Anisotropy And 3D-4F Magnetic Exchange Interactions

Anisotropy And 3d-4f Magnetic Exchange Interactions
relaxation barrier depends on both single–ion anisotropy and 3d–4f magnetic exchange interactions.10 Thus when the 3d–4f magnetic exchange
coupling is strong enough, the exchange coupled levels are well separated (avoiding mixing of low–lying excited states in the ground state) and the
QTM is suppressed, so that large energy barriers, hysteresis loops and relaxation times are observed. It should be noted that only a few heterometallic
3d/4f complexes where the magnetic exchange interaction is able to effectively reduce the QTM process have been reported so far. The best example
of this phenomenon, is the family of heterometallic tetranuclear CrIII2 LnIII2 butterfly–like type SMMs complexes recently reported by Murray et
al.,10b, 10f, 11... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
MMCs are complexes exhibiting enhanced magneto–caloric effect (MCE), which is based on the change of magnetic entropy upon application of a
magnetic field and can be exploited for molecular refrigeration.6 Contrary to SMM behaviour, which is favoured by highly anisotropic Ln3+ ions, the
MCE is improved in molecules containing isotropic metal ions and exhibiting weak magnetic coupling between them. This is because in these
conditions multiple low–lying excited, field–accessible states are generated, which can contribute to the magnetic entropy of the system. In view of the
above considerations, 3d–4f dinuclear complexes containing the isotropic Gd3+ ion, which has the maximum entropy value calculated as Rln(2SGd +
1)/MGd = 110 Jkg–1K–1 and the MnIII ion (despite being anisotropic has a maximum entropy value of 271 Jkg–1K–1) could be good candidates for
constructing magnetic coolers. It should be noted that although numerous MnIII/LnIII cluster complexes exist,13 to the best of our knowledge, no
examples of fully structurally and magnetically characterized simple dinuclear MnIIILnIII complexes have been reported so far (actually, an example
of dinuclear MnIIIGdIII can be found in the literature, but its crystal structure was not reported). This is
... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...

Cuo Nanoparticle Lab Report
The morphology of pristine CuO nanoparticles are determined by TEM micrograph as shown in figure 3 (a), the exhibits stacking of small flakes
broken of CuO nanostructures giving leafy profile which had agglomeration. The leaf–like flakes have small width with an average size of the flakes is
500–600nm and thickness ~20–30nm. The corresponding SAED pattern (Fig. 3b) clearly shows that the CuO flakes are polycrystalline. Similar
observation has obtained by SEM results (Fig. 3c), which demonstrates that the particles have rough surface and possesses flakes like morphology.
EDX spectrum of confirms the presence of Cu and O elements alone (Fig. 3d).
SEM images of Na–doped CuO nanostructures in 20,000X magnification are given in Figure 4a–d and ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The peaks centered at 502 cm–1, demonstrate red shift and the peak at 591 cm–1 shows the blue shift compared with the pristine CuO values (429,
502, 591 cm–1). with the doping of Na. The observed red and blue shifts due to Na–doping may be related to the surface defects. The broad peak at
about 3450 cm–1 is related to the O–H stretching of hydroxyl group present on the surface of the samples, which is further confirmed by the band at
about 1628 cm–1. Notably, in CuO:Na5mole% and CuO:Na7mole% samples, low feature band of pristine Na2O were found. Furthermore, the
stretching vibrations were clearly different from the value of Na–O in pristine sodium oxides. It might be attributed to the presence of the Na–Cu–O
stretching vibrations. Conclusively, we successfully prepared CuO:Na+ nanostructures with different Na doping concentration.
3.4. Optical properties
3.4.1. Diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (DRS)
The optical properties are very important to select the materials for use in a particular application. The band gaps were determined from diffused
reflectance spectroscopic, Figure 8 exhibits the typical UV–vis–DRS spectra of CuO:Na+ nanoparticles compared with pristine CuO nanoparticles. The
spectra were recorded between 700 and 1100 nm wavelength region at room temperature. The Kubelka–Munk (K–M) theory was used to convert
reflectance data to absorption mode

Applying Two Kinds Of A Spherically Symmetric...
In this work, we consider two kinds of a spherically symmetric semiconductor quantum dots: (a) type I single quantum dot (SQD) with radius r_1, in
which electrons and holes are confined in the same region of space, and (b) type II core/shell quantum dot (CCQD) with the same core radius, r_1,
coated with shell thickness t=r_2–r_1, in which the spatial confinement of electrons and holes depends strongly on the geometrical parameters (core
radius and shell thickness) and strain effects. Due to the potential structure of CdSe/CdTe CCQD, electrons mainly reside in the CdSe core region,
while the holes dwell mainly in the CdTe shell region. This separation is shown in Fig. 1. For clarity, we designate the band–gap energy, the
conduction band minimum (CBM) and the valence band maximum (VBM) of bulk semiconductor materials in the unstrained case by E_g0î, E_c0î
and E_v0î, respectively. E_cî and E_vî denote the bulk band edges of each nanoheterostructure compound including strain effect. In this paper, the
index i=1,2,3 refers to the CdSe region (1), CdTe region (2) and the external medium (3), c(v) holds for conduction (valence) band and e(h) holds for
electron (hole). E_g and V_(e(h)) are the bulk gap energy and the electron (hole) confining potential of strained hetero–nanocrystal, respectively. In Fig
1, Оµ_1, Оµ_2 and Оµ_3 are dielectric constants of core, shell and external medium, respectively. For simplicity, we assume that the potential outside
each kind of nanocrystal is

When Diving Into The Details Of Gravitational Theories
Before diving into the details of gravitational theories with anisotropic scaling, we discuss some important ingredients of the theory and why they are
essential. 2.1.1Higher order terms The non–renormalizability of General Relativity means that it is an effective theory and the Einstein–Hilbert action
contains only the terms relevant at low energies. Then one naturally is tempted to add higher order curvature terms to the action thereby making the
theory applicable at high energies. This possibility was first explored in 1962 by R. Utiyama and Bryce S. DeWitt [33]. They noticed that the action of
quan– tum gravity should contain functionals of higher derivatives of metric tensor besides the Einstein–Hilbert action. But is such a theory
renormalizable? This question was answered in affirmitve in 1977 by Kellogg Stelle [34]. He showed that the theory is renomalizable with
quadraditic curvature invariants. However due to the presence of higher time derivatives, such a theory has the negative norm state called ghosts
which allow the probability to be negative and hence breaks the unitarity. In fact, as back as in 1850, Mikhail Ostrogradsky showed that presence of
time derivatives higher than two will lead to the problem of ghosts [35]. Combining all these ideas, Horava added only the terms containing higher
spacial derivatives while keeping the time derivatives to second order. Also the power–counting renormalizability restricts the number of spatial
derivatives to six. This

Firefighting Research Papers
Much like all events and natural phenomena that pose a threat to civilization, humans have learned to cope with and prevent the loss of human life and
destruction of property in devastating blazes that can break out seemingly at random. Fighting fires was not always the science it is today, but due to
the use of new technologies and the fundamental understanding of what fire is, how it spreads, how it can kill, and how it is stopped, our protocol when
dealing with fires has increased our success rate and continues to grow with applications of engineering, chemistry, and meteorology.
An understanding of how fires, wildfires in particular, work was a fundamental part in learning how to fight fires properly. This understanding entailed
knowing what makes a fire a fire, what could cause a fire, what hinders and aids a fire's growth, what different types of fire there are, and the
characteristics of said types. Without the basic understanding of these things, it would have made the evolution of aerial firefighting next to impossible.
Fire is explained in a tetrahedron of necessary requirements a fire needs before it is able to spring to life. First, is sufficient fuel. Different types of fuel
coincide with different types of terrain. In dry, sparse areas, dead grass and shrubs provide the best fuel. In lush, green forests, pine needles, leaves,
twigs, and other such things typically underfoot makes for the best fuel . Second, is an oxidizing agent. This could be the oxygen

The Complex And Interesting Optical Properties
1. Introduction
The complex and interesting optical properties can be shown clearly on Nanostructured metals the collective oscillations of the conduction electrons
termed plasmons lead to most striking phenomenon encountered in these structures are resonances . Plasmon modes exist in a number of geometries
and in various metals – most importantly in noble metals such as gold, copper and silver. Under certain circumstances plasmons are excited by light,
which leads to strong light scattering and absorption and an enhancement of the local electromagnetic field. In 1989, based upon calculations, Neeves
and Birnboim proposed that a composite spherical particle with a dielectric core and a metallic shell could produce SPR modes with a much ... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The interest in plasmon modes dates back to the beginning of the 20th century, but recent advances in structuring, manipulating and observing on the
nanometer scale have revitalized this field even though these technological advances were at first driven by the increasing demand for a semiconductor
based integrated electronic components, optical applications are now receiving increasing attention. Guiding light in an integrated optical system and
interfacing with electronic components remain important challenges for research and development today. Nanostructures metals are believed to be one
of the key ingredients of such future optoelectronic devices.
1.1 Plasma
Plasma is a distinct phase of matter, separate from the traditional solids, liquids, and gases. It is a collection of charged particles that respond strongly
and collectively to electromagnetic fields, taking the form of gas–like clouds or ion beams. Since the particles in plasma are electrically charged
(generally by being stripped of electrons), it is frequently described as an "ionized gas."[1] so that the electrons and ions are separately free. When does
this ionization occur? When the temperature is hot enough.

The Theory Of Classical And Quantum Mechanics
If one thought that time and its direction reduce to some reductive base in fundamental physical science one would encounter a perceived barrier viz.,
the fact that the underlying dynamical laws of fundamental physical theory do not privilege the past or the future. If those laws permit certain physical
processes to be future directed or oriented, then they also allow for those self–same processes to be past directed or oriented. The dynamical laws are
time–reversal invariant. As Roger Penrose stated, ...the dynamical equations of classical and quantum mechanics are symmetrical under a reversal of
the direction of time! As far as mathematics is concerned, one can just as well specify final conditions, at some remote future time, and evolve... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Moreover, we have experimentally confirmed a violation of time reversal invariance in B0 meson systems. Weakly interacting systems are anomalous
for this reason. I will have more to say about how to understand such systems in the context of discussing the arrow of time. For now, let's unashamedly
affirm that the fundamental dynamical laws are time–reversal invariant, deliberately suppressing worries about weakly interacting systems for the
purposes of deliberation. Even though the dynamical laws of our fundamental physical theories are time–reversal invariant, there appear to be
macroscopic energetically isolated processes that are temporally irreversible. So the microphysics is such that it suggests temporal symmetry, though
macroscopic goings–on suggest temporal asymmetry. To make things worse, given an appropriately robust reductionist story in the background,
macroscopic phenomena depend in some strong sense on underlying microphysical phenomena. We should now ask: "what could be the source
of...[the]...widespread temporal bias in the" macroscopic "world, if the underlying" microphysical "laws are so even–handed?" This is the puzzle of
the arrow of time. Why isn't the temporal handedness accounted for by the phenomenon of weakly interacting systems previously discussed? Answer:
That phenomenon does not occur frequently enough to serve as

Essay on Physical properties
EGA108 / EG–279ASSESSED SHEET 1
To be handed in via Blackboard by 5pm on Thurs Nov 8th. Show your workings in all cases – if you want to include hand–written workings, embed
these as a scanned or photographed image.e = 1.6 x 10–19 CNA = 6.03 x 1023me = 9.11 x 10–31 kgkB = 1.38 x 10–23 JK–1
By: darky– 712402
1List two aspects of materials behaviour that the Drude model can explain.
The Drude model can explain the Thermal Conductivity in metals and Electrical Conductivity of metals.
List two aspects of materials behaviour that the Drude model can't explain but the Quantum Free Electron model can.
Explains the effects of the temperature, impurities, and deformation on Electrical Conductivity in which the Drude Model ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
b) How the Quantum Free Electron Theory predicts that the conductivity of metals decreases as the temperature increases.
In the Quantum Free Electron Theory the electrons are considered as waves, so the electrons will have much similar behaviour to waves. The
temperature is related to the heat capacitance. So each element will have different heat capacitance.
The Quantum Free Electron predicts that scattering causes electrons to drop back down in Energy. Which means that as the temperature goes down the
stability of the electrons will increase; also the amount of electron which can jump into a higher level will decrease thus more stability in the atom. This
means better conductivity in lower temperatures. So when the temperature increases, it will cause vibrations that change the lattice, and the lower level
electron will get excited to move into a higher level which causes instability in the element. Thus, the conductivity will decrease.
c) How the Band Theory predicts that the conductivity of silicon increases as the temperature increases.
The band theory gives explanations of how Semiconductors differ from metals because as the temperature increases the conductivity increases. The
Band Theory considers that for

Complex And Interesting Optical Properties Essay
IntroductionThe complex and interesting optical properties can be shown clearly on Nanostructured metals the collective oscillations of the
conduction electrons termed plasmons lead to most striking phenomenon encountered in these structures are resonances . Plasmon modes
number of geometries and in various metals ? most importantly in noble metals such as gold, copper and silver. Under certain circumstances are
excited by light, which leads to strong light scattering and absorption and an enhancement of the local electromagnetic field. In 1989, upon
calculations, Neeves and Birnboim proposed that a composite spherical particle with a dielectric core and a metallic shell could produce SPR
modes with a much larger range of wavelengths. The first nanoshells were made by Zhou et al. In the 1990?s. They used a Au2S core surrounded
by a gold shell. Variations of these shells made it possible to shift the standard gold colloid plasmon resonance peak from ~520 nm up to ~900 was
a limit however, of less than 40 nm on the size of nanoshell that they could achieve due to the chemistry of their synthesis reactions. process also
produced large amounts of gold colloid as a secondary product which gave an additional absorption peak at ~520 nm. Halas and synthesized a new
type of gold nanoshell that overcame many of the limitations of the Au2S core type nanoshell. The new method replaced the Au2S core with a silica
core and made it possible to exert much greater control over the

Typical Medium Dynamical Cluster Approximation
We generalize the typical medium dynamical cluster approximation (TMDCA) for systems with off–diagonal disorder.
By applying our approach to the Anderson model we consider the effects of nonlocal correlations and typical environment beyond the local Blackman,
Esterling, and Berk (BEB) method. %coherent potential approximation.
Our formalism allows us to systematically study the effects of off–diagonal disorder on the phase diagram of traditional three dimensional Anderson
model.
Disorder which is inevitably present in most real materials can drammatically affect their properties~cite{Lee_RevModPhys,Belitz_RevModPhys}. It
can lead to changes of their structure and transport. One of the most prominent effects of disorder is the spacial confinement of charge carriers known
as Anderson localization ~cite{Anderson}.
The simplest model used to study these disorder effects is the
Anderson model which is a single band tight binding model with a random on–site disorder potential.
Such a model is justified when the introduction of disorder in, for example a binary alloy by substitution of host atoms by impurities, does not affect
the neighbors and leads to the change of the local potential on the substitution site only. In this situation the disorder appears only in the diagonal terms
of the Hamiltonian and hence is referred to as diagonal disorder (DD) case. However, in the case when the bandwidth of from the dopant impurity
atoms is very different from the band width
of

Filo Lab Report
As a prevailing spectroscopic characterization, fourier transform infrared spectra help us to verify the existence of addition of sodium based second
phase in CuO:Na+ nanoparticles . The bands of pristine CuO and pristine Na2O are located at 459, 502, 591 cm–1 and 890 cm–1, 1430 cm–1
respectively was reported by kim et. al and khufu et at. [177, 271]. As seen from figure 7, three characteristic strong peaks located at 429, 502, 591
cm–1, associated with the Cu–O vibrations of monoclinic CuO. The peaks centered at 502 cm–1, demonstrate red shift and the peak at 591 cm–1
shows blue shift compared with the pristine CuO values (429, 502, 591 cm–1). with the doping of Na. The observed red and blue shifts due to
Na–doping may be related to... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It demonstrated that Na doping had a widen effect for the band gap of CuO, which was the first report here. Interestingly, the band gap shifts from
1.49eV to 1.46eV with the increase in Na doping from 0.0 to 3.0%, with was due to the band gap tailoring effect. The Na content was further
increased when the secondary phase formed and the band gap shift to the higher energy 1.51eV, 1.53eV for 5.0% and 7.0% Na–doped CuO
nanostructures. In contrast, the formation of the Na2O secondary phase caused an enhancement of the Eg value. Hence, to summarize the Eg value of
the Na doped CuO nanoparticles depends upon a variety of parameters such as the size and presence of the Na dopant in different forms. These unique
characteristics were influenced by the quality and physical properties of the Na–doped CuO nanoparticles and these were strongly related to the
preparation method.
3.4.2. Diffuse photoluminescence spectroscopy
The photoluminescence (PL) spectroscopy was used to investigate the electronic and optical properties of nanoparticles as well as to elucidate the
energy levels within the band gap region corresponding to the defect sites. Fig. 9 shows room temperature PL spectra of the as–prepared pristine and
Na–doped CuO samples. The samples were excited using the excitation wavelength of 390 nm. The emission spectra of pristine and CuO:Na+
nanoparticles revealed intense sharp peak at 470 nm, 503 nm and 605 nm. The

Advantages And Disadvantages Of Zinc Oxide
Zinc oxide is a semiconductor material II–VI studied since the middle of 20the century. Most of the physical properties of massive ZnO are therefore
well known for several decades. The interest of the researchers then declined, partly because of a major technological lock for the use of ZnO in
optoelectronics, namely the impossibility of doping the p–type ZnO.
The ability to grow thin layers and low dimensional hetero structures (quantum wells, nano–columns, etc.) of good crystalline quality recently
revitalized the research effort on ZnO, particularly with the aim of obtaining effective devices for optoelectronics in the blue and near ultraviolet, in
complement gallium nitride. For this purpose, the main advantage of ZnO GaN is a lower cost, enabled by the relative abundance of zinc over gallium.
Zinc oxide powder is also used as an additive in numerous products, for example plastics, ceramics, paints, pigments, cosmetics, etc.
In material science, another major benefit of zinc oxide is its strong exciton binding energy which allows to preserve the exciton properties up to Room
temperature. The cohesion energy of the exciton is indeed twice greater in ZnO ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The first is the growth of quantum wells along non–polar axes. These axes, perpendicular to the axis c, make it possible to overcome the internal
electric field. The main axes used in growth are axes a and m. The first samples quantum wells of ZnO / (Zn, Mg) O non–polar plan A were grown in
2007 on sapphire substrates [Cha07]. The other axis is to reduce the density of defects crystalline, responsible for non–radiative losses. Most of the
centers non–radiative are crystal dislocations, which arise from mesh clash inherent to the heteroepitaxy method. Homoepitaxy, and therefore the use of
massive ZnO substrate, theoretically promises a clear improvement in quality crystalline. A significant improvement was observed only very recently

Essay On Multiferroic Materials
With advent of scientific research and technological interest, multiferroic materials have drawn much attention for foundational physics, technological
application in possible miniaturization and integration for multifunctional devices (e.g. magnetic field sensors, multiple state memory element,
transducers, actuators, broadband magnetic sensors, non–volatile memory elements, oscillators, phase shifters, electric field controlled ferromagnetic
resonance devices, switching devices, modulation of amplitudes, filters, waveguides, spin wave generation, energy harvesters, magnetic recording read
heads, random access memories, RF resonators, tunable inductors, and ME antennas) [1–11]. The most intriguing characteristic of multiferroic materials
... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Since the inception of the concept of product property, proposed by Von Van Suchetelene, [37] multiferroic composites becomes the alterative way to
overcome the limitations of the single phase multiferroic ME materials. In composite systems, the functional properties are resulted from the
constituent phase and their reciprocal interactions as synergy effects. Ciomaga et al. [38] have identified three types of synergy effects such as: (i) sum
property, which represents the weighted sum of the components' contributions of the constituent phases; (ii) combination property, which denotes an
effect in which the amplitude of the property is higher in the composite than in the end compounds at given compositions or under specific
circumstances, (iii) product property, which represents the effects present in the composites instead of the individual phases. The sum and combination
properties usually describe the average or enhancement of effects that have already present in the parent phases and on the other hand, the product
property only ascribes the novel phenomena that have emerged from the reciprocal interaction among the individual phases. In general, the functional
properties of ME composites are consist of sum property (i.e. magnetization) and product property (i.e. ME effect). In 1978 Boomgaard and Born [39]
postulated the following concept for obtaining the high magnetoelectric voltage coefficient for practical device

Purpose Statement For Purpose In Physics
STATEMENT OF PURPOSE
In this statement of my objective I have high lighted my reasons for pursuing a master of Science in physics at Sardar patel University. Bearing in
mind my academic background, capabilities and interests, I had decided to pursue graduate studies in physics with my focus on CONDENSED
MATTER PHYSICS AND MATERIAL SCIENCE. In what follows, I have briefly summed up my motivation for the graduate study, my back ground
and my research interest.
Right from the onset of my academic years, fascination for the physics and mathematics had promoted me to do a major in physics. I started my
education at L.G.HARIA high school, Jamnagar where I stood fifth among nearly 100 students in the final secondary school exam (SSC) 10th exam. ...
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This achievement paved my way to pursue further studies in physics in an institute of excellent repute, University college of science, A.N.PATEL PG
INSTITUTE which is affiliated to the Sardar patel University. Sardar patel university, also been accrediated with "A" Grade which confirms it to be an
institute of academic excellence by National Board of Accrediation (NAAC).
The Department of physics at A.N.PATEL P.G. INSTITUTE, its state of art facilities, infrastructure & most importantly its distinguished & eminent
Faculty members helped me to strengthen my Knowledge in the subject. In my 2 years of Post graduate studies I had completed various courses like
Quantum Mechanics, Statistical Mechanics, Electronics, Nuclear physics, Mathematical Physics, Physics of Atoms and Molecules, Electro Magnetic
Theory & Modern optics,crystallography etc. Throughout my post graduate study I received constant help from our Principal Dr. J.D.PATEL, who is
having great experience as professor as well as Principal at A.N.PATEL P.G. institute. Moreover, with the continuous guidance of our Head of
department Mr.Chirag U Vyas, and all the other faculties of the physics department, had inspired me to be the top in the class of 70

Why Is Running Hot Water Over The Metal Lid Of A Glass Jar
Running hot water over the metal lid of a glass jar makes it easier to open the jar. Why? Discuss two other practical examples based on matter and/or
heat concepts.
Physics explains thermal expansion as linear dimensions increasing by the same percentage with an increase in temperature. In other words, when you
heat an object, that object expands and becomes larger due to the change in the object's temperature. Raising an object's temperature, in this case, the
metal lid, causes it's molecules to move faster. The faster molecules move, the more space they occupy. If something occupies more space than it
originally did, then by definition it is now bigger. Therefore, the heat exchange from water to metal heats the molecules within the lid

States of Matter
States of matter are the distinct forms that different phases of matter take on. Historically, the distinction is made based on qualitative differences in
bulk properties. Solid is the state in which matter maintains a fixed volume and shape; liquid is the state in which matter maintains a fixed volume but
adapts to the shape of its container; and gas is the state in which matter expands to occupy whatever volume is available.
This diagram shows the nomenclature for the different phase transitions.
More recently, distinctions between states have been based on differences in molecular interrelationships. Solid is the state in which intermolecular
attractions keep the molecules in fixed spatial relationships. Liquid is the state in which ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Solids can also change directly into gases through the process of sublimation.
[edit]Liquid
Main article: Liquid
Structure of a classical monatomic liquid. Atoms have many nearest neighbors in contact, yet no long–range order is present.
вЂЋ
The volume is definite if the temperature and pressure are constant. When a solid is heated above its melting point, it becomes liquid, given that the
pressure is higher than the triple point of the substance. Intermolecular (or interatomic or interionic) forces are still important, but the molecules have
enough energy to move relative to each other and the structure is mobile. This means that the shape of a liquid is not definite but is determined by its
container. The volume is usually greater than that of the corresponding solid, the most well known exception being water, H2O. The highest
temperature at which a given liquid can exist is its critical temperature.[5]
[edit]Gas
Main article: Gas
In a gas, the molecules have enough kinetic energy so that the effect of intermolecular forces is small (or zero for an ideal gas), and the typical
distance between neighboring molecules is much greater than the molecular size. A gas has no definite shape or volume, but occupies the entire
container in which it is confined.

An Inside Look at Superconducting Qubits Essay
Superconducting Qubits
Introduction and Background
The quantum computation has remarkably improved since the use of quan– tum algorithms that have a run time which is exponentially faster
compared to classical algorithms. Implementation of theory for practical computation presents various technological and scientific challenges. It is
required that the Qubits be entirely free from external noise while at the same time they need to be strongly coupled amongst themselves using gates
for computa– tion. We need to construct the qubits such that their degrees of freedom are independent of the noise in the environment. For example
electronic spins or spins of nuclei are isolated from surrounding noise. In superconduct– ing qubits ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
These are termed as macroscopic quantum coherence effects.
1.1.2
Superconductivity
On lowering the temperature of some metals (materials) to a scale of few kelvins the electrons experience a net attractive force amongst themselves.
This is attraction is phonon mediated. As a result of bonding between two electrons near the Fermi level the net energy decreases. The pair has a spin
zero .The pairing process changes the Fermi level and further formation of pairs takes place which can all occupy the ground state(zero spin state not
affected by Paulis exclusion principle).The entire resistance less flow of cooper paired electrons is called as 'supercurrent'. The superconducting state
is lower in energy from the normal material state by an amount of energy called the superconducting energy gap. П€ = n0.5 eiОё s Where ns cooper
pair density, Оё is the superconducting phase.
1.2
Josephson effect
A junction formed by placing two superconducting chips with a thin insula– tor in between is called Josephson junction tunnel. We see that at
sufficiently low temperatures such that thermal energy cannot break the cooper pairs, these pairs tunnel from one superconducting electrode to
another, even in the absence of biasing voltage.
IJ = Io sin(Оґ)
1.2. JOSEPHSON EFFECT
3
Where IJ : supercurrent, Io : critical current, h 2e П†o =
Where, П†o is the quanta of flux. Оґ = П†L в€’ П†R

Louise Nevelati Installation: Sky Cathedral
Q12–2: What is an assemblage? This an additive sculptural process in which various and diverse element and objects are combined. Installation is
an environment that are indoor. Earthwork is an environment that tare outdoors. They are similar because they help the viewer get more engaged
into the sculptural, they allow you to physically enter into or explore either outdoor or indoor. They use common material into art. How are they
different? Assemblage is different because it's a process of bringing individual objects together as a whole for example welding them together. It is
used to transformation material into art. This can be indoor or outside. Example of this is Louise Nevelson "Sky Cathedral". Is a giant assemblage of
wooden boxes, woodworking remnants and scraps of objects he found. Nevelson is able to make a piece of almost endless variety look like a grid and
look as they belong.... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It doesn't need to be create into an art form like assemblage is. They are generally indoors but can also exist outdoors in contained spaces such as a
plazas. For an example: Anish Kappor, "cloud gate". Is a site specific sculpture in City of Chicago Millennium Park. Shaped like a giant bean and has
seamlessly weld together stainless–steel plates. This reflected the surface of Chicago skyline. Earthworks are made in and of the land. They are
outdoor. Large scale artwork outdoor. An example is Robert Smithson "Spiral Jetty". Stretching into the Great Salt Lake and is make from salt, mud,
crystals, rocks and water. It is a record of geological history. It was created by man and is

How Do Students Become If Cornstarch And Water Were Mixed?
to mix matter by mixing cornstarch and water. They will be observing and documenting any changes that occur over the first couple minutes of mixing
the two substances. (Synthesis: Students were hypothesizing what they thought would happen when water and cornstarch were mixed together;
following their hypotheses up with immediate observations and again after two minutes. Can you predict the outcome if cornstarch and water were
mixed?)
5.Students will be able to describe how matter changed and explain why it changed. (Evaluation: Students were required to form a hypothesis of what
would happen when a given liquid were to stay outside all day long in the winter cold and state what happened to the molecules to change the liquid
into a solid. Based on what you know, how would you explain why the liquid changed into a solid?)
All objectives align with this PA Academic standard:
S.K–2.C.1.1.1 Describe basic changes to properties of matter (e.g., formation of mixtures and solutions, baking and cooking, freezing, heating,
evaporating, melting).
The objectives for this unit use several different forms of Bloom's Taxonomy. I started this unit off by having the students complete simple tasks to get
their feet wet and introduce them to matter and what matter is. Based on my pre–assessment, many of the students could label pictures of a solid,
liquid, or gas, but they could not tell me the definitions of each solid, liquid, gas, or matter. Even though they were given the definitions,

Advantages And Disadvantages Of Pickering Emulsion
Pickering Emulsions: Particles with a difference
Pickering Emulsion is an emulsion stabilised by solid particles located on the interface between two phases. This type of emulsion was named after
S.U. Pickering, who described the phenomenon in 1907, although the effect was first recognized by Walter Ramsden in 1903Pickeringemulsion
utilizes solid particles alone as stabilizers, which accumulate at the interface between two immiscible liquids (typically denoted as oil and water
phase) and stabilize droplets against coalescence. Solid particles are used as stabilisers due to various advantages: (i)solid particles reduce the
possibility of coalescence, bringing about higher stability to emulsions; (ii) many solid particles can endow as–prepared materials useful characteristics
such as conductivity, responsiveness, porosity, and so on; (iii) some food–grade solid particles have lower toxicity, thus leading to higher safety for in
vivo usage.
The basic principle of the process involves formation of shell around the oil drop or water drop.
If the contact angle of the particle with water is <90В° (i.e. it is hydrophilic) the emulsion ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
If one of the liquids wets solid particles more than the other one, the better wetting liquid becomes the continuous phase and the other becomes the
dispersed phase. O/W emulsions will come into being if the three–phase contact angle Оё (angle at the three–phase boundary of solid particles,
continuous phase and dispersed phase) is less than 90В° (e.g., silica, clay), and W/O emulsions should form if Оё > 90В° (e.g., carbon black).
However, only when Оё is relatively close to 90В° can the particle effectively act as a Pickering stabilizer. The particles tend to remain dispersed in
either phase if they are too hydrophilic (low Оё) or too hydrophobic (high

My Favorite Weekend Activities At Cal Poly Pomona
Growing up as the son of an electrical engineer, I was exposed at an early age to learning opportunities that most of my peers lacked. One of my
favorite weekend activities was exploring a literal junkpile of electronic goods, picking one, taking it apart, and learning how it worked. I found
experimenting, examining, and discovering exhilarating and educational. I naturally flowed into programming and web development, both tools that
allowed me to prototype ideas and solve problems. At age 18, I landed a job as a professional web developer. The position was for a recent college
graduate. Even though I had never taken any type of programming class, my application was the most impressive. At that time I was going to school at
Cal Poly Pomona, studying to be an aerospace engineer. I could not get a deferment of two years for a mission, so when I got back in 2011 I had to
find a new place to study. Deciding to go to BYU–Idaho was a lot easier than deciding what to study. I had so many career ideas, that I had to chose
the single major that would open up the most opportunities. Despite having never taken a physics class, I decided that it was the root science. I knew I
would go to graduate school, and with physics I could go into engineering, programming, finances, or even medicine.
After three years of constant learning, I have a degree in physics. I want to keep learning. Undergraduate courses are not enough. I need to learn more
about quantum mechanics, electricity and

My Personal Statement : Bijay Shrestha
Personal Statement – Bijay Shrestha
Respected Sir/Madam,
Thank you for your time to read my application. I believe that having read my personal statement, you will have a clear picture of my development,
enthusiasm, and experiences in physics.
Physics is a mathematical formulation and concepts that undeniably works. Being able to write down a handful equations on a piece of paper which
explains as well as predicts the outcome of an observation is truly enchanting. This is what ignites aspiration and curiosity which led me to pursue a
career in physics. Understanding the working mechanism of the universe is surely perplexing. However, this intricacy inspires me to behold the
elegance of the physics. Furthermore, applying physics and ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Our MD simulation is carried out using GROMACS and the trajectories are visualized and also analyzed using VMD under Linux platform. We have
performed a series of atomistic MD simulations to understand the dynamic and structural properties of the micelle formation. The ultimate goal of the
study is to explore the plausibility of employing the self–assembly of a novel bolaamphiphilic molecule, called VECAR, as a drug–delivery system. A
manuscript of the result is currently in preparation to be submitted to a peer–reviewed journal. Currently, I am working on developing a coarse–grained
force field of the VECAR molecule using VOTCA to be able to simulate much larger scale system composed of micelles interacting with a bilayer
membrane in a reasonable computation time. In the spring 2017 semester, plan to write an undergraduate thesis summarizing my research results. On
publishing the thesis, Upon the completion of the thesis, a distinction "Honor Research Scholar" would be awarded.
Participating in a research project for three years in a row, I have learned beyond the academic realm. The experiences of working in the lab and
attending professional conferences have helped me believe that there is more to learn and motivate me to bridge the gap between the classroom and the
real–world science. This research experience has given me a valuable insight into a life of a researcher, all the highs, and lows that come along as the
research progresses. Moreover, I have been

James Simons Research Paper
James Simons is an American mathematician and the founder of the famous Renaissance Technologies, where he was able to demonstrate his hedge
fund managerial expertise. Mr. Simons is widely known for his code breaking skills and being an expert in pattern recognition. During his time at the
Renaissance Technologies he employed mathematical models to analyze hedge funds in his company that was needed for better accuracy predictions
instead of other methods. During his career, he made a name for himself as a highly accomplished mathematician. He spent most of his time working
in the areas of geometry and topology of manifolds. He eventually started his own company (Renaissance Technologies) which made him a billionaire.
He was born in 1938 in ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Now he spends his time giving back to the community both locally and abroad in different states.
James Simons founded a nonprofit charitable organization that supports projects related to both the education, healthcare, and the science industry. He
and his wife's missions are to improve mathematics education in the U.S. public schools. The Simons foundation was very prosperous; in fact The
Simons Foundation made a $60 million donation to found the Simons Center for Geometry and Physics at Stony Brook. It was the largest gift to a
public university in the history of the state of New York.
James Simons went on to win many prestigious awards. In 1976 he won the AMS Oswald Veblen Prize in Geometry for his involvement to geometry
and topology. In 2006 he was named Financial Engineer of the Year by the International Association of Financial Engineers. His most recent
accomplishment was in 2014 where he was elected to the National Academy of Sciences of the USA.
Dr. Simons was married to a computer scientist name Barbara Simons; that marriage ended in a divorce. He remarried Marilyn Hawrys, together they
had five children; two of teir children died in separate accidents when they were young

Surface Segregation And Formation Of Silver Nanoparticles...
Surface Segregation and Formation of Silver Nanoparticles Created
In situ in Polyvinyl alcohol Films.
1– Introduction.
Preparation, characterization, and physical properties of a nanostructured materials of silver (nanoparticles and nanocomposites) have been the subject
of various researcher in many scientific laboratories during the past years for many studies and it has been also established that size, stability, color,
shape, and properties depend on the method of preparation (radiation, photochemical, electrochemical, and chemical) as well as experimental factors
such as [reactants], [stabilizer and/or capping agents], temperature, order of mixing of reactants, presence of stabilizers and capping agents and even on
the addition rate of reducing agents [1–12].
The properties of such nanocomposites can further be improved through various treatments like, annealing, UV–irradiation and Gamma irradiation is
one of the extensively used tools to alter the structural, optical properties [13, 14], Many of reports were used gamma irradiation to synthesis the Ag
nanoparticles in PVA [15,16], and the other literature were prepared Ag
–PVA nanocomposite films and then irradiated with gamma at doses (25, 50,
75, 100 KGy) [17]. According to this literature the absorption peak intensity at 427 nm for silver nanoparticles is increased with increasing the gamma
doses, until the higher doses 100 KGy, its decrease and the reason for this behaviour at higher doses the

A Presentation Of The National Nanotechnology Initiative (...
1. Introduction.
"There's plenty of room at the bottom"; this statement by Richard Feynman in 1959 during a presentation to a meeting of the American Physical
Society, is widely accepted as the spark that initiated the present 'nano' age1. Nano, "dwarf" in Greek, is defined as one billionth, it follows that the
nanoscale is measured in nanometres, or 10–9 m. To put this in perspective; the average strand of a human hair is roughly 75,000 nm in diameter, or
from the other extreme 1 nm is the length of 10 hydrogen atoms lined up end to end.
Nanotechnology can be difficult to define, as its definition is often engineered to suit the researcher and their field; this resulted in a need of a general
working definition, which the national nanotechnology initiative (NNI) established []. Nanotechnology is thus defined as possessing the following
features;
Nanotechnology involves research and technology development at the 1 nm to 100 nm range.
Nanotechnology builds on the capability to organize or manipulate at the atomic scale.
Nanotechnology creates and uses structures that have novel properties because of their small size.
.
2. Nanotechnology
Nanoscience involves a study of nanotechnology and nanomaterials, of which at least one of the dimensions is in 1–100 nm range. Over the past two
decades, nanomaterials have been a topic of both scientific and technological interest2. Due to their compact dimension and enlarged surface area, these
materials possess new physical and

Taking a Look at Quantum Dots
To begin with in layman's language or maybe for a person who has limited or little knowledge about physics, quantum dots are materials that are small
but are sufficient to exhibit quantum mechanical properties. Quantum dots were first discovered in 1980. They exhibit electronic properties which are
between semiconductors and discrete molecules. That is the very reason for the unusually high surface to volume ratio. The most visible use of
quantum dots is in fluorescence where the nanocrystal is capable of producing different distinctive colors determined by their particle size.
For the more experienced and the more technical personals, Quantum dots are semiconductor nanostructures confining the motion of the conduction
band electrons, the valence band holes or the excitons and are in all the three spatial directions. The excitons are confined to the three spatial
directions only. There would be a doubt about what excitons is thus the definition; an exciton is a state or rather a bound state of an electron or a hole
which are attracted to each other by the coulombs force. They are neutral quasiparticles that are generally existent in semiconductors and also in
insulators. They may also be found in some liquids.
The reasons for confinement can be electrostatic potential which can be due to external electrodes, strain, impurities and doping. According to a lot of
research that has been going on in this field, a quantum dot has a discrete quantized energy spectrum.

Taking a Look at Superconductors
In the sixties, Kulik had used the mechanism of Andreev reflection to explain how a metal carries dissipation–less current between two superconductors.
Andreev later discovered that an electron incident on a superconductor with energy lying within the gap region gets reflected as a hole, which is the
basic essence of Andreev reflection.
A charge of 2e is lost in the process which gets absorbed into the superconductor as a Cooper pairs.

The same process occurs for a hole as an incident particle; in this case, the reflected particle will be an electron and the Cooper pair absorbed by the
superconductor with be formed by two holes.

An important application of Andreev reflection is in the study of tunneling of Cooper pairs in a Josephson Junction.
The transmission of Cooper pairs from one superconductor to another can be understood by considering the reflection of an eletron and hole into each
other at the boundaries of the two superconductors.
This leads to conversion of normal current into dissipationless supercurrent. This supercurrent varies sinusoidally with the phase difference of the two
superconductors and attains a maximum at the critical value of current which can flow through the junction.

If an external magnetic field is applied to the barrier region of the junction, it alters the phases of the two superconductor, so that their net phase
difference remains gauge–invariant. As a consequence, the current through the junction also gets modified in the

Thales was the First Recorded Philosopher from Miletus
Thinkers within the realm of philosophy possessed a different train of thought that allowed them to make massive discoveries. Thales is regarded as
the first recorded philosopher from Miletus. He believed reality was defined by water. Water rests on earth, reflects objects, and conforms to the shape
of other objects. During what we call the ancient period, 600–300 BCE, communities lived by water supplies. Water is necessary to have the ability to
obtain other means of survival. As opposed to referring to religion, Thales rejected the concept of Gods on Mount Olympus. The reality beyond
mythology for Thales relied on the basis of water. Thales touched base with the concept of knowledge through observing and perceiving the way water
functioned around him.
Opposed to Thales, Anaximander perceived reality to be apeiron. Apeiron is defined as the indefinite. Anaximander believed the origin (arkhe) of
reality to be divine and eternal while containing and guiding all within it. For him, water was too "concrete" of an object to be divine. In addition,
remaining opposite elements triumphs water. Anaximander reasoned even if water were reality, it lacks in areas that makes it unable to be divine.
Apeiron is an indefinite reality that is beyond the fixed matters on Earth. Anaximenes rejected this theory. In turn he contradicted that physics translated
into objects surrounding us. The concept of aer does not refer to the air we breath rather a thick mist containing two processes:

How Was The X-Ray Diffraction Spectrum Of All Sulfurized...
3.1 Structural properties
Figure 1 showed the X–ray diffraction spectrum of all sulfurized Co–doped FeS2 films. The comparison with JCPDS 01–071–1680 indicated a pure
cubic FeS2 structure for all these samples. The ratio between peaks from each sample demonstrated a poly–crystal structure. Also, no clear preferential
growth direction could be observed for each sample. The peaks of all Co–doped films were very close to the pure iron pyrite peaks. No clear peak shift
could be observed. This indicated that shallow cobalt doping had little impact on the crystal structure of FeS2.
Scherrer equation, as shown in equation 1, was applied to estimate the average crystallite size of these sulfurized films. . ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
As more electrons were introduced, the net carrier concentration started to decrease until the electrons became the majority carriers. This process may
explain the change of conduction type and carrier concentrations. The carrier mobility, however, decreased gradually from 6.52 cm2/V*s to 4.30 cm2
/V*s as cobalt doping increased from 2 at% to 6 at%. This phenomenon could be explained as the decreased mean free path of charged carriers
because of the larger size of the incorporated cobalt ions than the original iron ions. After switching to n–type, the increasing carrier concentration may
also contributed to the reducing of carrier mobility. As a consequence, cobalt doping served well as an n–type dopant after 3 at% doping level.
3.2.2 Temperature Dependence
Figure 2 showed the relationship between the reciprocal of resistivity to the reciprocal of temperature, graphed as a logarithmic plot. The resistance
change of the Co–doped FeS2 samples with Al electrodes were collected from room temperature (25oC) to 140oC. From Fig.2, the resistance of all
samples decreased while heating. This showed a general semiconductor behavior of these Co–doped FeS2 films. The data in Fig.2 showed a linear
dependence for each sample. The fitting lines could be described by Arrhenius equation as shown in equation 2: . (2)
Here Пѓ, k, T means conductivity, Boltzmann constant and temperature,

Silicon Based PV Cells
CHAPTER 2 – SILICON BASED PV CELLS 2 2.1 Doping Procedure of Silicon based PV Cells A Silicon solar PV Cell is a device which is made
up of semiconductor materials that produce electricity when exposed to light energy. [1] The doping process of a Silicon based PV Cell works by the
photovoltaic material converting the light energy, photons, it absorbs into electrical energy. [1] Light (Photon) Energy–––––––пѓ Electrical Energy
Using a doping process, a p–n junction is created in silicon as shown below: From the image above the photons, light energy, prompt the electrons
flowing from the n–junction to the p–junction creating an electric current flow. [1] This is highlighted below: The process of doping involves the
addition of atoms with different number of electrons so it creates an unbalanced number of electrons on the material that is being doped, in this
case Silicon. [1] The material being doped, in this case Silicon will carry a negative charge if the base material absorbs excessive electrons.
However, if the base material, Silicon, absorbs to little electrons then the material will carry a positive charge. [1] To achieve a doped material, using
Silicon then there are 2 methods: Ion implantation of diffusion. These methods are carried out using Boron (B) to form a positively charged doped
material and Arsenide (As) or Phosphorus (P) to form a negatively charged doped material. This is shown below: Ion Implantation can be achieved at
room temperature for

Essay On Personal Statement At Fordham University
I am a non–terminating senior at Fordham University pursuing both a physics, and a joint mathematics and computer science degree. I've chosen to
apply to contribute to Cornell's CNF and PARADIM REU program because of my interest in the intersection of experimental condensed matter physics
and nanotechnology. Since May of 2016, I have been doing an independent study on quantum computation with the assistance of two advisors. Among
learning about the many facets of quantum computation, my obligations also include developing computer programs using both python and C++ to
simulate quantum computational phenomena, seeking contemporary advancements in this field, and presenting short talks on quantum computational
phenomena. In particular, I had... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
For these reasons, the CNF and PARADIM REU program would be greatly advantageous for my future. Earlier in my collegiate career, I was
burdened with a selection of personal complications that derailed my academic performance. However, persevering through these hindrances taught
me an indispensable lesson on how to encounter adversity and overcome hardships while juggling everyday duties. My success in my more recent
coursework should express my ability to work efficaciously. After learning about the responsibilities of this REU program, I've found that these
responsibilities and my set of skills in computer programming, mathematical reasoning, and physical knowledge are quite compatible. Although I am
familiar with other programming languages, more relevantly, I am proficient in C++ up to a data structures and algorithms level, and I have taken a
course on scientific computation in python. I also interned as a software engineer for Skanatek AB this past summer. Alongside my knowledge of
quantum physics from my coursework and my independent study, I will also be taking a solid–state physics course in the upcoming spring semester.
Also in the spring semester, I will be taking a course in experimental techniques in physics and engineering, which will prepare me for experimental and
laboratory work. This experimental physics course has a large component focused on written and oral communication skills

Coherence, Entanglement, And Topological Phases Of Quantum...
I am a theoretical physicist working on quantum mechanical aspects of condensed matter and solid state physics. My past research highlights
coherence, entanglement, and topology in condensed matter systems. These features are unique in quantum systems, and can give rise to phenomena
that do not have classical counterparts. Target systems of my interest include mesoscopic/nanoscopic systems such as graphene, spintronics, topological
insulators, and strongly correlated electron systems such as quantum magnetism, unconventional superconductors, and the quantum Hall effect. More
broadly, I am interested in quantum many–body systems and quantum field theories in general.
More specifically, one of my focuses in the last 10 years is to develop a ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
For example, the quantum Hall states, time–reversal symmetric topological insulators, and one–dimensional topological superconductors, all nicely fit
into our classification scheme. Furthermore, our theory predicts the stability of the edge states of topological insulators/superconductors against
disorder. Our classification scheme has been playing an important role in exploring to new topological materials. For example, based on our
classification, we predicted the presence of novel three–dimensional time–reversal symmetric topological insulators. This prediction has been
experimentally explored in the B–phase of Helium, and in doped topological insulators.
As illustrated by the above examples of topological phases, an important challenge in quantum condensed matter physics is: "How do we characterize
and study highly quantum and complex systems?" This question is related not only to topological phases, but to systems at quantum critical points,
systems that can undergo a many–body localization transition in the presence of disorder, and eigen state thermalization that takes place for closed
quantum systems at finite energy density, etc. In this regard, quantum entanglement has been establishing its status as an important common language
in modern quantum many–body physics, both in condensed matter and high–energy physics contexts. It has been used to address many fundamental

Linear And Nonlinear Optical Susceptibilities And...
Linear and Nonlinear Optical Susceptibilities and Hyperpolarizability of Borate LiNaB4O7 Single Crystals: Theory and Experiment
Ali Hussain Reshak, Xuean Chen, S. Auluck and H. Kamarudin
Journal of Applied Physics 2012
Volume 112, Issue 5, Pages 053526 (1– 11)
Since the successful demonstration of second harmonic generation by a propagation of a ruby laser beam via a quartz crystal by Franken et al,1 borate
materials have been widely studied to employ in the potential applications such as nonlinear optics (NLO) and laser (mainly in visible and UV light)
engineering.2, 3, 4, 5 Materials with NLO properties are useful for generating new frequency laser sources that cannot be directly produced from the
common laser sources.2 Consequently, NLO materials have enabled a wider range of frequencies produced from the available laser. Borate materials
have a few great properties, for example, short growth period, high damage threshold, large effective nonlinear coefficient and good mechanical
properties.6 This suggests that borate materials are well fitted for the purpose of laser frequency conversion. BaB2O4, LiB3O5, CsB3O5 and
YCa4(BO3)3O are examples of well–known borate–based NLO crystals.2 An early review on the comparison of the damage threshold and optical
transmittance of these mentioned borate crystal compounds have been done by Becker in which the use of the favourable anionic group and
birefringence in the borate materials are the essential features needed to produce

Wmp Research Paper
Ultra–short laser pulses allow us to bring metals into a strongly nonequilibrium state with hot electrons and a cold lattice. (–– removed HTML ––) (––
removed HTML ––) 1 (–– removed HTML ––) (–– removed HTML ––) The term "hot electrons" in the present work implies a subsystem of electrons
having a higher temperature than the temperature of the ionic subsystem. The study of properties of such states is important for a wide range of
applications in geophysics, high–pressure physics, condensed matter physics, and astrophysics and is of fundamental scientific interest. One of the
actively developed areas of study of such nonequilibrium states is the study of the warm dense matter (WDM) state that occurs when the matter is
exposed to... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
(–– removed HTML ––) (–– removed HTML ––) 3 (–– removed HTML ––) (–– removed HTML ––) In this case, electrons as free particles form a
partially filled conduction band. However, the permittivity of a large group of metals is affected by interband transitions of valence band electrons in
addition to conduction band electrons in the optical spectrum. (–– removed HTML ––) (–– removed HTML ––) It is known that for noble metals, the
frequency dependence (–– removed HTML ––) (–– removed HTML ––) (–– removed HTML ––) (–– removed HTML ––) Оµ (–– removed HTML ––)
(–– removed HTML ––) ( (–– removed HTML ––) (–– removed HTML ––) П‰ (–– removed HTML ––) (–– removed HTML ––) ) (–– removed
HTML ––) (–– removed HTML ––) (–– removed HTML ––) (–– removed HTML ––) in the near infrared spectrum is well described by the model of
free electrons up to frequencies corresponding to the beginning of the boundary of the interband absorption area (for Au: 1.8 eV, Ag: 3.8 eV, and Cu:
1.5 eV). In the frequency range corresponding to the interband transition threshold (ITT) (for Au: 1.8–2.4 eV, Ag: 3.8
–4.4 eV, and Cu: 1.5–2.2 eV), the
Drude–Lorentz model (–– removed HTML ––) (–– removed HTML ––) 4,5 (–– removed HTML ––) (–– removed HTML ––) is successfully used,
where one or more terms

The Complex And Interesting Optical Properties Essay
The complex and interesting optical properties can be shown clearly on Nanostructured metals the collective oscillations of the conduction electrons
termed plasmons lead to most striking phenomenon encountered in these structures are resonances . Plasmon modes exist in a number of geometries
and in various metals – most importantly in noble metals such as gold, copper and silver. Under certain circumstances plasmons are excited by
light, which leads to strong light scattering and absorption and an enhancement of the local electromagnetic field. In 1989, based upon calculations,
Neeves and Birnboim proposed that a composite spherical particle with a dielectric core and a metallic shell could produce SPR modes with a much
larger range of wavelengths. The first nanoshells were made by Zhou et al. In the 1990's. They used a Au2S core surrounded by a gold shell.
Variations of these shells made it possible to shift the standard gold colloidplasmon resonance peak from ~520 nm up to ~900 nm. There was a limit
however, of less than 40 nm on the size of nanoshell that they could achieve due to the chemistry of their synthesis reactions. The process also
produced large amounts of gold colloid as a secondary product which gave an additional absorption peak at ~520 nm. Halas and coworkers
synthesized a new type of gold nanoshell that overcame many of the limitations of the Au2S core type nanoshell. The new method replaced the Au2S
core with a silica core and made it possible to exert

Big Bang Theory Or A Big Fabrication
Adair Day
AP English IV
Mrs. Britt Collins
14 March 2016
Big Bang Theory or a Big Fabrication The concept of creation has boggled human's minds for centuries. Human nature has an intuitive sense of longing
for an answer to solve the unknown, and creation embodies the concept of unknown. In an effort to compile reason and scientific knowledge, an
explanation of the formation of the universe was formed and is widely known as The Big Bang Theory. The Big Bang Theory is considered, "...the
leading scientific explanation for the formation of the universe" (Howell). The Big Bang Theory articulates that before this event there was nothing;
and after it there was something. This suggestion to how the universe was created was originally born from the sighting that the surrounding galaxies
are moving away from our own at an immense speed as if they had been propelled by some force (Howell). The standard theory states that the entire
universe originated as a condensed, infinitely pressured, singularity, which defies the laws of today's understanding of physics. It is a misconception
this event occurred as an explosion; rather it resembled more of an expansion. At one moment there was nothing in existence and in the following, the
universe expanded as a balloon would, from a sub atomic particle, to all that it is today. This notion of how the universe was created, is nothing more
than a shot into the dark, literally, and holds no validity. At this exact moment there are roughly 100,000

A Brief History of Time Summary Essay
Theoretical Physics, a modern topic of science with an extremely deterring sound and famous for being beyond complex, is a subject which cannot be
explained with ease. Stephen Hawking, the most famous living scientist today, wrote A Brief History of Time in 1988, updated in 1996, in order to
take upon this daunting task of explaining basic theoretical physics to a population who had previously barely studied any science. Within A Brief
History of Time, Hawking touches upon seven topics in–depth while easily explaining them in a simple manner: our picture of the universe, space and
time, the expanding universe, the uncertainty principle, elementary particles and the forces of nature, black holes, and the origin and fate of the universe.
... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Thus, the ether was created. Albert Einstein proposed though that the ether was not needed, for objects do not have to be at absolute rest as long as
there was no absolute time. Thus, the theory of relativity was developed. In his discussion of light, Hawking cites that light is described by a cone.
The top of the cone represents the future path of light, the bottom half of the cone represents the past path of the light, while the central vertex
represents the actual light. In the third chapter, Hawking takes upon the continuous and accelerated expansion of the universe. In order to prove this,
he uses the "Doppler shift" which is almost identical to the Doppler Effect. In sound, the Doppler Effect creates an increasingly louder sound as the
event approaches us, and then as the event moves away the sound begins to dull. In light the same basis applies, but with a color shift. Blue shifting
and red shifting are the opposite effects of the "Doppler shift". When objects are moving away from us, their light is shifted in the red direction on the
electromagnetic spectrum. Inversely, as objects approach us; their light is shifted in the blue direction. Hawking uses this to prove the expansion of
the universe, for many stars found by Edwin Hubble, of whom the Hubble telescope is named after, are observed to be red shifted. Thus, Hawking
cites the

Statement Of Teaching Accomplishments And Philosophy
Statement of teaching accomplishments and philosophy by Shinsei Ryu Graduate supervising Current status overview Graduate students and graduate
education are large parts of my research activities, and naturally I spend a lot of time and put a lot of efforts for this. Starting from small initial
projects, I have been successful to make some students to get involved in real research activities. These students seem to find the projects I gave
interesting, and managed to find a way to get along with me. Right now, I am actively working with the following six UIUC graduate students:
Olabode Sule, Xueda Wen, Chang–Tse Hsieh, AtMa (Packon) Chan Apoorv Tiwari, Hassan Shapourian. In addition, one student, Po
–Yao Chang, has
just graduated, and moved to the Rutgers University for his new postdoctoral job. These students listed above finished and published a few research
papers with me or are preparing for a paper. Four students (Olabode Sule, Xueda Wen, Chang–Tse Hsieh, AtMa Chan) have finished their prelim, and
are currently working to finish their Ph.D programs in the coming years. There are also two exchange graduate students from Brazil and Sweden,
Pedro Lopes and Thomas Kvorning, who finished and have been finishing research papers with me. Thomas Kvorning spent three months in my group
in 2014, by making use of INSPIRE partnership of UIUC and Swedish institutions. In addition to these "core" students in my group, there are a couple
of more students who I am involved with. (They

Essay on States of Matter and How Matter Changes
Matter is defined as anything that occupies space and can be perceived by one or more senses; a physical body, a physical substance, or the universe
as a whole. There are four distinct states of matter: solids, liquids, gases, and plasma. There are other states of matter such as Bose–Einstein
condensates and neutron degenerate matter, but those states can only be found under extreme conditions.
These phases can go from one to another when affected by certain things, which is known as phase changes. To switch from asolid to a liquid, the solid
must melt. On the other hand, to switch from a liquid to a solid, freezing must occur. Furthermore, to switch from a liquid to a gas, a process known as
evaporation must take place. In contrast, to ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Solids have a definite volume and definite shape. The reason solids have a definite volume and shape is due to how closely packed the particles are
together. The forces between the particles are so strong that do not allow the particles to move freely but to vibrate. Examples of solids are wood,
bricks, and baseballs ("States of Matter"). One type of solid is crystalline solid. In a crystalline solid, the particles are in a repeating pattern. These
patterns are known as crystal lattice structures. There are many types of lattice structures which include: cubic, hexagonal, triclinic, monoclinic,
trigonal, orthorhombic, and tetragonal. An example of a crystalline solid is carbon. These solids have characteristics of geometrical shapes ("Properties
of Matter").
Another type of solid is an amorphous solid. These solids are formed when a liquid is suddenly cooled. An amorphous solid has no regular crystal
structure but does have definite volume and shape. Amorphous solids are classified as viscous, or slowly flowing, liquids. These solids do not have
sharp melting points. Also, amorphous solids have a wide range of melting points. Examples of amorphous solids are butter, plastic, rubber, and coal
("States of Matter").
Many outside forces may bend a solid out of its original shape. The ability of a solid to return to its original form after

Anisotropy And 3D-4F Magnetic Exchange Interactions

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