Blood and body fluid & complications kuhs syllabus for b.pharm,m.pharm, pharmd students

1. Blood and body fluid &
Complications
NIYAS KP
M.PHARM
NATIONAL COLLEGE OF PHARMACY
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2. Blood and body fluids
 Body fluids
 Compartments of body fluids,
distribution of body fluids
 INTRACELLULAR FLUID [ICF] 22L
 EXTRACELLULAR FLUID [ECF] 18L
 INTERSTITIAL FLUID AND LYMPH
[20%] 12 LITRES
 PLASMA [7.5%] 2.5 LITRES
 FLUID IN BONES [7.5%]
 FLUID IN DENSE CONECTIVE TISSUE
LIKE CARTILAGE [7.5%]
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 TRANS CELLULAR FLUID [2.5%] that includes
 Cerebrospinal fluid
 Intracellular fluid
 Digestive juices
 Synovial fluid in joints
 fluid in urinary tract
 Serous fluid
o Intra pleural fluid
o Pericardial fluid
o Peritoneal fluid
3.25L

3. BLOOD
 Blood is a fluid connective tissue
 Color – red
 Volume : 5L ; Newborn : 450ML
 Reaction & pH : slightly Alkaline ; pH : 7.4
 Specific gravity : 1.052 to 1.061 g/cm³
 Viscosity : 5 times more than water
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4. Composition of blood
 Formed elements 45%
 Platelets - 1.5-4 lacks
 WBC – 5000-10,000
 RBC – 4.8-5.4 Million
 Plasma 55%
 PROTEINS 7%
 ALBUMINS 54%
 GLOBULINS 38%
 FIBRINOGEN 7%
 ALL OTHERS 1%
 WATER 91.5%
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 OTHER SOLUTES
1.5%
 ELECTROLYTES
 NUTRIENTS
 GASES
 REGULATORY
SUBSTANCES
 WATSE
PRODUCTS

5. FUNCTIONS
 NUTREINT FUNCTION
 RESPIRATORY FUNCTION
 EXCRETORY FUNCTION
 TRANSPORT OF HORMONES AND ENZYMES
 REGULATION OF WATER BALANCE
 REGULATION OF BODY TEMPERATURE
 STORAGE FUNCTION
 DEFENSIVE FUNCTION
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6. COMPLICATIONS OF BLOOD
TRANSFUSION
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7. TRANSFUSION REACTION
 Define as any unfavorable transfusion related event occurring in a patient
during or after transfusion of blood components
 Acute transfusion reaction
 Delayed transfusion reaction
 Immune mediated
 Non-immune mediated
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8. 1. Acute hemolytic transfusion reactions
 Transfused RBC combine with recipient antibodies and leads to
increased RBC destruction
 Most cases ABO incompatible red cells
 Symptoms
 Head & chest pain
 Fever
 Flushing
 Nausea
 urticaria
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9. 2.Delayed hemolytic transfusion reaction
 Occur in 4-8 days, may develop up to one month later
 Hemoglobinuria
 Elevated bilirubin
 fever
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10. 3.Febrile Non-hemolytic transfusion reaction
 Increase in temperature 1º-2ºc & along with allergic reactions
 Caused by antileukocytes antibody present in the recipient plasma against
antigen present on transfused monocyte, granulocytes and lymphocyte
 These antibodies react with leukocyte to form leukocyte antigen-antibody complex
that bind compliment and release of IL-1, IL-6, TNF-α
 SYMPTOMS
 FEVER
 CHILLS
 HEADACHE
 MYALGIA
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11. 4.Allergic [urticaria] Transfusion reactions
 Occur due to foreign allergens present in the donor plasma
 It is IgE mediated
 Symptoms
 Fever
 Local redness
 Itching
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12. 5.Transfusion related acute lung injury
 the person experience acute respiratory difficulty or x-ray show pulmonary edema
with out evidence of cardiac involvement TRALI should be considered
 Transfused anti-leukocyte antibody react with recipient granulocyte to initiate
sequence of events that resulting pulmonary capillary damage and eventually
accumulation of fluid in alveolar space
 Symptoms
 dyspnea, cyanosis, fever, tachycardia, hypotension
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13. MECHANISM
Leukocyte antibody Bioactive lipids
Increase pulmonary micro vascular permeability
Pulmonary edema
 Immune
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 Non-Immune

14. 6.Infectious complications
 Bacterial
 Result from contamination during venipuncture or if an asymptomatic
donor is bacteramaemic at the time of donation
 Symptoms
 High fever, erythema, cardio vascular collapse
 Viral or parasite
 Hepatitis B, C
 HIV
 Human T-cell lymphotropic virus
 syphilis
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15. 7.Transfusion due to Rh Incompatibility
 Erythroblastosis fetalis
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16. THANK YOU..!

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