Safe Tap Water Research Paper

Safe Tap Water Research Paper
Water firms are criticised for our 'safe' tap water If you watch the news at all, then you'll know that
over the last few years there have been multiple incidents when it comes the safety of our tap water.
From the presence of the cryptosporidium bug to an overflow of chlorine, water here in the UK has
seen it all. Let's take a closer look back at the last 18 months alone and find out why water firms are
criticised for our "safe" tap water? In August of 2015, residents in parts of Lancashire were advised
to boil their TAP WATER before drinking it, brushing their teeth with it and preparing food. This
warning was issued by United Utilities after the cryptosporidium bug was found in the treatment
works near Preston. For any of those who aren't ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Yes, you can indeed buy distilled water however this obviously comes with it's own drawbacks,
namely cost and time. Buying enough distilled water for your entire family to drink will consist of a
lot of man power at your local super market. We'd also like to add that in times of trouble when it
comes to the SAFETY of your TAP WATER, said bottles of distilled water will more often than not
suddenly become scarce from your supermarket shelves. This is all before you've taken into
consideration the cost. Bottled water is expensive enough, before adding on the cost of distillation
from a company looking to make a
... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...

We Need a New Method of Purifying Drinking Water Essay
Chlorine has been purifying our drinking water for the last century. Chlorine has many uses; it is
used as an amazing water disinfectant to rid water of harmful organisms, it sanitizes many surfaces,
and it is used in the production of many products. Virtually all water borne diseases have been
wiped out as a result of purification of drinking water – usually with chlorine. Life expectancy has
increased fifty percent in the last century because people are able to drink clean, healthy water. Two
hundred million people in America and Canada drink, shower and swim in chlorinated water
everyday, and ninety–eight percent of drinking water treatment facilities use chlorination
(Christman, 1998). Chlorine has benefited society in an ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Finally, those who take the economic approach believe that chlorine might have some effect, yet the
expenditure of money and time to develop alternatives for all of chlorine's uses make it hard to
eliminate it from our society.
Studies have shown that it is not the chlorine that causes damage to our health, but rather chlorine's
byproducts. Dioxins, which are an unwanted byproduct of industrial production that uses chlorine,
are the most harmful human carcinogens studied (Thornton, 1997). When chlorine is added to our
water supply, it immediately kills many to all of the organisms living in the water. However, it also
reacts with any organic material in the water such as leaves, twigs, or dirt chemically producing
byproducts called trihalomethanes, or THMs. THMs consist of four chemicals: chloroform,
bromoform, bromodichloromethane and dibromochloromethane. Dibromochloromethane is already
classified as a possible known human carcinogen and has been proven to cause cancer in laboratory
animals (Times Union, 1996).
The US Council of Environmental Quality states that, "[t]he cancer risk among people drinking
chlorinated water is 93% higher than among those whose water does not contain chlorine"
(Showering in Tap Water, 2001). Organizations such as Greenpeace and the Sierra Club, as well as
many doctors and scientists, are publicly

The Effect Of Disinfection Byproducts ( Dbps ) Formation
Chapter Two
Literature Review
2.1 Introduction
This chapter is a review of disinfection byproducts (DBPs) formation, identification of various types
of DBPs, regulations of DBPs by US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), and the degradation
of DBPs in natural surface water, particularly by natural solar sunlight and other engineered
photodegradation processes such as UV light and advanced oxidation processes (AOPs).
2.2 Overview
Water disinfection process was a major public health triumph of the 20th century. Before
widespread disinfection of waste and drinking water in the United States of America (USA) and
Europe, millions of people died from infectious waterborne diseases, such as cholera and typhoid,
along with high risk on the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
2.3 Water Disinfection / Disinfectants
Waste/Drinking water disinfection serves two main purposes. The primary purpose of disinfection is
to kill or inactivate pathogens. The secondary purpose is to provide a disinfectant residual in the
finished water and prevent microbial regrowth in water distribution system. Accordingly, in water
treatment practice, the term disinfection is used to refer to two activities: (i) primary disinfection for
inactivation; and (ii) secondary disinfection for residual maintaining.
Five disinfection agents are available in drinking water treatment today (i) free chlorine, (ii)
combined chlorine (chloramine), (iii) ozone, (iv) chlorine dioxide, and (v) UV light. The first four
disinfectants are chemical oxidants whereas UV light involves the use of electromagnetic radiation.
Of the five, by far the most commonly used disinfectants, in both plants and distribution systems,
are chlorine and chloramines. Chlorine dioxide, ozone and UV are also used on a limited basis to
meet disinfection goals. Chlorine or chloramines are the most common disinfectants used to achieve
secondary disinfection.
The effectiveness of disinfection depends on the contact time (the amount of time a disinfectant is in
contact with the water) and the residual disinfectant concentration.
The

Scheme-9 Lab Report
Scheme – 8: The presence of catalytic amounts of 3–methyl–1–sulfonic acid imidazolium
tetrachloroaluminate ([Msim]AlCl4) or silica sulfuric acid (SSA) enables an efficient benzylation of
a range of aromatic compounds by benzyl acetate under mild conditions. Simple methodology, easy
workup procedure, clean reaction and reusability of the catalyst are some advantages.24 Scheme –
9: Shimizu et al. studied benzylation of arenes catalyzed by Ag(I) oxide, Ag(I) ion, bulk silver
metal, and silica supported silver nanoparticles. Ag powder, silver oxide, Ag(I) ion and silica alone
are not active towards benzylation of anisole. However, the catalytic activity of SiO2 supported
silver catalysts was increased with the silver loading up to 5 wt% and decreased with further
increase in the loading. Catalyst with 5 wt% Ag loading on SiO2 showed benzylated product yield
about 82%. The catalyst is recoverable and reusable.25 Scheme – 10: Cruz et al. evaluated the
catalytic activity of different niobiumphosphates (NbP) such as commercial NbP, recrystallized NbR
and crystalline NbS for liquid phase Benzylation of anisole with benzyl chloride. The main products
of the alkylation of anisole are isomers of the benzyl ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
While the reaction performed in non– aromatic solvents yielded the desired benzyl chlorides in good
yields, an unexpected side reaction was observed in aromatic solvents such as toluene resulting in
the 1,1– diarylalkane in 83% yield. The authors explained this observation with chlorination of 1–
phenylethanol and subsequent FC alkylation of the formed benzyl chloride and toluene. However,
more surprisingly the reaction yield could be improved to 93% if only catalytic amount (10 mol%)
of TeCl4 was present. Although the reaction was found by accident, this was probably the first
description of a catalytic FC alkylation utilizing a benzyl

Chloramines Lab Report
Conclusion and evaluation
Investigating the effect of pH on the concentration of chloramines and evaluating their effects in
pool water was the aim of this experiment and research. With the data collected and processed, I can
now discuss the extent of influence of pH in chloramine treatment as well as the success of this
experiment. The experiment prove that pH is a very crucial agent in cleaning of a pool. A pound for
pound efficiency is almost guaranteed for chlorine administered in any form if proper pH
management is considered. Looking at the dissociation of hypochlorous acid under different pH
values, it can be proven that the lower the pH the better the efficacy of chlorine. Calcium
hypochlorite itself raises the pH of water from 7 to ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Steininger D. Sc.1998OPR control in pools and spas.page3]. If there is 0.2mg/l of free chlorine at
pH 6.5, the ORP is 800mv. At pH 7, around 760mv, pH 7.5 around 720mv, pH 8 665mv and pH
570mv of ORP. However, pH cannot be kept very low in water just because it brings about good
cleaning power of chlorine. That can be fatal for human beings or could bring about more health
problems while we are trying to diminish them. A compromise of human comfort and perfect
disinfection is established and this is why most chlorine based pool disinfectants are labelled that
they should be used at (reference) pH 7.2 to 7.6. This is to avoid a too low pH for humans while
achieving optimum

Advantages And Disadvantages Of Water Treatment Of...
Notre Dame University
Faculty of Engineering
Department of Civil and environmental engineering
Water treatment of swimming pool
Group list: Name ID# signature Karim Taher 20093567 Joe El–Dahr 20101583 Ali Naboulsi
20101765 Mohamad Mroueh 20104009 Mohammad Harakeh 20103468 Naim Boustany 20101797
Prepared to: Dr. Sophia Ghanimeh
Date: May 31, 2015
Letter of acknowledgment
On behalf of the water treatment project of the swimming pool, we would like to acknowledge and
thank Dr.Elsy Ibrahim and Eng. Jules Hatem for the significant contributions of time and
commitment added value to the design process.
We appreciate the support and look forward to continue ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Advantages: Improvement In the method of nutrients and substances removal. Complete removal of
pathogens and microorganism. MBR operates on complete automation during steady state
conditions.
Disadvantages:
The most important disadvantages of using MBR are the cost of the system and its installation.
The available configurations of MBR system are "Submerged" and "External", in this study the
existence of "Submerged" membrane is more applicable.
Design process
Water source quality:
Water quality of springs in Lebanon varies from location to another. In this report, the location has
been set to be in Western Lebanese Mountains, at 500 m altitude. Based on study done by May
A.Massoud (faculty of health and sciences, AUB) on Damour River, which reflects similar
circumstances of this report study ,the water quality index(WQI) has been calculated over 10
sampling sites during 5 years (2005–2009) and the results are shown in the following table:

Table 1: Summary of WQI Results for the ten Sampling Sites over the 5–year Period 2005– 2009
Figure 3: Variation of the WQI along the Different Site over 5 years

Best Water Hydration
What's The Best Water for Hydration (different types of water)
Staying hydrated, is so important, that many professionals recommend that you start, and end, your
day with water, to balance out the amount you lose while sleeping. You lose water when you
breathe, sweat, and urinate, and you lose much more when you are active. Many people
underestimate the amount of fluids that they lose from perspiration; for example, if you exercise for
an hour, you can lose up to a quart of fluids from sweating. Dehydration occurs, when there is more
fluid moving out of cells, than being taken in. Not only will you experience a dry mouth, and
increased thirst, your symptoms may include dizziness, confusion, weakness, fainting, or heart
palpitations. Dehydration ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) strictly regulates the levels of health–risking
contaminants that are allowed in drinking water, to try and ensure that tap water, used for drinking,
meets certain standards. Chlorine is used by most water treatment facilities in the United States, to
clean the water drinking supplies. The EPA has determined that chlorine levels of four parts per
million, or less, are safe for human consumption. While, the chlorination of drinking water has been
credited with increasing life expectancy, and being one of our nation's major public health
achievements, there have been studies, that link chlorination to higher occurrences of some types of
cancer, and other health problems, including eczema, heart disease, asthma, and higher miscarriage
rates. When chlorine interacts with various organic compounds in the fresh water, trihalomethanes
(THMs) are produced, which are environmental pollutants, and carcinogenic. When THMS are
ingested, they foster the growth of free radicals, which are known to harm or destroy vital body

Why Do Chlorine Remains In A Pool
Introduction:
I chose this project because I am a competitive swimmer and I have been swimming for the past ten
and a half years. I wanted to find out how much chlorine remains in a pool each day after
chlorination. I am interested to see how much residual chlorine is left and the range in which there
appears skin irritation and red eyes because I have experienced the red eyes and itchy skin due to
over chlorination.
Chlorine is used in pools in either a gaseous or as sodium or calcium hypochlorite. The chlorine is
added to water to help prevent people from getting sick from disease–producing microorganisms.
The chlorine that is added and reacts with the organic material and metals in the water is the
chlorine demand for the water as it will not be available for any disinfection that keeps people from
getting sick while in the pool. The residual test is ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The free iodine is than titrated with the sodium thiosulphate solution.
I2 + 2 S2O32– 2 I– + S4O62–
For every two moles of thiosulphate, one mole of iodine is needed so the amount of iodine mole
needed is half the amount of thiosulphate moles that are needed. Starch is used as the indicator for
the end point because the iodine and water is such a faint yellow color that the starch will combine
with any of the iodine that is still present and turn it a blue color and the end point for the titration is
than easier to notice.
I found the amount of amount of residual chlorine using the equation:
Residual chlorine = volume of Na2S2O3 x Concentration of Na2S2O3 x mass of 1 mol Cl– x 1000
Volume of sample pool water
Adverse effects can occur if there is too much residual chlorine in water. The use of chlorine can
possibly cause carcinogenic compounds such as chloroform. There is still an ongoing debate if
chlorine is the best way to disinfect a

Essay about Chlorinated Drinking Water is Necessary for...
With the aggregation of millions of people in large urban centers, there is an unprecedented amount
of human waste to be treated. In this treatment, pathogenic microbes (bacteria, viruses, protozoa,
and parasitic worms) must be removed or reduced to harmless levels. It is well known that in any
community, at any time, there are always small numbers of people who are either manifestly ill, in
some stage of illness but not demonstratively so, or healthy carriers of diseases. Together, these are
indications of a community's normal background of pathogenic microorganisms in which feces are
in the sewage. As a result, sewage is a great threat to human health, especially for those who come
in contact with water drawn from sewage contaminated ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The coarse screens consist of a bank of vertical bars set approximately 1 inch apart. Behind the
screens is a comminutor, which grinds the remaining solids to a size that should prevent damage to
the machinery that later are used to filter (Benarde).
The following step is secondary treatment, depending on the type of secondary treatment to be
given; the sewage will pass to either a bio–filter or an activated sludge aeration tank. Both are based
on the stabilization or neutralization or organic waste by biological action. Although pathogenic
microorganisms are partially removed in the settling process and filtration and aeration
mechanically remove others, it is the process of chlorination that destroys the great majority of
organisms. In addition, chlorine leaves a residual in the water system can further disinfect, as water
is discharged into the watercourse.
Water supplies were first chlorinated at the turn of the century, and over the following two decades
chlorination was introduced for the disinfecting of drinking water in industrialized countries. In the
chlorination process, chlorine reacts mainly with natural water constituents to produce a complex
mixture of by–products, including a wide variety of halogenated compounds,

Water Drinking Water Act ( Sdwa ) For National Air...
Introduction In water treatment process, there are lots of processes required in order to remove
sediments, bacteria, viruses and impurities. These processes are including screening, filtration,
flocculation, sedimentation, nitrification, chlorination, coagulation, and disinfection. In many
municipal wastewater treatment has some standards and regulations to follow in order to distribute
clean and safe water supple to citizen in their area. US Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA)
enforces requirements under the Clean Water Act (CWA) and Safe Drinking Water Act (SDWA) for
national water supply in the U.S. Under the Clean Water Act 's National Pollutant Discharge
Elimination System (NPDES) program, EPA regulates discharges of pollutants ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
Ozone is a strong oxidizing agent that is an unstable gas that is generated by an electrical discharge
through dry air or pure oxygen. Finally UV radiation generated by sunlight, tanning lamp, black
lights, and electrical discharge through mercury vapor, penetrates the genetic material of
microorganisms and retards their ability to reproduce" (USEPA, N.D.). One of the popular
disinfection methods in water treatment is the Ultraviolet (UV) disinfection. The ultraviolet (UV)
disinfection is a physical disinfection of water. This paper would provide a broadly definition of UV
disinfection and its purpose in water treatment. Also, this paper will provide the advantages and
disadvantages of using the advance technology over the common technology in water treatment. In
addition the cost of technology, projected usage in the U.S. will provided in this paper.
Discussion In municipal drinking water treatment normally used UV radiation from sunlight to
disinfect microorganisms. Solar water disinfection has been known as economically application of
treating contaminated water. Ultraviolet radiation has a wavelength from 30 nm to 400 nm.
However, not all wavelengths have a capable of inactivating microorganisms. Only 250 nm to 270
nm are capable to eliminate or inactivate of growth and reproduction in pathogenic microorganisms,
and are categorized as germicidal,

My First Day As A Server At Cafe Mac
Shoveling before Winter
I swiped my card at the information desk and walked in optimistic and excited for my first day as a
server at Café Mac. Little did I know how much of my design–OCD my job would trigger. After an
infinite three hours of standing, greeting and serving people I was asked to shovel heaps of ice, and
winter hadn 't even started yet! The last hour of my shift at the café involved me shoveling ice out of
refrigerator deli cases, reeling the ice to the back of the kitchen, using all my might to dump heavy
baskets of ice into the sink and then the best part: running hot water over the ice for over fifteen
minutes to melt the ice. This was the first time I had seen water being used to melt ice. Coming from
a country with a huge water scarcity problem, I could not accept that I had to waste such large
quantities of water on my job. So I did the next best thing I could think of, I talked to my adviser
and checked if there was any way we could carry out this process while wasting lesser amounts of
water and I was shut down with the reply "please do the work you have been assigned". Another
struggle I faced was that when I put the ice into the sink, I noticed that most of the food that fell on
the ice, clogged the sink. This was too cumbersome a job that wasted too much water and something
had to be done about it.
As I have highlighted above, the object I think that has both ethical has well as design related
problems would be that of the salad bar deli cases

Chlorine Is The Single Largest Contributor For Safe...
INTRODUCTION
Chlorine is the single largest contributor to safe drinking water, in the history of public health. In
1902 the first chlorine disinfection system was installed in Belgium. By the 1920's nearly the whole
world started using the process. Due to this disinfection process many disease–causing
microorganisms were abolished. According to Life Magazine (1997)
"The filtration of drinking water plus the use of chlorine is probably the most significant public
health advancement of the millennium"
As consumers have started to have greater knowledge, they want to know what they're drinking and
how this will affect them in short–term and long–term. The main concern related to chlorination is
the by–products produced. The by–products are said to be cancer causing.
CHEMICAL BACKGROUND
Chlorination is used in most Australian capital cities and small water supplies as it is inexpensive,
easy to use and protects water within the pipe system. Treating drinking water involves two
processes; the physical removal and the chemical disinfection. The traditional seven step water
processes used around the globe is Coagulation, flocculation, sedimentation, filtration, disinfection,
fluoridation and the storage & distribution. (Refer to figure 1)
The main focus for this report is the disinfection section. During the disinfection process different
chlorine products are added to the filtered water to remove harmful microorganisms. When the
disinfectant is added "free

Can The Effective Treatment Of Wastewater In Developing
Can the effective treatment of wastewater in developing countries have an impact on the
development of antibiotic resistance?
Introduction:
The emergence of resistance in bacteria is primarily related to human and agricultural use of natural
and synthetic antibiotics. Most antibiotics aren't full metabolised and together with resistant bacteria
are excreted where they can reach sewage systems and wastewater treatment plants. (Luczkiewicz et
al., 2011). Standard wastewater treatment conventions have not been shown to be fully effective in
reducing the number of resistant bacteria. Unfortunately, some have been shown to positively select
for resistant isolates. (Luczkiewicz et al., 2011). Current treatments in developed countries are quite
... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
However, recent research into the use of constructed wetlands has provided developing countries
with a more suitable alternative to treating wastewater. Additionally, these wetlands may provide a
solution to the spread of antibiotic resistant isolates by removing antibiotics from the wastewater.
(Standard For Sewage Treatment Plants In Developing Countries., Humans and the natural
environment–slides).
Wastewater is a potential source of antimicrobial resistant pathogens:
As mentioned previously the treatment of wastewater in developing countries is not very common
due to the expense, resources, and time required to treat wastewater effectively. (figure 1) (kaur
2012) And for some areas these wastewater treatment plants are just not viable, and much of the
waste is discarded into waters where not only pathogenic bacteria can disseminate but also resistant
bacteria and genes. However, in areas that are fortunate enough to have sanitation facilities and
conventional treatments such as activated sludge method, drying beds technology and ozonation or
chlorination as a disinfection method, they have not been shown to be completely effective in the
removal of antibiotics and resistant varieties and even promote resistance in some cases. Evidence
for this is

The Effects Of Swimming Pools On Outdoor Sports
Introduction.
A swimming pool is an artificially enclosed body of water that is used for either leisure pursuits or
to be enjoyed and utilised in aquatic sports. Pools range from all shapes and sizes and also varied
use, for example, they could be private, public and competitive. Swimming pools are also built
either above or below ground varying in the material they are built with, whether it is concrete,
metal, fibreglass and or plastic.
The key to operating a pool is keeping it clean and chemically safe for use. To ensure this you must
invest and commonly use measures of keeping your pool chemically stable. Chlorine is the most
primary sanitiser to control algae, bacteria and pathogens. However, there are other alternative
methods and ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Some pools also include heaters in order to keep the pool water at a certain temperature, which
could have and affect on its pH levels and chemical reaction within the water.
We 've already seen that the water in a swimming pool needs to circulate through a filtering system,
to remove dirt and debris. During normal operation, water flows to the filtering system through two
or more main drains at the bottom of the pool and multiple skimmer drains around the top of the
pool. 1 Normal Drainage Structure of a Pool
The main drains are usually located on the lowest point in the pool, so the entire pool surface slants
toward them. Most of the dirt and debris that sinks exits the pool through these drains. To keep
people from getting their hair or limbs caught in the plumbing, the drains are almost always covered
with grates or anti vortex cover (a cover that diverts the flow of water to prevent a dangerous vortex
from forming). The duties an operator of an aquatic facility has in relation to chemical parameters
and frequency of testing were defined as being:
To control the pH levels within a swimming and spa pool when chlorine is used
To ensure the levels of free, combined and total chlorine are maintained to adequate levels
To ensure that the testing for free, total and combined chlorine are undertaken to the required levels.
To ensure a safe pool, tests must be conducted to understand

Analysis Of Riverbank Filteration In India
Sandhu et al.,(2011)worked on potential of riverbank filteration in India and found that the
abstracted water from all the RBF wells in Haridwar only requires disinfection by chlorination, and
provides safe drinking water even when facing high variations in water demand (such as during the
Kumbh and Ardh Kumbh Melas) and during monsoons.
Tyagi et al.,(2013) Studied River Water Quality Using River Bank Filtration in Uttarakhand, India
and found that This technique was found to be effective for removal of turbidity and bacterial
contamination present in surface water of four rivers of Uttarakhand, namely Alaknanda,
Mandakini, East Nayar, and Pinder.Study revealed that the improved water quality of rivers
produced through RBF in a ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
(Ray et al.,2015). This is a cost effective technique which must be taken into account in indian
scenario specially in Uttarakhand whose economy lies on the goodwill of its Rivers and susutainable
exploitation of them. In uttarakhand there are certain RBF sites are existing but either they are not
sufficient to meet the effective clean water supply or not consciuosly exploited.(Sandhu et
al,2011)and special attention should be given on settlements of RBF wells at the rural areas of
Uttarakhand with proper monitoring and quality checks to meet water scarcity and providing proper
water supply to the areas devoid of proper drinking water.
Reference:
Deborah Chapman(1996) In:water quality assessments– a guide to use of Biota ,Sediments and
Water in Environmental Monitoring–Second Edition.copyright 1992,1996 UNESCO/WHO/UNEP
.ISBN0419215905(HB)04192216006(PB).
Basant Rai(2013) . Pollution and Conservation of Ganga River in Modern India.International
Journal of Scientific and Research Publications, Volume 3, Issue 4, April 2013 1 ISSN 2250–3153
https://www.Timesofindia.indiatimes.com. Prashant Singh et al(2013).Evaluation of water quantity
and quality status of Drinking Water Sector Of Uttarakhand,India.Journal of Analytical Chemistry
Letters.Volume22012,issue3.
Gary L.Smith(2009).River Bank

The Water Crisis
Access to clean water is essential to overall human health and economic growth. Recent
technologies have made water access more universal, however there is still a large percentage of the
world population that lives without clean water. Nanotechnology is a promising field that may offer
sustainable solutions to the water crisis and allow the world to move toward universal access to
clean water.
Due to increasing demand for water, the world has been faced with a water crisis. The rising human
population and unsustainable environmental practices has made clean freshwater a rare commodity.
Developing countries are impacted the most by the water crisis. In the 20th century the global
population increased threefold and triggered a simultaneous sixfold increase in water use (Bogardi,
2012). Water usage has likely increased due to extended droughts, population growth, more strict
health regulations, and competing demands from a variety of users (Savage, 2005). Developed
countries like the United States have been able to keep up with the increasing water demands by
creating larger infrastructures and using legal means to regulate water consumption. However, many
developing countries lack the capital needed to create the infrastructures needed to provide clean
water. Additionally, developing countries often lack an impartial and efficient legal system that can
enforce water rights and water regulations. The water crisis has caused nearly one billion people to
live without access

1. What Is A Volatile Organic Compound?
Organic substance are made of carbon, plants and animals are example of the natural organic. All
living organisms, from largest tree to smallest insect are organic .Once decaying process occurred
over these living organisms they turned to organic substance. All human wastes, animal wastes
(from barnyards, pastures, rangelands, feedlots), areas of land application of sewage sludge, the
waste of pulp and paper industry that discharge organic laden effluent, and food processing wastes
consist of organic materials.
2. What is a Volatile Organic Compound?
VOC are a class of chemicals that are carbon containing and evaporate (vaporize) easily into air at
normal air temperatures, therefore they are organic materials. When present in water at low
concentrations, some VOCs produce a sweet, pleasant odor. Chlorinated solvents such as
commercial, industrial, residential products, solvents, cleaners, degreasers, paints, inks and ... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
What are Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD) and Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD)?
Biochemical oxygen demand (BOD); is the measure of the amount of oxygen consumed by aquatic
life. Furthermore, is the measure that is used to determine the level of organic pollution in a water
body or is the amount of oxygen consumed by bacteria in the decomposition (oxidation) of organic
material. As the high levels of the (BOD), the higher levels of the water pollution and less (DO)
levels.
The chemical oxygen demand (COD); is the measure of the all chemicals that found in the water
body that can be oxidized or is the measure of the oxygen equivalent of the organic substance found
in the water body that is disposed to oxidation. The COD can be related empirically to BOD,
organic carbon, or organic matter. In COD test a chemical used instead of the bacteria to oxidase the
organic substance and is used more for industrial wastewater as the BOD is used for municipal
wastewater. BOD and COD are two of three methods used to determine carbon present in the water

Chlorine In Wounds: A Case Study
As the leader of this clan, I chose to bring chlorine because I believe the chemical properties will be
important as a wound disinfectant and to help purify water. The first important chemical property of
chlorine is it's solution when mixed with water to help kill bacteria in a wound. According to a
website called https://www.leaf.tv/articles/the–effects–of–pool–chlorine–on–healing–wounds/
"When chlorine in the water penetrates the skin, it will help kill the bacteria in the wound." This
property is very important on the island for any medical issues that might occur while on the island.
Even though, we hope for no medical issues to arise there is always the possibility and we want to
ensure that, that has the littlest possible chance of happening,

Taking a Look at Water Chlorination
4.0 Water Chlorination
4.1 What is water chlorination?
Water chlorination is another process that is commonly used in the water treatment industry.
Chlorination can be defined as the addition of chlorine or hypochlorite to a water supply for
disinfection purposes. Pathogens present in drinking water can cause serious diseases upon
consumption and therefore need to be treated (Safe Drinking Water Foundation, 2009). Chlorination
is one of the various methods that is used to deactivate these pathogens and can be found in
operation at many municipal works across the country, including Killylane water treatment works. It
is often found as one of the final stages in a multiple stage treatment process, usually following a
filtration process.
Pathogens come in a variety of forms, such as viruses, bacteria or protozoa, and can have
devastating, even fatal consequences if not treated in a water supply. Before the mainstream
introduction of disinfection into the water treatment process, waterborne pathogens regularly caused
epidemics, and diseases like typhoid, cholera and dysentery were rife (Scientific American, 1998).
As has been mentioned in the previous chapter, the rapid gravity filtration process is relatively
ineffective at removing these pathogens from the water and therefore disinfection is required as a
follow up treatment. Adding chlorine to water can inhibit a large range of microbial waterborne
pathogens, either killing them or decreasing their activity to a

How to Open and Close an Outdoor Pool Essay
How to Open and Close an Outdoor Pool If you have never opened or closed your outdoor pool
before, and you are in any doubt as to your ability to do so, you would be better off calling your
local pool center to do the job for you. However, if you are somewhat familiar with pool care and
are willing to undertake the work yourself, the following guidelines should be provide adequate
information to help you along the way. First, we will begin with opening your outdoor pool. Begin
by removing any surface water and debris from the winter cover before taking it off. Clean and dry
the cover before storing it. Using a leaf net, remove as much rubbish and debris from the pool as ...
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Top off the water level so that it can be drawn in through the skimmers. Next, turn on the pump and
check that the filter, skimmers, and drains are all working. Do not be too concerned if the water
from the circulation is discolored initially. Run the filter for several hours and vacuum out any
remaining debris as necessary. Backwash the filter and top up with fresh water.
Next, you are ready to add the chemicals. Check the ph level and get it as near as possible to 7.4.
Super chlorinate with unstabilised chlorine to kill any algae that may be present. If you are going to
use unstabilised chlorine such as calcium hypochlorite, add stabilizer or cyanuric acid to prevent
loss of chlorine to sunlight. Last but not least, add a long–life algaecide to keep the green away.
Now that the warm weather has passed, it is time to winterize your pool. First, thoroughly backwash
the filter and clean the strainer. Check the ph level and get it as close to 7.4 as possible. Super
chlorinate with unstabilised chlorine to kill any algae that may be present. Add a proprietary
winterizing fluid such as Winterclear, Winterclean, or Wintertop in accordance with the
manufacturers instructions. These are designed to inhibit algae growth and minimize the risk of
mineral staining. Turn on the circulation long enough to mix the solution throughout the pool.
Now lower the water level so that it is below the skimmers. This allows pressure to be

Persuasive Speech About Water Pollution
Specific Purpose: The purpose of this speech is to provide a persuasive speech on the issue of water
pollution and inaccessibility to clean water in third world countries and offer some plausible
solutions. The three solutions are filtration systems, chlorination, and collection grids. I.
Introduction A. Attention Material: Imagine your outside in July, on a hot Arizona day and youre
thirsty for water. You go to the kitchen and fill up a glass and notice the glass is dirty. Someone
forgot to turn on the dishwasher and there's soap residue as well as some crusting milk at the
bottom. What do you do? Pour the water out and get your self a different cup, right? What if you
didn't have the luxury of being able to get a new cup, and that dirty ... Show more content on
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Credibility Statement: I've worked with relief groups to provide clean water overseas by using water
filtration systems to combat inaccessibility to clean water. Due to this and extensive research on the
topic, C. Thesis/Central Idea: Accessibility to clean water is a global issue that can greatly reduced
through water filtration, chlorination, and collection grids. D. Preview Statement: I will be sharing
information from my research by elaborating on the following: 1. Water filteration systems and tools
as one solution to unclean water. 2. Using chlorination as the second solution to reducing access to
unclean water. 3. Obtaining collection grids as the third solution to the problem. 4. What people can
do to help. (Transition: To better understand the solutions to this issue, let us discuss exactly what
drinking unclean water looks like and what it can do.) II. Body A. Main Point: Third world countries
lack accessibility to clean water exposing them to disease and harmful toxins that result in 2.4
million deaths annually (Bartram, 2010). 1. Drinking unclean water can result in the contraction of
diseases, sickness, and even death. According to Unicef.org, diarrhea, arsenicosis, cholera, and
fluorosis are three main diseases that can arise from drinking unclean

Descriptive Essay About My Grandmother's House
Bright summer days usually consist of family time, going to the beach, and making lifelong
memories to be forever cherished. The smell of grilled food fills the air and it is almost as if it
reaches the taste buds of the hungry consumer; meanwhile, ice cold beverages are being chugged
down to refresh their bodies during the sweltering heat of the afternoon. The laughter of the
barefooted children, both young and old, contagiously spreads to anyone who views and hears them.
Families share their love and happiness through wide–toothed grins and playful conversation. Most
importantly, these places are full of happiness and effortless fun in the bright rays of sunshine. For
me, these unforgettable memories were made at my grandma's house, or rather my happy place,
during the three beautiful, fun–filled months of summer. As I cross the bumpy train tracks in Elk
River, Minnesota, I start to feel happiness arise from within me. After approximately 10 long
minutes, I approach 205th Lane and a tingling sensation comes over me when the black, unlocked
gate comes into view. Grandma's house. I get out of my car and push the screeching gate open and a
winding driveway is now visual. Driving down the rocky, black driveway the car winds through the
budding apple trees, lilies, bleeding hearts, and the large pink and white almost fluffy appearing
flowers. Making my way up to my grandma's house was like being a small child in a large candy
store, there was so much excitement and exploration ahead. Finally, after turning around a large oak
tree filled with dark green leaves next to the assorted rock garden that holds a miniature pond
containing bright orange goldfish, my happy place comes into view. Grandma Jackie's wood sided,
three story house with acres of land to run and everyone's favorite, a large inground pool with white
metal siding surrounded by a dark wooden deck. My happiness would begin in full force as the
sunshine reflecting off the swimming pool catches my eye while I walked up the cracked filled
cement sidewalk. Excitedly running past the pale green gate, my only barrier from the pool, I feel
the burning sensation of the cement upon my sensitive toes as my flip–flops came off in the process.
For my quick

Potable Drinking Water Act ( Sdwa ) For National Air...
Introduction In the water treatment process, there are lots of processes required in order to remove
sediments, bacteria, viruses and impurities. These processes are including screening, filtration,
flocculation, sedimentation, nitrification, chlorination, coagulation, and disinfection. In many
municipal wastewater treatment has some standards and regulations to follow in order to distribute
clean and safe water supple to citizen in their area. US Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA)
enforces requirements under the Clean Water Act (CWA) and Safe Drinking Water Act (SDWA) for
national water supply in the U.S. Under the Clean Water Act 's National Pollutant Discharge
Elimination System (NPDES) program, EPA regulates discharges of ... Show more content on
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Water disinfection means eliminating or inactivate of growth and reproduction in pathogenic
microorganisms by creating cell wall corrosion in the cells of microorganisms, or changes in cell
permeability. From the water treatment process, disinfection is a sufficient and the crucial process in
order to inactivate bacteria, viruses and pathogenic organisms that can waterborne diseases to
downstream users and the environment (USEPA, 1999). There are three most common methods of
disinfection in the U.S., which are Chlorination, Ozonation, and ultraviolet (UV) disinfection.
"Chlorine, the most widely used disinfectant for municipal wastewater, destroys target organisms by
oxidation of cellular material. Ozone is a strong oxidizing agent that is an unstable gas that is
generated by an electrical discharge through dry air or pure oxygen. Finally UV radiation generated
by sunlight, tanning lamp, black lights, and electrical discharge through mercury vapor, penetrates
the genetic material of microorganisms and retards their ability to reproduce" (USEPA, N.D.). One
of the popular disinfection methods in water treatment is the Ultraviolet (UV) disinfection. The
ultraviolet (UV) disinfection is a physical disinfection of water. This paper would provide a broadly
definition of UV disinfection and its purpose in water treatment. Also, this paper will provide the
advantages and disadvantages of using the advance technology over the common technology in
water treatment.

Psychology Of Fear
Many individuals would agree that at least one thing terrifies them. In fact, there is a whole
television series based on what strange phobias people have. These fears or phobias can range from
anything consisting of being terrified of the dark, to being petrified to simply stand next to a person.
People often wonder what causes a fear. One unique theory as to why these fears develop, is that
they are the effect of a traumatic event that took place in the person's life. In addition, another
philosophy is that fear is the body's natural defense to danger. Whatever the cause may be, fear has
the gift to maintain a person's safety or the capability to render a person's life miserable. However,
my apprehensions of water have the aptitude of all the above. ... Show more content on
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Without water, the world would simply cease to exist. Water is not only a resource we use to quench
our thirst, but is also mandatory in growing foods that our bodies require, bestowing a tree's life that
we need in order to breath, and contributing to any living thing's quality of life. Yet, why is
something so nourishing also, the same factor that terrorizes me. Water was not always a fear that I
possessed, after all I spent a majority of my summer days at our local swimming pool. Nothing
could possibly compare to being surrounded by cold water on a hot summer day except, maybe the
smell that filled the atmosphere. The air was thick with the scents of chlorine, sunscreen, and maybe
even the occasional evidence of baby oil. Sounds of laughter and amusement had been always
present at the swimming pool and as a result, I could never get enough. However, in a direct
moment all these simple pleasures

Relative Reactivities of Different Types of Hydrogen Atoms...
The purpose of this experiment was to determine the relative reactivities of different types of
hydrogen atoms toward bromine atoms. Although the tested compounds were all arenes, their
reactivities differ as they contain different types of hydrogens. The hydrogens could be of three
different types and could also differ in being bonded to carbons that are attached to a different
number of other carbons. The three different types of hydrogens that could be found were aromatic,
aliphatic, and benzylic. The first category is aromatic hydrogens, which are attached to sp2 carbons
or are those directly bonded to an aromatic ring. Aromatic hydrogens are the least reactive of the
hydrogens in this experiment. The second type of hydrogen being investigated is aliphatic
hydrogens, which are found bonded to an SP3 hybridized carbon which are bonded to another SP3
hybridized carbon. Aliphatic hydrogens can also be broken down into further categories according
to their number of substituents into primary (less reactive), secondary (more reactive), and tertiary
(most reactive). The third type of hydrogens are benzylic hydrogens, which are bonded to a SP3
hybridized carbon that is bonded to a benzene ring. Benzylic hydrogens are also broken into primary
and secondary categories according to their substituents, and are all more reactive than aliphatic and
aromatic hydrogens.
What essentially happens in these reactions is that first, light breaks the bond between two bromine
atoms, from a

Effects of Chlorinated Drinking Water
Chlorine is added to drinking water, as a disinfectant, to get rid of harmful bacteria, which are
usually present in areas from where the water is obtained. The controversy of this issue is that
chlorination can work as an advantage or as a disadvantage to those consuming it. Chlorine is
currently the most effective water treatment when compared with other alternatives. However, it
also reacts with natural organic compounds present in the water to produce harmful chemicals that
on a long–term basis are very dangerous. The most well known adverse effects of contaminated
water is shown in the Walkerton crisis in May 2000, where an outbreak of E.Coli contamination
occurred in the water system of Walkerton, Ontario. Seven people died, and ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
It is very effective against microbes and only forms by products, which can be removed with further
treatment. Another method of disinfectant is by Ultraviolet light treatment. This method is effective
against even more microbes than chlorine is but it is also costly. However, these methods can only
be used as primary disinfectants, chlorine is required as a secondary disinfectant in order to disinfect
water as much as possible. Also, these methods are temporary – the water does not remain
disinfected until it reaches point of being consumed. In conclusion, chlorination is the most effective
method of disinfecting water from drinking purposes. It's the only method that keeps the water clean
from the point of treatment to the point of consuming it. It is also the only disinfectant that is
capable of minimizing all possible health risks caused by contaminated water. The adverse effects of
chlorine such as its harmful by–products can be eliminated or reduced with the use of carbon

Abstract. The Free Radical Chlorination Of 1-Chlorobutane
Abstract
The free radical chlorination of 1–chlorobutane resulted in a mixture of at least 4 different possible
products from the reaction. Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry helped in figuring out which of
the products are most abundant in the sample product created as well as in discovering the ratio of
relative reactivities of the hydrogens. This experiment showed that the ratio of relative reactivities
was found to be 1.0 : 3.5 : 6.2 : 2.4, which indicates that the secondary hydrogens are more reactive
than the primary hydrogens and that reactivity further increases the further away the hydrogen is
from the chlorine on the 1–chlorobutane. The results agree with the conjecture that the primary
hydrogens are less reactive than ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Radicals are further formed in the propagation step, and are combined during the termination step.
Since any of the radicals can combine in the termination step, a radical–initiated reaction can
produce a mixture of products.3 The purpose of this experiment is to obtain a mixture of isomeric
dichlorobutane in order to discover the relative reactivities of 1–chlorobutane through radical
initiated chlorination. Instead of heat or light, the initiator used in the experiment is 2,2'–azobis–(2–
methylpropionitrile).4 Identification of the products obtained in the experiment was done through
the analysis of data from mass spectrometry, gas chromatography, and physical properties (e.g.
boiling point and molecular weight).
Experimental
In a 25–mL round–bottom flask, 1–chlorobutane (5 mL, 4.32 g, 0.046 mol), sulfuryl chloride (1.6
mL, 2.7 g, 0.02 mol), 2,2'–azobis–(2–methylpropionitrile) (0.03 g), and a boiling chip were added.
After a condenser and gas trap were attached to the flask, the mixture was heated to a gentle reflux
in a steam bath for 20 min. The flask was then allowed to cool down quickly in an ice bath for a
short time before a second portion of the 2,2'–azobis–(2–methylpropionitrile) (0.03 g) was added to
the flask. The mixture was refluxed for another 10 min. before the flask was cooled in a beaker of
water. The reaction mixture was then poured into a small separatory funnel already filled with water
(10 mL),

How Does Chlorine Kills Pathogens
Chlorine kills pathogens such as bacteria and viruses by breaking the chemical bonds in their
molecules. When chlorine is added to water, chloric acids forms: Cl2+H2O = HOCl + H+ + Cl–.
Depending on the pH value, chloric acid partly expires to hypochlorite ions: HOCl = OCl– + H+.
Hypochlorous acid (HOCl) and hypochlorite ions (OCl–) will form free chlorine when bound
together, and they are primary disinfectants throughout the process. However, the chlorine dosage
has to be high enough to reach the breakpoint for a significant amount of chlorine to remain in the
water. When passing the breakpoint, the addition of chlorine to the water will only produce free
chlorine remains which is essential for disinfection.
Also, according to the theoretical ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
While disinfectant residual is important because (similar to the previous point) the more residual
present, the better secondary disinfection would be which ensure that the water is protected longer
as it travels from the plant to the consumers. Finally pH is important in influencing the degree of
disinfection provided by chlorination because pH determine the primary form of chlorine that exists
in the water. Without considering ammonia, at a pH lower than 7.5, most the chlorines are HOCl;
which is 80 – 90x more effective as a disinfectant than its counterpart OCl–, which is the form of
chlorine that exists mostly when pH is greater than 7.5. In terms of chloramine, when the pH is
smaller than 4.5 it is mostly trichloramine (NCl3). When the pH is between 4.5 and 8.5 it is mostly
monochloramine and dichloramine (NH2Cl and NHCl2) and when the pH is greater than 8.5, then it
is mostly monochloramine present (NH2Cl). Out of all three chloramines, monochloramine is the
most favoured since it is very effective in secondary disinfection due to its stability, control over
biofilms and lack of offensive odour and taste. Therefore, pH plays a critical role in whether the
chlorine exists as HOCl or monochloramine, which are the most effective and favourable version of
chlorine for

Swimming Events Within The World
Introduction: Today, swimming is very much an enjoyable activity as a form of recreation, exercise,
or physical therapy, as well as a disciplined competitive sport. Early Swimming: In the olden days,
swimming was basically an exercise, seen as a life skill, and therefore, people would commence
controlled coaching. However, swimming races took place in Japan as early because the 1st century
BC, and swimming was a mandatory part of the college curriculum in Imperial Japan (Britannica,
2005).Also, there were organized swimming events within the 19th century before Japan was
opened to the Western world. The history of swimming dates back to ancient Egypt and Greece and
even to Chinese eras. Rather than swimming as the current sport, swimming was used as a means to
catch fish and shellfish, using diving. The paintings and sculptures from 9 thousand years ago in the
ancient Hellenic Republic (Greece), show evidence that swimming was really used. The first time
swimming within the history of in Japan was documented, is the Nihon Shoki and Kojiki and also
the Japanese deity Mikoto for the purification ceremony. Swimming as a martial art within the Edo
era, developed as a technique to swim to suit every region of Japan. The Japan stroke has also been
established ("Swimming Equipment, History and Rules | Olympic Swimming", 2016). Health
Problems That Have Arisen Due To Swimming BACK PAIN The Italian scientific spine institute
ISICO presented a study at the International Society for

How The Government Can Protect Water From Pollution
How the Government Can Protect Water From Pollution
For at least two millenniums, the water quality has been getting worse and reached such a high level
of pollution that the use of water for different purposes is very limited and water can be harmful to
humans. Water is the source of life of all organisms and the foundation of human civilization.
However, no matter how painful it is to talk about, people are extremely wasteful with water
resources of the Earth and pollute it. Every year, up to 400 billion cubic meters of wastewater is
discharged into rivers, seas and lakes of the world. As a result, that 5500 billion cubic meters of
water on the planet is now in a contaminated condition. This figure is more than 14% of the total
water resources of the world. ( Pakzadeh, 2015) Water pollution is one of the biggest problem of
humanity. People pollute the water and thus reduce the clean water sources causing health problems
for people, destroying natural beauty and ultimately bringing down the economic system to make
life more pathetic. The solution to the water pollution problem in the world is especially in the
development of a legislative base, which would allow the government to protect the environment
from the harmful anthropogenic effects, as well as finding ways to implement these laws in practice
At present, pollution of water resources has become an invisible enemy of human health. The
studies of the World Health Organization shows that 80% of all diseases in the

Taking a Look at Hepatitis
The site of the primary infection is in the alimentary tract, a short prodromal or pre–icteric phase,
varying from two to seven days, usually precedes the onset of jaundice. The most prominent
symptoms in this phase are fever, headache, muscular and abdominal pain, anorexia, nausea,
vomiting and sometimes arthralgia. Hepatomegaly and leukopenia are often present during this
period. In typical cases the urine becomes dark, and the stools pale before appearance of yellow
discoloration of the mucous membranes and appearance of jaundice about ten days after onset of the
general symptoms. Fever and most of the general symptoms usually subside within a few days of
jaundice, but in severe cases both general and abdominal symptoms may become further aggravated
at this phase. Jaundice is often accompanied by itching and sometimes by urticarial or papular
rashes. Liver is usually enlarged and liver function tests are abnormal with highly elevated levels of
serum alanine aminotransaminase (ALT) and serum aspartate aminotransaminase (AST).
Prevention methods include frequent hand washing before eating and preparing meals. International
travelers to developing countries should use bottled water or boiled water for drinking and brushing
teeth, and avoid ice cubes. It is better to eat well–cooked heated food and to peel raw fruits and
vegetables. Surveillance and control procedures should include: providing safe drinking water and
proper disposal of sanitary waste, monitoring water beds

The Water Treatment Process
Surface waters necessitate water treatment before consumption to eliminate the risk present to the
consumer. Poor quality water which consists of suspended and dissolved particles pose health risks.
The most harmful contamination is the microbiological contamination which leads to infectious
diseases (Water treatment, 1994).Since the early 1800's water purification systems have been used
to eliminate the health risk posed by the recycled water. During the final process of treatment
alternate disinfectants are used, however UV radiation and chlorination are predominantly employed
techniques. UV radiation emitted by the sun was discovered to have germicidal effects on pathogens
and micro–organisms present water. From this discovery came the introduction of UV radiation
lamps, which emit similar UV rays to the sun to disinfect the water. Chlorination systems had come
into use a few years later during the 1900's as scientists had discovered the disinfection properties of
chlorine. Both methods have benefits and weaknesses, however chlorination is more suitable due to
its low cost of production and decreased risk of bacterial products in metropolitan areas.
The treatment process involves the removal of contaminants through a number of stages which
include: pre–water treatment, coagulation and flocculation, sedimentation, filtration, and
disinfection. This is called the multiple barrier principle (Water Treatment, 1994).
The water treatment begins with the process of screening,

Chlorine Experiment
STAGE 2 Chemistry
Student Response: Issues Investigation
Work count–1162
INTRODUCTION
Chlorine is the single largest contributor to safe drinking water, in the history of public health.
(J.Salzman, 2012). In 1902 the first chlorine disinfection system was installed in Belgium. By the
1920's nearly the whole world started using the process (HealthLinkBC, 2014). Due to this
disinfection process many disease–causing microorganisms were abolished.
"The filtration of drinking water plus the use of chlorine is probably the most significant public
health advancement of the millennium" (Water Quality and Health, 2002)
Consumer awareness of drinking water has increased, leading to a genuine interest in the long term
and short–term effects. In ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The research from this report shows that the advantages of chlorination as a disinfection outweighs
its disadvantages. Chlorination still remains the best disinfection process for our drinking water
even though it has some long–term health concerns. Due to a lack of evidence it can be concluded to
be the best disinfection process for our drinking water supply. No other alternative can match up to
it, but as the technology is getting more advanced, in the future there may be a completely new
system to disinfect our drinking water without producing

Water Is The Most Valued And Vulnerable Natural Resource...
Water is the most valued and vulnerable natural resource that no living organism can survive
without it. Maintaining the water's quality is a very important task where all individuals involved
must perform with at the highest standard of honesty, integrity, and responsibility. This is because of
the fact that they have a direct impact to the society's health. Usually, chlorination, adding doses of
chlorine, is a common disinfection practice to kill any harmful microorganism in the water.
However, with wrong calculations or improper managements in terms of using chlorination method
can result in some serious problems. The case of Walkerton is an example of how reducing
government budget, failing to maintain chlorine residual levels at the requirement, and continuing
unprofessional practices for years–like altering reports–result in ethical violation that led to a
horrible tragedy that shouldn't happened. For more than 20 years, it had been the practice of public
utilities commission (PUC) operators to monitoring the chlorine residual level and submitting daily
logs to the Ministry of Environment (MOE). However, "the MOE is the ministry primarily
responsible for promulgating and enforcing regulations and policy that apply to municipal water
systems" (Salvadori). But within in MOE, it is very difficult to recall data and information as they
fall behind the advance of technology which resulted from reductions in budget in 1996.
Government budget reductions resulted in

Swimming Reflection
I was in 5th grade and school was going just fine. I had decent grades, some good friends,
absolutely no athletic ability. Just your typical 10–year–old nerd. Soon, in Physical Education, we
were going to start our swimming unit. The more athletic kids loved this; needless to say, I didn't,
and for one reason and one reason only; I never learned how to swim.
When the day of the first swimming unit started, I felt scared, or perhaps that's my present emotions
getting in the way of my past emotions. We entered the locker room and equipped ourselves with
our swimming apparel and exited to the room with the pool. I could smell the chlorine in the air.
Everyone in my class was seated on a large steel bench and divided into groups; Beginner,
Intermediate, and Advanced.
Surprisingly enough, I was placed into the Intermediate group with two of my aforementioned
friends. I felt a weird sense of pride as I walked past the others waiting to be assigned to a group
with my new colleagues. Once everyone was assigned to a group, my group's instructor yelled out,
"Alright, get in the water and hold onto the side!" We did as we told, but what I didn't know was that
the height of the water in that area of the pool was greater than mine.
Next, he barked, " Alright, we're gonna swim to the deep end and back!"
At this point, the thoughts in my head probably resembled something like, "What!" or "How do you
expect me to do that!" I figured it would be best not to argue and I instead shot off the

The Importance Of Chlorinating Water For The Purpose...
Introduction:
The process of chlorinating water for the purpose purifying it, has only been around for just over a
hundred years. Although the process has been seen to have a great effect, in reducing the amount of
disease caught from drinking water (such as typhoid and cholera), it's been a heated debate for
years. The first case of water being disinfected on a mass scale, was done by a man named John L.
Leal. Leal was a physician by profession, but was thought by many to be a bit of a mad man at the
time, because of his idea that chlorine had the properties to disinfect water for drinking. It was
thought at the time, that if chlorine is poisonous when in a gaseous state, then what's to say that it's
not poisonous when it's added to water (creating calcium hydrochloride), which it was (reference
1).Leal spent years of his life observing the effects were when very small amounts of chloride of
lime was added to bacteria filled water. He observed in more cases than not that the chlorine of lime
in the water, ended up killing almost all of the bacteria while leaving it at a similar PH level of
water. During the year of 1908, soon after Leal was given a job at the Jersey City Water Supply, and
with the help of his friend George Warren Fuller (an engineer). In complete secrecy they installed a
'chloride of lime feed facility' at the Boon Reservoir, which was the main reservoir for Jersey City
(reference 1). Three months after he committed this daring act, he was called to court

Reflection About Happiness
When I was around nine years old I lived in California. It was nothing fancy; we lived in a standard
house and I attended the elementary school I was zoned to. I was in the choir, too. The choir was, if
my memory does not fail me, a combination of fourth, fifth, and sixth graders. That year the teacher
had decided to use the song "Happiness" from the Broadway musical You're a Good Man, Charlie
Brown. While it was not a very good rendition of the piece, it stayed with me throughout the years.
For a long time I believed that happiness could be found in objects, in buying plastic things that I
would throw away a year later. But the song's catchy and meaningful lyrics stayed in the back of my
mind, providing me with a gentle reminder that my happiness did not necessarily have to come from
owning things. Despite popular belief, happiness is not something that is bought. Happiness is not
palpable. Up until a year ago, I believed that in order to be truly happy a person had to have massive
amounts of money and materialistic products that did nothing to make them happy. Though that may
be the case for some, I found that happiness is not often found in the amount of clothes a person has,
or the price tag of their home or car. Happiness is not measured in dollars, or how many properties a
person owns, or even how much their house is worth. Happiness, to me, is a feeling that is found in
people, memories and moments. When I think of the word happy I see my grandparent's house. The

Monochloroethane Essay
Chloroethane or monochloroethane, commonly known by its old name ethyl chloride, is a chemical
compound with chemical formula C2H5Cl, once widely used in producing tetraethyllead, a gasoline
additive. It is a colorless, flammable gas or refrigerated liquid with a faintly sweet odor. Ethyl
chloride is a chemical compound with chemical formula C2H5Cl, once widely used in producing
tetra–ethyl lead, a gasoline additive. It is a colourless, flammable gas or refrigerated liquid with a
faintly sweet odour. Ethyl chloride is produced by the reaction of ethylene and hydrogen chloride
over an aluminium chloride catalyst at temperatures ranging from 130–250°C. Under these
conditions, ethyl chloride is produced according to the chemical equation: C2H4

The Radical Chlorination Of Chlorobutane
Introduction The radical chlorination of chlorobutane is performed using AIBN and sulfuryl
chloride. The purpose in doing this is so that the 4 different products yielded could be observed and
analyzed. The four products produced are, 1,1–dichlorobutane, 1,2–dichlorobutane, 1,3–
dichlorobutane, and 1,4–dichlorobutane. For each product the chlorine adds in a different location
relative to the original chlorine. This is due to a number of reasons, including the degree of carbon
substitution and proximity to the chloro substituent.. The goal with this in the experiment was to
find out why each product is given in different yields. Experimentally, to determine the effect of the
chloro substituent on the reactivity per hydrogen, a gas ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Relative reactivity was also done by taking the reactivity per H of each divided by the reactivity per
H of the 1,4 product. All this data points to the fact that the 1,3 product is by far the favored product.
As for the reactivity of the carbons, it is observed that in general the further away the chlorine
substituent is from the original, the better the yield. In this case however, the one furthest away is
not the most yielded. This is because the 1,3 dichlorobutane is at the furthest secondary carbon from
the chlorine. The 1,2 and 1,4 products share similar yields likely because the 1,4 is the furthest, but
also not secondary, and the 1,2 is secondary but closer to the chlorine, making it have a larger partial
positive charge. The 1,1 is formed so little because it is putting a chlorine geminal to the chloro
substituent, making it have the highest partial positive charge. Also for the 1,3 product, the radical
formed is the most favored radical of the 4 products formed.
Discussion
As for the reaction itself, the formation of the radical follows the 3 step process of Initiation,
Propagation, and Termination. The short run down of this is that the initiation step makes the radical
via hydrogen abstraction, the propagation step forms products, and the termination ends the reaction
and gives stable products. The rate determining step in this reaction is in the hydrogen abstraction.
During hydrogen

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