Great Philosophers

Great Philosophers
For this assignment, I chose the following three ethical philosophers: Confucius, Immanuel Kant,
and Paulo Freire. Each of these ethicists differs in the way they resolved ethical dilemmas and the
assignment will focus on how each ethicists would respond to a certain situation. Confucius
reasoning is that all human are good; however, when face with an ethical dilemma, there is an
inequality between what is good and bad. I believe that the response from Confucius it would not be
acceptable to steal food to feed a starving child. The reason why I believe this is because Confucius
was a virtue ethicist and believed in loyalty, which is respect for the law and stealing, is not showing
respect for the law (Great Philosophers, n.d.). I believe that Confucius would go to the store and ask
the store manager and tell him the situation about starving child. One of Confucius' central virtues is
honest, which is respect for the truth. Telling the store manager the truth is not only respecting the
store but also respecting you (Great Philosophers, n.d.). ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The next ethicist is Kant; whose reasoning I believe is that everything that is was illegal and morally
wrong is unacceptable. If we look at the situation regarding the stealing of food for a starving child,
I believe that Kant would response favorable to someone stealing food for a starving child.
According to Kantian ethics, we have a perfect to others not to steal; however, we also have
imperfect duty to assists others in need (Kantian Ethic, n.d.). Kantian Ethics is also based on the
face that a person is good or bad and what is their motivation of their actions and not the goodness
of their action (Kantian Ethics,
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The Greek Philosophers And The Philosophers
The Greek philosophers did not explain the world using Gods. Instead, they preferred to explain the
world using principles. These principles were fundamental in how the philosophers taught their
students. Three philosophers, Plato, Epicures, and Aristotle, used different principles to help them
explain the world and the universe around them. In this essay, the principles of these three
philosophers will be explained and then compared with each other.
When the philosophers spoke of principles, they were referring to what connects everything together
or what makes everything the same. The philosophers wanted to be able to explain the universe
using these principles. Philosophers came up with their own basic principles that they thought ...
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And this they must do, even with the prospect of death"(Cave 2). It is clear in this quote how
important Plato thought the understanding of philosophy and the soul was. To imply that it is
important enough to understand these ideas that it would be worth it to go back into the cave just to
teach this to someone else shows how devoted he was to this principle. He also believed in
immortality of the soul and the idea that our souls exist before our births, which he spoke about in
many of his writings. He believed that souls exist in three parts; a rational part that wants to know
the truth, a spirited part that wants honor and victory, and an appetitive part which wants food, drink
and sex (1). Along with this idea, he believed that souls are reincarnated into different life forms (1).
In conclusion, Plato focuses on the intellect and the soul to explain the universe.
Epicurus was a philosopher from about 341 – 270 BC. Epicurus believed that everything in the
universe was made of atoms. He is the first philosopher we have studied that tried to break things
down as current scientists do. He looks at atoms and how they interact just as modern physicists and
chemists do. He believed that everything, everything physical and everything non physical things
such as hearing, which he explains is when atoms bounce off of something that makes noise, sight,
he explains as atoms flowing out of an object,

Consciousness and Philosophers of the Mind
Consciousness and Philosophers of Mind
"Consciousness is a word used by philosophers, to signify that immediate knowledge which we have
of our present thoughts and purposes, and, in general of all the operations of our mind... [and] if I
am asked to prove that I cannot be deceived by consciousness to prove that it is not a fallacious
sense I can find no proof..." (Thomas Reid, referenced by Lehrer, 2008).
Introduction
There are many features of consciousness that philosophers of the mind discuss and debate. Two are
found within the philosophy of Russ McBride; they are: a) "...a conscious creature or subject"; and
b) a "conscious mental state" (Manson, 2011, 100). Another philosophy professor, Michael Antony,
sees two features that are commonly debated and dissected by scholars in and out of the field of
philosophy. Those features are the "conscious state" and the "conscious creature" both of which will
be further developed in this paper. Are mental states always "clearly conscious states"? Or are they
"clearly not conscious?" Antony argues that it is impossible to accept that there could be any
"borderline cases" or "fuzzy boundaries" for concepts of consciousness (Antony, 2008). Antony's
and other approaches to consciousness are reviewed and critiqued in this paper.
The Literature on Consciousness
The concept of consciousness is "ambiguous" and "polysemic" (having more than one meaning),
according to professor Neil Manson (King's College in London). The fact that

The Dividing Lien of Plato's Allegory of the Cave Essay
Plato's allegory of the cave, located in Book VII of The Republic is one of the most famous
allegories in which he has created. This simile touches base on a number of philosophical ideas
which Plato developed over the progression of The Republic (Plato, G.M.A Grube, 1993), the most
noticeable being the dividing line. The dividing line is the point between the world of ideas where
we live and the world of the forms which is in the heavens. This allegory of the cave helps people
understand the theory on which philosophy is based. It is also in this Book where the education of
the guardians is outlined. We are asked in Book VII of The Republic to imagine a group of people
sitting inside a cave, with their hands and feet bound. It is by ... Show more content on
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When the prisoner turns his head towards the light of the fire his eyes hurt him and he is confused
because he is unable to see the objects of the shadows he had been subjected to his entire life. It is
because of this pain and confusion that the prisoner wishes to return to the life that he is accustomed
to, and the reality he knows, the world of the shadows. We are asked to envision the stubbornness
displayed by this prisoner to leave the world of the shadows, a stubbornness which causes him to be
dragged into the sunlight. Upon seeing the light of the sun the prisoner is temporarily blinded,
unable to see anything around him, blinding him more than when he was a prisoner of the cave.
Eventually the prisoner's vision adjusts and he is able to see more clearly. His mind will first be able
to recognize the shadows, then moving on to reflections of objects in the water, and lastly the
objects themselves. This new sight leads the prisoner to question the colours and objects around
him. He questions what it is that causes him to being able to see all the things he can, compared to
only seeing poor reflections of objects in the cave. The prisoner eventually concludes that it is the
sun which illuminates all around him and is the source of his sight. This now knowledgeable
individual remembers the others who are still trapped in the cave ignorant to the wonders which lay
outside of it. He considers him self lucky to

Enlightened Philosophers (John Locke, Baron de...
John Locke, Baron de Montesquieu, Voltaire, and Jean Jacques Rousseau were all enlightenment
philosophers. Each of these men had a particular view of government, society, and its citizens and
they were all passionate about their works. Locke (1632– 1704) was an English philosopher, his
ideas had a great impact on the development of political philosophy and he is widely regarded as
one of the most influential enlightenment thinkers. Montesquieu (1689– 1755) believed that all
things were made up of laws that never changed. His most famous work, The Spirit of Laws,
outlined his ideas on how government would work best. Voltaire (1694– 1778) was a poet, an
essayist, playwright, historian, and above all, a critic of society. He was a great ... Show more
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People always abuse their powers. No matter how small the amount they have, they will push their
credibility to the edge. "Constant experience shows us that every man invested with power is apt to
abuse it and carry it as far as it will go. (The Spirit of Laws) ". As the renaissance came around,
Montesquieu would definitely not have had such a bad opinion of man. As previously mentioned,
the renaissance was a time for prosperity and there was a focus on humanism. Montesquieu believed
that men will abuse any power that they are given but during the renaissance, people were much
different. As for the Protestant Reformation, Montesquieu would probably feel the same way as his
original philosophy. Nobody liked each other during the Protestant Reformation but the liked the
government/ churches even less. There's no doubt that people would abuse their power and the
government should be split in 3 sections. However, during the Scientific Revolution, Montesquieu
would feel the same about the people and probably would view the government the same way.
During the Scientific Revolution, people were recovering from the Protestant Reformation but it was
the abuse of power that put them there in the first place and they needed a stable government.
Jean Jacques Rousseau was similar to Locke in his belief of a government. Rousseau believes that
government is necessary for

Philosophers and Scientists in Psychology
Much of the intellectual history of psychology has involved the attempt to come to grips with the
problem of mind and body and how they interact. While the philosophical distinction between mind
and body can be traced back to the Greeks, it is due to the work of René Descartes. When Descartes'
friend, Marin Mersenne, wrote to him of Galileo's fate at the hands of the Inquisition, Descartes
immediately suppressed his own treatise. As a result, the world's first extended essay on
physiological psychology was published only well after its author's death. Descarte was the first to
talk about mind/body interactions, and had a great influence in later psychologists and thinkers. He
proposed that not only body can influence mind, but that mind ... Show more content on
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Descartes argued that only humans have minds, and that the mind interacts with the body at the
pineal gland. This form of dualism or duality proposes that the mind controls the body, but that the
body can also influence the otherwise rational mind, such as when people act out of passion.
Descartes suggested that the pineal gland is "the seat of the soul" for several reasons. First, the soul
is unitary, and unlike many areas of the brain the pineal gland appeared to be unitary (though
subsequent microscopic inspection has revealed it is formed of two hemispheres). Second, Descartes
observed that the pineal gland was located near the ventricles. He believed the animal spirits of the
ventricles acted through the nerves to control the body, and that the pineal gland influenced this
process. Finally, Descartes incorrectly believed that only humans have pineal glands, just as, in his
view, only humans have minds. This led him to the belief that animals cannot feel pain, and
Descartes' practice of the dissection of live animals became widely used throughout. Cartesian
dualism set the agenda for philosophical discussion of the mind–body problem for many years after
Descartes' death. People till this day still use the method of dissection to learn.
Parallelism in this form is usually traced to Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz (1646–1716). Historian,
mathematician, philosopher, scientist, and

The Enlightenment Ideas And Beliefs Of The Enlightenment
The Enlightenment was a period where many ideas were introduced to culture. Philosophers such as
Locke, Hobbs, Rousseau, Voltaire, and Wollstonecraft worked to usher in new ideas and different
ways of thinking. These ideas and beliefs influenced society in a positive way. Each of these
philosophers had different perceptions and beliefs on how a society should function. What was their
central idea? The philosophers of the Enlightenment believed in equality and freedom and that
society could be improved either economically, socially, politically, or religiously. Adam Smith, a
philosopher during the Enlightenment, believed that each man can pursue economics to make
money for himself. Adam Smith states, "Every man...is left perfectly free to pursue his own interest
in his own way" (Doc C). Smith is explaining that everyone has the freedom to use their own ways
and methods to satisfy their needs and interests. Smith also states, "As every individual, therefore,
endeavors as much as he can both to employ his capital [money] in the support of ...industry, and so
to direct that industry that its produce may be of greatest value; every individual necessarily
[contributes to] the annual revenue of the society as great as he can" (Doc C). This statement
explains that everyone works hard both to support the economy and support themselves. People
shouldn't rely on just their economy to survive. Instead, they should work to both help the economy
flourish and to provide for themselves. He

Natural Philosophers And Religion
Natural Philosophers and Religion
In the modern period, we tend to think of science and religion as being diametrically opposed.
However, the study of science and nature, attempts to confirm the existence of God as portrayed by
various natural philosophers. This paper will discuss in detail how some of the ancient natural
philosophers used physics, chemistry (and alchemy), and biology to understand the rational design
of the world, and hence used science to prove the existence of God.
Aristotle in his history of animals uses his biological philosophy about the change to demonstrate
the existence of a Supreme Being who is immaterial. Aristotle believed that change was a natural
occurrence. He used the philosophy of form and matter to argue ... Show more content on
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Descartes believed that God was every bit as certain as a mathematical formula and used
mathematical terms as analogies to communicate his arguments to others. Descartes who invented
analytical geometry, held a view that separated mind and matter and he described further expounded
on the growing rationalistic and naturalistic thinking of the 17th century. In addition, he also
believed that he was describing none other than God's laws and considered himself a good Catholic.
Robert Hook uses the principle of clock metaphors sometimes in many contexts of the mechanical
philosophy. Hook compared the theory of natural philosophy with that of the clock maker and used
the parts of a watch to demonstrate the relationship in the cause and effect in science with that of the
parts of a watch. Hook therefore, not only used this principle to illustrate the existence of God, but
also his characteristics (Morvillo,

The Main Features Of Plato Kallipolis
The purpose of this essay is to find central features of Plato kallipolis justice city. In Republic Plato
represent central political thesis which the main central features is Beauty and Goodness, Justice in
society and in the individual, and Theory of Forms. 'Kalli' means beautiful, also 'best', 'highest' and
'polis' represent as "political entity". Kallipolis it is an ideal city – state ruled by philosopher king
and this political city intended by Plato. In kallipolis city will be justice, as Plato will try to
demonstrate concept such as just city–state it might be found in a political entity such as a city. In
essay will be represent the allegory of the Cave meaning, which represent social life in the ancient.
Plato is unable to tell us ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Only one thing, the developing individual will come to love beauty and shun ugliness even when are
still young and cannot understand the reason for so doing but one will recognize in this Form all that
is beautiful. Another image that Plato uses for the educational process is of a plant witch flourishes
in the right conditions but withers in adverse ones. Possible to say that beauty is defined by and to
the other, is to surround the child with beauty, truth and goodness order to make the growth of
growth of these qualities in its developing self. In reality, the world is not always beautiful, it is
often ugly; and people are not always virtuous, they are often cowardly, intemperate and injustice.
The Theory of Forms are idea of "one over many" it particular instances of justice. Normally it
appears to include at least beauty, justice and goodness as a central example in the Republic, some
very general nations such as Identity and Differences, Being and non – Being, the one and the Many.
Plato ideas could be considered as a sample of the prevailing classical conception. Plato realizes that
the general run of humankind can think and speak. The allegory of the cave is supposed to explain
this in the allegory; Plato likens people untutored in the Theory of Forms to prisoners chained in a
cave, unable to turn their heads. All people can see is the wall of the cave. Behind them

Biological Altruism Is A Phenomenon Defined By French...
Biological altruism is a phenomenon defined by French philosopher Auguste Comte as behavior by
an individual that increases the fitness of another individual while decreasing the fitness of the actor.
The coinage of this term posed a difficult question to the field of evolutionary science, as it
contradicted with Charles Darwin's definition of the mechanism of natural selection. In The Origin
of Species, Darwin explains the mechanism of natural selection by stating that "individuals having
any advantage, however slight, over others, would have the best chance of surviving and procreating
their kind" and "On the other hand, we may feel sure that any variation in the least degree injurious
would be rigidly destroyed" (83). The ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This is due to the selfishness that lies within human motives. By examining altruistic actions in
society, politics, and economics, we can determine that many acts of seemingly altruistic behavior
are driven by ulterior, selfish motives. During his 2012 presidential campaign, Senator Mitt Romney
released his 2011 tax forms under intense pressure and scrutiny from the Democratic Party and
when he did, many major news stations announced in bold headlines that Romney donated 29.4% of
his annual income to charities while Obama only donated 21.8%. This helped his campaign as
republican ideology states that if tax rates are lower, people will donate more money to charities of
their own choice. Republicans believe that this method is more efficient than taxes, as the
government doesn't dictate how much of whose money goes where, the people are the ones to
decide how to donate their money to whichever charity they choose. However, democrats urged the
populace to scrutinize the tax forms, as certain sections of the forms seemed dubious. Obama paid a
rate of 26% federal income taxes that year while Romney only paid a rate of 14%. As experts delved
deeper into the forms, they came to realize some facts that discredited Romney. Part of Romney's
"charitable donations" were set up as a Charitable Remainder UniTrust, a system for donations that
was done away with in 1997 because it had

Summary Of Guy Debord's 'Society Of The Spectacle'
Throughout history there have been many well–known philosophers. Through this paper I will be
discussing the perspectives of philosophers Guy Debord, Michel Foucault, and John Rawls. In Guy
Debord's, "The Society of the Spectacle" he makes critics of technological capitalism. In Michel
Foucault's, "Power/Knowledge" he goes over different types of power and how they are interpreted.
Debord was a situationist international, which meant creating situations or creating situations.
Referring to the several theses in Debord's novel I can say that "the society of the spectacle" "...is
not a collection of images; rather, it is a social relationship between people that is mediated by
images" (Derbord, 12). This shows that it is not only a result ... Show more content on
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Consumable survival must increase, in fact, because it continues to enshrine deprivation. The reason
there is nothing beyond augmented survival, and no end to its growth, is that survival itself belongs
to the realm of dispossession: it may gild poverty, but it cannot transcend it (Debord, 30)." This
explains that the people are consumers of illusions; it blindsides the people from reality and only
allows them to only be aware of what society or social media wants them to know.
In Michel Foucault's, "Power/ Knowledge", there are two chapters titled "Truth and Power" and
"The Eye of the Power". Foucault's conception of power is that power is everywhere. Everyone has
power and has the ability to make use of their power, but often times citizens don't make use of their
power. It seems that they are in fear of those who enforce their power already, which prevents them
to make use of their power. An everyday individual sees power to be in the hands of who the people
have "chosen". We should not always think about power as the private property of government or
state, but rather as an equal common ground for all of those who share the land. It is not the state
that doesn't matter, but the power is bigger than the state; although the state has power, it does not
have all power. A

Alchemy: The Philosophers Stone
Alchemy is mainly sought to turn any worthless metal like tin, lead, etc. into valuable metals such as
silver or gold.
Another part of alchemy is the try to find a special potion that has been called the "elixir of life"
It was attempted around the late middle ages by different alchemist like the Chinese, Egyptian, East
Indian, Greek, Syrian, and Islamic cultures.
"The Philosophers Stone", was another thing that was being attempted to find by many alchemist
during that time.
They were basically poisoning themselves over and over again because they were trying to attempt
these thoughts.
Their attempts to find all of these products caused a bit of pollution due to the chemicals used and
burned during the process of attempting alchemy.
Whenever an attempt to do alchemy was in the process, it usually never worked but ... Show more
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It was a hard thing to do and successfully accomplish but the accomplishment was never found in
their tries.
Many ideas have gone into alchemy but almost none of them worked at all, even if they were to
spend hundreds of hours to get one step further in their process.
Alchemy started by blacksmiths who started to create jewelry out of ask sand and metal dust, so
they kept their secrets to themselves so they can keep their jobs.
O think what the world can do now since the old times hundreds of years ago to turn any worthless
metal to a valuable kind.
It is very amazing how alchemy has been attempted but nearly never succeeded in those years.
Now the world has advanced and the technologies are unlimited so that this can proceed into the
future even more, for the new generations to try and accomplish alchemy and find its secrets.
Alchemy is any other sort of chemistry that has a special objective in that has never succeeded in it

Philosophers In The Enlightenment Age
The three most important philosophers in the "Enlightenment Age" are Thomas Hobbes, John
Locke, and Baron de Montesquieu. These three philosophers has impacted state, church, and the
lives of people. Thomas Hobbes theorized that all humans are inherently selfish and evil. John
Locke made a social contract for the rights and lives of every living person. Those naturals rights
were (Life, Liberty, and Property). Baron de Montesquieu expanded John Locke's theory on the
natural rights. Thomas Hobbes was an Englishman born in England 1588. Hobbes's said that all
humans inherently selfish and evil, and therefore they need an all powerful monarch to keep
anything in order. This means that England needs a monarch (king or queen) to set orders that

Cicero : The Statesman And Philosopher
Cicero: The Statesman and Philosopher Cicero was a Roman statesman, lawyer, and philosopher. He
did not have a set major belief in a particular philosophy. Cicero studied under an epicurean, a stoic,
and an academic. He did call himself an academic however, his theory of knowledge was based on
probability over stating certainty. He preferred it this way to help justify any contradictions in any of
his works. "He usually writes as a theist, but the only religious exaltation in his writings is to be
found in the "Somnium Scipionis" ("Scipio's Dream") at the end of De republica." (Dacre Balsdon).
Cicero would call himself agnostic and his theist writing could have stemmed from the teaching of
Epicureanism. I agree with the idea of basing your theory of knowledge on probability because not
everyone is 100 percent correct 100 percent of the time.
Most people would consider Cicero one of Rome 's greatest public speakers. Marcus Tullius Cicero
was born in 106 BCE in Arpinium, Italy. Not much is really known about Cicero 's heritage, for
example, his mother however, "his father was a well–to–do and well–read member of the semi–
noble equestrian (or knight) class with good connections in Rome, although with no familial ties to
the Roman patrician or senatorial class." (Mastin). After serving in the military, Cicero started
defending people in Rome 's courts. He likes the Roman Republic and used philosophy to tell the
Roman people his political views and to help argue for them to be

Greek Philosopher Xenophanes
Xenophanes was a Greek philosopher before the Socratic era whose conception of God was
different from other philosophers of his time. Before the evolution of God as a non–human entity the
ancient Greeks believed that Gods and Goddesses were similar to that of humans and the only
distinction was that Gods were immortal and humans were mortal. He challenged openly the
concept of divinity proposed by Homer and put forward his ideas of God through his poetic
approach. He noticed the corrupt behavior of humans and realized that if human are going to
worship any being it must be worthy of such an honor. He argued that ancient Greek Gods of
Olympia had experienced downfall similar to humans and thus are not worthy of being worshipped.
Xenophanes declared the idea of unity of God. This notion was very unusual for Greek culture and
society. He suggested that different poets and writers have induced the idea of multiple Gods in the
minds of Greeks. But the character of these Gods was against the very idea of a divine entity.
Xenophanes attacked the Greek mythology of his time by defining the unexplained deepness of
nature of divinity. He declined to accept the idea that Gods were just like human, they were born,
required cloths and are dependant on their body.
Discussion
There were two angles from which Xenophanes viewed God. One is that Homeric Gods showed
behaviors that were quite similar to the behaviors of humans. As per the definition, God had to be
someone much greater than

Summary Of Happy Like God By Simon Critchley
What makes one person feel happy, may not make another person feel the same kind of feeling. All
people around the world look at and feel happiness in different ways than others. Happiness is
something that is extremely personal and very much varies from person to person. For example,
someone who likes thrills and adventures, such as an extrovert, would reach more energy and
happiness more than an introvert would. Whereas an introvert, would find more happiness and
energy when doing more laid back activities, such as reading a book by a warm window, baking
some warm, fresh cookies, or working out indoors on a treadmill or elliptical, instead of going out
for a run in a park or having a night on a town, in a loud night club. Everyone knows, at least one,
activity in their day to day life that they enjoy or find happiness doing.
In Simon Critchley's passage called Happy Like God, Critchley explains how he read a passage that
he thought was extraordinary and was good enough to write an essay on. The passage was from
Rousseau's final book, Reveries of a Solitary Walker. The passage described the experience of
someone floating on a rowboat on Lake of Bienne, next to the writer's native town, in his native
country. Critchley explains how he thinks this is the closest description of happiness he can imagine.
Ultimately, this would make people assume that Critchley finds most of his happiness from relaxing
activities than crazy, loud and overwhelming ones.
Critchley further goes on, expressing his thoughts on happiness by saying, "Happiness is not
quantitative or measurable and it is not the object of any science, old or new. It cannot be gleaned
from empirical surveys or programmed into individuals through a combination of behavioral therapy
and anti–depressants. If it consists in anything, then I think that happiness is this feeling of
existence, this sentiment of momentary self–sufficiency that is bound up with the experience of
time"(Critchley 560). What he means by this, is that people learn to be happy by maturity, time and
experiences. In the passage, maybe Rousseau likes lying on a boat in the water because perhaps he
had a house near a great body of water and would hear the sounds of the waves crashing onto

Philosopher
Immanuel Kant
A Famous Philosopher
10/21/2012
Kelley Huttar
Immanuel Kant (1724 – 1804):
Immanuel Kant was a modern day German deontologist from Prussia and became one of history's
most famous Philosophers. A deontologist is someone who believes in acts that are strictly right or
wrong. Kant was an influential thinker and one of the last philosophers of the Enlightenment era.
However his work in epistemology (the study of knowledge) and theology (the study of religion) are
still influential to current philosophers of our time. He was also known for his beliefs in ethics and
his knowledge in astronomy.
Kant was an independent person, meaning he did not let others influence his way of thought. He
created his own moral ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
An example of this would be our duty as humans to tell the truth, this would be considered a perfect
duty. Lying on the other hand would be considered an imperfect duty, because no one benefits from
lying. (Kristina)
The categorical imperative has different formulations; however there are three famous formulations
per my readings. The first is "act only according to that maxim whereby you can at the same time
will that it should become a universal law". This is describing an action based on perfect duty and
imperfect duty. A perfect duty is an action that would be blameworthy if the duty was not met and
imperfect duty would be an action that would not be considered blameworthy if not met because you
made the attempt for the better good of the universe and should be praised for taking on this action
on your own. An example of this is a police officer who is killed in the line of duty, he cannot be
blamed for not completing his duties as an officer because he died while doing his job; however the
officer will be praised and honored by his family and peers for doing his duty as an officer and
doing his best to uphold the law. (Driver, 2006).
The second is "Act in such a way that you treat humanity, whether in your own person in the person
of another, always at the same time as an end and never simply as a means". This formulation is
based

Kamisar's Argument Against Euthanasia
The right to live one's life on his or her own terms is a basic tenet in the modern world. In American
society, the people are given free reign (within legal and social boundaries, of course) to choose how
to live. They can choose where to go to school, what to learn, what they want to work, when they
want to retire, and so on and so forth. However, when people reach the end of their lives, this right
to autonomy seems to be restricted, especially in those who are terminally ill. This autonomy sees
itself at the center of the debate around the practice of euthanasia, a medical procedure in which a
patient with a terminal or incurable illness is permitted to die in a painless manner ("Euthanasia").
While one might think that allowing one who ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
However, in the end, what Velleman and Kamisar do not realize is that their argument lies within the
abstract realm. By placing the argument here, it loses context for the patient. Someone suffering
from the terrible pain of aggressive skin cancer is converted to an uncharacteristic subject. By
applying the context of each patient's situation, as Feinberg believes we should, doctors and
physicians will be able to better determine whether not euthanasia is an appropriate option for the
patient. While there may be concerns for medical misdiagnoses or "last–minute cures," these events
are so uncommon that they should not even play a role in the

Philosophers During The Enlightenment
The Enlightenment philosophers were some of the smartest thinkers who changed the way people
think during the 16th and 17th century. The philosophers changed the way we live and think today.
"These discussions helped shape the capitalistic, democratic world in which we live in today." There
were numerous great philosophers during this time period that taught us many different methods of
teaching and understanding new observations.
John Locke was a philosopher who was born in England 1632. "He lived in England during both the
English civil war and the Glorious Revolution." Locke believed that all men are naturally in "a state
of perfect freedom within the bounds of law of nature."He believed that only the middle and upper
class should have ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
"He adopted his pen name and became a profile writer, eventually composing poems, novels, essays,
plays , and over 20,000 personal letters."The right to religion was Voltaire's main idea about religion
in society. John Locke and Voltaire both had two very similar ideas about how people have the right
to choose what they want to do and that people are naturally free.
Adam Smith was born June, 1723 in a place called Kirkcaldy in The United Kingdom. Smith was a
supporter in economic decision making. He believed that individual work benefits themselves more
than a whole group would.He thinks that if everyone worked as an individual than the world would
be better."By pursuing his own interest he frequently promotes that of the society more than when
he really intends to promote it."Smith later died in on June, 19 1790 in Edinburgh, United Kingdom.
Mary Wollstonecraft was a British author who was born on April, 27 in a little town called
Spitalfield. Wollstonecraft was a novelist who wrote a history of the French Revolution, a travel
journal, and a children's book in addition to A Vindication of the Rights of Woman. She believes that
women are born with the same equal abilities as men. Her main idea is that all women should have
equal education. Wollstonecraft, Locke, Smith, And Voltaire all think that the main idea is equality
of the individuals."Make them free, and they will quickly become wise and

The Great Philosopher
Elveera Bowman
Mrs. Rose
Ap History
January 21, 2017
The Great Philosopher Plato
Plato is known as one of ancient Greece's greatest philosophers. Plato was born in Athens, Greece
during 428 BCE. Some people believe that Plato 's real name is Aristocles, if in fact this is true he
would have received this name from his grandfather. Historians believed that Plato had two full
brother, one sister, and one half brother. They are unsure if Plato was the eldest. They believe that he
was since he inherited his grandfather 's name, and tradition was that the eldest son would be named
after the grandfather. Plato's father, Ariston, was a direct descendant from kings of Athens and
Messina. His mother, Perictione, was a descendant of an athenian ... Show more content on
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One of Plato 's greatest works was The Republic . The Republic was Plato's defence of justice and
what he thinks is the best form of government. The piece of writing brings up two questions that are
still relevant today. The questions brought up by this piece of writing were 'what is justice?', and
'what is the relation between justice and being happy?'. Some of Plato's other pieces of writing
include Meno. The Meno was written in an attempt to define what virtue was. Another one of Plato's
well known dialogue was Symposium. Plato wrote Symposium to show the purpose and nature of
love. Plato wrote many more dialogues, that people still read to this day. Plato spent his final years
of his life at the academy. Around 348 BCE Plato died in Athens. He was around eighty years old
when he passed away. No one knows how exactly he passed away. Some people say he passed away
peacefully in his sleep due to old age. Others say he died while attending a wedding.
Plato's accomplishments still live on to this day through the idea of platonism. His ideas impact
religion, science, government, and philosophy in today 's world. His philosophy along with the
philosophy of Socrates and Aristotle helped form a basic idea of western philosophical traditions.
Plato 's dialogues also affected life in today 's society. The Republic is a good example of the effect
plato's dialogues left, because it helped

The Philosopher King
"If the choice is between a blind person and a sharp–sighted one, isn't it clear which one we'll need?
(Plato 203). The image of the philosopher king was thoroughly described in Plato's Republic, but the
perfect ruler or philosopher king has transformed throughout history and are influenced by historical
events. First, the description of a perfect ruler in an ideal society in Plato's Republic will be the first
comparison and the basis of a philosopher king. Second, Marcus Aurelius, who was described as the
first philosopher king wrote Meditations and it expresses his own thoughts and beliefs which can
ultimately reflect his actions. Lastly, Notker's account of Charlemagne can be used to examine a
king who may not always be recognized as a philosopher king, but Charlemagne is described as a
great ruler who valued learning and philosophy. These three examples are from different time
periods and so their perception and lifestyles are different in some aspects. Likewise, all three
accounts are from different viewpoints because the Republic is not examining one specific person,
but an ideal individual. Marcus Aurelius wrote about himself and his beliefs and values are
examined to determine philosopher king characteristics. Lastly, Notker's writing is a secondary
source and Notker did not know Charlemagne personally. Therefore, Notker's account is praising a
king who he did not know, but Charlemagne is remembered as an ideal ruler and Notker lists
Charlemagne's accomplishments and

The Philosophies Of The Philosopher Socrates
James Joiner
PHI150
21 March 2017
Socrates
This paper will examine, in two parts, the worldviews of the philosopher Socrates. The first part will
examine four of his worldviews using evidence from The Apology, The Crito, and The Phaedo, all
written by Plato and depicting dialogues from Socrates. The first section of the paper will also use
supplementary analysis from Socrates by George Rudebusch. The second section of this paper will
be a critique of Socrate's worldviews.
Part 1: Socrates' Worldview
Knowledge
In the Apology, Socrates states "...that real wisdom is the property of the god, and this oracle is his
way of telling us that human wisdom has little or no value" (Apology 23a). Upon hearing that the
god at Delphi had pronounced ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Socrates believed wisdom to be of the utmost importance, essentially saying that without it, the soul
is incomplete.
Condition
"No one knows with regards to death whether it is not really the greatest blessing that can happen to
a man; but people dread it as though they were certain that it is the greatest evil" (Apology 29a). In
his explanation of wisdom and knowledge, Socrates also reveals his worldview of the human
condition. Socrates states that those who fear death are foolish because there is no possible way to
know what it really holds. He believed that there were things far worse than death. Included among
these were ignorance and foolishness. This ties in with his worldview of knowledge as he went to
great lengths to seek out a person with more knowledge than himself, an act that defies ignorance
according to his definition. Socrates believed that an ignorant life was not a life worth living. When
he revealed the ignorance of the politicians, poets, and craftsmen, they were upset, further showing
their ignorance in that they were offended in Socrates attempting to impart some wisdom on them.
He further states, "I only wish that ordinary people had an unlimited capacity for doing harm; that
would mean that they had an unlimited power for doing good, which would be a splendid thing. In
fact they have neither. They cannot make a man wise or foolish" (Crito 44d). This further imparts
Socrates belief that the human

Kant And Jean Jacques Rousseau
Public discourse has commonly been known as the communication of diverse claims between the
public backed by reason and substantive argument. This exchanging of views often happens
between both those who agree with one's sentiment and those who disagree. Since the beginning of
civilization, humans have been given the responsibility of finding a reasonable outcome at the end
of an argument with somebody of opposing views. Through deliberation, both sides of the argument
articulate their reasoning for their views and attempt to find such reasonable outcomes. At times, a
middle ground is unattainable between the two and tension grows. At this point, distinct guidelines
need to be set in regards to the extent in which individuals can exert ... Show more content on
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Each person has their personal role in maintaining the common good for those around them and thus
should fulfill it. He believed that fulfilling this task and contributing to society would create
happiness for the individual which would overcome self interest. If those who pursued their personal
interests rather than those of the common good, then they would be seen as selfish and face
consequences.
Rousseau believed that each person obtains a "natural repugnance to seeing any sentient being,
especially our fellow man, perish or suffer," (DeLue and Dale 190) and that this only changes due to
pity and selfishness. Rousseau did not take kindly to those who were seen as selfish and following
self interest. He stated that a society "can banish him [a person who violates citizen norms] not for
being impious but unsociable, for being incapable of sincerely loving the laws and justice, and of
sacrificing his life, if necessary, for his duty," (DeLue and Dale 202). For those who do not pursue
the concept of the common good and question the way of society, they are subject to be removed. A
society in which people contest the civic norm is not one acceptable to Rousseau.
Counter to Jean–Jacques Rousseau, Immanuel Kant believed that people should be entitled to
individual freedom and personal interests. Kant aligned with enlightenment thinkers Locke and
Hobbes and was an advocate for rights protecting intellectual freedom. Kant believed that a civil
society required

Athenian Philosophers
Philosopher to Philosopher
In my opinion , the most profound philosopher happens to be Athenian Philosopher Socrates. In
comparison to Prince Arjuna I believe that both philosophers possess the qualities and
characteristics of very wise men. In this essay I am going to compare two philosophers who may
have had different values but similar beliefs. In Socrates The Apology Socrates explained to the
public why he should not be put to death because of his choice to believe in another God. The
people of Athens were lead to believe that Socrates was also corrupting the youth to believe in other
Gods as well. In Socrates the Apology he states "I have a divine sign [daimonion] from the god
which... began when I was a child. It is a voice, and whenever ... Show more content on
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If the conversation wasn't held between Ajurna and Krishna Ajurna would've have never fought in
the war or even had the heart or courage he had after having the eye opening conversation he had
with Krishna. If Socrates Dominion wouldn't have turned him away from certain situations he would
have probably died in his early life as he says states in the Apology , "I have a divine sign
[daimonion] from the god which... began when I was a child. It is a voice, and whenever it speaks it
turns me away from something I am about to do, but it never turns me towards anything. This is
what has prevented me from taking part in public affairs, and I think it was quite right to prevent me.
Be sure, gentlemen of the jury, I should have died long ago otherwise". In the end result both of the
two had conversations that enlightened them to do what fit best in that period of their life. Socrates
believed that he wouldn't have became the true philosopher that was if it wasn't for his inner voice.
Personally speaking I believe that Socrates and Ajurna had many similarities with a few differences.
The two philosophers were on the same path and had similar characteristics. They both were very
intelligent men who looked at the world with more of an open minded view which brought trouble
their way. It is safe to say that they both have made an impact in Philosophy and their ideas touched
the mind of many

Mr Leibniz, Philosopher And Philosopher
"Forgive me, sir, but I must point out that when you contend that there is nothing in the soul of
which it is not aware, you are begging the question ... it is impossible that we should always reflect
explicitly on all our thoughts; for if we did, the mind would reflect on each reflection, ad infinitum,
without ever being able to move on to a new thought. For example, in being aware of some present
feeling, I should have always to think that I think about that feeling, and further to think that I think
of thinking about it, and so on ad infinitum. It must be that I stop reflecting on all these reflections,
and that eventually some thought is allowed to occur without being thought about; otherwise I
would dwell for ever on the same thing."
(NE II.i.19, 118)
To Mr Leibniz, Philosopher in Hanover
Sir,
You have attempted to show that we can think and not be aware of it by showing that Locke's
conception of consciousness leads to an infinite regress of reflections. If you had been successful in
showing it absurd that we explicitly reflect on all of our thoughts, Locke would have had to accept
the idea that we can think and yet not be aware of it. Therefore, it may be the case that the soul is
indeed in perpetual motion. The first premise of your argument is your interpretations of Locke's
conception of consciousness; the mind's explicit reflection of thoughts. On this account, whenever
there is a thought in my mind, there is a higher–order reflection of that thought. It

Ancient Greek Philosophers
There has been much debate as to what change is, and is not. Ancient Greek Philosophers were not
indifferent to this. The early Greek Philosophers tried to explain what our world is comprised of,
whether it is monism (one true "stuff," or reality), or pluralism (more than one reality, or "stuff").
They then proceeded to try to elaborate and explain how change and motion occur. Heraclitus'
conclusion can be summed up in a quote of his: "One cannot step into the same river twice."
Parmenides and Zeno, unlike Heraclitus, came to the conclusion that the world was practically an
unmovable brick; there is no change, there is no motion. Finally, Epicurus came to the conclusion
that the world was formed from indivisible, and constantly colliding atoms. Heraclitus was a monist.
His interpretation of the one and true reality was fire. This is not to be taken literally, because
Heraclitus believed that the "one' could never be any material thing, but was found in the orderliness
of change. He said fire was "always changing yet somehow is always the same." He believed that
everything is being changed constantly, and this is occurring through a state of flux. By having
orderliness, it becomes possible for the human mind to comprehend the world, instead of it being
entirely chaotic and based on the will of gods. Since the rate of change is constant, an appearance of
permanence exists. Hence, "one cannot step into the same river twice."(Jones 16) At first, it might
appear as if you

Socrates, Plato, And Aristotle : The Age Of Philosophy
Ancient Greece is known as the time of philosophers, with many of the world's most influential
philosophers and theologians being of this time. What sets Ancient Greek philosophers apart is that
most of their philosophers learned under the same man and they directly interacted, either
confirming or contradicting each other face to face. They were all taught by each other in a direct
chain of ideas, leading to a kind of evolution that lead to many strong and tested ideas that spread
throughout all of Europe, many of which still survive today. The cultural efflorescence of Ancient
Greek theology is due to the evolution of ideas throughout the philosophers Socrates, Plato, and
Aristotle. Out of all of these philosophers, one stands out as the origin of Greek philosophy, often
being called the father of philosophy itself. Socrates is one of the most famous philosophers of all
time, both because of his own work and the fact that he directly taught many other great
philosophers, including Plato and Antisthenes, the founder of cynicism. He developed a
revolutionary method of teaching that made him famous throughout all of Ancient Greece and still
survives today, named the Socratic Method. This style of was framed around questions rather than
answers, and students were taught to question all information given to them and to reach
conclusions entirely on their own. It was not uncommon for Socrates to ask questions on subjects he
knew nothing about, such as astronomy and foreign

4 Philosophers Dbq
Four philosophers met together to discuss political, economic, and social questions. They all met in
Europe and it was the period of time of high intellectual ideas. This meeting helped improve our
capitals and our democrats. The four philosophers were John Locke, Voltaire, Adam Smith, and
Mary Wollstonecraft. They called this period of time the Age of Enlightenment or the Age of
Reason. All four thinkers have main ideas that are both the same and different. John Locke liked
freedom, he thought that freedom was good for the government. "...(W)e must consider, what state
all men are naturally in, and that is, a state of perfect freedom to order their actions, and dispose
[manage] of their possessions and persons, as they think fit, within the bounds of the law of
nature...." (Doc A) This states that Locke wants freedom but their comes consequences. To have this
freedom men needed to create a government with a legislature and an executive. Locke's main idea
was people had rights. Voltaire believes that individual freedoms in religion ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
She thought education was powerful and that women should have the same knowledge as men (Doc
D) Mary believes that women should be learning freely. Once women are free they will quickly
learn and become wise. Mary states, "The most perfect education, in opinion, is ... to enable the
individual to attain such habits of virtue as will render [her] independent." (Doc D) This shows that
Mary wants people to gain habits. All these philosophes had powerful ideas. Such as using
observations to understate the best ways to boost society. In conclusion there are specific main ideas
that each philosopher had. (Locke) was "True in Government," (Voltaire) was "Religion,"
"Economics" was (Smith), and lastly was (Mary Wollstonecraft) which was "Equality for Women."
Today our world is still remaining to build Individual

Ontology of Man, Seen by Different Philosophers
The philosophy of man is an intricate and multidimensional
system involving complex problems rationalized by theoretical ideals.
In writing the Oration on the Dignity of Man, Giovanni Pico della
Mirandola approaches this study universally, wherein, humanism and the
worth and dignity of the populace is affirmed. Saint Augustine's
Confessions attempts to explain the truth and philosophies of man, but
does so with a different approach, referring to man as a product of
society self–consciously misdirected by his soul. These philosophies
share some similarities while also differing from one another; however,
both share a common purpose: to explain the philosophy of man. This
essay will proceed to juxtapose and integrate the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Pico Della Mirandola is fortunate in that he is living in an era
that gives him the ability to bridge the past to the future with the
help of Guttenburg and Press. Previously, books were scarce, but the
discovery and establishment of the printing of these books created the
ability for information to be transferred and shared in Europe (History of Printing). This different
approach granted an abundance and variety of information and finally allowed these citizens to be
able to think and believe in what they chose. What is most important here is that people of
demographics, wealth, ethnicity and gender were given access to the same material. One can
measure the gradual increase to the citizen's access of knowledge parallel to the rising popularity of
humanism. These opportunities created an accord of optimism. Unlike

Saint Augustine, Pico was able to expand beyond theology simply due to
his access to a greater vat of texts and historical events.
Each philosopher has a varying approach to theology, but both
are based on the belief of Christianity. However, where Augustine
believes in the falling of Adam and Eve (where Adam was the one who
committed the original sin), Pico illustrates that one will "fashion
[one]self to [a] form [one would] prefer"(10, Oration). He declares that Adam, in fact, did not create
sin and it was simply his free

The Famous Greek Philosopher And The Best Greek Philosophers
Socrates was known as one of the best Greek philosophers born in Athens in 469 BC. He wasn't one
to keep his legacy alive by physically writing it down. Socrates was a verbal philosopher who taught
orally. He always had questions beyond questions for anyone and everyone who he crossed paths
with. He was a curious person and his curiosity is what lead him to become the great philosopher he
is known by today. He would talk to anyone who was willing to listen, no matter the gender, wealth,
or age of the person. Socrates was known for not accepting money for his teachings. He lived a
fairly poor life but he was known for his character and the way he presented himself. He taught
himself before he taught others without even realizing it. Self–development was the main aspect he
used to tell his fellow believers, rather than focusing on becoming a wealthy person. The Socratic
Method is known as the famous process in helping people. He would ask them a number of
questions and listen to what one had to say, rather than making assumptions and jumping to
conclusions. His goal was to let the other person listen to themselves and realize what they are
speaking. He tried to give them a voice of reasoning and have them truly understand that the answer
doesn't necessarily have to come from someone else's perspectives but their own. Socrates ended up
being put on trial for a number of reasons. Our modern day knowledge of the word apology has no
where near the same meaning as the title

Justice: A Critical Analysis: The Concept Of Justice
The Concept of Justice – A Critical Analysis
Introduction
Justice is not a contemporary notion that came into existence through a legal system. It is a notion
that is deep rooted in the history of civilization. In other words justice is a broad concept and each
person has his or her perspective as to what justice really is and they have their own premises on
which they base their ideology. Many scholars have dome commendable work on this topic and
have devised various definition of justice.
Ancient Philosophers
Plato often criticized the conventional theories of justice and he came up with a definition that
"justice is a human virtue that makes a person self–consistent and good. In a societal set up, justice
is a social consciousness that makes ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
During this time justice was closely related to politics. In other words, whatever the King decided
was equivalent to justice. At that time there was only monarchy system of government and hence
King was the epitome of supremacy.
1 D.R. Bhandari, Plato's Concept of Justice: An Analysis, J.N.V. University, (July 8,
2017, 12:19 PM) https://www.bu.edu/wcp/Papers/Anci/AnciBhan.htm Medieval Philosophers
When we hit the medieval period then a philosopher named
Augustine developed another definition of justice. In his words
"the cardinal virtue of justice requires that we try to give all people their due."2
Another medieval philosopher, Aquinas, came up with a definition that "justice is that rational mean
between opposite sorts of injustice, involving proportional distributions and reciprocal
transactions."3
In my understanding, this era marked the beginning of inequality between social as well as
economic classes and thus a new approach to justice was required than mere fairness and morality.
They took the foundation as morality, ethics, fairness and equity and added more elements to this

Greek Philosophers
People travel from many parts of the world to view the great architectural structures Greece has to
offer. They are not only intrigued by the beauty of the buildings but also by their complex
development. Greeks' tradition of building structure came from the ideas of Philosophers such as
Thales,Pythagoras, and Archimedes, who questioned their being and challenged their world to find
meaning to certain practical applications. From their inquisitions, the Greek Philosophers developed
basic but complex strategies that served the purpose of a foundation to many other technical
advancements. The Philosopher's concepts were questioned at times for they went completely
against the Greeks normal way of life. In the Greek culture, gods were ... Show more content on
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With Archimedes invention of the Archimedes Screw water from a lower location could be easily
transferred to a higher point. This advancement of simple technique placed Archimedes' face on the
wall of great Philosophers. The screw pump was only just a start to the development of the piping
system. Farmers mostly benefitted from this advancement for now they were able to transfer water
from their wells to other parts of the field. With the screw pump came the lever principle. If there is
a heavy weight on one side then it should be equalized on the other side in order to make it move.
Architectures used this law of mechanics to make their work easier as they would be able to move
boulders that were in the way of their duty. Greek Philosophers have made drastic changes from a
basic lifestyle to one of questioning. Their persistence to find meaning behind basic concepts has
lead to great technological advancements that are still used in today's world. The law of nature by
Thales proved that there is a system to the world and there is more to what is seen. Pythagoras uses
that strategy of observation to create a rule for sound and the way it travels. Archimedes used both
theories to point out the rule of mechanics and the way things move. Without these early
advancements, the world would probably be an era

The Philosopher Who Was An Ancient Greek Philosopher Essay
Today I chose to talk about the philosopher Plato who was an Ancient Greek philosopher who
founded the Academy and is also one of the authors of philosophical works of a lot of influential
works in Western civilization. Plato was born around the times of Circa in 428 B.C.E. and because
of the lack of many sources from his time period, unfortunately, much of Plato's work in his life has
been reconstructed by scholars throughout his writings which were discovered and analyzed by very
intelligent historians. Both of his biological parents came from the Greek aristocracy. His father
named Ariston was a descendent from the kings of Athens and Messenia. On the other hand, was his
mother named Perictione, who is said to be related to the 6th century B.C.E. the Greek statesman
solon. Even though some scholars tend to believe that Plato was named by his grandfather whose
name was Aristotle's who essentially helped Plato with his traditional name. Plato was also claimed
to be the oldest son in his family. Many historians say also that Plato was his nickname and that it
referred to be because of his broad physical physique. Although, there is not much evidence of that
they say that because of these young boys gave him the name Plato before Aristotle's was even born.
Plato was also assumed to be taught by some of the Athens's most intelligent educators around that
time. As well, the curriculum would have been from the doctrines of Cratylus and Pythagoras as
well as Pamenides. This

The Golem: Philosopher
The Golem, a creature created from inanimate matter brought to life through magic. The Golem was
originated in prague. Golems are made of stone or clay but more modern ones consist of ice or lava.
They are humanoid and minded like a robot. Its first appearance in literature is "The Golem of
Prague" which a rabbi created it to protect its people, but then lost control and turned to a
catastrophe by hurting the people and damaging villages. From this event is when the Golem was
perceived as a monster the humanoid stone figure hurting people and structures and the people
wanted the monster to be deactivated. To deactivate this monster the rabbi then changed its magic
lettering to a word meaning death which deactivated the monster. It's said that

A Great Philosopher
A great philosopher once stated that if man were to be left alone for any period, man would create a
multiple of highly controversial practices that invite slavery more than freedom. When one opens a
new bag of shredded cheese or fresh salad, the vacuum releases it grasp of compressed air allowing
the contents to breath monetarily with easy. The fall of any Empire brings into succession
dissolutions and renewal of society, plus decay and the extinction of religious systems. The
conquering barbarians were changing court policies, manners, customs, and laws, in addition to
governmental heads of state. Therefore, allowing the opportunist the means to profit from the
discoursed people that inevitably return to false heresies. At the end of the fourth century, the
Church experienced strong forces pushing for a clear line between orthodoxy and heterodoxy, for
institutional consensus and unity. However, Constantine enjoyed having favorability of general
councils of the bishops to produce consensus. At the young age of 30 Gregory honed his skills as the
chief administrative official of Rome, responsible for finances, police, provisioning and public
works that afford him in educating him in creating six monasteries. However, Gregory was
dissatisfied with his progress until his father's death in 574, when he converted his own home into a
monastery and retired to a life dedicated to studying the scripture. It was only three years of what
made Gregory the happiest he had been in

Plato the Philosopher Essay
Plato was a philosopher who was born in Athens (470–390 BCE), and was also a student of
Socrates. He felt that intelligence and one's perception belonged to completely independent realms
or realities. He believed that general concepts of knowledge were predestined, or placed in the soul
before birth even occurred in living things. Plato believed that the cosmos was intelligible, and the
the universe was mathematically understandable. He believes that mathematical objects could be
seen as perfect forms. Forms, a doctoral of Plato, can be understood as an everyday object or idea,
which does not, exists in the everyday realm, but merely is existent in the hypothetical realm or
reality.
Plato believed that the truths existed ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Our sensory also give us knowledge of the material world, what we can see or smell. And sensory
objects he believed that they were in constant change and were a phenomenon to the physical world.
Plato used the concept of the divided line to illustrate the relationship of knowledge to opinion.
Metaphysics is investigating principles or reality transcending those of any particular science.
Cosmology and Ontology were the traditional branches concerned with the explaining of the
ultimate nature of being in the world. Epistemology was also used it is the attempt to answer the
basic question of true and untrue knowledge. The study of nature of being, existence or reality in
general and its basic categories. A Plato's Divided Line. A+B= world of forms (Being). C+D=
(Becoming) Segments A, B, C, D represent decreasing degrees of truth. Ea. Degree of truth
corresponds to different kind of thinking and different level of reality. (A) Level of pure intelligence
or understanding the soul directly apprehends truth at highest level. (B) Level of reasoning
specifically, mathematical thinking and deductive reasoning. (C) Level of belief or common
opinions about physical objects, morals, politics, and practical affairs. (D) Level of illusion,
dominated by second hand opinions and uncritical impressions. Plato states that The Form Human
does not change–grow–or decay. Aristotle a student of Plato's for twenty years disagreed with Plato's
views. His basic

Philosophers: Course Analysis
A philosopher is a person who is has learned philosophy and in words by definition I am a
philosopher. I started this course not knowing what I would be learning and the simple title of the
course was intimidating. I thought, am I going to be capable of understanding what great
philosophers once debated? Religion is a huge issue I wasn't sure I was going to be able to
overcome since a lot of philosophers didn't believe in God. I wasn't sure if I would be able to
separate my idea of life and viewing it as an intellectual philosopher. I thought that every idea
wouldn't have proof and that the only proof we had was the bible. The bible was the only piece of
proof that I knew and that everything else wouldn't be sufficient enough to make me change ... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Arguments would come up in class about the parliament and kings that believe that God didn't exist
or that we are all naturally evil. I learned how to debate with classmates and bring in ideas about
philosophers. When reading the chapter readings I was able to see the both sides of the debates
presented and I was able to really question whether my beliefs were true or not. I was able to see
how religion impacted the views of many philosophers and it helped answer many questions that I
had in regards to why God let evil things happen to a good person. In a personal level I always
wondered why God had given me such hardships in my life. It made me question my religion and I
always sought an answer. I read the text regarding this and it was like God himself had given me a
sign. It confirmed my faith and it helped me see that there are various reasons why God would let
bad things happen to good people. It also helped me understand we can't all be closed minded and it
showed me that I have to be able to see that every theory created can bring in bigger thoughts and
truly make you wonder why things are the way they are. I learned so much about myself in this class
and that I am a true follower of God. I think my faith was strengthened by reading others views and
ideas about why things occur or free will. Their ideas were very compelling but nothing could
overturn the idea that God exists and that he created each and every one of

The Goal Of Any Philosopher
The goal of any philosopher is to find what "truth" is. Truth is undeniable, and can be relied upon in
any circumstance, especially in the one thing that has real meaning life. Truth is essential to
understanding the world. All knowledge is based upon truth. The Idea of truth is first and for most a
conviction of the mind. The mind has an inclination to view something to be true, false; we are
convicted to believe one or the other. For example, if one were holding a model car that appears to
be red, you can be convinced it is red; you can also be convinced it is red, dark red, pink, or even
burgundy. One's mind can perceive the car in different ways; it is just the inclination of the mind.
Another component of truth is the property of ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The pragmatic theory says, roughly, that our beliefs are true if they work; or to get us what we want.
The correspondence theory, considered the most popular of all theories of truth states truth is
determined only by how accurately it corresponds to the real world. For example if someone says "It
is raining" the statement can only be true it is actually raining outside. "The correspondence theory
assumes, then, that there is a real world whose existence does not depend on our beliefs, thoughts, or
perceptions– that is, it assumes that a real world exists and has always existed where or not we have
been around to believe it, think it , or perceive it" ( Velasquez 403). The correspondence theory has
had a long history since Aristotle. Aristotle approached this theory in a simpler form discussed in his
study of Metaphysics, "to say of what is that is, and of what is not that is not, is true." Presumably
what Aristotle meant is that if what a statement says corresponds to the real world it is true. Closer
to our time period, Bernard Russell, modern philosopher is a model example of a correspondence
theorist. He maintains that there is a realm of facts whose existence does not corresponds to us.
What is correspondence? Correspondence makes a belief true when it correlates to a fact in the real
world such as Chicago is in Illinois; this is true because it relates to the fact Chicago

The Greatest Philosophers Of History
How can one truly expect to speculate through wild and whirling words the overwhelming
complexity that is human nature? It is undoubtedly one of the more daunting tasks that one can
choose to take on, and yet it is far from unprecedented. As human beings, we are fascinated by our
own thoughts and tendencies, and the manner in which we conduct ourselves during our short time
on earth. It is a topic that has never ceased to fascinate us, for as many aspects of it that remain
unchanging throughout the centuries, there are just as many that seem incapable of remaining
consistent. Some of the greatest philosophers of history dedicated their lives to this enigma of
humanity, and through their minds and words have seen that human nature is a product of both
nature itself and the imperative nurturing of other human beings; and that while it may be one of the
most complicated notions we will ever face, there are innate truths that cannot be contravened.
Perhaps one of the most influential discussions of humanity to have ever taken place was that of
Plato's city, a hypothetical place of dwelling meant to be a philosophical speculation of the
mannerisms of human beings as Plato and his fellows saw them to be. As a great philosopher, Plato
knew that human beings are naturally social beings, and need companionship like their bodies need
food and water. Humans congregate into groups–it is what separates them from their animalistic
instincts, and holds them above such. What is more,

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