Student Book Module 3

English
Students Book
For Lao Government Officials
Module 3
StudentsBook|MODULE3
Research Institute for Educational Sciences/Laos Australia Institute
Setthathirath Road, XiengnheunVillage,
Chanthaboury District,
Vientiane, Laos
Tel & Fax: +856 21 213161
www.moe.gov.la/ries/
ertneCecruoseRsegaugnaLngieroFehtybdepolevedsaweludomsihT
and the Laos Australia Institute for the Ministry of Education and Sports
English for Lao Government Officials is supported by the Australian Government

English
For
Lao Government Officials
Module 3
Students Book

Contents
Contributors................................................................................................................. i
Module 3 course overview........................................................................................... i
Unit 1 A visiting delegation......................................................................................... 1
Unit 2 Food and drink............................................................................................... 14
Unit 3 Hosting an event............................................................................................ 24
Unit 4 Modern Lao.................................................................................................... 33
Unit 5 Crime and law................................................................................................ 42
Unit 6 Names around the world................................................................................ 54
Unit 7 Money............................................................................................................ 67
Unit 8 Globalisation .................................................................................................. 77
Unit 9 United Nations and its agencies..................................................................... 87
Unit 10 ASEAN then and now .................................................................................. 99
Unit 11 ASEAN Economic Community................................................................... 111
Unit 12 Transport ................................................................................................... 120
Unit 13 Written communication today..................................................................... 131
Unit 14 Using the internet....................................................................................... 141
Unit 15 Pronunciation............................................................................................. 152
Abbreviations ......................................................................................................... 162
List of positions / jobs............................................................................................. 163
List of workplaces................................................................................................... 164
Words used in instructions ..................................................................................... 166
Vocabulary ............................................................................................................. 167
Irregular verbs ........................................................................................................ 188

Contributors
The Lao Australia Institute (LAI) would like to acknowledge the contributions of the many
people who made possible the development, writing and publication of English for
Government Officials curriculum materials.
The curriculum, materials development and training team
David Hagan - Adviser
Julie Wallis - Adviser
Khamkheuane Vannasouk – Senior project consultant – ELT specialist, formerly MoES
Ladomchanh Khantry – Director LICELT/LANS Head teacher, NUOL.
Viengkham Phonpaseuth – ELT training specialist –RIES MoES
Vongdeuane Osay - Senior lecturer, NUOL
Layout and graphic design team
Chaleunsak Khamsakpasit
Souksakhone Phongoudom
Keryang Liamorkamar
Khonesavanh Chanthavixay
Thanks to the following people for making the audio materials
Anita Vannasouk
Chanthajorn Chanthapanya
David Hagan
Julie Wallis
Jurgen Treue
Kieran Sandom
Viengkham Phonepraseuth
Khamkeuane Vannasouk
Ladomchanh Khantry
Percy Aaron
Somxay Inthasone
Vongdeuane Osay
Manoly Dongvanh
Digital recording and mastering
Anysay Keola – New Wave Studios, Vientiane
We wish to acknowledge the work of the original design team for the first edition of English
for Lao Government Officials and English for ASEAN curriculum materials, first published
2001, upon which this new version is based.
The program was funded by the Australian Government, Department of Foreign Affairs and
Trade (DFAT) and implemented as a component of the Lao Australia Institute (LAI)
http://www.laosaustraliainstitute.org
Edited by:
Dr. Bouasavanh Keovilay
Dr. Thouankham Soukchaleun
Khamphanh Pimsipasom
Viengkham Phonepraseuth
Bill Louangkhot

iv
Module3courseoverview
TopicLanguageFocusVocabularySkills
Unit1
Avisiting
delegation
Presentperfectcontinuoustenses
Reviseinterestedin
Pronunciation:wordstress
Healthfacilities
LaoHistory
Readingandspeaking:aboutanitinerary
Semi-formalspeechofwelcomeintheworkplace
Reading:ThepoliticsandrelationsofLaneXang,
1354–1707
Speaking:dates&timeperiods
Unit2
Foodanddrink
Revisesimplepresenttense
Informalconversationroutines
Informalinvitations
Foodanddrink
ColonialLaos
Speaking:aboutfoodanddrinkpreferencesand
routines
Writing:simplenarrativeaboutfoodpreferences
Listening:conversationsatabusinessor
conferencelunch
Reading:TheSpiceTradeandColonialLaos
Unit3
Hostingan
event
Givingadvice:Should,oughtto,ifI
wereyou,I’d…
Formalandinformaltelephoneroutines
DietaryrequirementsReading:simpleemail,scanninginternetfor
specificinformation
Speaking:givingadvice,usefultelephone
expressions,informalinvitation
Listening:checkingbookingsbyphone
Unit4
ModernLaos
Pastsimplepassive
Ididn’tknowthat……didyou?Yes,I
did.No,Ididn’t
PresentdayLaos:statistics
andinformation
Laopoliticalsystem
Reading:ModernLaos
Speaking:aboutLaostoday&challengesinthe
future
Writing:challengesforLaosin21st
century
Unit5
Crimeandlaw
Presentpassive
Connectivestoaddinformation
Crimeandjustice
Humantrafficking
Reading:Crimeandcriminaljustice
Listening:Humantrafficking
Speaking:Crimeandjustice
Writing:Groupwritingoncrime/justicerelated
topic

iv
Unit6
Namesaround
theworld
Topicsentencesandparagraphstructure
Foreignfirstandfamilynames
Prefixesandsuffixes
Wordformation
Internationalculture&
customsofnames
Reading:Namesaroundtheworld
Speaking:NamesinLaos
Listening:Top10namesinUSAin2014,parents
choosinganame,commonnamesinEnglish
Writing:mainideasinparagraphs
Unit7
Money
Borrow,lend,loanMoney&currency
Proverbsaboutmoney
WorldBank
InternationalDevelopment
Association
Reading:Money
Speaking:sayings&proverbsaboutmoney
Reading:TheWoldBank,infographics
Writing:aboutIDAassistance.Writingextended
texts
Unit8
Globalisation
Sequencing:firstly,secondly,also,
finally
Internationalorganisations
resultingfromglobal
needs
Reading:Globalisation,scanningformainideas
Listening:toapresentationformainideas
WritingandSpeaking:introductiontoa
presentation
Speaking:givingopinionsaboutaspectsof
globalisation
Unit9
UnitedNations
anditsagencies
HistoricalanddescriptivetextsTheUNinhistorical
perspectives.
UNAgencies–acronyms
andcorebusiness.
Reading:TheUnitedNationsandagencies
SpeakingandWriting:UNPeacekeeping
Researchandspeaking:shortpresentationabout
UNworkinLaosorUNagency
Listening:presentations
Unit10
ASEANthen
andnow
Present&presentperfecttensesintextsASEANhistory,treaties
anddevelopments
Countriesandcapitalsin
ASEAN
Opportunitiesandchallenges
Reading:TheAssociationofSoutheastAsian
NationsandASEANdevelopments
Speaking:ASEAN–whatdoyouknow?
Writing:Benefitsandissues
Listening:WorldTradeOrganisation
Unit11
ASEAN
Economic
Community
Conjunctions:while,for,though,
although,aswellas
Pronunciation:wordstressinword
familiese.g.economy,economic
AEC
FreeTradeArea
Tradeagreements
WorldTradeOrganisation
Reading:ASEANEconomicCommunity
Speaking:abouttables&graphs
Writing:AECadvantages&disadvantagesforLao
Listening:WorldTradeOrganisation

iv
Unit12
Transport
FixedPhrases&collocations
Contrast&comparison
Contrastconnectives
Main&supportingideasinparagraphs
Transport:cycling,driving
Synonymswithintexts
Writing:Connectivesandphrasesintexts
Reading:BicyclesforCityTransportation
Writing:Connectorsandwordsandphrasesthat
signalcontrasts
Unit13
Written
Communication
Today
Formal,neutral,informalwritten
expressions
Mobilephones:texting,
textspeak,“smileys”
Reading:mobilephonetexts&emails
Writing:emails
Writing:editingyourwriting
Unit14
Usingthe
internetfor
research
SpecialisedUnit
Unit15
Pronunciation
SpecialisedUnit

English for Lao Government Ofﬁcials Module 3 1
Unit 1 A visiting delegation
1 English for Lao Government Officials Module 3
In this unit you will:
 Practice a semi-formal welcome to a workplace
 Read an itinerary for a group of officials visiting Vientiane
 Revise the present simple and future tenses
 Read about the Kingdom of Lane Xang
Language Focus:
 Present perfect continuous tense
 Talk about interests and hobbies using interested in
 Paragraph writing
Vocabulary
alliance ພັນທະມິດ monarch ລາຊາ, ເຈົ້າຊີວິດ
austere ເຂັົ້ມງວດ neuro-surgery unit ພະແນກຜ່າຕັດສະໝອງ
battle ການສົ້ຮບ paediatric unit ພະແນກເດັກ
cardiology unit ພະແນກຫວໃຈ political borders ຂອບເຂດແດນການປກຄອງ
dynasty ລາດຊະວງ map ແຜນທີ່
epic ທີ່ ຍິ່ງໄຫຍ່, ຍາວນານ prevent ຫີກເວັົ້ນ
exile ເນລະເທດ rival ຄ່ແຂ່ງ
expand ຂະຫຍາຍ seize ຍຶດຄອງ
expansionist ການແຜ່ຂະຫຍາຍ sphere ຂອບເຂດ
facility ສິ່ ງອ ໍານວຍຄວາມສະດວກ strengthen ເຮັດໃຫົ້ແໜົ້ນແຟົ້ນ
heir ຜົ້ສືບທອດ strife ການຂັດແຍ່ງ
immunisation unit ພະແນກພມຄົ້ມກ ັນ succession ການສືບທອດ
intermarriage ການແຕ່ງດອງລະຫວ່າງຄນ
ຕ່າງເຊືົ້ອຊາດ
surgery
ພະແນກຜ່າຕັດ
kidnap ລັກພາຕວ threaten ຂ່ມຂ່
power vacuum ອ ໍານາດ (ການປກຄອງ)
ທີ່ ເປ່າຫວ່າງ
Unit 1: A visiting delegation

English for Lao Government Ofﬁcials Module 32
Pre-listening
Maly works for the Ministry of Health in Vientiane and is on her way to welcome a group
from the Philippines.
1. Have you ever welcomed visitors to your office or department?
2. Have you ever show people around your ministry or provincial offices?
3. Check with your class about what happens with English speaking visitors or visiting
delegations and groups in different workplaces.
Listening
a) Fill in the gaps.
A group of government officials from the Philippines is visiting Maly’s workplace. Her
director has asked her to meet them, show them around the offices and departments then at
10.00 a.m. take them to the main meeting room where they will be formally welcomed and
morning tea will be served.
Maly: Good morning everyone and welcome (1) __________ the Ministry of Health. My
name’s Maly Singtavong. (2)__________been working at the Ministry of Health in
(3) __________ External Relations Unit since 2011. My (4) __________ position
is External Relations Officer. It’s a pleasure (5) __________ have you here (6)
__________ the Philippines.
This morning I’m going to show you (7)__________ our departments and explain
the (8) __________parts of the work (9) __________ the Ministry of Health. The
tour of (10) __________offices will take about 45 minutes and at 10 o’clock, the
Deputy Minister of Health (11) __________ welcome you and morning tea
will(12) __________ served.
Now, if you (13) __________ follow me please…
Useful phrases:
a) First listen.
Good morning everyone and welcome to … afternoon / evening
It’s a pleasure to have you here from the Philippines. Myanmar / Indonesia / Singapore
The tour of our offices will take about … the facility / buildings
If you would follow me please. Please wait here for a minute. /
Would you mind waiting here please?
b) Practice saying the phrases to your partner. Substitute the words on the right with the
words in italics.

Speaking
Where do you work? What is your position? Your teacher will build up a list on the board.
Prepare a short welcome address for a group visiting your workplace like the one Maly
gave. Practice with your group and your class.
1. Greet
2. Introduce yourself and say where you work and your position.
3. Say how happy you are to welcome the delegation to your workplace.
4. Explain what is going to happen.
Grammar
I have been working at the Ministry of Health since 2011.
Say some true sentences about yourself to your partner using the present perfect continuous
I’ve been working here since 2011.
I’ve been learning English for 5 years.
I’ve been living in Vientiane since I finished University.
Use the table below to make questions to ask your partner. For example:
How long have you been living in Vientiane? For three years.
How long have you been waiting for the email Since 9.30 this morning
How long have you been living
working
learning
studying
playing
waiting
playing
in Vientiane?
for the letter?
English?
football?
the guitar?
Possible answers:
since October last year. since a point in time
for almost an hour. for a period of time

Present Perfect Continuous
Positive
I
You
We
They
have been working hard
since November.
living in Pakse for 3
yearsHe
She
has
Negative
I
You
We
They
have not been doing much
exercise lately
He
She
has
Questions with question words
What
What courses
have you
they
been studying?
working on?
has he
she
Yes/No questions
Have you
they
been travelling in China?
in Japan?
Has he
she
Internet listening
Listen to the explanation of when to use the present perfect continuous. The clip also
explains some differences between the present perfect and the present perfect continuous.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UDCB8bIcudM
Stop the clip to make notes and copy the example sentences.
If you want more examples and explanations about the present perfect and present perfect
continuous go to:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kLxnRQZrhc0
Contractions:
I’ve
you’ve
we’ve
they’ve
he’s
she’s
Answers:
Yes, I have/No, I haven’t
Yes we have/No we haven’t
Yes, they have/No, they haven’t
Yes, he has/No, he hasn’t
Yes, she has/No, she hasn’t
Contractions:
I haven’t
you haven’t
we haven’t
they haven’t
he hasn’t
she hasn’t
The past participle of ‘be’
(been) is used as an auxiliary
verb.
The present –ing participle is
used for all verbs since a point
in time for a period of time

Pre-reading
a) Before you read the itinerary for the Filipino delegation’s visit, match the English and
Lao words about hospitals.
1. ____ Immunisation Unit a. ພະແນກຜ່າຕັດ
2. ____ Surgery b. ພະແນກເດັກ
3. ____ Neuro-surgery Unit c. ພະແນກຫວໃຈ
4. ____ Cardiology Unit d. ພະແນກພມຄົ້ມກ ັນ
5. ____ Paediatric Unit e. ສິ່ ງອ ໍານວຍຄວາມສະດວກ
6. ____ facility f. ພະແນກຜ່າຕັດສະໝອງ
b) Listen to the words above and mark the stress. The first one is done for you.
Speaking
Brainstorm
Have you ever written an itinerary or followed one? Tell the class.
Delegation of officers from Ministry of Health in Philippines to Lao PDR
Itinerary for Vientiane visit
Sunday 1 November Arrive Wattay Airport at 2.30 pm. Pick up in minivan.
Take to Lao Plaza Hotel. Ensure delegation checks in.
Buffet dinner and breakfast is provided by the Hotel
Monday 2 November 8.30 am Pick up from Lao Plaza Hotel in minivan
9.00 am Arrive at Ministry of Health, met by Ms
Maly
9.00 – 10 am Short tour of Ministry guided by Ms Maly
10.00 am Official Welcome by Deputy Minister of
Health. Morning Tea.
11.00 am Pick up delegation from Ministry
11.30 am Arrive at Paediatric Unit at Mahasot
Hospital for a tour of the facility

12.30 pm – 1.45 pm LUNCH at Riverside Restaurant
2.00 –3.30 pm Tour of Cardiology Unit at Mahasot
Hospital
3.45 pm Pick up from Mahasot Hospital and take
to Lao Plaza
Tuesday 3 November 8.00 am Pick up from Lao Plaza Hotel and take to
Sethathirath Hospital
9.15 am Arrive at Sethathirat Hospital. Tour of the
facility with a focus on the Neuro-surgery
Unit
11.30 am Pick up from Sethathirath take to lunch
12.00 noon – 1.30pm LUNCH at Riverside Restaurant
1.30 pm Pick up from lunch take to Ministry
2.30 pm Meeting at Ministry with the
Immunisation Unit
4.30 pm Pick up from Ministry and take to Lao
Plaza Hotel
6.30 pm Official dinner at Lao Plaza Hotel in the
private dining room
Wednesday 4 November 6.30 am Pick up from Lao Plaza Hotel to Wattay
9.10 am Flight departs for Manila
Speaking practice:
a) Speak about the itinerary to your partner.
e.g: At 10.30 am on Monday, the delegation’s having morning tea…
On Tuesday morning, the delegation’s going on a short tour around Vientiane.
b) Ask your partner some questions about the itinerary:
What’s the delegation doing on Tuesday morning?
They’re going to Sethathirath Hospital.
Where’s the Filipino delegation going at 2.00 pm on Tuesday?
For a tour of the Cardiology Unit at Mahasot Hospital
Where’s the official dinner on Tuesday evening?
At the Lao Plaza Hotel.

Listening
Listen to a short conversation between Ms Maly and Mr Joseph Fernandez from the Filipino
delegation. Mr Fernandez is asking about the Kingdom of Lane Xang.
First just listen and then listen and fill in the blanks
Joseph: I see you have a Lane Xang (1) ________ in Vientiane and there’s a Lane Xang
Hotel. Laos was known as the Kingdom of Lane Xang, is that (2) __________?
Maly: Yes, (3) __________ right, from mid-1300s to the 1700s. It was a very (4)
____________ time in history. There are strong historical links between the
Kingdom of Lane Xang and our (5) __________ countries, Thailand, Myanmar
and Cambodia.
Joseph: Really. That sounds interesting. I’m interested in history. (6) __________ like to
know more about that.
Maly: Yes, it was a very interesting (7) __________ on our history.
Speaking
Mr Fernandez from the Filipino delegation is interested in Lao history. Ask your partner
questions using interested in. Look at the possible questions and answers.
Check questions and answers with your class.
Questions Possible answers
Are you interested in
history?
Lao history?
Lane Xang’s golden age?
current affairs?
learning new things?
cooking?
playing video games?
new technologies?
sport?
Yes, very interested. I often …
Yes, I am. I usually …
No, not really. I never…
No, I’m not.
No, I’m not but ……
Writing
Write a paragraph about your partner and his or her interests. Check your writing with your
partner. Report back to the class about your partner.
Example: Alongone has quite a lot of interests. He’s interested in current affairs and usually
watches Lao news every day and sometimes Thai or the BBC news on TV. He’s also very
interested in football and always watches soccer if he has the time including watching his son
who plays in a local soccer team. Additionally, he’s been playing chess with his next door
neighbour since he was a child and he tries to make time to have a game or two at least once
a month.

Reading
Pre-Reading
1. Look at the map below and identify the kingdoms of Southeast Asia about 1400.
2. What you know about the Kingdom of Lane Xang and the other kingdoms bordering it?
3. Write a list of any kings you know during the Lane Xang period.
Vocabulary
a) Find the words in the text and underline them then match the vocabulary with the
translation. The first one is done for you.
1. spheres of influence (n) ___c___ a) ມໍລະດກ
2. strife (n) _______ b) ການແຜ່ຂະຫຍາຍ
3. legacy (n) _______ c) ເຂດອິທິພນ
4. epic battle _______ d) ເຄັ່ງຄັດ
5. intermarriage (n) _______ e) ການຂັດແຍ່ງ
6. dynasty (n) _______ f) ພັນທະມິດ
7. expansionist (adj) _______ g) ອ ໍານາດ (ການປກຄອງ) ທີ່ ເປ່າຫວ່າງ
8. to threaten _______ h) ລາດຊະວງ
9. alliance (n) _______ i) ການສືບຕະກນ
10 austere (adj) _______ j) ການສົ້ຮບຄັົ້ງຍິ່ງໃຫຍ່
b) Now listen to the pronunciation and repeat

Map of Southeast Asia, circa 1400
Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lane_Xang
Green: LaneXang
Purple: LanNa
Orange: Sukhothai Kingdom
Blue Violet: Ayutthaya Kingdom
Red: Khmer Empire
Yellow: Champa
Blue: Dai Viet

Reading
The politics and relations of Lane Xang, 1354 – 1707
1. During the time of the Lane Xang kingdom, from 1354 to 1707, there were no borders
between states as there are today. In fact, there were no states or countries, as we know
them today. Spheres of influence and power changed significantly over time as wars
were won and lost, or as strong rulers died and kingdoms fell into strife and division.
2. The map shows the various kingdoms of Southeast Asia around the year 1400. The
early years of Lane Xang in the 14th
century was a time of change, as the great Khmer
Kingdom to the south, lost power and fell into war and disunity. This saw the rise of the
kingdom of Ayudhya, as it expanded eastwards and southwards. Fa Ngum returned
from exile in the Khmer Kingdom with his Khmer wife and an army of 10,000 to
secure his lost legacy. By the time he made it as far north as Vientiane, his army had
grown to 50,000 men. He took Vientiane in an epic battle and replaced his uncle,
thereby creating the new kingdom of Lane Xang Hom Khao(The Kingdom of a Million
Elephants under a White Parasol).
3. Intermarriage between royal families of neighbouring dynasties was common and was
an effective way of maintaining good relations between rival kingdoms. Samsenthai,
for instance, took wives from the kingdoms of Ayudhya to the south and LanNa to the
north-west, thus helping to ensure peaceful alliances. Sethathirat married a princess
from Lan Na and was due to marry a princess from the Kingdom of Ayudhya, but
Burmese soldiers kidnapped her en route to Lane Xang. This strengthened the
relationship between Ayudhya and Lane Xang against the expansionist Burmese
kingdom.
4. Over time, other regions became stronger and threatened the lands and people of nearby
kingdoms. Lane Xang came under attack at various times in its history. In the late 15th
century, the Vietnamese Le dynasty briefly occupied Lane Xang. In the late 16th
century, after the death of King Sethathirat at the age of 38, Lane Xang was under
Burmese control for eighteen years. The reign of King Sourigna Vongsa (1637-1694), a
strong, austere and lawful monarch, saw Lane Xang reclaim its former power and enjoy
what was called Lane Xang’s Golden Age.
5. Often, however, the greatest threat to a kingdom came from within. The death of a
strong leader without a rightful heir left a power vacuum, which rival noble families
fought to fill. Securing a peaceful succession was often the greatest challenge. The
death of Samsenthai in 1417 led to years of strife as powerful families fought to
succeed him. Likewise, the death of Phothisarat in 1548 meant that Sethathirat had to
rush back from Lan Na, in order to prevent his rival brothers from seizing power in
Lane Xang. The death of SourignaVongsa in 1694 without a rightful heir marked the
end of the Kingdom of Lane Xang. By 1707, Lane Xang was divided into three separate
kingdoms: Luang Prabang, Vientiane, and Champasak.

Reading Comprehension
a) Match the headings below with the paragraph number. The first one is done for you.
1. ___2___ The establishment of Lane Xang
2. _______ The problem of succession
3. _______ Lane Xang threatened
4. _______ Intermarriage between kingdoms
5. _______ Geo-politics in the time of Lane Xang
b) Read the text and find answers to the questions below.
1. When was the time of the Lane Xang Kingdom?
2. What did Fa Ngum call his new kingdom?
3. What was an effective way of maintaining good relations between rival kingdoms?
4. Which dynasty attacked Lane Xang in the late 15th century?
5. What happened to Lane Xang after the death of Sethathirath?
6. Which king is described as austere and lawful?
7. What has King Sourigna Vongsa’s reign become known as?
c) Read the text and decide whether the following statements are true or false.
___T___When strong rulers died, kingdoms often fell into strife and disunity.
_______There was little change in Southeast Asia in the 14th century.
_______Fa Ngum had a Burmese wife.
_______Fa Ngum replaced his uncle after an epic battle near Vientiane.
_______Lane Xang never came under attack from other kingdoms.
_______The Golden Age of Lane Xang was during the reign of Sethathirath.
_______Securing a peaceful succession was not easy.
Speaking
a) Listen to how to say the dates, years and time periods in the reading and then practice
with your partner
 The kingdom of Lane Xang was from 1354 to 1707.
 King Sourigna Vongsa (1637 – 1694) was a strong, austere and lawful monarch.
 King Samsenthai died in 1417.
 By 1707, Lane Xang was divided into three separate kingdoms.
 In the late 1600s, the Vietnamese briefly occupied Lane Xang.
 In the late 1700s, Lane Xang was under Burmese control for 18 years.

b) Talk to your partner about Laos by using the following:
In the 1960s During the 1980s
In the middle of the 19th
century 1 December
In 1975 23 August
Vocabulary
a) Write the correct word in each sentence. The Lao translation is in the brackets.
1. Sourigna Vongsa died with no rightful _________________________. (ຜົ້ສືບທອດ)
2. Lane Xang and Ayudhya formed an ________________________. (ພັນທະມິດ)
3. Kings would often exile their _________________________. (ຄ່ແຂ່ງ)
4. The Kingdom of Ayudhya ________________________ throughout the 16th
century.
(ຂະຫຍາຍ)
5. Fa Ngum won an epic ____________________ outside Vientiane. (ການສົ້ຮບ)
6. The _____________ shows Southeast Asia in 1400. (ແຜນທີ່ )
7. There were no __________________________________ as there are today.
(ຊາຍແດນ)
8. Samsenthai took a wife from the Ayudhya ______________________ . (ລາດຊະວງ)
9. The death of a strong monarch left a ________________________________ that rival
families fought to fill. (ອ ໍານາດໃນສນອາກາດ)
10. Intermarriage ___________________________ ties between kingdoms.
(ເຮັດໃຫົ້ແໜົ້ນແຟົ້ນ)
Internet Research
If you want to find out more about Lao history, you can search on the internet. Go to one of
these websites or search for yourself. Report back to the class with 3 things you found about
the history of Laos, Vientiane or your province.
http://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-pacific-15355605
https://www.princeton.edu/~achaney/tmve/wiki100k/docs/History_of_Laos.html
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Laos

Vocabulary in context
alliance noun ພັນທະມິດ Lane Xang and Ayudhya formed an alliance.
austere adj ເຂັົ້ມງວດ King Sourigna Vongsa was a strong, austere
and lawful monarch.
battle noun ການສົ້ຮບ Fa Ngum won an epic battle outside
Vientiane.
dynasty noun ລາດຊະວງ Samsenthai took a wife from the Ayudhya
dynasty.
epic adj ທີ່ ຍິ່ງໄຫຍ່,
ຍາວນານ
Fa Ngum defeated his uncle in an epic battle.
exile noun ເນລະເທດ As a child, Fa Ngum was exiled to the
Khmer Kingdom.
expand verb ຂະຫຍາຍ The Kingdom of Ayudhya expanded
throughout the 16th
century.
expansionist adj ການແຜ່ຂະຫຍາຍ Sethathirath fought the expansionist
Burmese empire.
heir noun ຜົ້ສືບທອດ Sourigna Vongsa died with no rightful heir.
intermarriage noun ການແຕ່ງດອງ
ລະຫວ່າງຄນ
ຕ່າງເຊືົ້ອຊາດ
Intermarriage between ruling families was
common.
kidnap verb ລັກພາຕວ Burmese soldiers kidnapped Princess
Tepkasatri on her way to marry Sethathirat.
map noun ແຜນທີ່ The map shows Southeast Asia in 1400.
monarch noun ລາຊາ, ເຈົ້າຊີວິດ Sourigna Vongsa was the last great monarch
of the Lane Xang kingdom.
political
borders
noun ຂອບເຂດແດນ
ການປກຄອງ
There were no political borders on maps as
there are today.
power vacuum noun ອ ໍານາດ (ການປກ
ຄອງ) ທີ່ ເປ່ າຫວ່າງ
The death of a strong monarch left a power
vacuum that rival families fought to fill.
prevent verb ຫີກເວັົ້ນ Sethathirat rushed back to Luang Prabang to
prevent his brother seizing power.
rival adj ຄ່ແຂ່ງ Kings would often banish their rivals.
seize verb ຍຶດຄອງ The Burmese seized control of Lane Xang
after Sethathirath’s death.
sphere noun ຂອບເຂດ The spheres of influence of different
kingdoms changed over time.
strengthen verb ເຮັດໃຫົ້ແໜົ້ນ
ແຟົ້ນ
Intermarriage strengthened ties between
kingdoms.
strife noun ການຂັດແຍ່ງ Strife between neighbouring kingdoms was
common throughout history.
succession noun ການສືບທອດ Wars often broke out over the succession of
a king.
threaten verb ຂ່ມຂ່ Luang Prabang was threatened by the Haw
invaders in the 19th
century.

Unit 2 Food and drink
In this unit you will
 Revise everyday expressions and vocabulary about food and drink
 Practice the present simple tense talking about food habits
 Listen to and practice casual conversations and invitations
 Read about colonial Laos
Language Focus:
 Phrases to give, accept and refuse casual invitations
 Express food likes and dislikes
Vocabulary
beef ຊິົ້ນງວ mushroom ເຫັດ
broccoli ຜັກກະຫ ໍ່າປີດອກຂຽວ mussels ຫອຍກີົ້
calamari ປາໝຶກ onions ຜັກບ່ວແຫົ້ງ
catfish ປາດກ orange ໝາກກົ້ຽງ
chicken ໄກ່ pineapple ໝາກນັດ
goat ແບົ້ pork ຊິົ້ນໝ
lamb ເນືົ້ອແກະ potato ມ ັນຝະລັ່ງ
lettuce ຜັກສະລັດ poultry ສັດປີກ
mango ໝາກມ່ວງ prawns ກົ້ງ
meat ຊິົ້ນ tuna ປາທນາ
turkey ໄກ່ງວງ
Unit 2: Food and drink

Vocabulary
a) Match the pictures with the words
__1__plate _____fork _____ knives _____bowl of noodles
_____chicken ____ chopsticks _____ glasses _____ pizza
_____spoon _____hamburger _____ bowl
_____sandwich _____cup & saucer _____bread/baguette
12
1 2 3 4
5
6 7 8
9
10 11
13
14

b) Put the words under the correct heading
tuna chicken lettuce mushroom pineapple beef pork
mango potato goat broccoli mussels prawns turkey
lamb calamari catfish onions orange
Vegetables Fruit Meat and poultry Fish and seafood
tuna
c) Work with your partner to think of more foods to add to the lists
Speaking
a) Complete the questions and then match them to the correct answers listed below. The
first example has been done for you.
e.g: What did you have for breakfast?
A noodle soup and some fruits.
1. What _______of food do you like?
2. _________your favourite food?
3. Do you ________ pizza?
4. Do you ________ eat in restaurants?
5. ________you a vegetarian?
6. Have you ever ________ Japanese food?
7. Do you ________ cook for your family?
a. Yes, I have.
b. I like French food the best.
c. No, I’m not.
d. Vegetables, probably.
e. No, my sister does most of it.
f. No, I don’t.
g. Yes, sometimes.

b) Ask your partner the questions above. Take turns to ask and answer.
c) Make more questions to ask your partner using the vocabulary in the box
spicy food? French food? sweets? alcohol? seafood?
special diet? bread? Korean food? breakfast? lunch?
d) Can you think of more questions to ask about food? Find out as much as you can about
your partner and make some notes.
Example: Keo likes fruit
doesn’t cook
Lao & French food
western breakfast
no restaurants
juice & coffee
e) Tell the class about your partner, speaking from your notes. For example:
Keo’s favourite food is fruit. She likes all kinds of fruit. She doesn’t like cooking. The main
cook in her family is her mother-in-law. Keo’s mother-in-law is a very good cook and cooks
Lao and French food. Keo’s family often has a western-style breakfast of eggs and bread.
Keo and her family don’t go to restaurants very often. Keo doesn’t drink alcohol. Her
favourite drinks are orange juice and Lao coffee.
Writing
Write a paragraph about the food and drink habits of your family. Use the paragraph about
Keo for some ideas. Give it to your partner to read. Discuss any corrections with your
partner, group or class.
Listening

a) Look at the picture and think of what these people at a conference lunch might be saying
to each other.
b) Listen to the 4 short conversations and write down the topic of each conversation:
1. _____________________________________
2. _____________________________________
3. ______________________________________
4. ______________________________________
c) Listen to the short dialogues a few times and work with your partner to re-construct and
practice them.
Informal invitations
When you meet people at conferences you might receive and give invitations to your fellow
participants. What might you be invited to?
Listen to the 3 dialogues and fill in the missing words.
A
Jose: We’ve got the evenings (1) ________while we are in Singapore. Have you got
any (2) ________ ?
Harold: There is a very good seafood (3) ________ I want to try just around the (4)
________ from here. I thought I (5) ________ go there tomorrow night. Would
you (6) ________to come?
Jose: That sounds good. (7) ________ like to. Will I be able to (8)________ the chilli
crab that Singapore is famous (9) ________ ?
Harold: Yes, I (10)________ so.
B
Hong: We’re going to the (1)________ down on the ground floor (2)________ the last
session today. Feel (4)________ joining us for a drink?
Sally: Oh I’d love to but I’m (5)________ I can’t. I have (6) ________other plans.
Hong: Never (7)________. Next time. (8)________ a nice night.
C
Amrita: We are meeting in the (1) ________ before breakfast to go for a (2) ________ in
the park across the road. You should (3) ________us.
Tony: Thanks for the (4) ________ but I’ve got to make some (5) ________ early in the
morning. Are you going ________ Wednesday as well?
Amrita: I certainly will be. Come (6) ________. See you in the foyer at 6.30.
Tony: I’ll be (7)________.

Speaking
Practice using the invitation phrases with your partner. Use the expressions on the right to
accept or refuse the invitations.
Informal invitations:
Would you like to join us for lunch?
Feel like having a drink in the bar at 5
o’clock?
Come along to dinner with us.
You should join us for breakfast.
Would you like to join us for a coffee?
Feel like having lunch at the new café
next door?
Come along shopping with us.
You should join us for a few drinks.
Accept:
I’d love to. / I’d love to have lunch.
Yes, I’ll be there. Thanks for inviting me.
Sounds good. What time?
Thanks, I’ll be there at 7.30
Refuse:
Thanks for the offer but I have it already
I’d love to but I’m afraid I can’t just now.
Sorry, I’ve made other arrangements.
I’d like to but I have already made adinner plan.
Sorry, maybe next time. I’ve got a meeting in a
few minutes.
Reading
Pre-reading
The Spice Trade and Colonial Laos
1. Can you name any spices (ເຄື່ອງເທດ) in English?
2. What spices can you see in the picture?
3. What do you know about colonial Laos?

Vocabulary
Match the vocabulary in the reading with the translation. The first one is done for you. Then
listen and repeat.
1. explorers (n pl) ___g___ a) ທີ່ ໃຫົ້ກ ໍາໄລງາມ
2. monopoly (n) _______ b) ການເດີນທາງ
3. lucrative (adj) _______ c) ຫວເມືອງຂຶົ້ນ
4. crops (n pl) _______ d) ບກຄນທີ່ ສ ໍາຄັນທີ່ ສດ
5. alternative (n) _______ e) ທາງເລືອກ
6. voyage (n) _______ f) ພືດ
7. navigable (adj) _______ g) ຜົ້ສ ໍາຫລວດ
8. colony (n) _______ h) ການຜກຂາດ
9. buffer (n) _______ i) ຜົ້ນ ໍາໃນນາມຊື່ໆ
10. to renegotiate _______ j) ທີ່ ໃຊົ້ເດີນເຮືອໄດົ້
11. elite (adj) _______ k) ກັນຊນ
12. figurehead (n) _______ l) ເຈລະຈາອີກເທື່ ອໃໝ່
Reading
The Spice Trade and Colonial Laos
1. Trade, particularly in spices, brought European explorers to Southeast Asia in the 16th
century. The Portuguese first and followed by the Dutch claimed the Moluccas (Spice
Islands) in an effort to secure a monopoly in the lucrative trade. Spices such as nutmeg,
cloves and black pepper were very valuable in Europe. In fact, black pepper was so
precious in Europe at that time that it was sometimes sold by the grain.
2. Trade however, is a two-way street, and the Spanish and Portuguese introduced some
valuable crops from the Americas to Southeast Asia. Nowadays the chilli is a very
important part of Southeast Asian cuisine, yet it only arrived with European traders in
the 16th
century. Other fruits, such as pineapple, pumpkin, the cashew and even the
Frangipani tree (dok champa) were also native to South America and brought to
Southeast Asia at around the same time.
3. By the 19th
century, the French had become interested in finding a possible means of
sailing up the Mekong River to China, thereby securing a faster alternative to the
overland trade route linking China with Europe. Along with Cambodia and Vietnam,
Laos became part of French Indochina in the late 19th
century. Initial voyages showed
that the Mekong River was not navigable due to the Khon Phapheng Waterfall.

4. The French took Laos as a colony, mainly as a buffer protecting its interests in Vietnam
from the British controlled territories of India and Burma. French-trained Vietnamese
civil servants were brought in to run the administration, and made up the majority of the
population in the main towns. The French renegotiated the modern border with Siam in
a treaty of 1907, recovering lands west of the Mekong including parts of Luang Prabang
province and Sayaboury province.
5. Opium and forest products such as stick lac were the main traded products. The French
used the local method of forced labour (corvée) to harvest the opium. Local men had to
work for a certain period each year and for the remainder of the year, they were free to
farm their rice and hunt wild animals in the forest.
6. The French selected a small group of Lao elites for training and some primary and
secondary schools were established in the main towns. Some elites were sent to France
for University education. The colonial power supported and advised the King as the
figurehead of the Lao State. After defeated by the Vietnamese at Dien Bien Phu in
1954, the French withdrew from Indochina.
Reading comprehension
a) What is the paragraph about? Match the headings below with the paragraph number.
The first one is done for you.
1. ____5___ Traded products and forced labour
2. ________ Europeans come for spices
3. ________ Colonial education and French withdrawal
4. ________ Introduction of crops from Europe to Southeast Asia
5. ________ Colonial administration and the modern border
6. ________ No river route to China
1. What brought European explorers to Southeast Asia in the 16th
century?
2. Name three valuable spices.
3. Which famous crop was introduced to Southeast Asia from South America in the
16th
century?
4. When did Laos become part of French Indochina?
5. Why did the French try to sail up the Mekong River in the 19th
century?
6. When was the modern border of Laos negotiated?
7. What was corvée?
8. What happened at Dien Bien Phu in 1954?

1. ___T___ The Portuguese and the Dutch competed for control of the spice trade.
2. _______ The chilli plant is native to Southeast Asia.
3. _______ The French succeeded in sailing a boat up the Mekong River to China.
4. _______ Britain controlled the territories of India and Burma.
5. _______ The French took Laos as a colony in order to exploit its natural
resources.
6. _______ Some Lao people were sent to University in France.
Vocabulary
Write the missing word in the sentence. The Lao translation is in brackets.
1. Laos was a ____________________ between French Indochina and the British
Empire of India and Burma. (ກັນຊນ)
2. ________________________________ is the practice by which a powerful country
controls another country. (ລັດທິລ່າເມືອງຂຶົ້ນ)
3. The French attempted a _________________________ up the Mekong River.
(ການເດີນທາງທາງເຮຶອໄລຍະໄກ)
4. European ______________________ came to Southeast Asia in an effort to secure a
monopoly in the ___________________________ spice trade.
(ຜົ້ສ ໍາຫລວດ,ທີ່ ໃຫົ້ກ ໍາໄລງາມ)
5. The entire length of the Mekong River is not _______________________.
(ທີ່ ໃຊົ້ເດີນເຮືອໄດົ້)
6. A group of Lao _________________________ was sent to France for education and
training. (ກ່ມຄນທິລ ໍົ້າລວຍ ແລະ ມີອິດທິພນກ່າວຄນອື່ ນ)
7. The King remained a ________________________ during the French colonial period.
(ຜົ້ນ ໍາໃນນາມ)

buffer adj/
noun
ເຂດກັນຊນ, ຮັບແຮງປະທະ Laos was a buffer between French
Indochina and the British Empire of India
and Burma.
chilli noun ໝາກເຜັດ The chilli plant was introduced to Asia
by European explorers.
clove noun ການພ (ພືດສະໝນໄພ) A clove is the dried flower of a tropical
tree used in cooking.
colonialism noun ລັດທິລ່າເມືອງຂຶົ້ນ Colonialism is the practice by which a
powerful country controls another
country.
colonisation noun ການເອາເປັນຫວເມືອງຂຶົ້ນ Colonisation was widespread during the
19th
century.
colonise verb ເອາເປັນເມືອງຂຶົ້ນ The French colonised Laos in 1893.
colony noun ຫວເມືອງຂຶົ້ນ, ອານານິຄມ Vietnam was a colony of France.
elite adj/
noun
ກ່ມຄນທິລ ໍົ້າລວຍ ແລະ
ມີອິດທິພນກ່ວາຄນອື່ ນ
A group of Lao elites was sent to France
for education.
explorer noun ຜົ້ສ ໍາຫລວດ European explorers wanted to find a
river route to China.
figurehead noun ຜົ້ນ ໍາພຽງແຕ່ໃນນາມ The King remained a figurehead during
the French colonial period.
frangipani noun ດອກຈ ໍາປາ The frangipani flower is the national
flower of Laos.
lucrative adj ທີ່ ໃຫົ້ກ ໍາໄລງາມ Trade in spices was a lucrative business
in the 17th
century.
monopoly noun ການຜກຂາດ The Dutch secured a monopoly in the
spice trade.
navigable adj ທີ່ ໃຊົ້ເດີນເຮືອໄດົ້ The entire length of the Mekong river is
not navigable.
nutmeg noun ຖ່ວກວນ Nutmeg was a very valuable spice.
opium noun ຢາຝິ່ ນ Opium was the main traded commodity.
pumpkin noun ໝາກອຶ Pumpkins originate in South America.
renegotiate verb ເຈລະຈາອີກເທື່ ອໃໝ່ The French renegotiated the border with
Siam in 1907.
spices noun ເຄື່ ອງເທດ Spices were used in cooking.
stick lac noun ຄັ່ງ Stick lac was an important forest
product.
voyage noun ການເດີນທາງທາງເຮືອ
ໄລຍະໄກ
The French attempted a voyage up the
Mekong river.

Unit 3 Hosting an event
In this unit you will
 Read a simple email about work arrangements.
 Scan internet texts looking for specific information
 Practice checking arrangements over the phone
 Practice common formal expressions used on the phone
Language Focus:
 Should, ought to, If I were you, I’d…, for advice
 Formal telephone expressions
Vocabulary
Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry ກະຊວງກະສິກ ໍາ ແລະ ປ່າໄມົ້
Muslim ຄນມດສະລິມ
confirm ຢືນຢັນ
host ເຈົ້າພາບ
hosting ເປັນເຈົ້າພາບ
event ເຫດການ
dietary requirements ອາຫານທີ່ ຮ່າງກາຍຕົ້ອງການ
sustainable forest management ການບໍລິຫານປ່າໃຫົ້ຍືນຍງ
sustainable development ການພັດທະນາແບບຍືນຍງ
staff member ສະມາຊິກ
scan (a page) ອ່ານແບບຜ່ານໆ
beverages ເຄື່ ອງດື່ມ
halal ການຂົ້າສັດຕາມແບບປະເພນີມດສະລິມ
Islam ສາດສະໜາອິດສະລາມ
Islamic ກ່ຽວກັບອິດສະລາມ
Unit 3: Hosting an event

Reading
Pre-Reading
1. Have you ever writen any emails in English?
2. Do you deal with emails at work?
3. Why do some people have special dietary requirements?
Mr Bounthavy works in the Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry which is hosting an
ASEAN committee meeting about sustainable forest management. Mr Bounthavy has just
received the following email from a staff member with whom he has been dealing with at
the ASEAN Secretariat.
Dear Mr Bounthavy,
Thank you for the email yesterday and the attachment of the itinerary for the
committee members.
I see that there are several official dinners and I am confirming that you are aware
that some members of the delegation are Muslim. Their usual dietary requirements
must be met.
If you have any questions, please don’t hesitate to contact me.
Regards
Ms Pillar Sanchez
Support Officer
Sustainable Development Section
ASEAN Secretariat
Jakarta
Phone: 62 21 89735006
Email: psanchez@asean.org

1. Why did Ms Sanchez email Mr Bounthavy?
2. What’s Ms Sanchez’s job?
3. Which department of the ASEAN Secretariat does she work in?
4. What should Mr Bounthavy do to find out about Muslim dietary requirements?
Grammar
Ways of giving advice
Mr Bounthavy can do a number of things to find out about Muslim dietary requirements:
He should email Ms Sanchez and ask for details of Muslim dietary requirements.
He ought to email Ms Sanchez and ask for details of Muslim dietary requirements.
If I were Mr Bounthavy, I’d phone Ms Sanchez and ask for details of Muslim dietary
requirements.
a) Complete the sentences with more advice for Mr Bounthavy
1. He should ________ his boss ………………….
2. Mr Bounthavy __________ to talk to ………..
3. He ought to ___________ the hotels …………
4. If I were him, I’d ……………
Giving advice: should and ought to and if I were you, I would (second conditional: giving
advice)

I want to improve my English, what should I do?
I
S/he
You
They
We
should
ought to
read something in
English every day.
If I were you,
him
her,
I’d
I would
read something in
English every day
b) Write some more advice to someone who wants to improve his/her English. Use the
ideas in the box.
new vocabulary grammar exercises don’t be afraid to make mistakes
The Vientiane Times English TV programs stories in English internet sites
English as much as possible BBC World Service on the radio
English language learning programs on TV YouTube grammar books
For example:
You should try and learn new vocabulary every day.
You ought to look for grammar exercises on the internet.
You shouldn’tworry about making mistakes when speaking English.
If I were you, I’d do grammar exercises on the internet.
I’d buy a grammar book, if I were you.
c) Check your sentences with the class and then practice them with your partner:
What can I do to improve my English?
Speaking
a) Give advice to your partner. Take turns saying the sentences and giving advice.
For example:
1. I am not feeling well. You should go home and rest.
If I were you, I’d go to the doctor. You haven’t been well all
week.
2. I can’t find my phone.
3. My boss is very unhappy with my report.
4. My sister is really unhappy after breaking up with her boyfriend.
5. My neighbours are really noisy.
6. I need a new car.
7. The road to my house is getting from bad to worse.
8. My daughter is failing maths at school.

Internet practice
There are more should and ought to practice exercises at:
http://www.examenglish.com/grammar/A2_ShouldOught.htm and
http://www.learn-english-today.com/lessons/lesson_contents/exercises/should-ought-
need_quiz1.htm
Reading
Pre-reading
1. Have you ever searched for information on the internet?
2. What kinds of information are you looking for?
3. Do you scan through websites?
When we look for information, we can’t read every word. We look through the texts on
websites quickly to find the information we need. This is called scanning.
Scanning
Scan the 3 texts from the internet to find what Muslims cannot eat or drink. Which text has
the most useful information about Muslim dietary requirements?
1.
Muslims around the world practice the religion of Islam. The practice of Islam includes
observing dietary laws which come from Islamic teachings. Islamic dietary laws define foods
that are Halal, meaning lawful or permitted. Muslims avoid food and beverages that are
Haram, meaning not permitted.
2. Islam:
The Arabic and Middle Eastern countries as well as Turkey, Afghanistan, Bangladesh,
Pakistan, Djibouti, Gambia, Niger, Nigeria, Senegal, Somalia, Indonesia, Brunei and
Malaysia are all Muslim nations. Many other African and Southeast Asian countries have
significant Muslim minorities. India, which is predominantly Hindu, have a sizeable Muslim
population.
Muslims follow the doctrines of the Koran, which forbids alcohol and the flesh of scavenger
animals (ie. pork), birds and fish (ie. shellfish). It also discourages use of caffeine and
nicotine, although neither are forbidden; in fact, they tend to be consumed in great quantity in
Arabic and Middle Eastern countries.
Avoid pork and pork products like ham, bacon, pate, hot dogs or sausage, including food
prepared with pork products like lard, even in pie filling. It is a good idea to avoid any pork
dishes at a banquet when Muslims are in attendance because the other dishes might become
contaminated in preparation or serving.
Don't serve shellfish like crab or lobster. Fish is an acceptable alternative to meat and
shellfish.

Some Muslims prefer Zabihah meat which has been slaughtered according to their religious
rites. Zabihah meat is similar to, but not the same as, kosher meat.
Do not serve alcohol in the presence of guests, especially government or religious officials,
from the more fundamentalist Muslim countries like Saudi Arabia or Kuwait, even if you
know that the individual may drink in private. Many Muslims, however, do take exception to
the rule forbidding alcohol. Pakistanis, for instance, are more liberal and frequently consume
alcoholic beverages. But, it's best to err on the side of caution, especially in public. Serve
fruit juices for toasts when alcoholic beverages cannot be consumed.
Avoid food cooked in alcohol, even if all the alcohol has burned off in cooking.
Muslims fast until sundown during the month of Ramadam
3. Forbidden Foods According to the Qur'an:
1. Alcohol or liquor Alcoholic drinks "confuse the mind and lead one astray".
2. Pork - In the Qur'an (and in the Old Testament of the Bible) there is a story that God cast
(threw) the devil into a pig. Therefore, pork and any pork products (some types of
gelatin, and lard) and even leather goods from the pig are forbidden to Muslims. This is
also true of Jewish traditions. [NOTE: The disease of trichinosis is caused by worms that
live in pigs and can be passed on to humans who eat unclean pork . This restriction was
very important to people's health.
3. Carnivorous (meat eating) animals and birds, e.g. lions, tigers, vultures, eagles, etc. are
forbidden.
4. Other animals are also excluded: donkeys, monkeys, elephants.
5. Any animal that has died due to natural causes, killed by some wild animals, by a fall or
blow are also forbidden. Of course there are good health reason for not eating animals
that may be sick or diseased. Flesh that had been sacrificed for some God or Goddess by
pagans was also forbidden.
6. Blood is forbidden.
7. Drugs are also forbidden (except as medical drugs).
8. Ways to Slaughter Animals:
In addition, there are also ways to slaughter an animal according to Islamic rules. Otherwise
their meat will be considered "haram". Generally, the animal must have its throat slit by a
sharp knife and die quickly with little pain. This is done with a prayer of thanks to God.
Slaughtering rules are humane (kind-hearted) and don't allow the animal to suffer.
Complete the list of what Muslims cannot eat or drink.
1. pork or pork products like bacon
2.
3.
4.
5.

Listening
Pre-listening
Do you spend much time on the phone at work?
1. Have you ever made a calls or received one
in English?
2. What are some of the calls you have made?
Mr Bounthavy did the intermet search for dietary
requirements of Muslims, and the two hotels that are holding the official dinners as well as
the one hotel where the delegation is staying. He has confirmed that the hotels are aware of
the requirements of Muslim guests. Then he has decided to give Ms Sanchez a call.
Listening - telephoning
a) Complete the phone conversation
Pillar: Hello, Pillar Sanchez (1) __________.
Bounthavy: Hello Ms Sanchez, (2) __________Bounthavy Sousavong from the Ministry
of Agriculture and Forestry (3) ________ Vientiane. You sent me (4)
__________ yesterday about the (5) __________ coming in August and
confirming that we (6)__________ of the dietary requirements of (7) __________
Muslims in the delegation.
Pillar: Oh yes, Mr Bounthavy, thanks for (8) __________.
Bounthavy: (9) __________checked with the hotels and (10) __________ checked with
hotel management. They are aware of the (11) __________ and cater for
Muslim guests (12)__________ often.
Pillar: I just wanted to be sure that everything (13) __________ in place. Thanks
(14) __________ for calling.
Bounthavy: (15) __________ OK. I’m sure we’ll need to talk again before August. Bye
(16) __________ now.
Pillar: Goodbye Mr Bounthavy.
b) Listen a few more times and compare your answers with your partner. Check with the
rest of the class and practice the dialogue a few more times with different partners.

Speaking
Often we have to check that arrangements and bookings we make are in place, especially
when they are for official or business purposes.
Ms Maly is checking on a booking she made for three of her colleagues at a Hotel in Kuala
Lumpur. The booking has been changed by email a few times and she wants to double-
check.
a) Work with your partner to put the phone conversation in the right order. Number the
parts from 1 – 11. Listen a few times. Number 1 is already in the correct place:
_1_ Reception: Good morning, Kuala Lumpur Palace Hotel.
___ Maly: Oh that’s great, I’ll let them know. Thanks. Goodbye.
___ Reception: Just a minute Ms Maly. I’ll get that reservation number up on my
screen. Yes, that’s 3 double rooms for 4 nights, 25 – 28 August, is that correct?
___ Maly: Are there tea and coffee making facilities in the rooms? One of my
colleagues requires hot water for drink in the evening.
___ Reception: Yes, we did.
___ Maly: Good morning. My name is Maly. I’m phoning from Vientiane in Laos.
I’d like to check some bookings I made with you and changed a couple
of times on email. My booking reservation number is JXW 89713206.
___ Reception: Yes, the airport pick-up is in place. Is there anything else I can help
you with?
___ Maly: Yes, that’s right. So you got my change from 3 to 4 nights.
___ Reception: My pleasure Ms Maly. Goodbye.
___ Maly: Could I check that the airport pick up is in place? The flight arrives at
16.20.
___ Reception: We don’t have the facilities in the room but there is a kitchenette on
every floor with ice and hot water. Also, the Business Centre on the 3rd
floor
is open til 8.00 pm every night and serves free tea and coffee.
b) When the conversation is in the correct order, practice the phone conversation a couple
of times with different partners.
Listening
Useful telephone expressions
a) Watch the clip and write down the common and useful expressions for formal and
informal telephone calls.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YMxA4Q94qao

b) Listen again to the more formal expressions from the clip:
1. Edwards & Co, how can I help you?
2. Mary Spencer speaking, how may I help you?
3. Could you put me through to Mr Edwards, please?
4. Who’s calling please?
5. This is Helen Ford calling from British telecom.
6. May I ask what the purpose of the call is?
7. Hold the line please, I’ll put you through
8. Hold on please, I’ll see if I can connect you.
9. I’m sorry to keep you waiting
10. I’m afraid Mr Edwards is currently unavailable
11. Mr Edwards is not at his desk at the moment.
12. When do you expect him back?
13. He should be back within the next hour or so.
14. Would you like to leave a message?
15. Could you get him to call me back, please?
16. Could you spell your surname for me?
17. I am sorry, I didn’t catch that.
18. May I have your telephone number?
19. Let me read that back to you.
c) Use the list and practice with your partner.
For example:
A: Mary Spencer speaking, how may I help you?
B: Could you put me through to Mr Edwards, please?
A: I’m afraid Mr Edwards is currently unavailable. Would you like to leave a message?
B: No thank you. I’ll call back later.

Unit 4 Modern Laos
 Read the factual information about the present day in Laos
 Discuss Laos’ challenges in the 21st century
 Practice did you know? and I didn’t know that
 Practice but and because
Language focus:
 Past passive tense
 Grammar extension: active or passive
 Conjunctions: also, in addition, furthermore
Key Vocabulary
align ເຂົ້າຂົ້າງ rate ອັດຕາ
cassava ມ ັນຕົ້ນ remainder ສ່ວນທີ່ ເຫືອ
challenge ສິ່ ງທົ້າທາຍ session ສະໄໝປະຊມ
constituency ຜົ້ມີສິດເລືອກຕັົ້ງ socialist ກ່ຽວກັບລັດທິສັງຄມນິຍມ
crops ພືດ struggle ການຕໍ່ສົ້ທີ່ ລ ໍາບາກ
current ປັດຈບັນ underdeveloped ດົ້ອຍພັດທະນາ
diverse ຄວາມແຕກຕ່າງກັນ unicameral ທີ່ ມີສະພາດຽວ
employment ການຈົ້າງງານ vote ລງຄະແນນສຽງ
General Secretary ເລຂາທິການໃຫຍ່ ideal ເໝາະສມທີ່ ສດ
growth ຄວາມຈະເລີນເຕີບໂຕ industry ອດສາຫະກ ໍາ
hydropower ເຂື່ອນໄຟຟົ້ານ ໍົ້າຕກ link ເຊື່ອມໂຍງ
Prime Minister ນາຍກລັດຖະມນຕີ poverty ຄວາມທກຍາກ
Unit 4 Modern Lao
Unit 4: Modern Laos

Unit 4 Modern Laos
y
Pre-reading
Discuss the following questions with your partner and class:
 When was the Lao PDR established?
 Who was the first President of Lao PDR? Who is the current President?
 What are Laos’ main industries and exports?
Vocabulary
a) Match the vocabulary with the translation. The first one is done for you.
1. struggle (n) ___g___ a. ທີ່ ມີສະພາດຽວ
2 socialist (adj) _______ b. ຜົ້ມີສິດເລືອກຕັົ້ງໃນເຂດເລືອກຕັົ້ງ
3 unicameral (adj) _______ c. ສະເໜີຊື່
4 general election (n) _______ d. ອັດຕາຄວານຈະເລີນເຕີບໂຕ
5 constituency (n) _______ e. ພືດ
Unit 4 Modern Lao
Unit 4: Modern Laos

Unit 4 Modern Laos
6 nominate (v) _______ f. ກ່ຽວກ ັບລັດທິສັງຄມນິຍມ
7 growth rate (n) _______ g. ການຕໍ່ສົ້ທີ່ ລ ໍາບາກ
8 subsistence farming (n) _______ h. ການເລືອກຕັົ້ງໃຫຍ່
9 crops (n pl) _______ i. ມີພນລະເມືອງໜົ້ອຍ
10 private enterprise (n) _______ j. ອດສະຫາກ ໍາເຂື່ອນໄຟຟົ້ານ ໍົ້າຕກ
11. hydropower industry (n)_______ k. ຄວາມອດມສມບນ
12. abundance (n) _______ l. ການກະສິກ ໍາແບບກົ້ມຕນເອງ
13. sparse population (n) _______ m. ວິສາຫະກິດເອກະຊນ
Now listen to the pronunciation and repeat
Reading
Modern Laos
1. The Lao People’s Democratic Republic, or Laos as it is commonly known, was
established on 2nd
December 1975. After years of struggle and war, the Pathet Lao took
over the government and established a socialist state closely aligned to Vietnam. Laos is
a single-party state governed by the Lao People’s Revolutionary Party (LPRP), generally
referred to as the Party. It is an ethnically diverse nation, with 49 distinct ethnic groups.
2. Laos has a unicameral parliament, the National Assembly, which meets for two ordinary
sessions, usually in June and December, and passes about six or seven new laws every
year. General elections are held every five years and elected officials represent their
constituencies at the National Assembly. The National Assembly has 132 seats, of which
four are held by independents with the remainder being held by members of the Party.
Women hold 25 percent of the seats.
3. The government consists of the President, the Prime Minister and a cabinet of Ministers
representing 18 ministries. The President, the Head of State, is first nominated by the
Party during the Party Congress and then voted in by National Assembly members. The
President appoints the Prime Minister and Vice Presidents with the consent of the
National Assembly. The current President, Choummaly Sayasone, is also General
Secretary of the Party.
4. Laos has a population of 6.6 million (World Bank, 2012) and has had one of the fastest
growing economies in the region for the past ten years with an average growth rate of
more than 7%. Yet Laos is still considered a Least Developed Country (LDC) by the
United Nations, with 26% of the population living below the poverty line. Subsistence
farming, mostly of sticky rice, accounts for 75% of total employment and 30% of Gross
Domestic Product (GDP). Other important crops are coffee, corn, sweet potatoes,
cassava, tobacco and sugarcane.
5. Since 1986, Laos has opened up to foreign investment and private enterprise. This
resulted in significant investment in the mining and hydropower industries. Two large
gold and copper mines now account for more than 10% of GDP. There are currently 17
Unit 4: Modern Laos

Unit 4 Modern Laos
hydropower plants in operation and many more are planned. The largest hydro-electric
power plant is Nam Theun 2, which has an electricity generating capacity of 1,070
megawatts. The country’s mountainous geography, abundance of rivers and sparse
population make hydropower an ideal industry, particularly given the growing demand
for electricity from Laos and its larger neighbours. The Lao government has to balance
this with environmental concerns.
6. The 21st
century is an exciting time for Laos as it aims to move from being a land-locked
underdeveloped country to a land-linked middle-income country. Laos became a member
of the World Trade Organisation (WTO) in 2013 and will join its ASEAN partners to
create the ASEAN Economic Community in 2015, where goods and labour will move
freely. Laos is a young country with more than half the population under the age of 25.
One of the challenges facing Laos as it moves forward on its path of development will be
in educating and providing employment for this growing population.
Reading Comprehension
a) Match the headings below with the paragraph number. The first one is done for you.
1. ___5___ Investment in hydropower and mining
2. _______ The Lao economy
3. _______ Lao parliamentary system
4. _______ Establishment of Lao PDR
5. _______ Laos in the 21st
century
6. _______ The Lao government
1. What is the official name of Laos?
2. What kind of parliament does Laos have?
3. How often are elections held?
4. What percentage of seats in the National Assembly are held by women?
5. How is the President appointed?
6. For how long can the President serve?
7. What policy changes did Laos make in 1986?
8. What makes hydropower an ideal industry for Laos?
9. What challenges does Laos face in the 21st century?
1.___T___ The Lao PDR was established on 2 December 1975.
Unit 4: Modern Laos

Unit 4 Modern Laos
2._______ Laos has two houses of parliament.
3._______ General elections are held every four years.
4._______ The Lao economy is growing slowly.
5._______ The demand for electricity in the region is increasing.
6._______ The ASEAN Economic Community will promote the free flow of goods
and labour.
Speaking
Did you find out anything new from the reading?
First make a list of any information that was new for you in the reading:
For example:
 49 ethnic groups in Laos
 25% of seats in Lao government held by women
 75% of employment in Laos is subsistence farming
a) Ask your partner:
I didn’t know that there are 49 different ethnic groups in Laos, did you?
Yes, I did or No, I didn’t.
Yes, I did because I worked on an education project aimed at ethnic minorities.
I didn’t know that more than half the population is under 25 years old, did you?
Yes, I did or No, I didn’t.
No I didn’t but most developing countries have a very young population.
b) Take turns to ask and answer. Try to keep the conversation going by adding reasons or
explanations.
Discuss
a) What do you think are Laos’ biggest challenges in the 21st
century?
b) Make notes with your partner or group, discuss and give some solutions. You can get
some ideas from the reading or use your own ideas. Make notes to report your
discussion to the class:
Educating young people – more teachers, more schools, more places at universities and
vocational colleges. Much bigger budget is needed in the future for education
26% of Lao people live below the poverty line (2012 statistics) – better roads to get
goods to markets, better education in rural areas
Better health care …
Writing
Use your notes and ideas from discussions to write a paragraph about the challenges Laos is
facing as it moves into the 21st
century.Try to use the following conjunctions:
Unit 4: Modern Laos

Unit 4 Modern Laos
Also In addition Furthermore
Laos has made important progress in many areas over the last 15 years. However, the 21st
century holds a lot of challenges for Laos. Firstly, educating large numbers of young people
will be difficult. More schools and teachers will be needed. In addition, …
Grammar
Passive voice
Past simple passive
The past passive is formed by using ‘was’ or ‘were’ plus the past participle. The passive is
used when the person or thing that did the action is unknown, unimportant or not the focus
of our interest.
Examples:
The Lao People’s Democratic Republic was established on 2nd
December 1975.
The kingdom of Lane Xang was attacked at various times.
By 1707, Lane Xang was divided into three kingdoms: Luang Prabang, Vientiane and
Champasak.
Some of the Lao elite were sent to France for University education in colonial times.
French-trained Vietnamese civil servants were brought to Laos to run the colonial
administration.
Wat Sisaket was built by King Chao Anou in 1818.
a) Complete the following sentences:
1. The chilli __________ __________ to Southeast Asian by European traders.
(introduce)
2. In a treaty in 1907, the modern borders of Laos __________ __________.
(renegotiate)
3. Lao people __________ __________ to provide free labour to harvest the opium
during colonial times. (force)
4. The French __________ __________ at Dien Bien Phu in 1954 and then withdrew
from Indochina. (defeat)
b) Use the verbs in the box in past passive to complete the paragraph below
rob call steal smash
Unit 4: Modern Laos

Unit 4 Modern Laos
A robbery
My next door neighbour’s house ________________ last week. It was during the day and
most of the neighbours were at work. The front window _______________ but no one
heard anything. A lot of things _____________ including a laptop, mobile phone and some
cash. The police ______________ in the late afternoon but the thieves were long gone.
c) Change these sentences into the passive.
1. Who wrote this book?
Who was this book written by?
2. How did they steal her car?
……………………………………………………………………………………..
3. The kids forgot the whole story.
……………………………………………………………………………………..
4. Did the president make his speech last night?
……………………………………………………………………………………..
5. The police didn’t question him very closely.
……………………………………………………………………………………..
6. The wild animals killed two men yesterday.
……………………………………………………………………………………..
Grammatical Correctness
Are these sentences grammatically correct? Write yes or no next to the sentence
a. The computer was shut down by Mike's friend. _______
b. The computer shut down. _______
c. The coffee stained the carpet. _______
d. I was laughed. _______
e. Thermometers are used by doctors to measure our temperature. _______
f. Thermometers measure our temperature. _______
g. This exam is important for students to be passed. _______
h. These problems may not associated with the failure of the system. _______
i. The facts established beyond all doubt that the event really occurred.
Unit 4: Modern Laos

Unit 4 Modern Laos
j. The event was occurred. _______
k. The dog was disappeared. _______
l. The tree was fallen by the wind. _______
m. Richard was given a book. _______
n. The shelf was put the books on by Frank.
o. As it is shown in the table that the results vary greatly. _______
p. The car’s speed decreased. _______
q. We were advised to vary our vocabulary more in the exam. _______
r. The tree was vanished by the rain. _______
s. The experiment conducted in 2013 was very important. _______
t. As indicated by the chart, the temperature is rising. _______
u. You were warned. _______
v. The shops close at 5 pm. _______
w. I've bitten by a spider! _______
x. We were benefited from the sunshine. _______
y. The mixture consisted of flour and water. _______
Internet practice
Passive and active tenses: a summary
Use the following link to watch a short clip about active and passive tenses.
http://www.adelaide.edu.au/english-for-uni/passive-voice/
Unit 4: Modern Laos

Unit 4 Modern Laos
Vocabulary/Part of
speech
Lao translation Example sentence
align verb ເຂົ້າຂົ້າງ Laos is closely aligned with Vietnam.
cassava noun ມ ັນຕົ້ນ Cassava is exported from Laos.
challenge noun ສິ່ ງທົ້າທາຍ Creating employment is a challenge.
constituency noun ເຂດເລືອກຕັົ້ງ Which constituency do you live in?
crops noun ພືດ Farmers grow crops and raise animals.
current adj ປັດຈບັນ Who is the current Prime Minister of Laos?
diverse adj ຄວາມແຕກຕ່າງກັນ Laos is an ethnically diverse country.
employment noun ການຈົ້າງງານ The graduate went to an employment fair.
General Secretary noun ເລຂາທິການໃຫຍ່ The General Secretary chaired the
meeting.
growth noun ຄວາມຈະເລີນເຕີບໂຕ The economy had 8.2% growth in 2012.
hydropower noun ເຂື່ອນໄຟຟົ້ານ ໍົ້າຕກ Hydropower is important to the Lao
economy.
ideal adj ເໝາະສມທີ່ ສດ Hydropower is an ideal industry for Laos.
industry noun ອດສາຫະກ ໍາ The manufacturing industry is small.
link noun ເຊື່ອມໂຍງ Laos aims to become a land-linked country.
poverty noun ຄວາມທກຍາກ 26% of people live below the poverty line.
Prime Minister noun ນາຍກລັດຖະມນຕີ The Prime Minister opened the meeting.
rate noun ອັດຕາ The poverty rate has fallen to 26%.
remainder noun ສ່ວນທີ່ ເຫືອ He gave the remainder of his money to
charity.
session noun ສະໄໝປະຊມ The first session finished early.
socialist adj ກ່ຽວກັບລັດທິສັງຄມນິຍມ The country adopted socialist policies.
struggle noun ການຕໍ່ສົ້ທີ່ ຄວາມລ ໍາບາກ After years of struggle and war, the Pathet
Lao took over the government.
underdeveloped adj ດົ້ອຍພັດທະນາ There are many underdeveloped regions.
unicameral adj ທີ່ ມີສະພາດຽວ Laos has a unicameral parliament.
vote verb ລງຄະແນນສຽງ You must be 18 years old to vote.
Unit 4: Modern Laos

Unit 5 Crime and law
 Discuss the justice system
 Read about the process of police investigations and cases going to trial
 Take notes on the topic of human trafficking
 Write about aspects of crime and justice
Language Focus
Present simple passive
Vocabulary
arrest ຈ ັບກມ
beg ຂໍທານ
begging ການຂໍທານ
blind ຕາບອດ
blindfolded ປິດບັງ
bondage ຄວາມເປັນທາດ
case ກໍລະນີ
charge ກ່າວຫາ
clandestine ເກັບໄວົ້ເປັນຄວາມລັບ
commit (a crime) ກະທ ໍາຜິດ (ທາງອາຍາ)
consent ການຍິນຍອມ
convict ຕັດສິນວ່າຜິດ, ພິພາກສາວ່າຜິດ
deceive ຫອກລວງ
deception ການຫອກລວງ
defence ຝ່າຍຈ ໍາເລີຍ
defendant ຈ ໍາເລີຍ
earn (money) ຫາເງິນໄດົ້
encourage ຊກຍົ້, ສ່ງເສີມ
eradicate ລບລົ້າງ
estimate ຄາດຄະເນ, ຕີລາຄາ
evidence ຫັກຖານ
exploit ຂດຮີດ
exploitation ການຂດຮີດ
fine ປັບໄໝ
force ບັງຄັບ
forced ທີ່ ່ຖືກບັງຄັບ
guilty ມີຄວາມຜິດ
human trafficking ການຄົ້າມະນດ
investigate ສືບສວນ
judge ຜົ້ພິພາກສາ
jury ຄະນະຕລາການ
media ສື່ ມວນຊນ
modernise ເຮັດໃຫົ້ທັນສະໄໝ
modernisation ການເຮັດໃຫົ້ທັນສະໄໝ
neighbouring ເພື່ອນບົ້ານ
prostitute ໂສເພນີ
prostitution ການຄົ້າປະເວນີ
prison ຄກ
prosecutor ໄອຍະການ
prosecution ການຟົ້ອງຮົ້ອງ
prove ພິສດ
recruit ຮັບສະມ ັກເອາພະນັກງານໃໝ່
recruitment ການຫາພະນັກງານໃໝ່
release ປ່ອຍ
repatriate ສ່່ງກັບຄືນປະເທດເດີມ
represent ຕາງໜົ້າ
sentence ລງໂທດ
shelter ບ່ອນຫລບໄພ
smuggling ລັກລອບນ ໍາເຂົ້າ
suspect (n) ຜົ້ຖືກສງໄສ
suspect (v) ສງໄສ
trafficker ຜົ້ຄົ້າມະນດ
transit ການຜ່ານ, ທາງຜ່ານ
trust ເຊື່ ່ອຖື
trial ການພິຈາລະນາຄະດີ
victim ຜົ້ຖືກເຄາະຮົ້າຍ
vulnerable ຖືກທ ໍາຮົ້າຍໄດົ້ງ່າຍ
Unit 5: Crime and law

Reading
Pre-reading
Look at the photograph. The image is recognised internationally as a symbol of justice.
1. Have you ever heard the sayings “scales of justice” and “justice is blind”?
2. What do the scales represent?
3. Why is Lady Justice blindfolded?
4. Work with a partner and make a list of all the crimes you can think of. Share the list
with the class.
Crime and the criminal justice system
1. When someone commits a crime, the police are called and they investigate the
crime. They take note of important information, such as the time and place of the
crime, and they interview the victim and any witnesses who saw what happened.
The police can then arrest anyone they suspect is responsible for the crime.
Sometimes there is more than one suspect in a case.

2. In the police station, the police question the suspect to get more information. If they
have enough evidence, the police charge the suspect with the crime. They are not
allowed to keep someone for a longer period in prison without charging him or her.
A date will then be set for the person to go to court for a trial.
3. All trials have a judge and some have a jury (a group of members of the public) who
listen to the evidence and decide if the person committed the crime or not. In court,
the person who is charged with the crime is called the defendant and a lawyer for the
defence represents him or her. The prosecution tries to prove that the defendant
committed the crime based on the evidence. During the trial, witnesses may be called
to give evidence by both the defence and the prosecution.
4. At the end of the trial, the defendant is found guilty or not guilty. If the defendant is
found not guilty, he or she is released and is free to go. If the defendant is found
guilty, he or she is convicted of the crime. The judge sentences the defendant, who
may be fined or sent to prison.
a) Find the answers to the questions below:
1. How do the police investigate a crime?
2. What do the police do if they have enough evidence?
3. In a trial, what do we call the person who is charged with a crime?
4. Who represents the defendant in the trial?
5. Who tries to prove that the defendant committed the crime?
6. What happens if the defendant is found guilty at the end of the trial?
b) True or false
Are the following statements true or false? Write T or F next to each one. If they are false,
change them to make them correct.
1. ___F__ The police can convict arrest someone they suspect is responsible for a crime.
2. ______ There can be several suspects in a criminal case.
3. ______ The police can keep someone in prison without charging him or her for as
long as they want.
4. ______ The defendant has a lawyer who represents him or her in court.
5. ______ The prosecution tries to prove that the defendant did not commit the crime.
6. ______ At the beginning of the trial, the defendant is found guilty or not guilty.
7. ______ If the defendant is found not guilty, he or she is fined or sent to prison.

Vocabulary
a) Read the text about the criminal justice system and find words in bold that mean the
following:
1. a person who the police think has committed a crime (noun) s _ _ _ _ _ _
2. a person who is attacked, injured or killed in a crime or accident
(noun)
v _ _ _ _ _
3. people who see what happens in a crime or accident (noun) w _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
4. the process that takes place in a court of law (noun) t _ _ _ _
5. the information that is used in court to prove something (noun) e _ _ _ _ _ _ _
6. responsible for having done something against the law (adjective) g _ _ _ _ _
7. carefully examine the facts to find out the truth about a crime
(verb)
i _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
8. take someone to a police station and keep them there (verb) a _ _ _ _ _
9. officially state (before the trial) that someone has committed a
crime (verb)
c _ _ _ _ _
10. it is decided in a court of law that the person is guilty of the crime
they were charged with (verb)
c _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
11. give someone an official punishment for a crime (verb) s _ _ _ _ _ _ _
12. be allowed to go free and leave prison (verb) r _ _ _ _ _ _ _
13. be made to pay money as a punishment for a crime (verb) f _ _ _ _
b) Now listen to the pronunciation and repeat.
c) Translate the words in the box into the correct form to complete the sentences.
1. The police have ……………………………… two men in
connection with the burglary.
ຈ ັບກມ
2. The …………………………..…… has the right to have a lawyer. ຈ ໍາເລີຍ
3. There is not enough …………………………….. to convict him. ຫັກຖານ
4. He is a ………………………….. at the People’s Supreme Court. ໄອຍະການ
5. If he is convicted, he will be sent to ……………………… ຄກ
6. The police are interviewing two ……………………………… ຜົ້ຖືກສງໄສ
7. The ………………………… will take place next month. ການພິຈະລານາຄະດີ
8. The police are ……………………………………. a murder case. ສືບສວນ
9. The defendant was found ……………………………… of murder. ມີຄວາມຜິດ
10. The ………………………………….. was a young man in his
twenties.
ຜົ້ເຄາະຮົ້າຍ

Grammar
Examples:
Active:
Somebody commits a crime.
Passive: present of verb ‘to be” + past participle
A crime is committed.
The present passive is often used to describe a process.
a) Underline the examples of the present passive in the process which describes what
happens from the time a crime is committed. The first one is done for you.
First, a crime is committed. Police are called to investigate the crime. If the police can
find enough evidence, a suspect is arrested. Then, the suspect is questioned and if the
case is strong enough, the suspect is charged. In court, someone who is charged with a
crime is called the accused or the defendant. At a trial, the prosecutor presents evidence
to show the accused is guilty. The accused is defended by his or her lawyer.
At the end of the trial, the defendant is found guilty or not guilty. If guilty, he or she is
sentenced to punishment. Someone who commits a crime and is found guilty might be
sentenced to do time in prison, fined or both. In some countries, including Laos, people
can be sentenced to death for serious crimes. Other countries have punishments for less
serious crimes like community service, weekend detention or home arrest.
b) Write the active sentences in the present passive. Note how the object in the sentence
comes before the verb when using the passive.
1. Somebody cleans the office every day.
The office is cleaned every day
2. Somebody sends emails.
_______________________________________________________________
3. Somebody cuts the grass.
_______________________________________________________________
4. Somebody prefers chocolate.
_______________________________________________________________
5. Somebody often steals cars.
______________________________________________________________
6. Somebody plays loud music.
______________________________________________________________
7. Somebody speaks English here.
_______________________________________________________________
8. Somebody loves the London parks.

_______________________________________________________________
9. Somebody wants workers.
_______________________________________________________________
10. Somebody writes articles.
_______________________________________________________________
11. Somebody loves Julie.
_______________________________________________________________
12. Somebody reads a lot of books.
_______________________________________________________________
13. Somebody cooks dinner every day.
_______________________________________________________________
14. Somebody delivers milk in the mornings.
_______________________________________________________________
15. Somebody buys flowers for the flat.
_______________________________________________________________
16. Somebody washes the cars every week.
_______________________________________________________________
17. Somebody writes a report every Friday.
_______________________________________________________________
18. Somebody fixes the roads.
_______________________________________________________________
19. Somebody builds new houses every year.
_______________________________________________________________
20. Somebody sells vegetables in the market.
_______________________________________________________________
c) Complete the following passive sentences with the correct preposition.
1. She was arrested ………………. murder.
2. He has been charged ……………… drug trafficking.
3. They were convicted …………..…… robbery.
4. He was fined $500 ……………….… speeding.
5. She was sentenced ………….. five years in prison.

Speaking
a) In groups choose from the following to discuss:
1. Recent crimes in your village or district.
2. Crime has increased in recent years.
3. Prison is the best way to punish criminals.
4. The death sentence deters crime.
5. The police do not have enough resources to fight crime.
6. There will always be crime and therefore criminals.
b) One of your group will report your discussions to the class.
Listening
Pre-listening
Human Trafficking
1. Have you ever heard of human trafficking? What do you know about it?
2. Look at the photos and read through information about human trafficking.
3. Write 3 sentences about human trafficking and share them with your partner and then
your class.
For example: Statistics about human trafficking may not be accurate.
Victims of human trafficking may be taken through a transit country to make it more
difficult to find them and easier for the traffickers to cover their trail.
What does ‘human trafficking’ mean?
There are three main elements that define human trafficking:
1. Recruitment, transportation, transfer or receipt of people
2. Using force or deception, having control over people and acting
without their free and full consent
3. Exploitation through prostitution or forced labour or services

Quote from a UN worker
A total of 18.7 million people per annum or 90% become forced labourers in the private sector
of individual homes or private enterprise as opposed to the 10% or 2.2 million people that suffer
state-imposed forms of forced labour. Of those 18.7 million forced to work in private settings,
4.5 million (or 22%) are forced into sexual exploitation while 14.2 million (or 68%) are victims
of forced labour such as in agriculture, domestic work, construction or manufacturing.
2012 Statistics
Listening tasks
a) Take notes as you listen. After you listen 2 or 3 times, compare your notes with a
partner.
b) After the notes are written on the board, listen again.
Human trafficking is an increasing problem in Laos because:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Key Terms in
Human Trafficking:
Human trafficking / people
trafficking
International trafficking
Internal / domestic trafficking
Internally Displaced peoples (IDPs)
Trafficking agent / agency
Trafficked persons
Victims of trafficking
Recruitment
Country of origin
Transit country
Destination country
Exploitation
Debt bondage

Victims:
Traffickers:
Up to 500,000 people are victims of trafficking in this region per year. _______ children
are trafficked for the following reasons:
1.
2.
3.
149 Lao victims were interviewed: ________ were girls aged _______ to _________,
forced to work as _____________
Laos & Thailand cooperating to repatriate victims
________________ in Vientiane for ___________ & _______________
…………………………………………………………in southern Laos.
Vocabulary
a) Complete the sentences below with a word that has the same meaning as the word or
phrase in brackets. The first two letters of the word are given.
1. People need to ea……. money to support their family. (get money for work they do)
2. Laos is a tr……….…….. point in the region. (people go through it on the way to
somewhere else)
3. Women and children are vu……..……………..…. to trafficking. (weak and easily
hurt by it)
4. Traffickers act without the victim’s co……..………. (agreement).
5. Laos and Thailand are cooperating to re………..…………….. victims. (send them
back to their own country)
6. There are two sh..………....…… in Vientiane for women and children trafficking
victims. (places for them to stay where they are protected)
7. Young people have access to the m.……...….. from other countries. (television, radio,
newspapers, internet)
8. Be…………………. is becoming more common on the streets of Vientiane. (asking
people to give money)
9. People are fo……..….…. to work long hours in poor conditions. (made to do it)

b) Change the words in the box into the correct form to complete the sentence.
1. …………………………………………. can lead to an increase in
trafficking.
modernise
2. People look for work in ………………………………… countries
such as Thailand.
neighbour
3. People are ………………………………….. from the villages by
traffickers.
recruitment
4. Traffickers ………………………………people with the promise
of good employment.
deception
5. Some trafficking victims work
as……………………………………………..
prostitution
6. Prostitution is a form of sexual
………………………………………………..
exploit
Writing
Choose one of the following topics with your partner. Plan and write 2 or 3 paragraphs
together on your chosen topic. When you have finished, swap with another pair to read and
correct the writing. Swap back to see if you agree with the corrections.
1. Crime will never be eradicated.
2. The cause of human trafficking is poverty.
3. Human trafficking is a worse crime than murder.
4. Criminals are not born but made.

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