, 10,000 litres plus losses. So this system has failed in the year 2008 and a new system is
needed.
6.1.2 Design Period for the New System
As per the CPHEEO manual on Water Supply and Treatment, water supply system is usually
designed for a period of thirty years starting from the year when the system is functional.
The time lag between the time of designing and project completion is usually taken 2-5 years.
Design year: 2011
Assumed time lag between designing and project completion: 2 years
Year when the proposed project will be functional: 2013
Final year till when the proposed system will be adequate: 2043

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Group – 6
6.1.3 POPULATION AND WATER DEMAND
6.1.3.1 POPULATION
The major change which will create severe future water problems is the growth in population.
Usually for a village population is projected by using the following methods:
(a) Arithmetical Progression Method
In arithmetical progression method, the average increase of population is calculated from the
past records and added to the last census population to find out the population in the next
decade. This method gives low value and is suitable for well settled and established
communities.
(b) Geometric Progression Method
In geometrical progression method, percentage increase in arithmetical increment is assumed
to be the rate growth and the average of percentage is increased is use to find out future
increment in population. This method gives much higher value and it is mainly applicable for
growing town and cities having vast scope for expansion.
(c) Incremental Increase Method
In incremental increase method a progressively decreasing or increasing rather than
concentrate is adopted. This is a modification over the arithmetical progression method. In this
method, the increment in arithmetical increase is determined from the past decades and the
average of that increment is added to the average increase.
(d) Geometric Ratio Method
Geometric ratio method is similar to Geometric Progression method. Geometric ration of
consecutive decadal population are form an averaged out. Future population is forecast by
compounding the latest population using the above geometric ratio. In another version of the
method, only the latest geometrical ration is considered for forecasting future population.
For such projects usually population is projected by each above mentioned method and an
average of all the four is considered.
Now, Vavol at present can be classified as a peri-urban area. The village has immense potential
for growth as it lies at the periphery ofGandhinagar city which is expanding at a rapid rate. The
population of Vavol has increased by 113% in the last decade (from 2001 to 2011).
ForVavol which is a village at a developing stage, population projection on the basis of
population density and FSI (Floor Space Index) would give the most accurate result.
Here, the forecast has been done on the basis of population density.

Page 77
Group – 6
The forecast has been done as mentioned in the CPHEEO manual for Sewerage and Sewage
Treatment. For this method, the accurate land use pattern, density of areas and zoning of the
village should be known. If the above mentioned data is unavailable/ inaccurate following
mentioned density maybe assumed for the village (after a period of 30 years).
Table 15: Density for given size of town
This table has been used for forecasting as the accurate land pattern etc of the village were not
available. The current population of Vavol is 15,000.Therefore, as per the table above the
density of Vavol can be taken to be between 150-250.Assuming the density of Vavol to be
180souls/hectare in the year 2043.
The area for residential purpose is taken to be 70% of the total area of the village. The
remaining area includes gardens, temples, lakes, cemetery, mosque etc.
Therefore, area for projection = 70% of 761.3435 hectare
= 532.9404 hectare
Hence, population of Vavolin 2043 = Area available for residing × Density in souls/hectare
= 532.9404 × 180 = 95,930 souls
Therefore, the population of Vavol in the year 2043 will be 95,930 souls.
It is assumed that 65% of the increase in density of population is achieved in the first fifty years
and the the remaining 35% increase in the last fifteen years. Assuming that current population
density is 40 souls/hectare and that 60% of the area will be used for development, the
population in the year 2028 can be assumed to be 59,850 souls.

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Group – 6
Figure 42: Population Projection
17,860
59,850
95,930
0
20,000
40,000
60,000
80,000
100,000
120,000
2013 2028 2043
Population
population

Page 79
Group – 6
6.1.4 WATER DEMAND
The per capita demand in the year 2013 is considered as 70 lpcd as there is no drainage system
in the village but in the year 2028 and 2043 it is considered to be 135 lpcd assuming that
drainage system will be installed by that time. The rise in water demand will be as given below.
This demand considers the per capita demand as well as the 15% UFW (Unaccounted for
Water).
Hence, the demand in 2043 will be ((135lpcd × 95,930souls)×1.15) which is 1,48,93,200 litre per
day.
Figure 43: Water Demand
GAP IN THE SOURCE
Currently, there are three bore-wells in the village which are in use for 10 hours a day. The bore
yield has been calculated for 12 hours of pumping as the bore well need time to recharge and
water cannot be pumped out continuously (as told obtained from the Stakeholder’s Survey).
The obtained values are:
Bore-well 1 (near the present sump) : 3,53,808 lpd
Bore-well 2 (Dhobighaat) :2,86,720 lpd
Bore-well 2 (Kubernagar) : 3,77,210 lpd
Now, the ultimate demand is 1, 48, 93,200lpd.
1437730
9,291,713
14,893,133
0
2000000
4000000
6000000
8000000
10000000
12000000
14000000
16000000
2013 2028 2043
Water Demand
water demand

Conceptual design for water supply system

Conceptual design for water supply system

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