6. Trauma Patient
The disease entity
resulting from physical injury
ICD 10 (WHO, TM); S00–T14 – Injury, T15–T98 Poisoning
and certain other consequences of external causes
• Unintentional injuries
• Falls
• Accidental
• Other and unspecified non-transport accidents
• Intentional self-harm
• Assault
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7. ICD-10
(Injury Diagnosis Codes)
IS00-S09 Injuries to the head
S10-S19 Injuries to the neck
S20-S29 Injuries to the thorax
S30-S39 Injuries to the abdomen, lower back, lumbar spine and
pelvis
S40-S49 Injuries to the shoulder and upper arm
S50-S59 Injuries to the elbow and forearm
S60-S69 Injuries to the wrist and hand
S70-S79 Injuries to the hip and thigh
S80-S89 Injuries to the knee and lower leg
S90-S99 Injuries to the ankle and foot
T00-T07 Injuries involving multiple body regions
T08-T14 Injuries to unspecified part of trunk, limb or body region
T15-T19 Effects of foreign body entering through natural orifice
T20-T32 Burns and corrosions
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8. ISS Score Severity
1-9 Minor
10-15 Moderate
16- 24 Moderate/Severe
> 25 Severe / Critical
Trauma Patient
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9. ISS; Injury Severity Score
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Region Injury Description AIS Square Top Three
Head & Neck Cerebral Contusion 3 9
Face No Injury 0
Chest Flail Chest 4 16
Abdomen Minor Contusion of Liver
Complex Rupture Spleen
2
5 25
Extremity Fractured femur 3
External No Injury 0
ISS 50
AIS Score Injury
1 Minor
2 Moderate
3 Serious
4 Severe
5 Critical
6 Survivable
ISS
1-8 Minor
9-15 Moderate
16-24 Serious
25-49 Severe
50-74 Critical
75 Maximum
10. TRISS score
Trauma Score-Injury Severity Score
• TRISS determines the probability of
survival (Ps) of trauma patient from
the RTS and ISS using the following
formulae:
Ps = 1
(1+e-b)
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11. b = b0+b1(RTS)+b2(ISS)+b3(ageIndex)
AgeIndex = 0 if the patient is below 54 years
= 1 if 55 years and over
If the patient is less than 15, the blunt coefficients
are used regardless of mechanism.
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Blunt Penetrating
b0 -0.4499 -2.5355
b1 0.8085 0.9934
b2 -0.0835 -0.0651
b3 -1.7430 -1.1360
14. Trauma Nurse
focuses on identifying serious problems,
and on stabilizing for further trauma treatment
Trauma
Life Support
Traumatic
Shock
Recognition
Trauma
Resuscitation
Trauma
Monitoring
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15. Access to Judge
Good
V/S
are stable
and within
normal limits
Patient is
conscious
and
comfortable
Indicators are
excellent
Fair
V/S
are stable and
within normal
limits
Patient is
conscious, but
may be
uncomfortable
Indicators are
favorable
Serious
V/S
may be
unstable and
not within
normal limits
Patient is
seriously ill.
Indicators are
questionable
Critical
V/S
are unstable
and not
within normal
limits.
Patient may
be
unconscious
Indicators are
unfavorable
Dead
V/S
are
persistently
absent
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16. • apply their trauma specialized knowledge base
to care for and maintain trauma life support to
trauma patients.
• apply their trauma core competency base to care
• Cooperation
• Decision making
• Problem solving
• Leadership
• Teamwork
• Technical knowledge
Trauma Nurse
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20. Criteria for
unstable trauma patient
Altered physiology
GCS ≤14
Pulse <60
or >120 BPM
SBP <90 mmHg
after 2 L fluid
challenge
SBP >190 mmHg
RR <12
or >24 BPM
SaO2 < 90%
Temp <33C
Altered physical
findings
Paralysis
Inability to talk
Labored
respiration
Severe pain
External
hemorrhage site
combative
Altered anatomic
findings
Severe
deformities
Penetrating
wound from
head to
popliteal fossa
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21. Trauma Treatment
and Trauma Team Environment
• look after life-threatening trauma patients
• close monitoring to keep physiologic functions
• higher specialist monitoring and caring for the
severely trauma patients
• V/S are unstable and not within normal limits
• Patient may be unconscious
• Indicators are unfavorable
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22. Standard therapy
central venous pressure between 8–12 mmHg.
a mean arterial pressure over 65 mmHg.
a urine output of at least 0.5 ml/kg/h.
Early goal-directed therapy
received the standard care, and
venous oxygen saturation measured
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Trauma Treatment
Environment
31. ATLS
• Triage
• Multiple casualties
• Mass Casualties
• Primary survey (ABCDE)
• A : Airway maintenance and Cervical spine
protection
• B : Breathing and Ventilation
• C : Circulation and Hemorrhagic control
• D : Disability ( Neurologic evaluation)
• E : Exposure / Environmental control
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32. การจาแนกประเภทผู้บาดเจ็บ
ทางเดินหายใจอุดกั้น ?
ลักษณะการหายใจ ?
ชีพจร ?
A Airway
B Breathing
C Circulation
Emergent จะเสียชีวิตถ้าไม่รีบช่วยเหลือ
Urgent ถ้าช่วยเหลือช้า อาจเสียชีวิตได้ใน 30 นาที
Non urgent ถ้าช่วยเหลือช้ากว่า 2 ชม. เกิดอันตรายได้
ER
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35. Primary survey
• Airway with C-
spine protection
• Breathing
• Circulation
• Disability
Resuscitation
• ECG, Pulse Oximetry, IV, Lab
• Identified life threatening injuries
• Gastric, urethral cath.
Secondary survey
• Head to toe exam
• AMPLE history
• Imaging
Definitive care
• Surgery
• Splinting
• Medications
• Consultants
• Transfer
Tertiary survey
• Repeat primary and
secondary survey within
24 hrs
• Problem list identification
Initial assessment and
management
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