CASE STUDY ON FLEXIBLE PAVEMENT FAILURES ON DODA-BHADERWAH ROAD (NH-1B),

1. CASE STUDY ON FLEXIBLE PAVEMENT FAILURES ON DODA-
BHADERWAH ROAD (NH-1B)
KUNDAN SAHADEV SANAP
ROLL NO, 202030016
REHABILITATION OF STRUCTURES
VIRMATA JIJABAI TECHNOLOGICAL INSTTUTE,
MATUNGA

2. TABLE OF CONTENT
• INTRODUCTION
• STUDY AREA
• METHODOLOGY
• INSPECTION AND EVALUATION PLAN
• PAVEMENT CONDITION SURVEY
• EXPERIMENTAL WORK
• DATA COLLECTION ABOUT DISTRESSES
• DISCUSSING PROBABLE CAUSES OF DISTRESSES AND SUGGESTING MAINTENANCE
METHODS
• CONCLUSION

3. INTRODUCTION
• THIS STUDY IS A SURVEY TO EVALUATE THE FLEXIBLE PAVEMENT CONDITIONS
TO DETERMINE AND SPECIFY THE TYPES OF THE FAILURES IN THE
PAVEMENT FOR THE SELECTED HIGHWAY.
• THE STUDY HAS TWO MAJOR AND CRITICAL GOALS WHICH ARE COVERED BY
CONSIDERING THE FOLLOWING TWO TASKS
• THE VISUAL EVALUATION AND INSPECTION OF EXISTING FLEXIBLE PAVEMENT
CONDITIONS
• TO DETERMINE AND FIND OUT THE ACTUAL TREATMENTS AND MAINTENANCE TYPES.

4. STUDY AREA: -
• FLEXIBLE PAVEMENT
• LENGTH- 20 KMS AND WIDTH- 7.5 MTR.
• NH-1B FROM DODA TO BHADERWAH - ONLY ROAD WHICH CONNECTS WITH HIMACHAL PRADESH.
• NEARBY AREA IS MOSTLY AGRICULTURAL LAND AND REMAINS IRRIGATED THROUGHOUT THE YEAR.
• MANY SCHOOLS, MARRIAGE HALLS, COLLEGES AND RESIDENTIAL AREAS ARE EXISTING ON THE
STRETCH, SO THE TRAFFIC VOLUME WILL INCREASE YEAR BY YEAR.
• ALSO LOADED TRUCKS, PUBLIC TRANSPORT TRAVELS 24 HOURS ON THE LENGTH OF ROAD
• ROAD TAKEN FOR STUDY-
1. PULDODA TO SERI- 20 KMS (DIVIDED INTO 4 SECTIONS)
1. PULDODA TO PRANOO
2. PRANOO TO BHALLA
3. BHALLA TO KHELLANI
4. KHELLANI TO SERI

5. METHODOLOGY
• INSPECTION AND EVALUATION PLAN
• PAVEMENT CONDITION SURVEY
• EXPERIMENTAL WORK
• DATA COLLECTION ABOUT DISTRESSES
• DISCUSSING PROBABLE CAUSES OF DISTRESSES AND SUGGESTING
MAINTENANCE METHODS

6. INSPECTION AND EVALUATION PLAN
• THIS PLAN IS IMPORTANT TO ENSURE THAT INSPECTION AND EVALUATION OF
PAVEMENT FAILURES WERE CARRIED OUT THEIR INTENDED TASKS WITHIN A
REASONABLE TIME FRAME AND AT THE LOWEST COST.
PAVEMENT CONDITION SURVEY
• IT REFERS TO THE ACTIVITIES PERFORMED TO GIVE AN INDICATION OF THE
SERVICEABILITY AND PHYSICAL CONDITIONS OF ROAD PAVEMENTS
• THIS INCLUDES
1. VISUAL SURVEY OF PAVEMENT FAILURES
• IT IS A GUIDE TO WHAT TESTING SHOULD BE CARRIED OUT AND WHERE
2. DISTRESS SURVEY (ON FAILED PAVEMENT)
• TO FIND OUT THE AMOUNT, TYPE AND CONDITION OR SEVERITY LEVEL OF DISTRESS

7. EXPERIMENTAL WORKS
• IT INCLUDES FIELD & LABORATORY TESTING.
• FIELD TESTS-
1. BENKELMAN BEAM TEST: - TO DETERMINE THE DEFLECTION IN ROAD PAVEMENT
2. DYNAMIC CONE PENETRATION TEST: - TO DETERMINE THE STRENGTH OF SUBGRADE SOIL
3. ROUGHNESS AND SURFACE EVENNESS MEASUREMENT
4. SKID RESISTANCE TESTING
• LABORATORY TESTS-
1. SIEVE ANALYSIS: -
2. LOS ANGELES ABRASION TEST -
3. MODIFIED PROCTER COMPACTION TEST – TO DETERMINE THE COMPACTION OF DIFF. TYPE
OF SOIL & THEIR PROPERTIES.
4. FIELD DENSITY TEST (SAND REPLACEMENT METHOD)
5. LABORATORY CBR TEST - TO EVALUATE SUBGRADE STRENGTH OF ROADS & PAVEMENTS

8. DATA COLLECTION ABOUT DISTRESSES
Section Type ofDistress Length(mm) Width(mm) Depth(mm)
PulDoda to Pranoo
Longitudinalcracking 2101 4.8 -
Edge failure 2330 - -
Patching 375 1760 -
Pothole 410 - 9, 2
Raveling 670 590 -
COLLECTED DATA IN SECTION-1 I.E. PULDODA TO PRANOO

9. DATA COLLECTION ABOUT DISTRESSES
COLLECTED DATA IN SECTION-2 I.E. PRANOO TO BHALLA
Section Type of Distress Length (mm) Width (mm) Depth (mm)
Pranoo to Bhalla
Pothole 780 - 45
Raveling 840 309 -
Edge failure 1580 - -
Pothole 280 - 35
Longitudinal cracking 1890 11.4 -
-

10. DATA COLLECTION ABOUT DISTRESSES
COLLECTED DATA IN SECTION-3 I.E. BHALLA TO KHELLANI
Section Type ofDistress Length(mm) Width(mm) Depth(mm)
Bhalla toKhellani
Longitudinal
cracking 1420 6 -
Patching 490 180 -
Edge failure 570 - -
Pothole 130 - 19, 20
Patching 863 4180 -
Block cracking 656 3.8 -

11. DATA COLLECTION ABOUT DISTRESSES
COLLECTED DATA IN SECTION-4 I.E. KHELLANI TO SERI
Section
Type of
Distress
Length
(mm)
Width
(mm)
Depth
(mm)
Khellanito Seri
Pothole 440 - 35.5
Longitudinal
cracking
762 3.2 -
Raveling 2230 618 -
Edge Failure 1135 - -
Block cracking 1580 6.26 -

12. SUITABLE CAUSES OF DISTRESSES & SUGGESTED MAINTENANCE METHODS
• LONGITUDINAL CRACKING: -
• THESE CRACKS OCCURS PREDOMINANTLY PARALLEL TO THE CENTERLINE OF THE
PAVEMENT.
• CAUSES: -
1. A POORLY CONSTRUCTED JOINT
2. CRACKS REFLECTING UP FROM UNDERLYING LAYER
3. DISPLACEMENT OF JOINT AT PAVEMENT WIDENING

13. SUITABLE CAUSES OF DISTRESSES & SUGGESTED MAINTENANCE METHODS
• LONGITUDINAL CRACKING: -
• SEVERITY LEVELS
• LOW: CRACKS WITH A MEAN WIDTH ≤ 6 MM.
• MODERATE: CRACKS WITH A MEAN WIDTH > 6 MM AND ≤19 MM
• HIGH: CRACKS WITH A MEAN WIDTH > 19 MM.
Section Type of Distress Length(mm) Width(mm) SeverityLevels
PulDoda to
Pranoo
Longitudinalcracking
2101 4.8 Low
Pranoo toBhalla 1890 11.4 Moderate
Bhalla toKhellani 1420 6 Low
Khellanito Seri 762 3.2 Low

14. SUITABLE CAUSES OF DISTRESSES & SUGGESTED MAINTENANCE METHODS
• LONGITUDINAL CRACKING: -
• MAINTENANCE METHODS
1. FROM THE LAST SLIDE, THE LONGITUDINAL CRACKING IN SECTION PULDODA TO PRANOO,
PRANOO TO BHALLA, BHALLA TO KHELLANI AND KHELLANI TO SERI ARE OF EITHER LOW
OR MODERATE SEVERITY LEVELS.
2. SO, THE SUGGESTED MAINTENANCE IS
1. CRACK SEAL- TO PREVENT MOISTURE ENTERING INTO SUBGRADE THROUGH THE CRACKS.
2. PROVIDING SIDE DRAINAGE DITCHES FOR EFFECTIVE DRAINAGE RESULTS IN REDUCTION IN
CRACKING.

15. PROBABLE CAUSES OF DISTRESSES & SUGGESTED MAINTENANCE METHODS
• EDGE CRACKING: -
• EDGES CRACKING GENERALLY ARE PARALLEL TO THE EDGE OF THE PAVEMENT. THE
SHAPE OF CRACKS IS CRESCENT OR FAIRLY CONTINUOUS CRACKS.
• CAUSES: -
1. WATER SEEPAGE UNDER THE HEAVY RAINFALL BECAUSE OF POOR DRAINAGE SYSTEM.
2. LACK OF LATERAL SUPPORT AT THE END OF THE PAVEMENT

16. PROBABLE CAUSES OF DISTRESSES & SUGGESTED MAINTENANCE METHODS
• EDGE CRACKING: -
• SEVERITY LEVELS- BASICALLY DONE BY VISUAL INSPECTION
• LOW: CRACKS WITH NO BREAKUP OR LOSS OF MATERIAL.
• MODERATE: CRACKS WITH SOME BREAKUPAND LOSS OF MATERIAL FOR UP TO 10% OF
THE LENGTH OF THE AFFECTED PORTION OF THE PAVEMENT.
• HIGH: CRACKS WITH CONSIDERABLE BREAKUPAND LOSS OF MATERIAL FOR MORE THAN
10% OF THE LENGTH OF THE AFFECTED PORTION OF THE PAVEMENT
Section Type ofDistress Length(mm) SeverityLevels
PulDoda to
Pranoo
Edge Cracking
1120 Moderate
1210 Low
Pranoo to
Bhalla 1580 High
Bhalla to
Khellani
570 High
Khellani toSeri 1235 Moderate

17. PROBABLE CAUSES OF DISTRESSES & SUGGESTED MAINTENANCE METHODS
• EDGE CRACKING: -
1. MAINTENANCE METHODS
1. IMPROVE DRAINAGE.
2. REMOVE VEGETATION CLOSE TO EDGES
3. FILL CRACKS BY ASPHALT EMULSION SLURRY I.E. CRACK SEAL.
4. RECONSTRUCT THE EDGE & SUPPORT THE EDGE BY EITHER PAVED SHOULDER OR PAVING
STONE

18. PROBABLE CAUSES OF DISTRESSES & SUGGESTED MAINTENANCE METHODS
• POTHOLE: -
• POTHOLE IS A HOLE IN A ROAD SURFACES THAT PENETRATE THE ROAD THROUGH THE HMA
LAYER DOWN TO THE BASE COURSE.
• POTHOLES GENERALLY HAVE SHARP EDGES AND VERTICAL SIDES NEAR THE TOP OF THE HOLE.
• NORMALLY THE POTHOLES OCCUR ON ROAD THAT HAS THE THICKNESS LESS THAN 70MM.
• CAUSES: -
1. LOSS OF SURFACE COURSE DUE TO HEAVY RAINFALL
2. MOISTURE ENTRY TO BASE COURSE THROUGH CRACKED PAVEMENT SURFACE

19. PROBABLE CAUSES OF DISTRESSES & SUGGESTED MAINTENANCE METHODS
• POTHOLE: -
• SEVERITY LEVELS
• LOW: THE DEPTH < 25 MM.
• MODERATE: THE DEPTH BETWEEN 25 MM TO 50 MM.
• HIGH: THE DEPTH > 50 MM.
Section Type of
Distress
Length
(mm)
Depth(mm) SeverityLevels
PulDoda
to Pranoo
Pothole
410 9,2 Low
Pranoo to
Bhalla
780 45 High
280 35 Moderate
Bhalla to
Khellani
130 19.20 Low
Khellanito
Seri
440 35.5 Moderate

20. PROBABLE CAUSES OF DISTRESSES & SUGGESTED MAINTENANCE METHODS
• POTHOLE: -
1. MAINTENANCE METHODS
1. THE DEPTH OF POTHOLES IN SECTIONS PULDODA TO PRANOO, BHALLA TO KHELLANI
AND KHELLANI TO SERI ARE OF EITHER LOW OR MODERATE SEVERITY LEVELS, SO FOR
THESE SECTIONS THE REPAIRING METHOD WOULD BE SURFACE PATCHING.
2. WHEREAS FOR SECTION PRANOO TO BHALLA, ITS HIGH, SO TO REPAIR THOSE POTHOLES
THE SUGGESTED REPAIRING METHOD IS FULL DEPTH PATCHING.

21. PROBABLE CAUSES OF DISTRESSES & SUGGESTED MAINTENANCE METHODS
• RAVELING: -
• RAVELING IS LOSS OF MATERIAL THAT COVERED ASPHALT SURFACE OR IS THE
PROGRESSIVE DISINTEGRATION OF HMA LAYER AS A RESULT OF THE DISLODGEMENT
OF AGGREGATE PARTICLES.
• CAUSES: -
1. INSUFFICIENT BITUMEN CONTENT RESULTS INTO LOSE BONDING AMONG AGGREGATES
2. AGGREGATE SEGREGATION
3. INADEQUATE COMPACTION DURING CONSTRUCTION

22. PROBABLE CAUSES OF DISTRESSES & SUGGESTED MAINTENANCE METHODS
• RAVELING: -
• SEVERITY LEVELS-
• NOT APPLICABLE.
• THE PRESENCE OF RAVELING INDICATES POTENTIAL MIXTURE RELATED PERFORMANCE
PROBLEMS. EXTENT IS SUFFICIENT TO MONITOR ANY PROGRESSION.
Section Type of
Distress
Length
(mm)
Width
(mm)
Severity
Levels
PulDoda
to Pranoo
Raveling
670 590
Not Applicable
Pranoo to
Bhalla
840 309
Bhalla to
Khellani
2230 618

23. PROBABLE CAUSES OF DISTRESSES & SUGGESTED MAINTENANCE METHODS
• RAVELING: -
• MAINTENANCE METHODS-
• FOR SMALL AND LESS AFFECTED AREAS OF RAVELING, REMOVE THE RAVELED PAVEMENT
AND PATCH.
• FOR LARGE RAVELED AREAS INDICATIVE OF GENERAL HMA FAILURE, REMOVE THE
DAMAGED PAVEMENT AND OVERLAY ESPECIALLY THIN BITUMEN OVERLAY.

24. PROBABLE CAUSES OF DISTRESSES & SUGGESTED MAINTENANCE METHODS
• BLOCK CRACKING: -
• BLOCK CRACKING IS OVERLAPPING CRACKS THAT DIVIDE THE PAVEMENT INTO
RECTANGULAR OR SQUARE PIECES.
• THE AREA OF THE BLOCKS RANGE FROM 0.1 SQ.MTR. TO 9 SQ.MTR.
• CAUSES: -
1. HMA SHRINKAGE AND DAILY TEMPERATURE CYCLING
2. BYAN INABILITY OF ASPHALT BINDER TO EXPAND & CONTRACT WITH VARYING
TEMPERATURE CYCLES, DUE TO AGING & POOR CHOICE OF ASPHALT BINDER IN MIX.

25. PROBABLE CAUSES OF DISTRESSES & SUGGESTED MAINTENANCE METHODS
• BLOCK CRACKING: -
• SEVERITY LEVELS
• LOW: CRACKS WITH A MEAN WIDTH ≤ 6 MM.
• MODERATE: CRACKS WITH A MEAN WIDTH > 6 MM
AND ≤19 MM
• HIGH: CRACKS WITH A MEAN WIDTH > 19 MM.
Section
Type of
Distress
Length
(mm)
Width
(mm)
Severity
Levels
Bhalla to
Khellani Block
656 3.8 Low
Khellani
to Seri Cracking 1580 6.26 Moderate

26. PROBABLE CAUSES OF DISTRESSES & SUGGESTED MAINTENANCE METHODS
• BLOCK CRACKING: -
• MAINTENANCE METHODS
• THE BLOCK CRACK IN SECTION BHALLA TO KHELLANI HAS LOW SEVERITY LEVEL AND
SECTION KHELLANI TO SERI HAS MODERATE
• SO THEY NEED TO BE TREATED WITH CRACK SEAL TO PREVENT MOISTURE ENTERING INTO
SUBGRADE THROUGH THE CRACKS.
• FOR HIGHLY SEVERE BLOCKS CRACKING, REMOVE AND REPLACE THE CRACKED
PAVEMENT LAYER WITH AN OVERLAY.

27. CONCLUSION
• SOME CAUSES OF ROAD CRACKS & DETERIORATION AND DEFECTS ARE DUE TO POOR CONSTRUCTION
QUALITY, STRUCTURAL FAILURE OF BASE, POOR HIGHWAY FACILITIES, POOR MAINTENANCE POLICY,
POOR SUPERVISION.
• PAVEMENT DETERIORATION PROCESS STARTS VERY SLOWLY SO THAT IT MAY NOT BE NOTICEABLE,
AND OVER THE TIME IT ACCELERATES AT FASTER RATES SO, THERE MUST BE IMPLEMENTATION OF
THE PROPER MAINTENANCE AND REPAIR WORK IN SUITABLE TIME; WHICH WILL MAINTAIN THE
PAVEMENT IN A SAFE AND ACCEPTABLE & OPERATIONAL CONDITION AND HELP TO SAVE COST OF
MAINTENANCE.
• ROAD MAINTENANCE IS ONE OF THE IMPORTANT COMPONENTS OF THE ENTIRE ROAD SYSTEM
• SO, FROM THIS CASE STUDY WE CAN CONCLUDE THAT EVEN IF THE ROADS ARE WELL DESIGNED AND
WELL CONSTRUCTED, BUT AT SOME POINT THEY MAY REQUIRE MAINTENANCE.
• ALSO REPAIR AND REHABILITATION PROCEDURES CANNOT OVERCOME BAD DESIGN PROBLEMS BUT
CAN HELP PREVENT THESE PROBLEMS RESULTING FROM DEGRADATION.

28. THE END.