Determining The Population Structure Of Salmo Salar

Determining The Population Structure Of Salmo Salar
Joshua Igin
Determining the Population Structure of Salmo salar (Atlantic Salmon) in the Salmon River, NY
The Salmon River is located in Oswego County New York and it empties into Lake Ontario at Port
Ontario. It is a major hub of public recreational fishing in New York State and contains a variety of
fish including Chinook, Coho, and Atlantic Salmon as well as Brown Trout and many others. The
Salmon River was an extremely productive tributary into the late 19th century. Unfortunately, a
variety of factors led to the degradation of the water and subsequently the Atlantic Salmon
population collapsed. These factors included deforestation, over–fishing, and dam construction.
(dec.ny)
In 1981 the Salmon River Hatchery was formed in Altmar NY, ... Show more content on
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(Falconer and Mackay, 1996). Additionally, (Youngson et al 2003) explains that in the management
of hatcheries, managers must make decisions based on population structure and genetic insight. This
research would provide novel information that could inform better decision making in terms of the
effectiveness and efficiency of the hatchery.
The Atlantic Salmon is an appropriate fish to study because of it's importance globally. It is a
commonly eaten fish, and is very prevalently produced used in aquaculture techniques. In addition
to that, it's a fish that has seen a dramatic population decline globally. There are major conservation
efforts concerning it, specifically on the coast of Maine. It is an anadromous fish, and typically
spends 2–3 years in freshwater, then spends about 2–3 years in the ocean and then returns to it's
native river to spawn. This makes it very vulnerable to the conditions it may face in both
environments.
The general approach of this study will follow similar methodology to the approach used in Ward
2006. The Genetic diversity within the populations will be examined based on samples locus
genotypes and the genome diversity can be examined for fits to Hardy–Weinberg expectations. The
genetic differentiation between the samples will be quantified using the FST statistic from Wright,
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The Salmon Trade And How It Has Changed Our Consumption
I. Introduction
For this project, we are researched the salmon trade and how it has evolved over the years. The
salmon commodity chain has three main consumers – the United States, Japan, and China. The
development of aquaculture has changed our consumption of salmon drastically over the past
decades, with Norway leading the aquaculture industry, and Chile fast catching up. Because of
differing standards of farming, the quality of cultivated salmon varies; some farms may use
chemicals, while others focus on a sustainable farming process focused on longevity of humans,
salmon, and the earth. Atlantic salmon used to overflow waters ranging from Quebec to
Newfoundland, all the way southwest to Long Island Sound. Come the beginning of the 19th ...
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They spend a few years feeding in the ocean, then return to their natal streams or rivers to spawn,
generally in summer or early fall" (FishWatch 2014). Atlantic salmon is the only species of salmon
found in rivers on the Atlantic coast; some landlocked Atlantic salmon have evolved into a non–
migratory life cycle based in landlocked lakes on the Atlantic coast, too. Atlantic salmon average a
weight of 46.8 kg, with a maximum lifespan of 13 years.
All other types of salmon are considered Pacific salmon. Chinook salmon, also called King Salmon,
are the largest, weighing in at 61.4 kg, with a shorter lifetime of ~9 years. Other Pacific salmon we
researched included Coho salmon (15.2 kg, 5 yr lifespan), and Sockeye salmon (7.7 kg, 8 yr
lifespan). These are all generally found in the same areas – namely, the Pacific coast, ranging from
Japan and the northern Canadian coast to the California coastline. Coho salmon are a little more
southern, from the Alaskan coast to Monterey Bay, CA, and Sockeye salmon are situated in southern
CA up to Hokkaido, Japan. Some populations of certain species are considered endangered, but
many populations are considered healthy.
III. Commercial Fishing
The salmon consumers encounter in the market can either be commercially caught wild, or farmed
using a process called aquaculture. Global commercial capture of wild salmon varies by species.

Salmon Culture Site Selection For A Partially Integrated...
Salmon culture site selection: considerations for the determination of an appropriate location for a
partially integrated coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) operation.
Sarah Davis
27600105
Applied Biology 418
Dr. Ackerman
October 31, 2014
Introduction
The commercial culture of salmonids is concentrated on three high value species: Atlantic salmon
(Salmo salar), coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch), and rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss)
(Asche and Bjorndal 2011). Early North American commercial salmon culturists favoured coho
salmon as a culture species due to their rapid growth rate and hardiness (i.e. their capacity to survive
under unfavourable conditions), combined with the availability of a surplus of eggs from pre–
existing government hatchery programs (Pennell and Barton 1996; Fairgrieve 2006). Today, global
aquaculture production of coho salmon is dominated primarily by Chile (producing 161,953 tonnes
in 2012) and to a lesser extent Japan (producing 9,728 tonnes in 2012) (Food and Agriculture
Organization of the United Nations [FAO] 2014). While Canada has been remained a minor
producer within the last decade, North American coho salmon production has been severely
curtailed by social and economics issues combined with a lack of suitable operation sites (Fairgrieve
2006). In the wild, mature coho salmon return to their freshwater natal site during late summer and
autumn, and spawning occurs between November and January (Fairgrieve 2006). Eggs are

The Salmon Fisheries
In my hometown, a local diner serves "Honey dipped Salmon." They claim that the dish is prepared
using a species of Salmon, called Chinook, which is a product of the Alaska Salmon fisheries.
Since Chinook salmon is an anadromous specie, it is born in the fresh water, migrates to the ocean
for 1–5 years and then returns to the Main–channel Rivers to spawn. The female lays around 3,000–
14,000 eggs that are successfully fertilized by the males, however the eggs are very brittle and can
be easily destroyed. Fortunately, enough hatch and survive in Alaska to ensure healthy stocks. After
spawning, they typically die as they don't feed on anything during their widespread migration and
use up all the stored body fat for survival. ("CSSP", n.d.). As an example of their extensive
migration, we can look at "the Yukon River spawners that travel more than 2,000 river miles during
a 60–day period to reach Canada". Their major populations are located in Susitana, Taku, Copper,
Kuskokwin, Nushagak river systems. The specie's returning numbers from their sprawled spawning
migrations had started declining in 2006, however they have significantly recovered now. (Wild
explorer, n.d.)
The Chinook salmon is vastly sought after in Cook Inlet and Southeast Alaska by fishers because of
its great value as a sport fish. The annual value of sports industry in Alaska is about $500 million
and the annual harvest looms around 170,000 fish. ("CSU", n.d.). However, to make the fisheries

Cuttlefish Growth Structure
Abstract This work was done to study the basic parameters which used for evaluation and
management of the most common and economic cuttlefish species in the Gulf f Suez Sepia savignyi
, Samples were collected from the commercial landings in Ataka fishing port, during the fishing
season 2014/2015. Age was determined for 452samples using length frequency analysis. Growth
parameters were estimated by applying the von Bertalanffy growth function. The asymptotic length
(L∞), were 24.28, 33 and 32.11 cm for males, females and sexes combined, respectively the growth
rate (K) were 0.61, 0.42 and 0.51/ year for males, females and sexes combined, respectively and (t0)
were 0.328, 0.271 and 0.356 / year for males, females and sexes ... Show more content on
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Cuttlefish are found in large numbers throughout the world's ocean waters from the warm, tropical
shallows to the cold depths of the deep ocean. The cuttlefish's catch in the Gulf of Suez was
composed of four species; Sepia savignyi, S. pharaonis, S. dollfusi, and S. trygonina and S.
savignyi. Sepia svignyi (Blainville, 1827) is the major targeted cuttlefish resource in the study area.
This species, endemic to Western Indian Ocean, Red Sea, Gulf of Suez, Gulf of Aden, Arabian Sea
and the Persian Gulf, it is a dominant component in commercial cuttlefish catches reported from the
Gulf of Suez, this species is heavily overexploited. In Egypt's commercially important trawl fishery
in the Gulf of Suez, the percentage of cuttlefish constitutes about 2.31% of the total catch during the
fishing season 2014/2015. Few studies were made on the cuttlefish biology of Sepia savignyi
Blainville, 1827. Ibrahim et al. (1993) investigated the age, length–weight relationship and
theoretical growth of S. savignyi collected from the Gulf of Suez. . El–Gammal and Mehanna
(2006) evaluated the cuttlefish fishery status in the Gulf of Suez using surplus production model.
EL–Sherbeny (2009) studied population dynamic and fisheries of three species of cuttlefish (S.
savignyi, S. dollfusi and S. pharaonis) in the Gulf of Suez, Egypt, Mehanna and El–Gammal (2010)
estimated the population parameters of S. savignyi in the Gulf of Suez

Salmon Facts
Salmon Fish Facts.
Various species of salmon span from Alaska and to the Pacific Ocean, with each species reproducing
in the same fascinating way. The uncommonly high amount of omega–3 fatty acids found in salmon
make it a popular nutritional choice for good health. While there's been an increase in demand for
salmon, there's been a subsequent decrease in the wild salmon population; in an effort to reverse this
decrease, salmon farms were created and now account for the majority of the world's salmon.
Facts About Salmon
The Pacific Ocean houses the majority of wild salmon, including the Cherry salmon and the group
of fish known as the "Alaskan salmon" which consists of: the Chinook salmon, the largest of all the
Pacific salmon; the Chum, sometimes known as the dog salmon; the Coho salmon, or silver salmon;
the Pink salmon, the smallest of all the Pacific salmon; and the Sockeye, also known as the Red or
the Blueback, salmon. The other two species of salmon include the Atlantic salmon, the only salmon
to inhabit the Atlantic, and the huchen or Danube salmon.
One extraordinary fact about ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Salmon contains an unusually high number of omega–3 fatty acids, including both EPA
(eicosapentaenoic acid) and DHA (docosahexaenoic acid). Omega–3 fatty acids are beneficial for a
variety of reasons. Not only do they improve heart health, but they also reduce the risk of a heart
attack or stroke. They promote healthy cell functioning, which aids in brain development and
performance. Omega–3 fatty acids also reduce inflammation in the joints, helping to alleviate
arthritis pain. While some prefer buying their omega–3s at health food stores, eating salmon is in
fact healthier than taking fish oil capsules; instead, supplementing these capsules for the natural
intake of omega–3 fatty acids can actually cause heart problems. Salmon also serves as a good
source of protein, vitamins and

Fish Farming: Meeting the World´s Demand of Fish Supply
The world is currently increasing at an alarming rate, where the population will reach nine billion by
2050, creating further demand for food (Raising More Fish to Meet Rising Demand, 2014). Fish
farming, or aquaculture, is said to be the solution to meeting the growing global demand for fish as
this sector is rapidly expanding comprehensively for the last thirty years (Australian Marine
Conservation Society). Aquaculture is performing to become a successful method to satisfy the
universal demand for seafood as it is environmentally friendly by preserving the ecosystem. It is
beneficial to the population's health as the nutrition value from fish farms is more nourishing (NTP
Staff, 2014) and the process of fish farming has lower environmental impacts compared to livestock
farming (Watts, 2011). Fish farming is a positive resolution to meeting the world's demand for fish.
Aquaculture is a sustainable process in gratifying the global demand for fish as it values the
preservation of ecosystems and number of wild fish in the ocean. According to the Center for
Economic Excellence & Development, when fish are raised in an enclosure, they are easily
accessible when being purchased, and the source or trade of retrieving more fish is efficiently
managed when the demand is escalating (NTP Staff, 2014). The fish are commonly grown in small,
closed aquaculture systems that neither disrupt coastal habitats, nor rely on wild caught fisheries for
feed (Australian Marine Conservation

Chinook Or King Salmon
In the North Pacific there are five species of salmon. Each kind of salmon is known by different
names like, Chinook (king), sockeye (red), coho (silver), chum (dog), and pink (humpback). These
are all valuable, but the Chinook or King Salmon were the prize of the Columbia River system. In
the late 1800s about 2,500,000 cans of salmon nearly filled a cannery store and storage rooms in
Astoria, Oregon. Fresh, salted, dried, and smoked were the only options for preserving and eating
salmon before the spread of canning technology in the mid 1800s.
George Hume, his brother William and their friend Andrew Hapgood established the first cannery on
the Columbia River in 1866. Hapgood, Hume and Company packed 272,000 pounds of salmon.
Soon thereafter

U.s. Salmon Aquaculture : Ethical Issues
U.S. Salmon Aquaculture: Ethical Issues in Farmed Salmon
Kimberly Jones
Troy University
Dr. Miller
Abstract
There are many ethical arguments surrounding aquaculture. The salmon industry in the United
States has many ethical concerns in relation to farmed salmon. This paper will first discuss the
salmon industry, then discuss specific ethical issues facing farmed salmon, and finally review any
laws, regulations or relief efforts in place to reduce these ethical concerns, or that aggravate these
concerns.
Keywords: aquaculture, ethics, genetically modified organisms, GMOs, salmon
U.S. Aquaculture: Ethical Issues in Farmed Salmon
Animal agriculture has been utilized for thousands of years to provide human beings with
dependable sources ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Palm oil harvest often leads to deforestation of the rainforests, and raises many ethical concerns
from the public, (Levitt, 2015).
Harm to Wild Salmon Populations.
When fish like salmon are farmed, often the fish are still kept in the ocean; however, they live inside
of nets so that they are still contained. There are many ethical arguments based around these net
systems because these nets pose threats to wild salmon. Captive salmon can escape from the nets,
which allows them to breed with wild salmon. This can disrupt the natural gene pool of wild
salmon. Farmed salmon have been shown to outgrow wild salmon when introduced into the wild,
and typically have higher mortality rates, which would be poor traits to be introduced into the wild
gene pool, (Hindar, et al., 2006). Unfortunately, with the invasive farmed salmon being introduced
to wild populations from escapees of net systems, the recovery of the original wild salmon is
unlikely, even if decades went by without more intrusive farmed salmon being present, (Hindar, et
al., 2006). Another problem is that the nets do not contain wastes from the captive salmon inside,
wastes such as uneaten feed, and feces from the fish are dispersed into the open waters of the ocean.
Wild salmon can contract infections and parasites from captive farmed salmon in nets. A study
indicated that these parasites, such as sea lice, and infections lead to high mortality rates in wild
salmon passing near

Decomposition Of Salmon Essay
Decomposition of Salmon
The decomposition of salmon and other waste products from salmon farming have a wide array of
environmental impacts. The effects on the environment are seen through nitrogen and oxygen
depletion in the vicinity, remineralization, fish waste, and other waste materials known to thrust the
salmon environment into a zone of stress.
Nitrogen & Oxygen Depletion
The largest impact that decomposition has on natural world in the vicinity of salmon farms is
nitrogen and oxygen depletion. Studies have shown that the decomposition of salmon in fish
farming strategies contributes to the loss of nitrogen and oxygen in the surrounding areas (Brickell
& Goering, 1997). This can be attributed to the chemical process a salmon carcass ... Show more
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Overabundance of these chemicals is toxic to fish and can cause "fish kills" (Genoil, 2012). Fish
carcass remineralization can ultimately block sunlight and choke plants causing the ecosystem to
collapse into a "deadzone" (Genoil, 2012). Farmed fish mortality can reach 30% in shallow waters
(Genoil, 2012). Salmon farms increase organic matter mineralization (Heilskov & Holmer, 2001).
This is caused by enhanced microbial activities because of the presence of "organic–rich faecal
pellets" (Heilskov & Holmer, 2001). The microbial organisms are more active in the fish farms
because the stagnant waters allow certain bacteria from salmon faecal pellets to accumulate and
provide the microbes with a near optimal environment to produce the inorganic substances that are
byproducts of remineralization. The salmon also catalyzed this process by direct ingestion of
detritus (Heilskov & Holmer, 2001). Through the direct ingestion of these decomposers, the salmon
undergo a biotic decomposition where the carcasses are broken down into simpler, organic matter
that undergo remineralization more

Field Experiment On Surface Water Groundwater Exchange
Field experiment links surface water–groundwater exchange to fish growth
Or Surface water–groundwater exchange increases post–emergent salmonid growth by stimulating
foodweb production
Francine
Alex
Colden
Eric
Keywords: chinook, hyporheic exchange, rearing habitat, salmon
Target Journal: CJFAS or Freshwater Biology or Ecological applications??
Introduction
Multiple salmonid species are known to actively select areas of groundwater upwelling for
spawning. Surface water–groundwater (SW–GW) exchange research has primarily focused on the
importance of intra–gravel flow that supports fish egg incubation success, through moderated water
temperature, dissolved oxygen content and removal of respiration waste (Webster and Eiriksdottir
1976, Curry and Noakes 1995, Baxter and Hauer 2000 Geist 2001). Although this spawning habitat
selection is likely to mediate conditions for juvenile salmonid rearing, the role that surface water–
groundwater (SW–GW) exchange plays in post–emergent salmonid growth has not been well
studied (except Jungwirth et al 2000). In this study, we performed a field–experiment to test if SW–
GW exchanges increased post–emergent fish growth. In addition, we examined the direct and
indirect effects of SW–GW exchange on foodweb drivers resulting in observed fish growth to
explore implications for fish conservation, management and stream restoration. We believe this
study to be the first of its kind to show direct fish growth due to surface water–groundwater

Grand Coulee Dam Essay
Background
Nearly 13,000 years ago, glaciers moved across the earth. In the Pacific Northwest they created
many rivers, including the Columbia. The rock that the Grand Coulee Dam was built on was carved
out by those glaciers creating a sturdy base of the dam. It is located in the rain–shadow of the
Cascade Mountain Range in a shrub–steppe grassland, which results in very little rainfall and high
temperatures. There have been many Native American tribes, including the Spokane, Sanpoli,
Nespelem, Lakes, Colville and many others that have lived along the Columbia River and have
relied on it for many of their day–to–day necessities (Columbia Basin Project 2015). On July 16,
1933 construction of the Grand Coulee Dam began, and nine years later ... Show more content on
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The tribal members are against the dam because it ruins their life style. The Native Americans use
the Columbia River as a source of food and a way of life. Moreover, the damming of the Columbia
River forced the Native Americans to resettle. The dam is an issue to them because they fish for
salmon, an anadromous fish and once they're through the dam, there is no way for them to come
back up it to spawn; this leads to the disappointed commercial fishermen. The environmentalists are
upset because the construction of the dam means there would be habitat loss and alteration of a
variety of wildlife, including plants. The taxpayers in the Northwest Region of the United States are
the ones who paid for the majority of the irrigation construction costs ("Columbia Basin Project"
2015). Currently, there are no efforts for removing the

A Look At The Biological Changes And Adaptations...
Anadromy in salmonids: a look at the biological changes and adaptations conferring the ability to
transition between freshwater and seawater
Sarah Davis
27600105
Applied Biology 418
Dr. Ackerman
October 2, 2014
Introduction
Diadromous fish are those that undergo regular migrations between two distinctly different biomes:
freshwater and saltwater (McDowall 1997). These migrations are physiologically mediated, occur at
anticipated times within a fish's life history, and involve two reciprocal migrations (i.e. the fish
migrates away from its natal biome, then later returns to spawn). Anadromy is a specific
subcategory of diadromy, wherein fish spawn in freshwater, migrate to sea, grow to their final size,
and then return to freshwater to spawn (Quinn 2011). Anadromy is considered to be a defining life
history pattern for members of the Salmonidae family (comprised of salmons, trouts, and charrs)
(Quinn and Myers 2004). All Pacific salmon species (belonging to the Genus Oncorhynchus) are
considered to be anadromous (Quinn 2011); nonetheless, there are examples of anadromous
salmonids outside this Genus, such as Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) (McDowall 2001). It is worth
noting that anadromy is expressed to different degrees interspecifically and intraspecifically (Quinn
and Myers 2004). Pink (O. gorbuscha) and chum (O. keta) salmon have no natural non–anadromous
populations, suggesting that they are the most "strongly" anadromous species of salmonids.

Health Benefits Of Salmon Essay
The Health benefits of Salmon
American ideals about diets and body images are constantly changing. It seems as though we are
always searching for a "perfect" food, one which will keep us slim while providing the vitamins,
minerals, and nutrients necessary for survival. In recent years, the focus has shifted from concerns
about fat and carbohydrates to overall health and wellbeing. There has been an increasing emphasis
placed on 'organic' foods – foods grown without pesticides, chemicals, and inorganic fertilizers.
Cancer has become a huge concern, as it is being linked to many of the chemicals and pesticides
used in food production. The 'perfect' food has become one which is capable of blocking the growth
of cancer ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Additionally, symptoms of Attention Deficit Disorder (ADD) have been known to decrease in
children who consume the fish. The risk of asthma in children is reduced as well. Finally, there is a
decreased risk of strokes and stress–induced aggression in people who consume salmon.
In addition to containing high levels of vitamins and minerals, salmon is also low in fat and
cholesterol. 'An average portion of salmon provides over half of the daily allowance of protein, and
between four and ten grams of fat'. Not all varieties offer the same benefits, however. Farmed
salmon, while often easier to obtain, is the less healthy choice. While they are being raised, farmed
salmon are fed a combination of fish protein, antibiotics, pesticides, vaccines, chemicals, and other
drugs. These present a risk not only to wild salmon living near the farms, but to humans and the
environment as well. Farmed salmon contain more of the 'bad' fats than wild salmon, and fewer
'good' fats. Wild salmon, while often more difficult to locate than farmed, are the healthier choice
and the one preferred by the majority of chefs and consumers throughout the country. The flesh is
darker in color and firmer, direct results of an active, migratory lifestyle. Wild salmon are 'harvested'
only after their feeding and spawning cycles have concluded, but despite this fact their species have
become severely endangered.
If faced with

Wal-Mart
Abstract
Since Wal–Mart opened its doors in the early 1960's profit as with any corporation has been a main
focus. Achieving and succeeding in this however is easier said than done, development and success
of a company relies on efficiency in current practices and improvements in those practices to insure
the future of the company. A strong sustainability strategy which is closely followed will allow for
such growth and success; bringing profits to the organization. Wal–Mart is said to be "a template for
21st Century capitalism" [1, pg 3] they hold a reputation for low prices; however this reputation is
not reflective of their profits, as seen during the fiscal year of 2008 Wal–Mart earned $12.73 billion
dollars. [2] With such sizable ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
[4]
SWOT
Strengths – Wild caught salmon has a decreased level of hormones and toxins then farm raised, this
makes the fish provided at a loss by Wal–Mart a healthier alternative for the consumer. The quality
and taste of the fish is also improved with wild caught salmon. Eutrophication has the potential to
decrease with less farming improving quality of the ecosystem.
Weakness – By selling these products below cost, profits will be lost. It is hard to promote the
benefits of programs if consumer is not interested, in the case of the recycling program as
consumers were unwilling to pay to participate. [4]
Opportunities – Change consumer's view of Wal–Mart's concern for the environment, by reducing
its environmental impact by providing a low cost recycling program. By making organic and
environmentally friendly products affordable for everyone such as the Salmon in this case, and set
the standard for environmental responsibility by discouraging fish farming and throwing away
electronics.
Threats – While the wild Alaskan caught salmon has greater health benefits it still cost more than
frozen farm raised; consumers don't want to pay the extra, even if Wal–Mart is taking a profit loss.
This threat could leave products on the shelf to spoil, and Wal–Mart was already taking a loss by
just providing the fish to consumers.
Recommendations
We recommend that Wal–Mart

The Atlantic And Pacific Coasts Fish Stocks Overall Show...
ANSWER / RÉPONSE – QUESTION 1
The Atlantic and Pacific Coasts fish stocks overall show little improvement, despite the management
strategies that have been implemented to try to increase fish population. This is primarily due to
overexploitation
North Coast and Hecate Strait
Herring and Salmon populations are low overall. The Prince Reupert Herirng stock is moderate in
abundance, while the Haida Gwaii stock has shown little improvement for the past ten years, The
Central Coast Herring stock numbers are at a record low in abundance. Sockeye Salmon population
has been consistently declining since the 1990's due to the dangerous nature of their route of
migration of this species through to the Gulf of Alaska. Groundfish stock tends to vary from year to
year. The decline in dissolved oxygen in these areas has shown to affect distribution. Groundfish
stocks are improving overall, but those of shorter life spans (ie. flat fish) show much greater
improvement then those with longer life spans (ie. rockfish).
West Coast Vancouver Island Pacific hake, herring and Sockeye salmon, all remain in low
abundance in this area. The size of herring when they reach maturity is also declining. Sockeye
survivability is considered low in 2010. A single species– the pacific sardine was once collapsed
coast wide, has now reached its original full range in this ecozone. Groundfish stocks on Vancouver
Island, like those found in the North Coast, tend to experience a decreased dissolve oxygen

Physics and Fish Bioenergetics Essays
Welcome to the world of fish physics. Many of us understand basic fish behavior and can reach
logical conclusions about where the best place to throw a fishing line is. But when we don't think
much further than that we are missing out on some very interesting details of fish behavior. We can
never fully understand why we find some fish in one location and some fish in other locations until
we consider the concept of fish bioenergetics. Ultimately, fish behavior is a product of bioenergetics.
First, we will take a look at basic fish bioenergetics, understanding the underlying quantitative
principles. Then, we will look at some examples of how physical forces, thermodynamics, and light
characteristics are specifically related to fish ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Energy expended by the fish depends on the velocity (flow) of the water and the swimming
capability of the fish. The fish must exert a force in the upstream direction that is equal to the force
of the water trying to push it downstream. When the fish goes to retrieve a prey item laterally, it will
have to swim faster than the current. Getting a little bit more complex, we can consider Holling's
disc equation (Stephens and Krebs 1986) which can apply to any foraging animal. This equation's
most simplified derivation is R = λe – s/ 1 + λh where R is the rate of intake, λ is the rate of
encounter with other prey items, e is the energy gain, s is the search cost, and h is the handling time.
This equation assumes that searching for prey and handling prey are mutually exclusive activities. It
also assumes that the encounter rate will have a positive linear relationship with the time spent
searching for prey. For fish, many aspects of the physical environment can effect all of these
components. There are many physical factors that effect fish bioenergetics, such as local hydrologic
characteristics in a stream or river. However, not all of the physical factors involved are especially
obvious. We will look at three examples here. Water velocity plays an extremly important role in
fish bioenergetics. It effects components that are detrimental to fish as

Washington's Evergreen State
Washington Imagine a place filled with tall trees, green, rolling, hills, and a clear sunny day. Is that
your dream? No! It's... Washington! Washington was created on November 11, 1889 as the 42nd
state in America. It is nickname is the Evergreen State, by C.T Conover, when he saw the lush green
forests with evergreens. Renowned as one of the best states in America, it's home to many firsts and
creations, such as Starbucks, Microsoft's HQ, largest floating bridge in the world, first soft–serve
machine in the world, the only state named after a president, and many more. Even if it is a young
state, you can see it's a state with a good economy, many natural resources, and unique cultural
features. Washington has a lot of natural ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Rainier National Park, Mt. St. Helens, and Gum Wall (of course there are way more landmarks). All
of these landmarks have special features, as I would tell you later, and all of these landmarks are
famous. Now for the did you know. Olympic National Park is seventh on the list of "Most visited
US National Parks", with 2,824,908 numbers of visitors per year. It's also pretty huge, covering
1442 mi2, bigger than a lot of National Parks. Mt. Rainier covers 369.3 mi2, and Mt Rainier is the
tallest volcano in the Cascade Range. Gum wall is found in 1993, covered in gum, and one of the
top 5 germiest tourist attractions (all of these found on Google). There are way more landmarks that
are famous, such as Grand Coulee Dam and Mt. Baker, which shows how many natural attractions
there are in Washington. So far, Washington has good landmarks, economy, and

Walleye Fishing Research Paper
Walleye is the most common fish in South Dakota, they are fished all over the state. Walleye fishing
at Lake Oahe has been very popular for fishing. They have had really good fishing in the past few
years. Many people go fishing for the big walleyes. The walleye population keeps going up and
down. In 2001, walleye fishing was really low but now in 2013 it is back up to its average levels. All
across South Dakota the limit is four fish a day and only one out of the four can be over twenty
inches and the rest must be over fifteen inches until July 1. Walleye population goes up and down.
The average size changes every year. This year's average size is 14.7 inches in Lake Oahe. The
reports say that fishing in early June is the best time to go ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
Even if there is ice on the water. Then they start ice fishing. Some of the equipment is an ice auger,
little fishing poles, and a shack for when it is really cold out. The most common bait is a minnow on
a jig. First the people need to cut a hole in the ice. Then put the shake over the hole. Then get out the
poles out and start fishing. That is how people commonly ice fish. There are some common
techniques that people use. One of them is putting a night crawler on a spinner and trolling an area.
They also do it the same way with minnows. There are many other techniques but these are the most
common ones. Other techniques to choose from are the use of crank bait, jigging, suspended
trolling, windblown shore line, and casting. One of the better ways to fish is to try a few techniques
and use the one that works the best. It also depends on the time of year, weather, and moods of the
fish. The seasons of the year determines the Walleye mood. Early spring the walleye are really
active and hungry. Most anglers use minnows as bait during the spring of the year on the lake. The
walleye tend to be found in shallower waters during the spring also. They are found most commonly
in 8–20 feet of water. They do this in order to feed and spawn for

Ringed Crayfish Data Analysis
Results: The removal method of Ringed Crayfish data collection was over a sample site area of
50m2 at Pearson Creek, a stream, containing a density of 5.18 crayfish/m2. The sample site was
collected in 5m in width by 10m in height with wet, rocky, and grassy conditions. The data
collection incorporated five different samples of the number of crayfish removed from the stream
each time (Figure 1). Sample one caught 53 Ringed Crayfish with 0 crayfish caught prior. Sample
two caught 37 Ringed Crayfish with 53 crayfish caught prior. Sample three caught 42 Ringed
Crayfish with 90 crayfish caught prior. Sample four caught 26 Ringed Crayfish with 132 crayfish
caught prior. Sample five caught 18 Ringed Crayfish with 158 crayfish caught prior. What was
caught in the previous sample was added into the total amount of crayfish caught prior. A negative
linear relationship is displayed by data collected in Figure ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
A collection of five samples was made at this site (Table 1). The first sample collection captured 12
Ringed Crayfish with 0 recaptures and 0 that were previously marked. The second sample collection
captured 7 Ringed Crayfish with 0 recaptures and 12 previously marked. The third sample collection
captured 13 Ringed Crayfish with 0 recaptures and 19 previously marked. The fourth sample
collection captured 4 Ringed Crayfish with 1 recapture and 32 previously marked. The fifth sample
collection captured 11 Ringed Crayfish with 1 recapture and 35 previously marked. The total
number of Ringed Crayfish caught is 47 crayfish with a population estimation (N) of approximately
422 crayfish where N=Σ (CixMi)/ Σ Ri. The total confidence interval of the estimated population
(95%CI) is a range from 354.1 to 521.9 for the mark–recapture

Yarra Valley And Study Sites
Yarra Valley Fieldwork Report:
"Farming practices in the yarra valley are becoming increasingly sustainable"
Steph Yang and Jasmin Huntington
10E
Contents
Introduction
Description of the location of the Yarra Valley and Study Sites visited ............................. 2 Yarra
Valley De Bortoli Winery Healesville Buxton Trout and Salmon Farm Yarra Valley Dairy
Map of Yarra Valley and study sites visited ............................................................... 2 Melbourne
map Australia map
Description of the geographic characteristics ........................................................ 4
Overview of sites visited ..................................................................................... 4
Evaluation of sustainability .................................................................................. 8 Conclusion
Appendix ...........................................................................................See attached + Fieldwork
Booklets
References ....................................................................................................... 11
Introduction
The Yarra Valley is the oldest wine region in Victoria, located in the north–east of Melbourne and
just over an hour drive from Melbourne CBD. The name of the Yarra Valley was given from the
region that is surrounding the Yarra River, which runs and originates for approximately 90
kilometres east of Melbourne's business district and towards one of Victoria's famous tourist
attractions, Port Phillip Bay. The valley covers a very large area consisting of Yarra Ranges National
Park located in the east and Kinglake National Park which is located in the west. The valley further
consists of many towns such as Coldstream, Lilydale, Yarra Glen, Dixons Creek, Seville, and

Wild Fish Conservancy Vs. United States Environmental...
WILD FISH CONSERVANCY, Plaintiff, v. UNITED STATES ENVIRONMENTAL
PROTECTION AGENCY
C08–0156–JCC
April 28, 2010
Facts of the Case:
Wild Fish Conservancy v. United States Environmental Protection Agency is it a citizen suit brought
against the Agency in which the Plaintiff believes, regulations passed by the EPA and the National
Marine Fisheries Service that make salmon farms in Puget Sound not liable to general sediment–
management standards breaches on the Endangered Species Act and the Clean Water Act. Because
the Plaintiff argues that both the Clean Water Act and the Endangered Species Act were violated,
there are a couple of Act provisions relevant to the case. Under the Clean Water Act, the EPA is
required to review state water quality standards. In regards to the violation of the Clean Water Act,
The plaintiff points out that the standards imposed by the 1995 amendments to the regulations on
marine sediment proposed by WA Department of Ecology and passed by the EPA (1991) adversely
affected wild salmon populations (which as a result violates the Endangered Species Act.) The
Plaintiff argues that both the EPA and the Fisheries Service failed to take into account "the best
scientific and commercial data" in their informal interagency consultation of the regulations––
specifically mentioning the EPA and Fisheries Service's decision to ignore facts that verify the
negative effects that sea lice have on wild salmon. The EPA and Fisheries Service claim that they
did in fact

Coho Salmon Site: A Case Study
construction to the site, and this would be costly. Big surface stones or rock outcrops may also make
an area unsuitable for anything except lined ponds or concrete raceways for the fish.
In correlation to the soil, I would also examine the land itself. Kovari (2004) states that it should
always be confirmed that the proposed land area for the site is suitable. The general conformation of
the land should be with slopes not steeper than two percent. If by any chance a wasteland, unsuitable
for agriculture or other direct use, was under consideration for the project for example, it would
greatly minimise the cost of the land. Land elevation and flood level would also be some important
factors I would consider in determining the suitability of the area for the construction of both the
hatchery and grow out facility. According to Pillay (2007), the land should most importantly be free
from deep flooding; the maximum flood level for the past 10 years should not be higher than the top
of the dikes. Observation of the marks left by flood waters on bridges or other structures at the site,
or questioning of local people, may give information about the expected heights of floods. I would
therefore ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The most important hydrological data needed for site selection can be gathered from such sources as
Irrigation Departments or other Water Authorities (Kovari, 2004). What I would therefore
recommend to my employers would be for them to obtain data for discharge, yield, floods and water
elevations of existing water sources around the proposed site. With this data available and at hand, if
the facility were to be constructed in the proposed site in question, then the farmers would be in a
position to anticipate the hydrological conditions in which they would be raising their fish and
manipulate the conditions of their facility

Pacific Lamprey Essay
The Pacific Lamprey (Entosphenus tridentatus) is an anadromous species that is found along the
west coast of North America, primarily along the coast of Washington, Oregon, and northern
California. E. tridentatus is a semelparous species that can live up to five years and can spend up to
three and a half years in saltwater. They begin metamorphosis in July and the known period of entry
into salt water is from December until June. In the ocean E. tridentatus have been documented to
primarily feed on Pacific Salmon species such as Chinook (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha), Coho
(Oncorhynchus kisutch), Sockeye (Oncorhynchus nerka), and Pink (Oncorhynchus gorbuscha). O.
tshawytscha have endured most lamprey attacks because researchers believe that E. tridentatus
attack this salmon when it is making the transition to swim back up stream to spawn. E. tridentatus
who do not represent an anadromous life style also prey heavily on resident salmonid species.
Salmonid species have an important role in the diet and life history of E. tridentatus as they are an
important prey item. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
tridentatus is known as an opportunistic predator as it tries to exert as little energy as possible in
order to obtain an easy meal. However, we do not know for sure if E. tridentatus preferred salmonid
of choice is in fact O. tshawytscha. Observations from past studies have shown that O. tshawytscha
is preyed upon more than other fish species. When it is compared against another salmonid species,
such as a O. kisutch, there is slight difference between them due to availability and environmental
conditions that might prevent E. tridentatus to prey upon certain species. The question remains if E.
tridentatus was placed inside a control environment with several salmonid species that all have an
equal chance of predation, would it still prefer a certain species or would it still exhibit an
opportunistic feeding

I Am Sat At The Kitchen Table
As I sat at the kitchen table I begin observing this man walking up to me. A stature of a six foot one,
fifty–six–year–old man. He has three scars on both of his knees from multiple knee surgeries
throughout his life, including a total knee replacement in his left knee. He also has a five–inch scar
on his inner forearm from a head on collision, when the paramedics said he should have had more
injuries than he did. And then there were his eyes. Eyes that never stop wondering, never stop
thinking about what is going to happen next. This man is my father, Bob Henry. As we sat down
together I had asked him, "What is your favorite memory?" He then began to tell me of a story I had
never heard of before. Out of my eighteen years with ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This would be his work schedule for a couple months prior to his adventure. Ultimately, he worked
until he realized a break is what his body needed before he would get to his breaking point. And
with that, the adventure was planned. Before he started telling me about this memory, he smiled and
told me, "Hold on one second." As I was waiting, unknown to what he was doing, I began thinking
how much this adventure meant to him. My father is not one to take time off and relax. In fact, he
doesn't even know how to sit still when nothing needs to be fixed or done regarding work or his
home life. Bob Henry does not have the word relaxation in his vocabulary, so for him to go on this
trip and be happy was nice to hear about. As he returned, he had a small green photo album with the
year 2001 written on the front cover. It was dusty but looked brand new as if he had never opened it
before. As he opened it, with a grin on his face, he began to tell me of his adventure to British
Columbia. His next door neighbor, county supervisors, businessmen, controllers, construction men
and professional athletes all accompanied him on this adventure for six days. As he took the two–
hour commercial flight from Fresno, California to Vancouver, Canada he encountered the trouble of
only bringing a twenty–pound bag. The reason for this was because after this flight he

Ecological Footprint Of Sea Food Consumption
ECOLOGICAL FOOTPRINT OF SEA FOOD CONSUMPTION IN LAGOS
Lagos is surrounded by water, Lagos Island is practically on the ocean and the availability of water
has contributed to the growth of Lagos in ways like Tourism, Holidaying, Transportation and food.
The Atlantic coastline of Lagos is estimated to be 180km long this is an addition to the estuaries,
lagoons, creeks and tributaries of major rivers that constitute the resource base for the thriving
fisheries industry that are four in number. The total metric tonne of fish landed by 1980 was not
available, information indicated a high preference for shellfish harvesting (shrimp, crab and lobster)
by private investor. This was due to high demand on the international market for these products.
Without reliable fishery data and statistics of what is currently being caught, it is obviously difficult
to predict future trends. Also a series of catch and effort statistics, if continued over a period of years
provides the best measure of changes in a stock of fish and the impact on fishing on it.
Late in December 2013, the Federal Government replaced the import ban decision with a new policy
to cut fish imports into the country by 25 per cent per year by introducing import quotas starting in
January 2014.
Industry players contacted confirmed the quota's introduction, but they indicate there are still
uncertainties over how much fish will actually be allowed in under this newly–introduced system.
Prices for fish in the domestic market

Fish Analysis
If you like fish chances are you like catfish. The following recipe is a great way to prepare your
catfish fillets for a great change from the routine of fried catfish. The blackening technique, used in
this recipe, is credited to chef Paul Prudhomme of New Orleans and has since been adapted for use
with several kinds of meats and poultry but fish seems to be the most popular for this process.
4 catfish fillets olive oil
1/3 lb. bacon
2 teaspoons each of the following:
garlic powder thyme white pepper black pepper cayenne pepper lemon pepper chili powder
rosemary, crushed fennel seed, crushed
1 teaspoon each of the following:
allspice teaspoon oregano teaspoon salt
The following instructions can be modified to your personal taste. The spice rub is even sold ...
Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
I like to use fresh bacon grease in my skillet. I just coat the bottom right before I add the fillet and
then clean the skillet between fillets to rid it of any burnt bacon grease. I think I just like the bacon
appetizer I get with this recipe so I think I will stick with it. My kids love to sneak up and snatch a
piece when I'm not looking too. If you don't have a cast iron skillet you can use a regular skillet and
if you don't have a burner to use outside you can do this on the stove but be sure to have the fan on
high and maybe open a window or two. The smoke will burn your eyes and throat so be careful with
that. Catfish don't seem to smoke near as much as salmon either because of the oils in the salmon or
my reluctance to get the skillet as hot as my friend does but either way it is all worth the efforts.
Blackened catfish can be served with just tarter sauce and a cold drink and chips or you can get a
little fancy and serve it on a bed of rice with mixed vegetables and a glass of wine with lemon juice
over the fillet, it really works well either

Extract Proteins From The Muscle Tissue Of Various Fish...
Abstract: The purpose of this experiment was extract proteins from the muscle tissue of various fish
species and execute an SDS–PAGE to determine similarities in their respective protein profiles. The
seven species examined in this investigation were the Yellow Tuna (Thunnus albacares), Thresher
Shark (Alopias vulpinus), Paiche (Arapaima gigas), Swordfish (Xiphias gladius), Catfish (Ameiurus
catus), Coho Salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch), and Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). A
sample of muscle tissue from each of the seven fish species was placed in a microtube containing
Laemmli Sample Buffer, in order to disrupt and denature the tissue. The microtube was incubated at
room temperature for five minutes, and then was placed in a 95°C hot ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
They are directly controlled by DNA specific sequencing and coding. Since proteins are influenced
by DNA, their profiles, also known as proteomes, are indicative of evolutionary and genetic
relatedness. These proteomes vary from cell to cell, as the function of each group of cells is
different. Proteomics refers to the study of protein structure, function, and interaction within a
certain environment in an organism.
The purpose of this experiment is to perform a procedure known as SDS–PAGE (sodium dodecyl
sulfate – polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis) in order to determine protein profiles for seven fish
species: Yellow Tuna (Thunnus albacares), Thresher Shark (Alopias vulpinus), Paiche (Arapaima
gigas), Swordfish (Xiphias gladius), Catfish (Ameiurus catus), Coho Salmon (Oncorhynchus
kisutch), and Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). The gel electrophoresis separates the fish
muscle proteins according to their molecular weights, which allows one to determine a profile for
each specie.
The goal of this experiment is to extract proteins from fish muscle tissue, unfold and denature them,
load them for gel electrophoresis, and determine the success in our efforts to classify and compare
fish muscle protein profiles. These protein profiles will help establish the shared characteristics and
evolutionary relationships between any two given fish species.
Materials and Methods: In order to investigate

Fish and Management Case Study Essay
FITTskills: Global Supply Chain Management
Case Study #5: Global Supply Chain Management and Shipping
Catch of the day
Kalastaa Inc. have been in the local Finnish aquaculture industry for nearly fourteen years. They
raise salmon and trout for local markets, and have recently negotiated a deal with a small fish
processing plant that distributes under a major product label in Finland. Although they run a rather
small operation, employing 16 people year–round, Kalastaa believes they are in a position to export
some surplus and perhaps broker further deals with fish processing plants around the European
Union. They do want to maintain ties with the local fresh fish ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Colour coding is a common practice in the fish industry and provides a method of standardization
for something as subjective as colour. Both in production and sales, colour is the most important
quality parameter for salmon.
Salmon buyers can request information on the colour of a delivered lot in the form of a number
corresponding to a colour number on the Roche scale. Another salmon colour reference is the colour
number on the Salmofan scale. Kalastaa's bank, acting as their export advisor, contacts the
© FITT
1
FITTskills: Global Supply Chain Management
company to tell them that the letter of credit has fallen though because the certificate of quality is
vague and it cannot be ascertained if the shipment has passed its quality certification.
Something is fishy...
The documents were delivered directly to the buyer for payment. DanskFisk insists on inspecting
the shipment upon arrival. DanskFisk is not an experienced salmon importer, and usually deals with
Spanish Blue Fish and Irish Char. They are not in disagreement that the salmon shipment has passed

quality inspection. Upon DanskFisk's inspection, they claim that the fat content of the stock is much
higher than is claimed in the quality inspection. They reject the sale and will accept substitute goods,
but are claiming damages for loss of profit. Kalastaa management wonder if they need to rethink
their

Genetically And Genetically Modified Organism
GMO or genetically modified organism. Is an organism which has had its genetic makeup altered by
removing part of its genetic makeup and inserting a modified gene from another organism or the
mutation or deletion of the biome. The biological complexity of life is narrowed down to a single
gene and shoot at with foreign substances that change a genetic trait of an animal or plant. The
history of altering genetics goes back to a family who had a monopoly on petroleum in the 19th
century and became the richest American ever. In 1913 the Rockefellers invested billions of dollars
with the hope that it would improve their image of doing charity and created a tax free foundation
the Rockefeller foundation which took over American medicine stock shares. The Rockefellers were
obsessed with Eugenics a type of science used to improve a human population this is done in two
ways 1– positive which is where you try to improve the breed you are trying to control. 2– negative
were you get rid of the worst of the breed. Rockefeller financed the eugenics movement the same
race science used by Adolf Hitler's third Reich. After the horrible press got out around the world that
the Nazis were putting into action what they were just thinking of doing. After world war 2 the
chairman of the American eugenics society an intimate Rockefeller friend announced the name
change from eugenics to genetics. Later, the Rockefeller foundation financed the international
research institute in the Philippines a

The Downfall Of Marine Life On The Brink Of Catastrophic...
http://www.cnn.com/2013/03/22/world/oceans–overfishing–climate–change/
"Over–fished and Under–protected: Ocean Life on the Brink of Catastrophic Collapse" Tom Levitt,
for CNN
Updated: 11:07 AM, Wednesday March 27, 2013.
The downfall of fish in the Atlantic Ocean is a result of numerous factors such as certain fishing
techniques, climate change, and pollution. One type of fishing technique that is causing serious
damage to marine life is bottom–trawling. Bottom–trawling is a form of fishing that involves a large
net, about 60 meters wide, and dragging it along the bottom of the sea with heavy weights from a
trawler. Bottom–trawling causes irreversible damage to coral life and slow–growing fish species, for
example the "Orange Roughy 's (Slime Head) species has decreased more than 90%. Halibut
disappeared from the North Atlantic in the 19th century. In the North Ocean, Blue Fin Tuna
disappeared in the 1930 's–1940 's, and today have disappeared across the seas of Northern Europe.
This is a paragraph from an article, "Over–fished and Under–protected: Oceans on the Brink of
Catastrophic Collapse"by Tom Levitt, for CNN.
"Marine conservationists compare it to a bulldozer, with the nets pulled for as far as 20km, picking
up turtles, coral and anything else in their path. The by–catch, unwanted fish and other ocean life
thrown back into the sea, can amount to as much as 90% of a trawl 's total catch."
"Opinion 2: Deep sea fishing is 'oceanocide '."
During 1990–2008, an

Vista House Case Study
At 11:25 hours the group took a break for exploration. The group entered the Vista House. In the
Vista House I saw the unique stonework of the building, saw views of bridges and tunnels that are
important to the area, and read information about commercial ventures such as road houses and
hotels.
1) Waterfall
a) Generally, waterfalls are unique structures in terms of environmental factors since they create
their own ecosystems. Waterfalls also create local winds due to falling water and house species of
special plants that can only grow behind the waterfall in a specific microclimate and with certain
levels of moisture. Waterfalls have a unique ecology and many organisms and animals choose to
reproduce behind waterfalls because they provide a barrier of protection from predators. The group
observed Latourell Falls and Later Multnomah Falls from a distance and were able to see the rising
wind and mist coming from the base of the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The hatchery receives thousands of tourists daily and is a large part of the tourism infrastructure of
Washington and the economy. According to its website, the hatchery raises 6.6 million fall chinook,
900,000 spring chinook, 750,000 Coho, 250,000 summer steelhead and 60,000 winter steelhead.
The hatchery also raises pacific salmon when adult salmon arrive at the hatchery in "September and
are then sorted through before spawning begins." There are at least "40 different species of bird to
view at Bonneville Fish Hatchery," in addition to the fish species.
http://www.dfw.state.or.us/resources/visitors/bonneville_hatchery_more.asp The fish hatchery raises
fish for the purpose of providing them for sport, commercial, and tribal fisheries. This hatchery is
one of the oldest in Oregon and one of the largest in producing fish to sustain naturally produce
native fish species.

Salmon Rivalry
Salmon hatcheries have been operated for a variety of purposes throughout their its history in this
region, from harvest augmentation, to mitigation of habitat destruction, to conservation and
preservation of native populations. Despite this long history, we are only just beginning to
understand how hatchery–raised fish interact with and effect wild populations of salmon. Research
shows that captive–bread salmon impact wild salmon in a variety of ways, from competing with
them directly for resources, to reducing the fitness of wild populations through interbreeding
between wild fish and less–fit hatchery fish. These findings have serious implications for the
hatchery industry, and as the focus of hatchery operation switches from augmentation ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
Studies began to reveal that intermingling of hatchery–bred and wild salmon often happened to the
detriment of wild salmon populations via excessive harvest, competition and predation, and
reduced–fitness of wild individuals as a result of interbreeding with captive–bred individuals
(Maynard and Trial 2013). These studies will be the focus of the remainder of this paper.
Regulations have been put in place to reduce the risk of hatchery and wild salmon interacting, and
new hatchery management practices work to maintain genetic diversity and reproductive fitness
within hatchery stock as a genetic bank (Maynard and Trial 2013). These management protocols are
termed "conservation–preservation" practices (Maynard and Trial

Salmon Fishing Tackle : Salmon Fishermen Tackle
Salmon Fishing Tackle
Troutman: "You can spend a small fortune on salmon fishing tackle if you add up the cost of a boat,
fuel to run the boat, beer, a place to store the boat in the off–season, and all the gear. That is the bad
news, but the good news is that you don 't have to spend that much money. Really all you need is a
reel and a rod and know where to fish from shore.
I once added up my cost and it worked out to be over $129 per pound of salmon. Now this is
information you do not want your spouse to know. So if you just want to fish to eat it is much
cheaper to buy salmon at a fish market. But then, we fish for other reasons, don 't we?"
The type of salmon fishing tackle you use will depend on the species of salmon and your ... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Hooks: The hooks are usually double and in some regions must be of the barbless type. Most
fishermen purchase them as packages already secured to a leader line, a type of line that is more
resistant to breaking and sometimes has a green tinged color making it less visible in the water.
Bait: In the Pacific Northwest and in waters as far north as the Alaskan panhandle, herring is the
most common bait. Herring comes in various sizes and is usually frozen. It is rare to find fresh
herring for sale but it is probably the best choice if available.
Trolling Rods: Trolling rods tend to be a bit heavier and stiffer to take the stress of hours of trolling
action. Some prefer a less stiff rod to better "feel" the fish after hooking and to better control the
tension of the line to prevent the fish from shaking the hook loose.
Reel: The reel is normally not a spinning reel type and should have a large spool capacity sufficient
to hold at least 100 yards of 12 pound test line.
Net: A net to bring the salmon on board should have a handle long enough to reach at least 2–3 feet
into the water from the freeboard of the boat. The net should have a mesh size of 1 to 2 square
inches and have a collapsible handle for easy storage.
Down Riggers: An alternative to using weights that directly attach to the fishing line train is to equip
the boat with down rigging gear. This type of salmon fishing tackle

The Elwha River ( Duda )
Introduction: The Elwha river is located on the Olympic Peninsula of the Pacific Northwest in
Washington State. It travels 72 kilometers from the Olympic range in the Olympic National Park to
the Strait of Juan de Fuca. Before human disturbance this watershed was considered one of the most
productive ecosystems in Washington State and all of the Pacific Northwest (Duda). In the early
1900's two dams were built in this watershed on the Elwha river forming two lakes. The Elwha
hydroelectric dam at river kilometer (rKm) 7.9 (Figure 1.) was finished in 1913 and formed the
Aldwell lake. 14 years later when electricity demands were greatly increased the Glines dam (Figure
2.) was built further upstream at river kilometer (rKm) 21.6 which then formed Mills lake. (NPS,
Dam Construction) Figure 1 Figure 2. Studies before the dam removal have shown that 83% of the
Olympic National Park has been untouched and is still considered a pristine wildlife habitat which is
good news. This means that if the lower end from the dams and below can restored then the Elwha
River ecosystem theoretically will recover as well. Of the lower 5 miles that was left available for
fish spawning, not very much of it was usable. The dams cause a baseline shift in the lower river by
changing the composition of the river bed from fine sediment to larger stones and boulders which is
not prime spawning habitat for fish. The negative effects of the dams, both indirect and direct,

The Steady Decline of Salmon Populations
From the San Francisco Bay to streams and rivers of Oregon, salmon populations have been steadily
decreasing over the past two decades but more rapidly within recent years. In general, fish
populations in the Pacific Northwest region have always fluctuated, but the overall trend continues
on a downward slope to extinction. While natural phenomena such as flooding and predators of the
food chain do affect salmon populations, human activity poses the greatest threat by far. The four
main reasons of salmon plummeting are as followed: Harvest, Hatcheries, Hydropower, and Habitat.
It's clear that water ecosystems and management of human activity threaten salmon as a whole.
Whether it's a bay, river or stream– whatever body of water that contains salmon should be subject
to ethics that guide our actions as a part of achieving a better overall environment. Salmon have a
truly incredible life cycle. Like all fish, salmon spawn from female eggs and then go on to develop
into "alevin," which is a term for newly hatched fish. First off, they derive nourishment from the
yolk sac from where the salmon are born. Once the sac has been absorbed, the "fry," or baby fish,
then emerges from the river gravel and starts the search for food. Fry instinctively deal with the river
currents and learn to swim together as a school right away. Anywhere from a couple days to two
years old, fry will continue to live in fresh water until they start the next, "smolting," phase.
Smolting is a

Essay on Aqua Fish Canada Inc Ai
Page 1 (8 pages)
Practice Case Examination
Aqua Fish Canada Inc. (AFC) Additional Information
May 2007 to April 2009 Update Over the past two years, AFC has faced more intense competition,
particularly from aquaculturists in Chile. In addition, Chilean output has increased the supply of
salmon and the Canadian dollar has strengthened in relation to the U.S. dollar. As a result, AFC has
been unable to meet its budgeted revenue targets. Stocks of unsold harvestable fish have increased,
as well as the corresponding cost of maintaining the fish, and the company barely made a profit in
fiscal 2009. In January 2009, AFC lost one of its largest retail customers, S&F Seafood, to a new
salmon aquaculture firm, Nu–Farm Inc. This new ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Guy Mills provided the board with a summary of selected site and segment data (see Appendix 1),
and reported that the decreased profits in 2009 were caused by the Site 3 problems, the decrease in
market value, the strengthening Canadian dollar versus the U.S. dollar, and the increased feed costs.
He also indicated that he expected the four sites to yield an average of 3.8 million kilograms
(950,000 kilograms per site) of harvested fish per year, assuming that no further unusual losses were
incurred. Given the current market conditions and the risk of having to decrease prices or lose
export sales to the U.S., the board decided that the company should move into other markets and
diversify into shellfish farming. No dividends would be paid for the next year or two to free up some
cash to invest in new projects. The board directed Mills to investigate establishing shellfish
aquaculture sites and develop a business strategy for increasing the profitability of the current
salmon operations. They indicated that any proposed investment should generate a minimum after–
tax return of 10% within five years. Shellfish Aquaculture Opportunity Mills explored opportunities
for diversifying into shellfish aquaculture. He found two potential opportunities (a mussel farm and
an oyster farm) and wondered which one should be pursued or whether both should be pursued. A
summary of the costs and yields for establishing these farms is provided in

Why Do Salmon Migrate
Ever wonder where the salmon migrate? The salmon go through a lot of obstacles just to get to their
destination. Salmon can live up to two to seven years. the Washington state has announced that the
salmon are listed as threatened or endangered fish. In the salmon family there are eight species of
salmon that grow in the Washington State (Chinook, Coho, Chum, Pink, Steelhead, Sockeye, Bull
Trout, and Cutthroat.) and there are five that grow in the Pacific (Chinook, Chum, Coho, Pink, and
Sockeye)
When salmon wants to migrate, they travel miles to get to their destination. There are different types
of salmon that migrate in different areas, some salmon migrate in the ocean others migrate in the
river. When salmon want to migrate they need to ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
As they travel to sea they will encounter many dams, fishermen, bears, waterfalls, bigger fish than
them, they would have to overcome all of these to reach the sea. As they reach the sea, they spend
most of their lives there as, they mature enough they will find someone to spawn with and swim
back to the river. Most salmon die when they reproduce and the whole cycle starts again.
Damns impact salmon because it changes the river flow, and the water temperature rises, if salon
can't get back to spawning the salmon population will dramatically decrease. That's why there's fish
ladders, some people call them or refer them as fish passage or fishways. Fish ladders come in
handy because it provides a route for salmon to migrate so they could go over or around the damn
that's blocking the way.
In conclusion, salmon are a resource in Washington people are finding a new way to restore salmon.
Salmons been through a lot, they've been known as threaten or endeared fish in Washington. As
engineers makes fish ladders to make it easier for salmon to go over the dam, so it would be easier
for them to migrate and go out to

Genetically Modified Organisms ( Gmo )
Genetically modified organisms (GMO) are organisms that have been processed with recombinant
DNA technology, which involves the transfer of genetic material from one organism to another. The
recombined DNA material can be incorporated into the target organism either indirectly through a
vector system or directly through injection techniques. The transferred gene is surrounded by
activators, gene sequences that control the expression of the gene. The key of genetic engineering is
to accurately control the expression of genes to develop the desired traits
(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transgenesis).
According to the information about GMO on University of Minnesota's website
(http://enhs.umn.edu/current/5103/gm/harmful.html), GMOs are used widely in industry,
pharmaceuticals, and agriculture. GM microorganisms have been used to produce enzymes in food
industry and pharmaceuticals for human use. GM plants such as crops are invented to improve
product characteristics and pest resistance; GM trees and flowers are also created for similar
reasons.
GM animals, on the other hand, are not as common as plants. GM mammals are mainly created for
research and medicine; GM insects are introduced to control their population and the transmission of
pathogens. Genetic engineering in aquatic organisms focuses on growth, resistance to stressors, and
sterility (to avoid gene release into environment). Research is underway for reducing allergens and
increasing bio–sensitivity. However, GM

Determining The Population Structure Of Salmo Salar

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