Cynthia Robbins-Roth And The Biotechnology Industry

Cynthia Robbins-Roth and the Biotechnology Industry
Cynthia Robbins–Roth is a strategic planner and business consultant to the biotechnology industry,
named one of the Top 25 Biotech All–Stars by popular business magazine Forbes. Her book,
published in year 2000, provides a broad overview of many biotech topics and draws upon her
experience and skill as a keen businesswoman. The engaging and informative work initially details
the establishment and growth of the biotechnology industry, as well as its historical origins and
information on key players in its founding. Throughout her account of this "dynamic" industry's
early struggles, great successes, and current difficulties, Robbins–Roth presents her opinion of the
industry's current viability and hopes of the future product pipeline. Robbins–Roth predicts a
revolutionary change in health management and treatment, which combined with the growing aged
population, will produce sufficient demand to propel the biotechnology industry past the well–
established small molecule pharmaceutical companies. She asserts that the biotechnology companies
will emerge as the leaders in the world's medical research and development. Robbins–Roth further
explains the intricacies of financing a biotechnology venture, the necessity of efficient risk
management, and the difficulty of selling an idea to non–scientist investors. The author recalls that
in the nascent biotechnology industry, companies were "trying to be all things to all markets,"
developing products for nickel mining, oil
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Agricultural Biotechnology Essay
Agricultural Biotechnology Due to the greater understanding of DNA, the field of Agricultural
Biotechnology has developed rapidly over the last 30 years. Agricultural Biotechnology is a set of
tools to modify products, improve plants and animals, and make microorganism for agricultural
uses. It's being used to produce products cheaper and easy to maintain. More and more farmers and
producers used genetic engineered crops because of the price and resistances to insects and diseases.
The main aim is to meet human and environmental needs. Biotechnology is a set of tools that uses
living organisms to produce or modify a product, improve plants or animals, or develop
microorganisms for specific uses. The latest set of tool– some say greatest–is genetic engineering. It
allows the transfer of useful characteristics into a plant, animal, or microorganism by inserting genes
from another organism. Genetic engineering which uses molecular markers to select plants or
animals that give a desirable gene, allows segments of DNA that code genes for a specific trait to be
recombined into a new. Desirable traits producers choose is short growing seasons, increased
resistance to diseases and pests, larger seeds and fruits, nutrition, and better adaption to
environmental conditions. An example is the International Institute of Tropical Agricultural has used
molecular markers to obtain cowpea resistance to bruchid (a beetle). That's one type of genetic
modification.
Traditional plant

Pros And Cons Of Biotechnology
Martha Zenaidi
Ms. Serwin
English 103
16 August 2017
Ten Reasons Why Biotechnology Will Not Ensure Food Security, Protect the Environment and
Reduce Poverty in the Developing World
An article written by Miguel A. Altieri and Peter Rosset (1999) addresses certain potential issues
and misconceptions about biotechnology. For instance, this article suggests that biotechnology will
not ensure food security, protect the environment, and will not reduce poverty in the developing
world.
The article points out that there is no relationship between a hungry country and its population, and
that the world produces more food than ever before. The real cause of hunger is not the lack of food
but the lack of resources to buy it and the lack of land for people to grow their own food. New
improvements in biotechnology will not reduce hunger as the vast majority of improvements in
biotechnology have been created not because companies want to improve the agriculture or reduce
hunger, but because they want to make a profit. An example provided says that new biotechnical
innovations increase expenses per acre for seeds plus chemicals, which results in a lower return to
the growers – growers are spending more than what they making. Discount packages are offered by
biotechnology companies, but only when purchasing technology–packages.
Additionally, recent studies have shown that genetic engineered seeds do not increase the yield of
the crops. In 1998 a study conducted by the USDA

Biotechnology Controversy
Biotechnology is a broad term. Basically, it is the "tools and techniques [opening] new research
avenues for discovering how healthy bodies work and what goes wrong when problems arise"
(Siedler para. 1). It covers controversial technology and procedure, like genetic engineering and
gene therapy. It is controversial because it can affect everyone(Jeremy para. 16). As a consequence,
the development of biotechnology has been a "slow, quiet progress"(Kirsner para. 3) because society
may or may not recognize the repercussion of it. However, scientist like Smith– a previous chief for
the Cambridge biotech company, Genzyme– continues to develop biotechnology(para. 1). Because
biotechnology can be controversial, yet scientist continues to develop it; ... Show more content on
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Techniques, like "[plant] cell culture, recombinant DNA [deoxyribonucleic acid] technology and
cellular cloning, [would] now provide us with new ways to tap into natural diversity"(Seidler para.
3). To put it another way, biotechnology could provide new medicines. New medicines could
eliminate side effect and eradicate repeated visit for injection in treatment for diseases or
cancer(Christopher para. 4). Therefore, limiting biotechnology would hinder the process of creating
new medicine. Medine would not be the only one affected in the medical field, but in addition,
diseases could be

Breakthroughs In Biotechnology Research
Biotechnology to extend age in humans
Biotechnology is used everyday to change life, as we know it. In fact, people don't realize that early
humans used biotechnology 10,000 years ago. Early humans were producing beer, wine, bread, and
yogurt by means of fermentation. Biotechnology is any technique that uses organisms or their
products to make a new product, to improve the life of humans or to develop microorganisms for
specific scientific uses (Paul Cooley, 2014). As early as 1500 BC humans were storing plants with
certain traits such as disease resistance in order to selectively breed certain plants with certain traits
to better their lives (Jeffrey Kruck–Langland, 1999). A huge breakthrough in biotechnology was the
creation of penicillin in 1942 (Paul Cooley 2014). This was a huge breakthrough and it save a lot of
lives from disease during World War II. According to Paul Cooley (2014) in 1980 biotechnology
was used to rid the world of smallpox. Much disease such as breast cancer has been discovered
through biotechnology such as breast cancer and Parkinson's disease (Paul Cooley, 2014). They
found these diseases to be gene related. In 1997 a sheep was cloned from a single adult cell through
biotechnology (Paul, Cooley, 2014). Biotechnology has been a very important part in many ways to
human life, but most people do not realize that Biotechnology may extend human life and create a
better world of organisms. Biotechnology affects agriculture, the energy used to power

Biotechnology : Genetically Modified Foods
Biotechnology refers to the technology employed to use, modify or change the natural processes of
living organisms to develop products, systems or environments to be beneficial for humans.
Biotechnology has been used by humans to produce staple foods since the beginning of civilisation.
The domestication of plants and animals and the use of microorganisms to make cheese, yoghurt,
bread, beer and wine are examples of early uses of biotechnology. Modern biotechnology involves
understanding genes and the study of genes, covering controlling gene activities and adjusting or
transferring genes.
In recent years, there have been many applications of biotechnology including DNA profiling (DNA
analysis of samples from body tissues or fluids to identify an individual), DNA cloning, IVF (in
vitro fertilisation – conceiving a baby outside of the body), designer babies (baby whose genetic
make–up has been specifically selected), transgenesis (introducing foreign genes into an organism),
genome analysis, genetic modification (including genetically modified foods), stem cell research,
tissue engineering (improving or replacing tissues) and also xenotransplantation (transporting organs
or tissues between two different species).
In forensics, through the use of DNA profiling, DNA can examined to determine the parentage of a
victim, and also to determine the identity of a criminal. Bioremediation can clean up pollution in the
environment including soil, water and the surrounding atmosphere

Genentech Biotechnology
The birthplace of Biotechnology is located in South San Francisco, CA, where Genentech was
started in 1976. Biochemist Dr. Herbert Boyer and Robert A. Swanson were the founders of
Genentech, and from 1995–2009 Arthur Levinson had become the CEO of Genentech; presently it is
Ian T. Clark. Genentech is the leading biotechnology company that uses human genetic information
to discover, develop, manufacture and commercialize medicines to treat people with serious life–
threatening medical conditions (2014).
Biotechnology is the technology based on the science of cellular and biomolecular processes. The
processes develop technologies and products that help improve the lives of people and even affect
the health of our environment. Biotechnology uses cellular and biomolecular processes by using
molecular mechanisms by which genetic and metabolic processes occur in plant, animal, and
microbial organisms. By using this technology, it provides breakthrough products and technologies
to combat debilitating and rare diseases, reduce our environment footprint, feeding the hungry, uses
less energy and cleaner energy, and has safer and cleaner and more efficient industrial
manufacturing processes. The many factors they are driven to prevent in our environment overall
affects our human health. Genentech provides products in the areas of immunology, oncology, and
disorders of tissue growth and repair. A familiar life–threatening disease is cancer. Whether it is
melanoma, ovarian cancer, or

A Brief Note On The Field Of Biotechnology
ABSTARCT
The field of biotechnology is always advancing . From finding ways to slow down th e process of
food spoilage , advancements in genetic engineering to adapting organisms to clean p contaminated
environemets, new applications and biotechnological invntions are continuously being developed to
help our world. In the field of biotechnology biology is used involving the use of living organisms in
engineering, technology, medicine and other fields that have include anything with bio products.
Those products are also used in biotechnology for manufacturing purposes. Other words that are
alike are ones that include the engineering of genes and also a technologies cell– and tissue culture.
The basic idea surrounds a wide range of steps (and history) for changing living organisms
according to human purposes such as going back to the cultivation of animals, plants, and
advancements to these through programs that breed and that employ synthetic selection . When
comparing biotechnology, bioengineering is basically thought of as a field that has a lot of
similarities especially with its emphasis for using living things.
MAIN BODY
A living system grows, provides for itself and reproduces by itself. The coolest thing about a living
system is that it is composed of non–living molecules and atoms. Biochemistry is basically that the
pursuit of knowledge of what goes on chemically within a living system is classifies as such.
Although there are thousands of different types

Biotechnology Advantages And Disadvantages
1. What is Biotechnology?
1.1. A definition of Biotechnology
The exploitation of microorganisms for industrial purposes or processes. (Sterrenberg, 2010) 1.2.
Two advantages of Biotechnology with their advantages and disadvantages Examples:
Antibiotics
Vaccines
Antibiotic destroy bacterial pathogens. Antibiotics have different chemical structures, therefore
destroying pathogenic bacteria differently. There are two manners in which antibiotics can destroy
pathogenic material:
1. The bacterium cell is destroyed by causing the wall of the bacterium to weaken, therefore
disfiguring the cell and forcing the cell to burst, spilling all its contents, and destroying the cell from
spreading its pathogenic bacteria.
2. Antibiotics can take the form of the pathogenic bacterium's metabolism. This completely
destroying the bacterium when it is apparent in the body. (Sterrenberg, 2010) ... Show more content
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They cure many illnesses, for an affordable price. There are negative side effects such as nausea,
discomfort and sensitivity towards light.
A reduction of bacterial diseases. Antibiotic Resistance. Antibiotics only kill bacteria, not viruses as
well. (Som15)
Vaccines are used to create immunisation. They are taken orally by injection. Vaccines are a
weakened form of a microorganism. It is injected to create immunity against the specific pathogen
injected. Therefore, creating antibodies and a memory of the reaction to the pathogen. Immunisation
is now created. When the pathogen attacks the body, the antibodies will respond and destroy the
pathogen. Therefore making a person immune to a disease. (Sterrenberg,

The Effect of Biotechnology on World Economy and Society
Cynthia Robbins–Roth's book "From Alchemy to IPO: The Business of Biotechnology" is a must
read for those who are passionate towards the field of biotechnology. It offers a complete insight on
the exciting world of biotechnology, right from its initial stages in the 1970's and 1980's. For many
centuries now, biotechnology has been in practice such as to bake bread, brew alcoholic beverages,
and breed food crops or domestic animals. But recent developments in molecular biology and
genetics, have given biotechnology new meaning, new prominence and new potential. It has
captured the attention of the public. Modern biotechnology can have a dramatic effect on the world
economy and society and this is the underlying statement throughout the book.
In the first section, the author starts by explaining the rise of three major biotechnology companies,
Genentech, Amgen and Genzyme and their competition with the big pharmaceutical companies.
These companies had and have the best working researchers when compared to the pharmaceutical
companies. As a former employee of Genentech, the author also gives accounts of inside stories. For
example, the interactions of employees with Bob Swanson (founder of Genentech). She then moves
on to the research aspects of biotechnology and gives an account of the various genetic engineering
tools and techniques used such as Biochips and Microarrays .Other topics covered include tissue
regeneration ,treating diseases using antisense drugs, somatic

Biotechnology Affected The Making Of Beer
The term biotechnology defines itself. Bio means life and technology refers to the application of
scientific knowledge for practical purposes. Therefor, biotechnology is the manipulation of
organisms primarily in the fields of agriculture, food science, and medicine to modify and enhance
products, plants, and animals as well as develop other microorganisms to invent useful things or
solve problems.
Beer is one of the oldest beverages humans have produced, likely dating back to the dawn of cereal
agriculture around 10,000 B.C.E. in ancient Mesopotamia, the region of southwest Asia currently
occupied by Iraq. No one is completely sure how the process of beer making was discovered, or
who first discovered it, but the alcoholic commencement is considered to have transpired when an
early Sumerian farmer stumbled upon some starchy or sugary material like fruit juice or bread that
got wet and began to ferment within a few days resulting in an inebriating brew. The reason
someone would have thought to taste food that had been decomposing for days was most likely
because during that time period, no one would have dreamed of wasting any food, even if it smelled
a bit funny. If there was a way to make it edible and it didn't kill you or make you sick, people
would do it to avoid waste. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Almost any substance containing sugar can naturally undergo alcoholic fermentation with the help
of a microorganism. The production of beer uses yeast and bacteria, both microbes, to produce
ethanol during fermentation as well as provide flavor to the

Advantages And Disadvantages Of Food Biotechnology And...
Food Biotechnology and Dairy Product
What is Food Biotechnology?
Food biotechnology is a branch of food science that works to improve foods and its production.
Biotechnological processes which could be used to improve the food production are industrial
fermentation, plant cultures and genetic engineering.
"It must be noted that it is through genetic engineering that organisms can change the DNA of a food
due to which new genetically modified food can be introduced in the market. These genetically
modified foods, which are high in demand, promotes new traits and great control as compared to the
old methods which include selective breeding and mutation breeding."(1)
History of Food Biotechnology:
"Food biotechnology leads back to the era of the Sumerians and Babylonians who made fermented
beverages like beer with the help of yeast. Plant enzymes like malts ... Show more content on
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It must be highlighted that cotton plant which was genetically engineered in China affected its
agriculture as Bt cotton plant produced a chemical and killed the cotton bollworm which proved
very beneficial as the pests in cotton and its neighboring fields which included soybeans, crop etc
were killed hence increasing their production. (3)
Advantages and disadvantages of food biotechnology
It is alarming to know that there is a dispute over the use of the genetically modified food. Some
people consider GM food to be dangerous and they say that they are detrimental to health and
biodiversity would be disturbed by their use hence they must not be used. On the contrary, others
believe that using GM food would benefit the world by providing disease resistant plants and save
future hunger. There is still a debate going on whether GM food products should or should not be
used.
Advantages of using GM food include:
"improved storage and nutritional

Social and Ethical Technology Concerns-Biotechnology
Social and Ethical Technology Concerns–Biotechnology
Biotechnology is technology based on living organisms. It harnesses cellular and biomolecular
processes to develop technologies or products which are immensely useful to mankind.
Biotechnology modifies living organisms according to our needs. Humans have employed this tool
in the fields of agriculture, food industry and medicine for more than 6000 years. We see numerous
biotechnological applications in our every–day life. Preparation of food products like bread, cheese
and preservatives in dairy products are all outcomes of this great scientific tool (Biotechnology
Industry Organization).
Modern biotechnological research has created wonders for mankind. It has provided products to
combat rare diseases, vaccines for untreatable diseases, food for the hungry and a safer, cleaner
environment to our planet.
Biotechnology has played a vital role in reducing the green house effect and in producing a cleaner
planet. Because of the worldwide economic and environmental concerns regarding the use of petro–
chemicals, extensive research has been conducted on residual biomass. Significant progress has
been made in the field of lignocellulose biotechnology. Lignocellulosic waste materials have been
used in the production of bio–fuels, enzymes, chemicals, the pulp and paper, animal feed and
composites (Iqbal, 2013). Moreover, algal biomass has received huge attention in producing biofuels
due to their relatively high growth rate, great

Genetic Engineering Essay example
Genetic Engineering
There are many risks involved in genetic engineering. The release of genetically altered organisms
in the environment can increase human suffering, decrease animal welfare, and lead to ecological
disasters. The containment of biotechnological material in laboratories and industrial plants
contributes to the risk of accidental release, especially if the handling and storage are inadequate.
The purely political dangers include intensified economic inequality, the possibility of large–scale
eugenic programs, and totalitarian control over human lives. How should the acceptability of these
risks be determined? We argue that the assessment should be left to those who can be harmed by the
decisions in question. Economic ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
If, on the other hand, there is no God, we can only lose a few earthly pleasures by acting as if there
was. Since the happiness and misery we encounter if God exists are infinite, it is always, no matter
how small the probability, in our own best interest to place our trust on His beneficient existence
rather than on the meagre pleasures of godless hedonism.
The ethos of Pascal's wager can be easily applied to genetic engineering. We can either believe or
disbelieve that all living beings have an essence, or nature, which must not, for fear of an unnamed
but absolute horror, be tampered with. As our belief in this essence would only cost us a few
technological advances we can live without, we should not risk drawing upon ourselves the ultimate
punishment by 'playing God' or by otherwise acting 'unnaturally'. (3)
Deontological critics of biotechnology typically argue that the new gene–splicing techniques can
involve acts which should never be performed, whatever the consequences. For a proponent of this
view, the dangerous element in genetic engineering is not the probability of concrete physical or
psychological harm which can ensue from its use, but the likelihood that it can lead people into
performing acts which are categorically forbidden. These acts are in some theories linked with the
essence of humanity, and in others with the concept of absolute rights or

Essay On Biotechnology
Current advances in biotechnology through massively parallel sequencing, or Next Generation
Sequencing (NGS), has allowed for the investigation and in–depth sequencing of the human genome
particularly for the study of biological markers, translational research and genotyping. Upon
discovery of cell–free DNA in maternal plasma, implementation of Non–invasive Prenatal Testing,
or NIFTY/NIPT, has been actively performed throughout the globe to test for fetal chromosomal
abnormalities, particularly Down's syndrome. Detection rates of fetal aneuploidies can be done in
the first and/or second trimester – as early as 4 weeks of gestation, however, most accurate results
are found at 7 weeks of gestation. The high accuracy rate of detection of ... Show more content on
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Each clinic has set several standards and cut–off ranges in order to reduce the rate of false positive
that is dependent on the age of the pregnant mother and the ranges set by the clinic itself (De Jong,
A., Dondorp, W. J., et.al., 2010). The age of a pregnant woman can cause high–risk scenarios and
increases the chance of fetal abnormalities. A study conducted by Dr. C. Lewis and associates (2014)
have shown that most pregnant women seeking NIPT were typically older, predominately white, and
well–educated. Furthermore, with the utilization of NIPT worldwide, there are various factors
contributing towards higher aneuploidy rates, especially in lower middle class communities, urban
areas, and the slums.
Dr. C. Lewis and associates (2014) produced statistics that have found that there are typically higher
rates of aneuploidy in rural and urban areas because women tend to marry or conceive children at
age 35 and older. Likewise, due to high consanguineous marriage rates in many parts of the Middle
East, there is a higher incident and increased rate of delivering a child with birth defects or a genetic
disorder (Allyse, M., Minear, M., et. al, 2015). These studies have supported that although the
number of cases associated with children born with a genetic disorder is unknown, there is a high
correlation associated with increased age of conception of the mother with some growing evidence
of high paternal age as well, thus leading to high termination

How Can The Government Use Biotechnology Improve Public...
Andrew Firestone
Professor Feldmann
Biotechnology
12 November, 2015
How Can the Government Use Biotechnology to Improve Public Health?
Biotechnology is the use of existing systems and organisms to develop products(). One sector of
Biotechnology that will help in improving public health is medical biotechnology which focuses on
genetic causes of diseases and individualized cures().The problem is that federal regulations affect
research choices and procedures that limit the potential of these study's. Public health issues range
from infectious disease to prescription drug abuse. In order for the United States government to
resolve these issues it is not only going to take state legislatures shaping the public health system
which includes ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Developing countries feel the affect of infectious disease greater than anyone else. Global health is
something society works on improving every day. To improve how society battles health disparities
one must look at the science involved in curing diseases and sickness. Rapid and effective
diagnostic tools, new vaccines and drugs, and efficient delivery methods form the groundwork for a
successful public health system that will in itself lead to a global health improvement. In addition to
improving global health, poverty will also come closer to eradication which is what society strives
for on a daily basis. The application of each of these improvements in societal health problems will
effectively get people closer to achieving the common goal of eliminating disease and discovering a
perfect system that allows any individual access to health care. These means can be achieved very
effectively using biotechnology. Biotechnology has astonishing potential to address these problems
and improve upon them.
A cure for the Ebola infection has not yet been found in humans but scientists in Canada announced
the successful treatment of the infection in monkeys in 2012. This was found using combined
antibodies that agreed with the casing around the Ebola virus. This cure was found in a
Biotechnological laboratory in Winnepeg, Manitoba(). Although this may not be a cure for humans
it is a big step forward. This eliminates many difficult challenges that scientists were facing when

Biotechnology Industry Analysis
Biotechnology industry Analysis
BACKGROUND
The health care industry Provides health products and service which involved the leading
technology of life science. It is a fast–growing industry and will continue to grow in the future
because of the increasing request to the advanced medical care. The Global Industry Analysis
(GIA,2009) predicted that the prescription drug market is value around $897 billion in world
economy in 2015, and Asia–Pacific region is expected to have highest growth in prescription drugs.
The health care sector in Australia is one of the most advanced and sophisticated industry in the
world. Numerous world leading healthcare companies are located in Australia. According to the
Government Department of Innovation, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Therefore, the companies in biotechnology industry have strong buyer power , and the price is
acceptable to the consumers with the control from government.
*Supplier Power（MEDIUM）
Generally speaking, the supplier of biotechnology companies offer highly specify products, such as
the blood sample from clinic or cells. It is not difficult for biotechnology companies to gain these
resource. On the other hand, the company have to get the approval to start the research from the
government regulators. The healthcare companies need put more efforts on getting the permission.
*Rivalry Among Existing Firms(LOW)
Most biotechnology companies have their unique products. For example, the CSL's specialty is
Vaccines & Plasma Products and COH is specializing in the Cochlear Implant Systems. Once the
drug is discovered or invented, it is hard for other competitors to imitate because majority drug
companies used the patent system. (thusleem,2008). Thus,there is less competititive in the market.
*Threat of New Entrants(HIGH)
It is not easy for any investors to entry the healthcare industry. Large capital in R&D and fully
qualified and skilled scientists and researchers are in great demand. The research teams in
biotechnology industry covered variety of

Global Positioning System: Decreasing Crop Chemical...
Decreasing Chemical Application with Technology
Works Cited Not Included
Many people may wonder why it is so important to decrease chemical application on the farm.
When people go to the store they often do not think about what goes into the apple or piece of bread
they eat. The more chemicals that farmers use on the crops that are sold to the general public
increase the chance that those chemicals get into the food we eat. There are many ways that the
government and farmers are trying to reduce the amount of chemicals they are using. These range
from simply doing crop rotation to genetically modifying plants and animals. Some of the most
common ways farmers are decreasing chemical application with technology are ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
Major new chemical resistant crops include oilseeds, corn, and cotton. Herbicide tolerant corn is
now, including varieties that tolerate popular herbicides based on glyphosate, glufosinate
ammonium, and on imidazolinone ( U.S. Farmers pg. 1). This is a big break through for farmers
because they can spray chemicals that won't kill the crop that they spray.
There are many ways that biotechnology can be achieved, one of these is Recombinant DNA
technology, this has reached a stage where scientists can take a piece of DNA containing one or
more specific gene from nearly any organism, including plants, animals, bacteria, or viruses, and
introduce it into a specific crop species. This is frequently been referred to as genetic engineering
(Persley, Gabrielle pg. 1). Another common type of DNA technology is genetically–modified
organism (GMO). This is an organism that has been modified or transformed using modern
techniques of genetic exchange.
There are many people that fear biotechnology; they think that it will end up causing allergies, and
super weeds. These people feel that biotechnology should be done with traditional crop breeding.
Using traditional breeding techniques would take way too long and would raise the cost drastically.
Biotechnology is an exact science and people that think super weeds such as Jointed Goat Grass,
would be the result of biotechnology. Biotechnology is the only way that we can keep up with

A Discussion of the Social Effects of Biotechnology Essay
A Discussion of the Social Effects of Biotechnology
The world of work in agriculture is in a process of rapid change. While "change" is by no means
alien to agriculture, something new has entered the arena which promises and/or threatens to
fundamentally alter agricultural practices across the globe. Biotechnology has already begun to be
implemented resulting in what may be important shifts in not only agricultural production, but
indeed changes in the very makeup of agricultural products themselves. This promises to pose
serious challenges and/or opportunities to farmers across the globe. However, this may of course
depend where it is particular farmers stand in relation to the power and socio–economic relations
surrounding ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
By 2000, robotics, will increase planting and harvesting efficiency. But the biggest change is the
revolution of genetic engineering. Already in hundreds of trials, gene manipulation in plants has
created variations able to withstand lethal environmental conditions and pestilence. Creating new
animal "replicants" is so near on the horizon, you can't get a clear missile shot at it. Moreover,
although the United States pioneered the biotech, other countries are hot on our heels. The
implication of this race is simply put by OTA's Michael Phillips: "We've been leaders in basic
research, but adapting and getting it to industry and marketplace has proved a stumbling block. And
whoever gets to market first, wins." (Omni, New York, Jan 1993)
Keehn remarks:
The proponent's of today's genetic engineering movement say that they have brought [Rachel]
Carson's vision to life, creating in their laboratories a cornucopia of fruits, vegetables and grains
whose genetic traits have been altered, heralding the birth of a brave new world for agriculture.
Consider this advertisement for Monsanto, and early plug for their biotechnology program. The ad
focuses on a single stock of corn, growing in a desert. Underneath appears this message: "Will it
take a miracle to feed the world?" The implication?

What Does Biotechnology Entail?
What is biotechnology? Biotechnology is the use of cellular and biomolecular processes in modern
technology in order to reduce the use of chemicals and other harmful products. This not only can
improve our own lives, but also make our planet a better place and our future a little less bleak. But
what does biotechnology entail? And how long has it been around? As you will recall, we discussed
the like of bread and cheese previously. Simply put, that is biotechnology... at its oldest of around
6,000 years! However, it was little more than a 100 years ago that science started catching on to the
fact that microorganisms were responsible for all of these things happening around them. We know
about bread, cheese, and yogurt. But what else was happening with biotechnology in our past? Back
in the 1700s, Edward Jenner pioneered vaccines with the small pox inoculation. a little over a 100
years later, hybrid corn was created. In 1911 Peyton Rous discovered the first cancer causing virus,
then 18 years later penicillin was discovered (Organization, We Are Bio, 2016). In World War One,
microbes were used to create some chemicals like citric acid and ethanol (Tortora, Funke, & Case).
Then in World War Two, penicillin nearly saved the day. From there on out, biotechnology rapidly
grows, from artificial insemination, to insulin, to Smallpox eradication. Today, biotechnology has
become even more modern. We can use it to make new products, and make them using cleaner
greener

Leading Biotechnology Company: Genentech Essay
Located in South San Francisco, CA, Genentech was started in 1976 by a biochemist Dr. Herbert
Boyer and Robert A. Swanson. From 1995–2009 Arthur Levinson had become the CEO of
Genentech; presently it is Ian T. Clark. Genentech is a leading biotechnology company, using human
genetic information to discover, develop, manufacture and commercialize medicines to treat people
with serious or life–threatening medical conditions (2014). Biotechnology is the technology based
on the science of cellular and biomolecular processes to develop technologies and products that help
improve peoples' lives and the health of our environment. How biotechnology uses cellular and
biomolecular processes are by using molecular mechanisms by which genetic and ... Show more
According to Nelson and Quick the Yerkes–Dodson law is characterized by the idea that optimum
stress leads to increased work performance (p.112). The law explains that a person will perform at
peak performance level when healthy amounts of stress are introduced into their work environment.
Stress is a mismanagement of energy in the response, or unique vulnerabilities in a person (Nelson
and Quick, p.112). However, at points past healthy stress levels one should expect a diminishing
return, as the individual are overstimulated and become emotionally exhausted. For instance,
professional athletes are often expected to perform at this peak level of stress, thus producing high
amounts of energy and performing at the expected levels. Individuals who do not experience stress
stimulation often perform under expected levels and are often bored and not satisfied with work,
which could result to distress. The positive stress ideology has been adopted by Genentech and
makes them a staple in the work force for employee satisfaction.
Genentech has created the perfect match between Yerkes–Dobson law and employee feedback to
become a Forbes Top 100 Company. Genentech encourages employee teamwork while also focusing
on the importance of individual creativity and initiative. Employees are expected to perform at peak
levels and the company will provide them with positive stimulation. Genentech has created

The Biotechnology Innovation Organization Defines The...
The Biotechnology Innovation Organization defines the biotech industry as, "technology based on
biology – biotechnology harnesses cellular and bio–molecular processes to develop technologies
and products that help improve our lives and the health of our planet." This Vital sector of the free
market is comprised of many great companies. The five choices that I have selected are, in my
opinion, the best choices to represent the biotechnology industry. My first choice was AbbVie Inc.,
or (ABBV), and on the date of purchase their stock was trading at $64.08 per share. On the date of
purchasing their stock I bought 312 shares equaling a total of $19,992.96. This company is known
for discovering, developing, and marketing both biopharmaceuticals and small molecule drugs. One
drug that is known as the world 's best selling anti–inflammatory medicine is Humira, which was
made by AbbVie. Drugs like Humira and Vicodin have proved to be household names. I chose
AbbVie incorporated because their drugs are some of the best on the market and cater to the needs
of the masses. The second company I selected was Amgen Inc., or (AMGN), and on the date of
purchasing their stock it cost $172.04. I bought 116 shares resulting in a total of $19,956.64. Amgen
Incorporated is a multinational biopharmaceutical company that originated in the United States and
is the world's largest independent biotechnology firm. On their company website, under product
overview, they say, "Amgen's medicines

From Alchemy to IPO: The Business of Biotechnology by...
The book From Alchemy to IPO: the business of Biotechnology (2001) was a wonderful read.
Although a little outdated (before the 2008 financial crisis), Cynthia Robbins–Roth was able to
capture the thrill of starting the first biotech companies, the struggle to keep the companies afloat
during down markets, as well as the elation of success when a company succeeds where others
failed. I was astounded that any new company could survive the decade long march to putting their
first product on the market, but Robbins–Roth provided direct quotations from the major investors
that stuck with the market when most other investors had pulled out. These quotes, by the end of the
book, gave me a much better understanding not only of the biotech industry but also the mentality of
the major investors in the field. Although the sector is teeming with risky investments, if you
educate yourself about the companies and understand the science involved, and be ready for the
long–haul it is possible to lower your risk to reasonable levels. While reading the chapter on stock
fluctuations, and the risks and profits to be made, I noticed that when the public is interested in the
biotech sector, there seems to be an opportunity to make money off of ignorant investors. Robbins–
Roth mentions one instance where a company had a positive article published in a prominent
magazine which shot the stock up and back down in a couple days as people realized that it was
bubble investment. If you could

Genetics And Biotechnology And Its Effect On The World...
The definition of biotechnology, according to the fourth addition biology book from BJU press,
states that Biotechnology is the use of technology to enhance living organisms and processes.
Their are many aspects of biotechnoogy including cloning, genetic engineering, stem cell
technology, gene therapy and genetically modified plants and food. I will be splitting this paper off
into sections by these specific aspects in order to learn more about genetics and biotechnology and
its effect on the world around us. So let's dive in. Section 1. Cloning
There are three common types of clones:natural clones, artificial clones and last but not least human
clones.
Natural cloning occurs when animals without man's intervention create a native, unaffected genetic
copy of themselves as their young. This occurs by asexually reproduction, a process in which certain
animals don't need two parents in order to create a young, but can make sperm themselves.
Organisms that are multicellular can reproduce by processes such as: fragmentation, budding or
produce spores from asexual reproduction from natural clones. Natural clones make an exact genetic
copy of themselves except in the fetus stage. The organisms that can make a natural clone are some
jellyfish, some insects and some worms. Unlike most animals that are more common to us such as
fish, birds and mammals reproduce sexually making them inapplicable for natural cloning. Unlike
the animal kingdom, plants can easily make clones and

Modern Medicine And Biotechnology Have Increased The...
Introduction
In the past couple of years, advancements in modern medicine and biotechnology have increased.
Biotechnology, quoted from the Business Dictionary, is the "application of biology to produce
industrial enzymes, improved plants and animals, medicines, pesticides, etc., from living organisms
or their parts. Genetic engineering is a special application of biotechnology in which genetic
(hereditary) material of a plant or animal is modified (at the molecular level) to produce more
desirable qualities." These advancements have helped increase the lifespan of humans across the
world. One example of a form of biotechnology are muscle stimulators, which help keep muscles
strong while broken bones heal, because a human can't really use a muscle with a broken bone.
Another example is a nerve regenerator, which help produce cells that encourages nerve
development.
Cloning is a form of biotechnology. The process of producing an organism that is genetically
identical is called cloning. Cloning is an asexual reproduction process. Cloning in biotechnology is
manually cloning an organism or molecular cloning of DNA fragments. There are three types of
cloning in biotechnology; reproductive cloning which are used to produce an exact copy of an
existing organism, DNA cloning which are used to produce copies of DNA fragments, and
Therapeutic cloning, which is used to for medical purposes.
What Is Therapeutic Cloning
Therapeutic cloning transfer nuclear material isolated from

Essay on Successes and Failures in Biotechnology Innovation
Successes and Failures in Biotechnology Innovation
When I first started this paper I would have to admit that I was pretty green in the field of
Biotechnology, I had a brief understanding but nothing near an in depth understanding of the field.
So when I first started looking for a success story, I tied my views on successful innovation in the
areas that I am familiar with to the biotech field. The major theme that emerged was that successful
innovation equals a product that produces quality profits for a company. After further research on
the success of innovation, you do realize that profits may be the end goal of the company but
success stems from a total company wide effort, that may start many years before a single cent of ...
Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
An innovation that can meet the needs of these three categories can be viewed as success in my
opinion. Yes its true that there have been innovations that have been viewed as a success even
though they have meet one or more of these requirements but for the ultimate feeling of success I
feel that threes three categories have been meet in some way shape or form.
My success story starts with a company called Monsanto. They original started as a chemical
company providing primarily chemical herbicides to farm and household consumers for weed
control but as of recent, nearing the expiration of the patent on their biggest cash cow "Roundup",
they have changed their scope a company focusing on innovation in biotechnology, genomics and
breeding. (Monsanto, 2005) They saw that their herbicide was still a leading seller in the industry
and saw a way to improve on that product so they genetically engineered a soybean seed that would
be resistant to their herbicide Roundup creating Roundup–Ready Soy beans, the first genetically
engineered crop to be commercially available. Farmers now had to no longer apply herbicides
before planting and on the borders of field they could spray the herbicides directly over the crops
eliminating any weeds from intermingling and taking away nutrients from their crops producing
bigger yields. They

Biotechnology Essay
The term 'biotechnology' derives from three Greek words which are bios(life), technos(technology)
and logos(thinking). According to United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity,
biotechnology means any technological applications that uses biological systems, living organism,
or derivatives thereof, to make o modify products or processes for specific use. However, the
American Chemical Society defines biotechnology as the application of biological organisms,
systems, or processes by various industries to learning about the science of life and the improvement
of the value of materials and organisms such as pharmaceuticals, crops and lifestock. Basically, this
technology is found due to evolution of certain industry. For instance, biotechnology ... Show more
So, it is mainly classified into five major groups in biotechnological applications. These major
groups are identified by a colour system. Biotechnology is mainly divided into red, white, grey,
green and blue biotechnology. However, there are other colour code for other areas of biotechnology
too like yellow, violet and brown. In overall, red biotechnology resembles technology used in
medicine; white biotechnology is linked to industrial processes; grey biotechnology is associated
with environment; green biotechnology focuses on agricultural and environmental uses; and blue
biotechnology is used to manufacture products or application using sea raw

The Monsanto Case Analysis
The objective of this report is to analyze the differences in Monsanto's experiences in the United
States and Europe and the reasons of opposition in Europe, despite that, why Monsanto pushed
ahead so hard.
Monsanto is a leading biotechnology company, which an American–based company. The company
had received import approval of some products before concerns were elevated. They responded by
launching an advertising campaign to discuss the potential benefits of biotechnology. Monsanto was
trying to impose America's food and production systems on the European life. Cultural differences
were not factored into the European launch of GM foods by the biotechnology industry.
When Monsanto enter into Europe market, the company did not anticipate ... Show more content on
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Europeans became increasingly skeptical that food regulatory authorities could adequately monitor
and regulate the food supply. Europe–based NGOs began to champion an anti–biotech movement in
Europe, forming collaborative efforts to link and coordinate their activities.
2. The reasons of opposition in Europe
Despite the legality GM foods introduction to Europe, there were many points of resistance by
European citizens, consumers, and activists. Monsanto was not prepared for the negative response
by environmental protection groups.
① European culture differ from U.S culture
European cultures placed great confidence in knowledge learned through historical experience. Even
food practices that were questionable by today's standards were accepted in Europe of they had been
going in for centuries without major incident. Factions of the European public opposed the
introduction of GM foods technology, and the majority of European citizens believed more caution
was in order. Despite public trepidation, Monsanto continued to stand by its genetic engineering
program and planned to push ahead with the introduction of GM foods to the European market. This
position was motivated in part by the success of the products in the United States.
②The misunderstanding of advertising in Europe
Monsanto's introduction of GM foods in Europe faced serious challenges. As a fundamentally new
type of food product, GM's had no historical experience that people could rely on. Many at
Monsanto just

Statement Of Purpose For Biotechnology
During my childhood, I lived in village where more or less every people depend on agriculture for
their livelihood. I saw how hardship people going through during plowing field, sowing seeds
hoping the blessing of harvest. Hence, they did not produce expected amount of crop because of few
drawbacks likes low productive varieties, water crisis and so on. Even sometimes crops are
completely destroyed by sudden drought, over rain or outbreak of viral disease.. Suffering from
frequent disaster, my family moved into city finding new way of livelihood. Then I thought if it
possible to develop plant required less water, could fight against pest and might grow without
plowing. Later, I was taught biology in school and learnt how living system works and was
fascinated through the process by which we could manipulate plant life to use in human welfare.
Thus, I realized it is possible to minimize the sufferings of farmer of my community by developing
noble varieties which could resist against the drought, disease or other stresses caused by natural
calamities. This urge drives me to study biotechnology in my undergraduate. ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
My undergraduate course curriculum (total 156 credits) balanced with courses of Biochemistry,
genetics, molecular biology, microbiology, plant physiology, plant breeding, plant tissue culture,
biostatistics, environmental biotechnology, microbial genetics, recombinant DNA technology, plant
biotechnology, agricultural biotechnology, proteomic, genomics and bioinformatics and several
others related courses that will help me in pursuit of my graduate study. I secured more than 65%
marks in almost all of the courses. During my under graduation, I love to do my lab works that
makes my theoretical knowledge more coherent. I always submit my assignment and project work
in due

The Impact Of Genentech On The New Biotechnology Industry
Genentech was founded in 1976 by Robert Swanson and Herbert Boyer. The company was one of
the first biotechnology companies. Its mission was to develop manufacture and commercialize
biotherapeutics drugs. Genentech main focus was in areas of oncology, immunology and tissue
growth and repair. After few years of company's development, Genentech scientists successfully
produced the first therapeutic proteins which involve human genes. Evaluating with the VRIO
analysis, Genentech is valuable, rare, costly to imitate, and organized to capture value. The main
advantage of the company is that best scientists in the world doing their own research, focusing in
produce the best–in–class medicines with leading–edge scientific knowledge. Genentech has a rare
resource, which provide opportunity for scientists to collaborate with one another. The working
environment is also rare, which provide the scientists with a 275,000 square foot state of the art
facility. Herbert Boyer owns the first major patent in the new biotechnology sector, which no other
companies can duplicate or purchase those patent rights. This factor is costly to imitate because the
company has the patent for a period of time, thus creating a competitive advantage. Genentech is
organized to capture value and sophisticated selection criteria in order to move projects from
discovery phase to commercialization. The projects are mainly based on scientific rationale, critical
medical needs, significant market opportunities,

Applying for a Master´s in Microbial Biotechnology Essay
Program: Master's in Microbial Biotechnology Statement of Purpose
Having pursued relevant projects, courses and considering my aptitude, I find myself interested in
life sciences and more specifically in Microbiology. I believe that pursuing Masters in Microbial
Biotechnology at North Carolina State University will help me to widen my knowledge, hone my
technical and managerial skills and provides me an opportunity to contribute to cutting edge
research in the field and contribute to its growth in Industry.
Consistently a top student in school, I developed an interest in science and technology, particularly
during the formative years of my schooling. Being among the ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Our approach was mainly based upon the studies of Green Fluorescent Protein (GFP) from a
jellyfish Aequorea victoria. Later, in the fall break, I got selected for the short term internship in
Globion India Pvt.Ltd–Hyderabad, India. I worked on 'Growth–curve studies of chick embryo–
propagated Infectious Bronchitis Virus' under the guidance of Dr. Sophia. The training was basically
aimed at learning laboratory techniques in microbiology and molecular biology. Working in a group
of highly motivated individuals was a gratifying scientific experience. The fact that I was able to
perform well in the projects and at the same time enjoy the work, motivated me to pursue my
research interests.
In the spring of my second year, along with few of my friends, I intended to work on a project to
present it in the International Bio–molecular design competition (BIOMOD) 2012 held at Wyss
Institute, Harvard University, USA. It eventually led to the formulation of my third year summer
Internship in the lab of Dr. Yamuna Krishnan at National Centre for Biological Sciences (ncbs),
India. We worked on a project 'chemically triggered release of molecular cargo encapsulated within
the DNA icosahedron'. The project aimed at controlled release of the encapsulated cargo in the DNA
icosahedron with spatial and temporal control aided by molecular cues i.e.

Pros And Uses Of Biotechnology
Biotechnology is defined as is the application of biological organisms, system or process to
manufacturing and service industries.
Biotechnology is the integrated to the use of biochemistry, microbiology, and engineering sciences
in order to achieve technological application of the capabilities of micro–organisms cultured as the
tissue cells.
Biotechnology as the word suggests that it is combination of biology and technology. Biotechnology
is the use of technology to use, modify or upgrade the part or whole of biological system for
industrial and human welfare and so on. Biotechnology can also be used for living things especially
cells and bacteria for production of various products for benefiting human beings.
Biotechnology is also a combination ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It is a combination of various technologies, applied together to living cells, including not only
biology, but also subjects like mathematics, physics, chemistry and engineering. Its application
ranges from agriculture Animal Husbandry, Cropping system, Soil science and Soil Conservation,
Plant Physiology. History Biotechnology has been used by People for thousands of years. people
were using biotechnology techniques thousands of years before, but they did not named their
working field as biotechnology.
The name biotechnology was given by Hungarian engineer Karoly Ereky in 1919 to describe a
technology based on converting raw materials into a more useful product.
Way back Egyptians also applied fermentation technologies to make dough rise during bread
making. Due in part to this application, there were more than 50 varieties of bread in Egypt more
than 4,000 years ago
The ancient Egyptians also made wine by using fermentation techniques based on an understanding
of the microbiological processes that occur in the absence of oxygen.
Many people have used selective breeding to improve production of crops and livestock to use them
for food. In selective breeding, organisms with desirable characteristics are mated to produce
offspring
Fields in

Pros And Cons : The Impact Of Biotechnology Affects Our World
What is biotechnology? When I heard of biotechnology I assume it would be the study of
technology and how it affects our life, but I was wrong. "Biotechnology is the study and application
of living organisms and processes to manufacture products or to improve the characteristic of
bacteria, plants, or animals." Biotechnology is scientist's way of advancing technology, providing
the world with necessary needs. Which can be very convenient providing the world with healthier
food, improving the plants and animals and nature as it continues to advance their will be many
other things they will discover. Biotechnology is efficient because of the timing. It makes things
happen quicker. Biotechnology has a major effect on our lives; and eventually it will get better and
enhance our lives in the future, yes there will be a couple pros and cons as there is already but
society will get through it.
Stated in an article called Impact of Biotechnology "biotechnology has helped improve the quality
of people's lives for over 10,000 years. Today's biotechnologies vary in application and complexity.
However, they all have potential to change our society" (2002). Since the late 1900s, many people
around the globe has been helped by more than 200 biotechnology drugs and vaccines. There are
more than 300 drug products and vaccines currently being tested in trials targeting over 200
diseases, including: diabetes, cancer, AIDs, arthritis, Alzheimer's disease, heart disease, multiple
sclerosis. In

Prokaryotic Organisms: Essential to Agriculture and the...
With the significant increase in global human population in recent decades, the pressure for groups
of people to produce enough food and energy for everyone to consume while ensuring that these
resources remain sustainable and replaceable has likewise dramatically increased. While the first
several challenges produced by the rise on population were met with advances in technology,
notably the Green Revolution, the continued growth of the population has placed further strains on
the fields of agricultural, food, energy/environment, and biotechnology. Prokaryotic organisms,
which are single– or small numbered–cell organisms that lack nuclei in their cells are essential to
these fields because they provide a mechanism for current resources to ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
If the fruit is improperly labeled, hazardous consequences may arise. Furthermore, genetically
modified foods have not existed for long enough for long–term studies to be conducted on the
effects of their consumption. With the addition of genes that arise from different organisms, there is
always a risk that the gene will result in misfolded proteins or proteins that serve a different purpose
from the desired effect. As with exposures such as tanning or smoking, the effects of these behaviors
may not be seen until several decades later, leaving consumers at risk (Fernandez–Cornejo).
Environmental biotechnology includes the fields of bioremediation (cleaning up environments that
have been contaminated), pollution abatement (reducing and eliminating air, water, and other
pollution sources as a result of existing industrial technology), and continuing to make chemicals
and biofuels that are renewable and green. Because bioremediation is inexpensive and can provide
the proper environment and nutrients for the prokaryotic organisms that are used, the technology has
been widely explored to clean up heavy metals (lead mercury, selenium, etc.), nuclear waste, and
oil. In order for the bioremediation treatment to be effective, environmental engineers must be able
to maintain favorable conditions for prokaryotic growth, usually by keeping the environment moist
and full of oxygen. When conditions may be difficult to maintain, the microorganisms may be
"seeded" by

Recent Activities in the Biotechnology Industry Sector
Review of Recent activities in the Biotechnology Industry Sector : Focusing on Pharmaceuticals and
the Company GlaxoSmithKline Biotechnology can be defined as the industrial application of living
organisms or biological techniques developed through basic research . One type of product derived
from these techniques is pharmaceuticals. Many pharmaceutical companies exist globally and
produce mainly human health related products such as medicines, vaccinations and dental care
products. Due to the nature of the products being produced in the market, the speed at which new
technological breakthroughs affect new products and the high levels of competition within the
market, the biotechnological pharmaceutical sector is an extremely ... Show more content on
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It has an estimated seven per cent of the world's pharmaceutical market . Its top product is asthma
medication Advar which largely contributes to the company's £17billion turnover in pharmaceuticals
alone. Add to this their healthcare turnover of £3.2Billion and 2004's annual turnover sits at
£20.3billion, with the company recording a pre tax profit of £6.1billion . This high profit making
and turnover has continued into 2005 where shares in the company have rallied by about 25% .
SWOT Analysis GlaxoSmithKline Strengths Weaknesses – Operating profits for 2005 have
exceeded forecasted results. – Many new products in advanced development stages. – Poor short–
term liquidity – Reliance on a few high earning products. Opportunities Threats – Potential new
technology purchase from Nobex corp. – Building of new production facility in Germany – Office
of Fair Trading Price regulation. – Loss of patents and generic production. Strengths
GlaxoSmithKline's operating profits have greatly succeeded those forecast by the company.
Considering during 2004 net profit at the company declined 3.9% from the previous year , the
company predicted that this could again happen in 2005. This has not happened which shows that
new strategies introduced by the management of the company have worked. This upturn in company
finances looks set to continue into the next few years as of February this year over 140 products in
the development

Relationship Between Science And Science
Policymakers use science daily to inform decisions that affect our health and safety. Scientists are
confronted with greater demands for productivity and effectiveness from industrialists, social actors,
and policymakers, who are expecting answers to diverse issues afflicting present–day lives: from
human diseases to environmental perils, technological needs, or public controversies. At the same
time, there are growing fears from the public vis–à–vis the side effects of modern scientific and
technological innovations. These concerns are not incompatible but provide the basis for
recognizing the role of science in democratic societies (Pereira, 2004).
The relationship between science and democracy is an age–old conundrum with continuing public
controversy and a fruitful but difficult co–existence (MacLeod, 1997). As Fischer explains,
democracy and science are both characteristics of the Western society and the tension between them
is a long–standing critical theme in contemporary politics (Fischer, 2003). While democracy
represents open discussion on the part of all citizens, science has always represented the sphere of
the knowledge society. While democracy strives to promote a broad array of viewpoints and
perspectives, science for its part, attempts to restrict the number of participants seeking the right
answer or assessment (ibid, 2003).
As more countries attempt to run their governments on democratic principles with their performance
failing to meet the growing

The Controversy Surrounding Genetically Engineered Foods...
Food Biotechnology
There is much controversy surrounding genetically engineered (GE) foods and the use of
biotechnology. However, they offer many scientifically proven advantages that could have a
dramatic impact on world hunger and our environment in the near future. At the same time, the
public is asking many good questions and raising concerns about what long term negative effects
genetically engineered foods may have on the population's health and the environment. Never the
less, based on the following list, the advantages biotechnology currently provides, seems to out way
the potential disadvantages they could impose on our future.
Advantages of Biotechnology:
1. Genetically engineered fruits and vegetables provide extended shelf lives, which allow farmers to
harvest them at the peak of flavor and nutrition. The result is a better quality product, which is
produced with less waste, can be transported farther for sale and provides more profits for farmers.
(1, 3)
2. Using a strategy called biofortification; scientists are able to genetically alter crops to fortify
themselves with key vitamins and minerals versus having to fortify them during the food processing
phase. The long term success of biofortification could effectively eliminate nutrient deficiency
diseases around the world. (1)
3. Foods can be processed more efficiently when they are genetically engineered. Production
elements themselves can be genetically engineered, which can saves time, money and space.

oryx and crake technology
Oryx & Crake Technology Report: Biotechnology & Genography
At the first look at the title of this report, you will be thinking 'Oh wow, he is so out of touch with
what is going on in the world today that he doesn't even know genetic engineering/ gene splicing is
already in effect.' I am fully aware that many different genetically modified organisms are being
researched on, such as the Flavr Savr Tomato on 1997, as well as corn crops being much more
resistant to the cold weather in the north. Though we have those certain organisms, which have had
a specific gene implemented into them from a certain animal, plant or insect, we still have to have a
backbone in which we can actually add that gene towards. For example, we have things ... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
After doing research on Atwood and visiting her website
MaddAddams world, it is clear to see that she has a big interest in human fiction. I do not say
science fiction in this case, because the book Oryx & Crake does not deal with spaceships laser
blasters, and other stereotypical sci–fi 'props'. Instead, she puts focus on something that could be
completely plausible in the world we live in today. There are already many genetic testings on
animals, and we are already able to grow certain appendages on other life forms, such as ears and
other cartilage based body parts. It is thought by many people that implementing emotions to A.I
would be done by cognitive scientists and psychologists, but it is rather done by software engineers
who attempt to add emotions into certain operating systems. As you can see in this article
http://ceramics.org/ceramic–tech–today/is–artificial–emotional–intelligence–possible–itdepends–
on–whom–you–ask Atwood is not too far gone to believe that the ability to control emotions in a
'man–made' species is not far off in a non–organic life–form, but the question with relation to Oryx
& Crake is how it can be done in a mind that thinks freely.
Much like the Rakunks within the novel, we can take a certain gene that we like from one animal,
and implement it to another. For example, during the early 90's, researchers at the
Calgene research centre in California

Genetic Engineering And The Canadian Regulation
Biotechnology is the application of scientific techniques and exploitation of biological processes
used to improve and modify animals, plants and microorganisms to enhance their value through
genetic manipulation. Over time, advances in the field of molecular biology has allowed scientists to
take a particular gene from any organism, including, bacteria, viruses, plants or animals, and
introduce those genes into another organism. An organism transformed using genetic engineering
techniques is known as transgenic organism (Independent learning center, 2012). This paper
discusses the positive and negative effects of genetically engineered organisms in agricultural
applications and the Canadian regulation or legislation that relates to this issue.
Many farmers in Canada have welcomed major crop plants produced by genetic engineering. Four
major transgenic crops including canola, corn, soy and sugar beet have been approved for
commercial production in Canada (Canada & Agency, 2015). Transgenic organisms offer a range of
benefits in the agricultural applications. Over many years, transgenic organisms have helped
increase crop productivity by introducing drought tolerance and disease resistance to crops. Today,
scientist has been able to select genes for disease resistant from other organism and relocate them to
essential crops. For example, in the 1980, researchers from University of Hawaii teamed up with
Cornell University to develop a papaya cultivar resistant to papaya

Cynthia Robbins-Roth And The Biotechnology Industry

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