the antibiotic resistance gene

1. SUPERBUG
 PRESENTED BY:-
KIRAN
B.Sc BIOTECH1
5TH SEM 1

2. WHAT ARE ANTIBIOTICS ?
 Antibiotics, also known as antibacterial, are types of
medications that destroy or slow down the growth of
bacteria.
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3. WHAT IS SUPERBUG ?
 If a bacterium carries several antibiotic resistance genes it is
called multiresistant or informally a SUPERBUG or super
bacteria .
 Gene can be transferred between bacteria in horizontal
fashion by conjugation, transduction or transformation; thus a
gene for antibiotic resistance which had evolved via natural
selection may be shared.
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4. 4

5. NDM-1 Gene
 Is a type of Carbapenem resistance
gene, designated as blaNDM-1. or also
designated as NDM-1 gene.
 Named after the Indian capital In
August 2010, by the Lancet general
medical journal published an article
about multi-drug resistant
"superbug" infection, which they
have named controversially New
Delhi metallo-beta-lactamase or
NDM-1 based on their assumed
origin.
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6. Origin and spread
 In December 2009 in a Swedish national who fell ill with an
antibiotic-resistant bacterial infection that he acquired in India.
 The infection was unsuccessfully treated in a New Delhi hospital
and after the patient's repatriation to Sweden, a carbapenem-
resistant klebsiella pneumonia strain bearing the novel gene
was identified.
 In March 2010 a study in a hospital in Mumbai found that most
carbapenem-resistant bacteria isolated from patients carried the
blaNDM-1 gene.
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7. NDM-1
symptoms
 E .COLI SYMPTOMS :- Diarrhea ( usually associated with pain and
crambing in abdomen) , nausea and vomiting , urinary tract
infections .
 KLEBSIELLA PNEUMONIA SYMPTOMS :- Fever , cough , upper
respiratory tract infections , foul odor released from the nose ,
congestion , haemoptysis , generalized skin infections.
 CITROBACTER SYMPTOMS :- Acute gastroenteritis is
characterized by two or more symptoms of vomiting , urinary tract
infections include a burning sensation of urinating .
 ENTEROBACTER SYMPTOMS :- Some symptoms of Enterobacter
infections include bacteremia, lower respiratory tract infections, 7

8. TUBERCLOSIS SUPERBUG
 TB is caused by the bacteria Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M.
tuberculosis) and is spread mostly through the air. M.
tuberculosis can affect any part of the body, but disease is
found most often in the lungs.
 Drug-resistant TB is more challenging to treat – it can be
complex and requires more time and more expensive drugs
that often have more side effects
 Extensively drug-resistant TB (XDR TB) is resistant to most
TB drugs; therefore the patients are left with treatment options
that are much less effective.
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9. What are the main types of drug resistant TB?
 There are two main types of drug
resistant TB, MDR TB and XDR
TB.
 MDR TB is the type of drug
resistant TB, when the bacteria
are resistant to the TB drugs
rifampicin and isoniazid
 XDR TB (extensively drug
resistant TB) is defined as strains
resistant to at least rifampicin and
isoniazid. This is in addition to
strains being resistant to one of
the fluoroquinolones, as well as
resistant to at least one of the
second line inject able TB drugs
amikacin, kanamycin or
capreomycin.2 9

10. Mechanism of antibiotic resistance
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11. The four main mechanisms by which
microorganisms exhibit resistance to antimicrobials
are:
 1) Drug Inactivation or Modification
E.g. :- Production of Beta-lactamases by
Staphylococci
 2) Alteration of target site
E.g. :- Altered Pencillin binding protein in
MRSA
 3) Alteration of metabolic pathway
E.g. Aminoglycoside resistance in Gram
negative bacteria.
 4) Reduced drug accumulation
a) Decreased uptake : Imipenem resistance
in Pseudomonas
b) Efflux: Erythromycin resistance in
Streptococci & Staphylococci
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12. CAUSES:-
 Uncontrolled, improper and indiscriminate use of
antibiotics for therapy.
 Excessive use of cleaners, detergents &
antibacterial .
 Antibiotics in livestock, animals, birds &
agriculture
 Poor hand hygiene & failure of infection control
measures
 Unnecessary use, lack of activity, insufficient
doses
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13. SUPERBUG IN UK
 A new superbug that is resistant to even the most powerful
antibiotics has entered UK hospitals, experts warn.
 They say bacteria that make an enzyme called NDM-1 have
travelled back with NHS patients who went abroad to
countries like India and Pakistan for treatments such as
cosmetic surgery.
 Although there have only been about 50 cases identified in
the UK so far, scientists fear it will go global.
 At least 17 of the 37 patients they studied had a history of
travelling to India or Pakistan within the past year, and 14 of
them had been admitted to a hospital in these countries -
many for cosmetic surgery
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14. Blame on India is it
justified ?
 A joint study led by Chennai based Karthikeyan Kumarasamy, at
university of Madras and UK based Timothy Walsh from
department of immunity, infection and Biochemistry, department
of Medicine, Cardiff University researchers sought to examine
whether NDM-1 producing bacteria was prevalent in south Asia
and Britain.
 They found the superbug in 44 patients in Chennai, and 26 in
Haryana, besides 37 in the UK and 73 in other places across
India, Pakistan and Bangladesh.
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15. How to Overcome
The Superbugs?
 Antibiotics are only effective
against bacterial infections, and
they should never be used for viral
infections such as a cold or flu.
 Stopping the treatment early can
allow resistant bacteria to survive
and spread.
 Never take antibiotics without a
prescription.
 Keep good hygiene to prevent
infection.
 Do not save some of your antibiotic
for the next time you get sick.
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16. We need to
preserve this
resource by
working
together
Combating
superbugs:
No action
today, no
cure
tomorrow
Antibiotics are
a precious resource
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17. THANKYOU
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