Mesopotamia Thesis Statement

Mesopotamia Thesis Statement
Thesis Statement:
Mesopotamia, the world's oldest culture, or as known in ancient times, a place where civilizations
and empires began between diverse cultures as a sea of learning, contributing to the worlds history
in a multitude of important junctures that were on the cutting edge. As a result, Mesopotamia
produced many empires and is known as the "cradle of civilization" with the rights of women, the
invention of writing, created the government, and the marking of time.
Rationale:
In the primeval eras, people were intellectually sound and were very similar to people today. Each
city had their own political, social, and cultural establishment. The women had nearly equal rights as
men. They were entrusted with the same privileges,
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Mesopotamia Disadvantages
The first river valley civilization is Mesopotamia. Southwest Asia is predominantly desert, but there
is an exception. The Fertile Crescent is the name given to land in this area. The Fertile Crescent is
known for having great soil for farming. It is the area near the Mediterranean Sea. This area was
soon called Mesopotamia, which means "land between the rivers." The Tigris and Euphrates River
both run through Mesopotamia. There were advantages and disadvantages that came with these two
rivers. The land around the rivers is wonderful for farming. The soil is very fertile, hence the name
"The Fertile Crescent." Although the rivers are good for the farmers, they flooded every year. This
caused problems for the people of Mesopotamia. Some other disadvantages for the Sumerians
included the fact that they did not have many natural barriers. This made it easier for other countries
to invade. Also, there was not an ideal number of natural resources. This was a struggle for the
people of Mesopotamia. It made developing cities ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Egypt was divided into villages that lived under their own rules. Eventually all of Egypt became
divided. There was an Upper and Lower egypt. Each kingdom was ruled by a king. Lower Egypt's
king wore a red crown while Upper Egypt's king wore a tall white crown. Eventually King Namar
came around and decided to wear both Upper and Lower Egypt's crown. This was a symbol of the
unification of Egypt. Generally Namar is credited with the unification of Egypt. Egypt was a
theocracy; this meant the the rulers were centered around the religious leaders. Pharaohs were the
Egyptian god–kings. They were worshipped and thought of as gods. The people thought the gods
sent the Pharaohs to represent them. When the kings died, they were buried in the pyramids. The
pyramids were structurally designed very well. This is because the kings thought that when they
died, they lived in the next

Why Do Civilizations Like Papua New Guinea?
Ever wonder why civilizations like Papua New Guinea don't have modern day resources, when other
civilizations like the Eurasia have a lot more resources. Geography is the main factor for this
inequality. Due to the world having land with different latitudes, that causes a variety of animals and
natural resources to occur in different parts of the world. Geographic location affects how well crops
grow, because different latitudes create their own climates with their own corresponding
temperature. In places like Papua New Guinea, the New Guineans only have sago trees because of
their geographical location. Other places like Fertile Crescent can grow much more food than places
like New Guinea because such as grains and wheat. Having wheat made it possible to store a huge
supply of food and advance the Fertile Crescent's civilization, while having sago, such as the New
Guineans, they could only eat the sago after it was made, not able to store it. Different climates
make for different crops, contributing to inequality because, the more crops available to a
civilization, the farther that civilization could last.
In the Fertile Crescent, agriculture gave an ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The Spanish had the immunity to the disease, since they had already encountered the animals much
earlier than other civilizations. This gave them a big advantage for being a thriving civilization. The
Incas were not around animals for a long time, like the Spanish. The Spanish got to domesticating
animals a really long time ago. They had the advantage of being around animals for a really long
time because they were able to build up an immunity to Smallpox, and carry the germs and get their
enemies who fought them sick. The Spanish having germs made them be a successful civilization by
being able to use the germs to kill off their enemies, in addition to all the resources they already

Was Mesopotamia A True Civilization
When you think civil you would generally think civil war, civilize, etc. In ancient times the process
of how a community reaches an advanced stage of social development and organization would be
called a civilization. I would consider ancient Mesopotamia, "the land between two rivers" (Tigris
and Euphrates river) as a true civilization because it is a community with multiple city–states, has
fertile soil for agriculture, and has multiple groups of laws.
Mesopotamia contains multiple city–states making it one reason to be a true civilization. In multiple
city–states, there are houses, palaces, etc. which provides the needs for the community to reach an
advanced stage of social development. Also, the artisan district, barracks, bazaar in the map of Ur all
show how organized the civilization is. In the text of source two, it states that "Nitocris used bricks
baked in the same way as had been done for the walls to build embankments on either side of the
river where it ran through the city". This proves that they have reached advanced stages in
Mesopotamia making it a civilization. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
With the fertile soil provides food, giving a surplus. That surplus then helps increase the population
and allowed people to do other work than farm increasing the organization of Mesopotamia.
According to the eight major features of Mesopotamia in the Mesopotamian government, it states
that "maintained the complicated system of canals that irrigated the farmlands." and "He appointed
bureaucrats to regulate trade and agriculture and then report their findings to him." This shows that
the king was in charge of the agriculture and since it was important and he couldn't handle it he
appointed others to take care of it, working as a social development by talking and assigning other
people the work needed to be

How Did Geography Affect Ancient Mesopotamian Civilization
Compare & Contrast the Impact of Geography on the civilizations of Ancient Egypt & Ancient
Mesopotamia
While rivers, mountains, deserts, and coasts don't affect us much today, because of our water
systems and new technology allowing us to be able to adapt almost anywhere, it actually used to be
a huge deal back when the first civilizations were beginning to form. These aspects of physical
geography affected civilizations like the Ancient Mesopotamia, and the Ancient Egyptian residents.
However these aspects affected mostly Ancient Mesopotamia because they had a larger number of
physical features, while Ancient Egypt was mostly dependent on the Nile River, and the coasts. The
geography that actually affected the way people lived ware the deserts, rivers, coasts, and the
mountains nearby.
The ways that geography could have impacted civilizations are by mountains creating natural
boundaries, and providing some food like goats, sheep, and some edible plants and fruits. Deserts
also cause natural boundaries, they're still able to travel over them, but they would have a very large
lack of water and food. Rivers became very important because they provided water, transportation,
and food. The last possible physical ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Which means that most of their populations were located near rivers. Although Ancient Egypt only
relied on the Nile River, which was separated into the lower kingdom and the upper kingdom, while
Ancient Mesopotamia relied on two major rivers, the Tigris River and the Euphrates River. These
provided food, water, and transportation within the region. Both of these civilizations also counted
on the mountains, like the ones located on the Eastern Desert in Egypt, and the Taurus and Caucuses
mountain's located in Mesopotamia used to create borders to prevent

Similarities Between Middle East And Ancient Greece
Ancient middle east and ancient Greek civilizations are two of the oldest known civilizations in our
history. Many similarities and differences existed between these two civilizations, although they co–
existed during a certain timeframe (1150 BC to 146 BC), they were located in different geographical
areas. Due to these differences in geography, both civilizations were exposed to different exposers,
which included contact with other civilizations and cultural inheritance. The Middle East had a
stronger emphasis on authority, while the Greeks had a more decentralized structure. Religion
between the two cultures also differed from one another, each culture believed in different gods. In
comparison though, religious beliefs of the Mesopotamians and the Ancient Greek included the style
of worship, and the nature of the god or gods. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Ancient Middle east believed in many Gods, as did the Greeks. Religion played a very important
role in Mesopotamia. Religion laid at the center of Mesopotamian political, religious, social, legal,
and literary life. Mesopotamian religion was polytheistic, with a pantheon consisting of hundreds of
gods of varying importance. They believed that their world was controlled by gods and goddesses.
Each god was responsible for everything in the world, from rivers and trees to making making bread
and pottery. Each city was protected but its own special god. For the Hebrews they believed that
many gods existed but felt they should only worship one God. Their religion was considered
monolarty, in belief that many gods exist but only one should be served. For the ancient Greek
civilization, they believed in many gods and goddess as well. They believed each god played an
important role in the universe, protecting and providing them with everything they would

Ancient Mesopotami Cradle Of Civilization
Ancient Mesopotamia was a region in the eastern Mediterranean it was located between the Tigris
and Euphrates Rivers, which indicates its name Mesopotamia is Greek for between two rivers.
Unlike some of the other civilizations, Mesopotamia was a collection of multiple different cultures
who was bonded by their scripts and Gods. The civilization is also known as the "Cradle of
Civilization" because of three major inventions that occurred in the city of Sumer, the rise of the
City, the invention of writing, and the invention of the wheel. Many other inventions are accredited
to the Mesopotamians but are not restricted to the one area. The ancient civilization is understood to
be a region that produced more empires and civilizations than any

Early African Societies Essay
The beginning of time has always played a major role in history. The beginning of time explains the
reasons for each and every creature, plant, and unexplainable phenomena that have occurred on this
earth. Chapter one of World History: A Topical Approach primarily explains to the reader the
different arguments that people believe are true. There are many claims that scientist have found to
be very true, but then there are others who believe in a phenomenon quite different. Some scientists
date the beginning of existence as far as twenty billion years ago, but there are others who believe
that the world is really not that old. Human existence has taken its toll upon many great researchers
who have searched to understand human ancestry. It ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Even the book itself states that prior to Homo erectus, all hominids were found in Africa, the cradle
of human evolution. Darwin even targeted Africa as the birthplace of human existence. In terms of
the missing link, the first set of finds came from England, whose nearest non–human relatives were
from Africa. So everything that deals with the human existence relates back to Africa. This series of
studies makes you stop and think. Maybe our race was here first, and as time went on different
shades of colors were introduced. The many different shades of color moved to different regions of
the world to start their own culture and develop a civilization.
There are many different aspects of taking the development of the human existence. Some people
believe it originated in Europe and others believe something different. Who is to say who is right
and wrong? No one can judge just by the scientific facts that are presented within this text. The
search for this knowledge of human existence is only so close. People might even have to look to a
higher source for this means of knowledge. In other words, the only being that would know the
answer to all the questions is God. But until then, we must lean on the shoulders of our own people
to seek the knowledge for which we are looking.
The earliest civilizations have taught philosophers about many cultures. As people began to settle

Enemies Of Civilization Summary
Review of Mu–chou Poo, Enemies of Civilization
Poo, Mu–chou. Enemies of Civilization: Attitudes toward Foreigners in Ancient Mesopotamia,
Egypt, and China. Albany, State University of New York Press, 2005. xviii, 211p.
Questions have circulated for centuries concerning foreigners and their role in society. Who are the
foreigners? What differentiates them from us? Should they be treated as enemies or allies? And
maybe the most important question of all, how did this categorization of foreigners begin? In his
work Enemies of Civilization: Attitudes toward Foreigners in Ancient Mesopotamia, Egypt, and
China, Mu–chou Poo attempts to answer many of the questions that have remained unanswered
about foreigners by comparing how they were viewed and treated in three of the world's greatest
ancient civilizations. He sets out to define foreign and familiar, gain insight into how these great
societies used their knowledge and opinion of foreigners to assimilate or ostracize them, and
discover how this information can be used to correct modern views of foreignness. But before
evaluating the content of the work, there is merit in evaluating the author, his style, and the extent of
his knowledge on the subject in question.
Mu–chou Poo, a graduate of Johns Hopkins University and current history professor at the Chinese
University of Hong Kong, has spent many years furthering his knowledge of ancient civilizations.
His interest in comparing how these civilizations formed attitudes towards foreigners stems from
personal experience of being regarded as a foreigner. As a Taiwanese student studying Egyptology
in America, Poo describes himself as being a "foreigner in a foreign country studying a culture that
was foreign to both" (xi). He became fascinated by ideas of xenophobia and egocentrism and how
people rationalized these attitudes by concluding that their origin could be found in ancient
civilization. As a result, in this work Poo addresses world historians and scholars in a highly
sophisticated manner in an attempt to reveal the differences between ancient prejudice and modern
racism. Due to the controversial nature of these topics, Poo is hesitant to present complex ideas
without first qualifying them with his full

Compare And Contrast Ancient River Civilizations
Ancient river civilizations project How can two completely different civilisations be alike and
different? Egypt had blackland and a redland and had a river that they built a civilization off of.... on
the other hand China had two rivers, the Yangtze and the Yellow river. They also had two of the
LARGEST deserts in the world (the Gobi Desert and the Taklamakan Desert)! Plus they had the
Himalaya. Although the two civilizations had many differences they are alike in a way. The first
difference is resources. Egypt's Blackland was the most (and only) fertile land on the Nile's shore. A
large layer of black silt was put there every year because of the flooding of the nile, the Redlands
gave precious metals and almost precious stones, then

Similarities Between Egypt And Mesopotamia
There are some similarities and differences between the Mesopotamian and the Egyptian cultures.
Mesopotamian and Egyptians are similar because they are both geographically near rivers. Also they
both had generation change or society changes. Mesopotamian and the Egyptians were different too.
They had different religions and their society. Mesopotamians were more urbanized while as
Egyptians never urbanized. They also were different in respect to how they viewed life after death
and how they're buried. The similarity between the Mesopotamian and the Egyptians were that they
relied on rivers as water source to grow food and start plantations. The Mesopotamian used the
water from the flood of the rivers to start agriculture of crops to produce beer. "Irrigation of the
lands just outside the marshes on the riverbanks created the conditions necessary for more extensive
and elaborate communities. People dug canals and ditches and cooperated in regulating the flow of
water in them, which eventually resulted in crops that exceeded the needs of the population. These
could be transformed into food stuffs of a more elaborated kind, ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Mesopotamian believes that once you die, you are to go to the afterworld to join Inanna. Also the
when the King or queen dies, their court accompanies them. "...unearthed 1840 graves, most dating
from between 2600 and 2000 BCE. The greatest number of graves were individual burials of rich
and poor alike. However, some included a built burial chamber rather than just a coffin and
contained more than one body, in some cases as many as eighty. These multiple burials, and the
evidence of elaborate burial rituals, suggest that members of a king or queen's court accompanied
the ruler to the grave" (Sayre, 40). In their religion the king or the queen will die with everyone, and
their soul would go to the afterworld to join

Compare And Contrast River Valley Civilizations
All of the Early River Valley Civilization have contributed in a good variety of ways. The three
empires (Egypt,Sumer,and Indus) are similar in their own contributions.
The biggest similarity the three civilizations had were record keeping. Sumer had created a system
called cuneiform. Egypt developed a system of writing called hieroglyphs. The indus developed a
written language made up of 400 symbols. Record keeping was very important to all three
civilizations because they needed recording events for taxes, wars, and religious texts which was a
success for each culture civilization. So the three Early River Valley civilizations used a written
language that helped them effectively. Another similarity the three river valley civilizations had in
common was that they all believed in the same thing. The three civilizations were polytheism.
Polytheism means that you believe in many gods. The egyptians had believed in over 2,000 gods
and that there was a god for every temple. The sumerians believed that each god had there own city
they would watch over. The indus believed the government was controlled by god and hinduism.
Polytheism was powerful in the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
One difference would be that how each civilization would contribute to modern age. The sumerians
first invention was the potter wheel. Egyptians developed the first calendar. They also invented
algebra and geometry. They also were the first to use medicine and surgery. Sumerians were the first
to discover bronze. Sumer needed the government, Since sumer was so large. They 30,000 people.
Sumer was so large that there were needs for specialized workers. The Indus developed a production
of textile. Textiles are yped of cloth or woven fabric. Indus biggest invention was the advanced
sewage system. The indus city built a mud brick platform to protect from flooding. They also used
domesticated animals such as elephants and

Mesopotamia Problems
Mesopotamia was located in Middle East, between the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers, now this land is
located mostly in Iraq. Mesopotamia is the place where humans first formed civilizations.
Mesopotamia is called the cradle civilization. This is known as this because the people of this
culture developed a large amount of things. For instance: government, written language, religion,
agriculture, and large cities. The early settlers in Mesopotamia started to go into small villages and
towns. Eventually they learned how to irrigate land and they grew crops on large farms, after that
the towns grew bigger. Later these towns turned into large cities.
Most of the people lived in mud brick homes. In the cities every family had its own house it didn't
matter whether they ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In Mesopotamia there were unpredictable flooding. This caused the land
To become desert like if there was only a little bit of rain. To solve this problem the Sumerians dug
into the banks and created some irrigation canals that carried the water to fields. This allowed them
to grow many crops. Also the villages and towns were on flat land with no natural barriers. This
made it very difficult to defend and there was no standing armies. This caused the Sumerians to
build mud brick walls around their cities for defense.
Sumerians had a low supply of resources available for building and making tools. To solve this
problem they traded cloth, grain, and crafting tools with the people from the mountains and deserts.
In exchange they received stone, wood and metals. Another problem was that the people of
Mesopotamia fought against each other for control over the Tigris and Euphrates. However this
problem wasn't solved and and it still continues today. The people in Turkey wanted to build dams
along the rivers for power and irrigation. Syria and Iraq wanted to use the water from these rivers
for power and

How Did Civilization Contribute To The Development Of...
According to dictionary.com, the definition of civilization is "an advanced state of human society, in
which a high level of culture,science, industry, and government has been reached." Around 3500
B.C.E, in between the Tigris and Euphrates River, was where one of the first civilizations was born.
Therefore,this region, also known as Mesopotamia, is known to most as the cradle of civilization¹.
Mesopotamia had immense culture and history created by many people of different religions and
ethnic groups. This flourishing region gave a multitude contributions to literature, law, geography,
and technology.
One contribution to the development of civilization by the Mesopotamians were the crucial
innovations they came up with. For instance, during the Paleolithic Age² people were nomads³ who
hunted and gathered for their food. But, during the Neolithic Revolution⁴, global population
increased and people started realizing that they needed a more reliable source of food.With repeated
experimentation, the future Sumerians⁵ started realizing they could domesticate animals and plants
to their convenience. Therefore, with the inventions of pastoralism⁶ and agriculture⁷, people started
settling down. The creation of these two concepts was like planting the seeds of civilization.Slowly,
people invented more technology that improved the standard of living of humans, and this also
furthered the development of civilization. For example, in the fictional story "Nurishtar Invents the
Ard" a

Reasons Why Mesopotamia Should be Considered a...
Mesopotamia– the land between the rivers– was a region of land in the Middle East between the
Tigris and Euphrates rivers that has been dubbed as the "cradle of civilization." But why does
Mesopotamia get the title of a civilization? From the invention of the wheel to the invention of
writing, Mesopotamia is responsible for many 'firsts' in human history. As people began to settle
down permanently, due to a decrease in the need for farmers, people began to specialize in
occupations. The more people that moved into Mesopotamia, the more traditions and beliefs spread
throughout the area and soon a state religion became evident. Therefore, Mesopotamia is a
civilization because it made major contributions in the fields of Writing and ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
Secondly, Mesopotamia can be considered a civilization because people began specializing in
occupations that they liked or were experts in. This occurred because there was reliable and plentiful
food production going on due to farming tools developed to make farming more efficient, this meant
that not as many people needed to work as farmers. This allowed for people to specialize in trades
that they liked or were good at and it allowed them to barter goods and services amongst one
another. This proves that Mesopotamia is a civilization because generally, civilizations facilitate the
exchange of goods produced by different trades–people. Mesopotamians became talented bakers,
brewers, weavers, tanners and scribes. People working in these trades prove that Mesopotamia is a
civilization because with people specializing and developing new skills, the quality of work would
increase which would help Mesopotamia grow into a more advanced and complex society.
Therefore, the increasing amount of specialization in occupations proves that Mesopotamia is a
civilization.
Finally, Mesopotamia can be considered a civilization because of the existence of a state religion.
Mesopotamia had a polytheistic religion with about 3600 gods and demigods. This proves that
Mesopotamia is a

Civilization Dbq Essay
Civilization is the stage of human social development. Civilizations have improved over the years.
The ancient River Valley Civilizations have created a foundation for future human developments.
The ancient River Valley Civilization all made key contributions for future societies. The
Civilization from Mesopotamia and China had a massive influence for future civilizations.
Mesopotamian Civilizations contributed massively to the development for future civilizations. To
begin, the Sumerians created the first written language. Cuneiform was the writing system to keep
track of business dealings when it comes to trading with the people who lived in lands that were
thousands of miles away. Cuneiform also kept records and allowed new ideas to be passed from
generation to generation (Doc 1). Cuneiform is developed from pictographs that were sideways and
used ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Hammurabi's code is a set of laws to help govern a civilization. It was meant to protect people even
though they had little political power. Hammurabi's code is composed of 282 laws that fit the
punishment based of the class of the lawbreaker and the victim of the wrongdoing. The most popular
was to remember the code of Hammurabi is "eye for an eye" or a "tooth for a tooth" (Doc 2). What
this meant was what goes around comes around.
Chinese Civilizations contributed massively to the development for future civilizations. Confucius
developed a philosophy in which he explained how people should be live their lives. This
philosophy teaches people that they should accept his/her role in society. Studying Confucianism is
a very important for Chinese citizens. Chinese citizens have to take a "civil service" exams and the
exam scores will determine whether or not they will get a good paying job (Doc 5). Confucianism is
not a religion; it is a way of behaving. It also teaches how people should behave to develop moral

Ancient Civilizations: Mesopotamia, China, And India
Robert E. Howard once said, "Civilization is a natural and inevitable consequence – whether good
or evil I am not prepared to state". Mesopotamia, Egypt, China and India are four well–known
civilizations to mankind. They are known for their advanced cities, intricate systems of law and
government and for their innovative technology. But to become a civilization, these countries
overcame many challenges and compromised new ideas over many generations. Mesopotamia was a
country located in the Middle East in present day Iraq where the Tigris and Euphrates River ran
through. Since the important part of the country lay between the rivers it was called Mesopotamia,
which is Greek for the land 'between the rivers' (Gombrich 17). Mesopotamia was ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
Like Mesopotamia and Egypt, Ancient India had the Indus River as a source of water and
transportation. During the monsoon season the rains would flood the banks and make the land fertile
for farming. The melting snow from the Himalayas would also flow down into the river flooding it.
One of the most advanced cities was located in the Indus Valley. It was called Mohenjo Daro. It had
"well–drained streets, canals, granaries and workshops" (Gombrich 51). The people lived their life
according to a caste system. This meant that each profession and occupation was strictly separated.
On the top of the system were the Brahmins who look after temples and made sacrifices to Gods. A
small part of the population was called the "untouchables". They were not part of any caste. The
"untouchables" were given the dirtiest and the most unpleasant jobs and it was sully to touch them.
The priests meditated on Brahma which they believed to be the highest divinity of all. Gautama also
known as Buddha was born in Ancient India. He was the founder of Buddhism. Today there are as
many Buddhists as Christians especially in countries near India such as Tibet, China and Sri Lanka.
Due to the advanced cities of Mohenjo Daro and Harappa, the Indus River and the founding of
Budhissm, Ancient India is considered one of the best

Mexican Civilization Research Paper
Civilization is a way that people come together to develop settlements. They are developed through
trade, war, and exploration. The earliest civilizations developed after 3000 BCE. These civilizations
began due to agriculture which allowed a surplus of food and economic stability. "Civilizations first
appeared in Mesopotamia then Egypt by 3100 BCE. They thrived in Indus Valley by 2500 BCE, in
China by 1500 BCE and in Central America by 1200 BCE [4]."
Mesopotamia is commonly attributed with being the first place where civilized societies began.
"The first civilization settled between the mouth of the Euphrates and the Tigris Rivers. In 800 BCE,
Mesopotamians began to grasp the concept of agriculture [2]." Once they learned how to farm, they
began to domesticate their animals for food and farming. By doing this, the Mesopotamians began
to create the first civilization. "They prospered in ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This civilization included the Incas, the Aztecs, and the Mayans.
The Incas was the largest Empire in the Central America era. This civilization flourished in Ecuador,
Peru, and Chile. They were established and bloomed rapidly since the beginning. The Incas had a
Sun God that they worshiped called Inti. They called their king "Sapa Inca" which meant the child
of the Sun. The Inca emperor Pachacuti changed the civilization to a great city in the shape of a
puma. This led to the rise in power of the Incas. They went on to become great builders. They built
fortresses and sites like Machu Picchu and the city of Cusco that still stand today.
The Aztecs came around the same time as the Incas and rose when the Mayans fell. In the early
1500s, the Aztec civilization was at the height of its power. This led to a huge battle between the
Incas and the alliance of Spanish conquistadors. The native allies the Aztecs had, assembled and
were led by Hernan Cortes in 1521. A defeat in this battle led to the fall of the Aztec

Ancient Man And His First Civilizations: South America
From three thousand BC to one thousand two hundred BC, this mighty nation lived. In Peru, near
the city of Lima, scientists discovered a city. A sunken plaza, a big amphitheater, a city in ruins.
Sadly, they disappeared. One of the skeletons they found, was a woman. By what the scientists
could tell, she had a high status, and, based on what they found in the grave, this civilization
practiced equality between men and women. I welcome you, to the oldest civilization, Norte Chico.
Norte Chico lived before and while the Olmec did. According to Ancient Man and his First
Civilizations: South America, the Olmec and Norte Chico came in contact at one time or another.
My civilization had an unknown cause of end, although, there was an obvious decline ... Show more
No evidence of war was found. Evidence of war would include:swords, axes, shields,
mutated/disfigured skeletons, clubs, armor and battle fortifications. There was, however,
instruments. Flutes made of pelican bones among other things. This leads to the equality. Soon after
excavating caral (the main city),the archaeologists found a mummy inside her burial. With her they
found flutes, a necklace, a pendant, four brooches carved as animals, and a pot with seeds. The fact
that there were four brooches means that she was equal to the men in her society. To me, this is
awesome because three to four thousand years ago they were treating women equally. Makes me
wonder why america didn't catch the drift until

Mesopotami The Cradle Of Civilization
"Mesopotamian cultures were a part of ancient Western civilizations that contributed powerfully to
an enduring tradition" (Matthews, Noble, & Platt, 2014, p. 3). Mesopotamia sat perfectly cradled in
the Fertile Crescent, also known as The Cradle of Civilization (Matthews, et al, 2014). Humans
evolved from a nomadic tribal life, which required constant movement because they followed the
herds of animals for food to a city life. The city life replaced the hunter–gatherer way of life with
agriculture and raising animals for food. These early civilizations built homes, storage buildings,
and most importantly, their temples. However, it was not until the development of a writing system
that these people were recognized as a civilization (Osborne, ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Each of the three cultures had law and enacted those laws to maintain a sense of order (Matthews, et
al, 2014). The laws were pretty straightforward, and despite (in the Sumerian era) there being
different city–states, if leadership made a law and it was a good law, the other city–states would
adapt to it. However, it was not until the Babylonian Empire that laws were written, but they still
rendered to the type of laws Sumerians sanctioned. The Code of Hammurabi was used as direction,
as it read decisions that had been made with regards to certain crimes. In addition to religious,
political, economic culture, the Mesopotamian cultures established social classes and women were
actually given rights. The ancient Mesopotamian cultures are amazing. To read about their
innovations astounds me, especially because they are still a significant part of civilization

Explain Why The Cradle Of Civilization Is Mesopotamia
Unit 2 Lecture
The cradle of civilization is Mesopotamia. Why, you might ask? This week, you will discover the
reasons. You will understand the characteristics of civilization and the process of its emergence. You
will also demonstrate knowledge of the major characteristics of civilization and the process of its
emergence.
At the end of Unit 2, you will be able to:
1. Locate various civilizations of the era in time and place, and describe, and compare the cultures of
these various civilizations.
2. Analyze the spread of agricultural societies, and population movements.
Six thousand years ago, civilization emerged in Mesopotamia. The Ancient Greek word meaning the
land between the rivers is used today to describe the valley between the

Inequalities In The World
There are always lies in this world, but one thing you can see as the truth is that the world is
unequal. There are places, civilizations that never made it to see technology. But why was it that one
civilization was farther ahead than the other? Guns, Germs, and Steel not only show in a
documentary, but describe the inequalities in the world and how they first arrived to the surface.
Agriculture was a tremendous factor in the evolution of civilizations, like The Fertile Crescent. If it
weren't for The Fertile Crescent having such protein packed crops like wheat, they wouldn't have
gotten as advanced as they are today. Some other civilizations like Papua New Guinea, for example,
weren't as lucky as The Fertile Crescent. The only crop that ... Show more content on
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The Fertile Crescent didn't have to have everyone worrying about food, they could start breaking
people up into different working groups. Areas like The Fertile Crescent had the perfect climate for
crops like wheat. But what else was perfect about the climate? The weather at The Fertile Crescent
was just right for animals like cows, pigs, horses, sheep, and goats. With the Specialists having so
much time they were able to start playing around with the animals, getting to know their reactions to
movements. Soon enough the idea of Domestication came along, with the requirements. The
requirements included the following: Over 100 pounds, Herbivore, social hierarchy, get along with
humans, reproduce, physically able to work, and able to mature in 1 year. The Fertile Crescent
benefited well from these requirements because most of the animals available to them fit the
requirements. Since Papua New Guinea did not have the right climate for domestication, nor the
requirements for domestication they began to rely on hunting. And hunting left no time for other
activities. Hunting was nothing but hard labor, with no guarantee of success, and constantly on the
move to be able to follow the animals that they harvest. But for The Fertile Crescent, having to
move wasn't mandatory. Instead of having to constantly follow the animals they were privileged
enough to be able to get benefits out of the animals around them. The Fertile Crescent began using
animals for things like meat, milk, clothes, work, transportation, and fertilizer. Domesticated
animals began making the growth of civilization child's play. Food production started moving and
becoming effortless, not only that, but more time started arising with the freedom to develop new
ideas. Places like The Fertile Crescent, had a climate that was perfect for domesticated animals.
With the right climate, the requirements for

The Sumerians: The Cradle Of Civilization
The Sumerians created a lot of old stories that you might of heard of like " The Epic of Gilgamesh".
Located in Mesopotamia near the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers, the " Cradle of Civilization" was
born. Geographers helped isolate other city–states. This unit also takes place in Southern Iraq, in
3000 B.C., when the Sumerians had their own government. They had many great ideas that turned
into great inventions that still affect people today. My source for this information is Spielvogel page
134 to page 137. The Sumerians created the first written language, and also made advances in
science and math. Writing was one of Sumer's important inventions. The Sumerian writing form, is
called cuneiform. Cuneiform was made of carvings that were turned

The Status Of Women In The Code Of Hammurabi
In Ancient Mesopotamia, one of the earliest civilizations in history, the status of women was much
lower than that of men. They did not have as many rights and privileges as men did. They were
expected to be submissive to their male guardian, whether it be a father or husband, and carry out
their specific duties. According to the textbook, "A woman's place was in the home, and failure to
fulfill her expected duties was grounds for divorce..." (Duiker and Spielvogel 14). During this time,
Hammurabi, who came into power and ruled most of Mesopotamia in 1792 B.C.E., developed a
code of law known as the "The Code of Hammurabi" that described Hammurabi's strict system of
justice. Under the code, men had the ultimate authority over their families and society in general.
The punishments for women who neglected their household duties and the law were severe
compared to those for men who broke the law. "The Code of Hammurabi" states, "If she is not
innocent, but leaves her husband, and ruins her house, neglecting her husband, this woman shall be
cast into the water" (143). This law is one of the several laws of the code regarding family,
especially the relationship between a man and his wife. In the law, it says, "If a man's wife be
surprised...with another man, both shall be tied and thrown into water..." (129). Women were
expected to stay faithful to their husbands since they were under their authority. This is also because
the family unit was a key element to the development and growth

How Did the Geographic Features of Ancient Egypt and...
Section A: Plan of Investigation
During the years of 3500 BC to 2500 BC, the geography of a land often impacted a civilizations
development in great measures. Depending on the resources available or the detriments present due
to certain topographical characteristics like rivers or deserts, a civilization could flourish or collapse.
By studying the geographic features of growing societies like the Nile, Euphrates, and Tigris Rivers
as well as the Mediterranean Sea of Egypt and Mesopotamia, the link between developing cultures
and geography will be examined through sources, including Egypt: Ancient Culture, Modern Land
edited by Jaromir Malek and Babylon: Mesopotamia and the Birth of Civilization by Paul
Kriwaczek. To determine the extent ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This land around the Nile and the Delta by the Mediterranean Sea was seasonally flooded. This part
of the land was very fertile and good for growing crops because of the rich silt. Also spread out
through Egypt, there were oases, quarries and mines. After 3000 BC, the population was mainly
gathered along the Nile River, and the deserts became centrally used for trade and mining
excursions. Dry climates in 2500 BC had forced the Egyptian populations to move towards the Nile
Valley. Eventually, the dry climates caused the formation of deserts in the areas that had been
abandoned. On the contrary, the land in the Nile Valley was very fertile, because of the silt brought
by flooding, and caused agricultural successes. Main crops included barley, wheat, and flax. Not
much else was grown due to a lack of innovation. Away from the main river, limited areas were
suitable for settlement. In the Faiyum specifically, there was little area that was suitable for
settlement because of too wet of land around Lake Moeris, though the Delta experienced its own
share of seasonal flooding. Ancient Mesopotamia, sometimes referred to as the "Cradle of
Civilization", was located in the Fertile Crescent between the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers, bringing
the Greek origin of its name, of "land between rivers". There were two very different regions in
ancient Mesopotamia:

Iraq: The Cradle Of Civilization
Iraq
Sergeant Anderson
13F30 Advanced Leader Course
Staff Sergeant Wright
Iraq
Iraq: In olden times, the land that is now called Iraq, was called Mesopotamia. It has also been
called the Cradle of Civilization. Iraq was home to great empires from the ancient Sumerians and
Babylonians, to the Romans and Persians. Iraq is known for its massive oil reserves and large
deserts, along with its different religions and languages throughout its country. As of late, Iraq has
been troubled by war and dictatorship, but the vast deserts and multiple cultures compared with its
deep roots throughout its history make Iraq a unique and interesting place.
Iraq is one of the most eastern Arab countries. Boarded by Turkey to its north, Iran ... Show more
With the war in Iraq lasting from 2003 to 2011, it has shaken the country to its core. Once America
left Iraq, it had no stable government to operate on which lead to civil war and the production of
ISIS. Iraq has a misguided government that is largely corrupt. It is rated 170th out of 175 most
corrupt country according to Transparency International. Iraq's economy has been in trouble since
the 1980's due to the country being at war. It is clear that war is tearing the country apart and
dividing the people which has lowered the countries income, created anarchy, and has been a
breeding ground for terrorist groups such as

Impact Of Trade And Conquest On The Civilizations
Early civilizations we have learned include Mesopotamia, Egypt, India, and China. After learning
about these civilization, I can include there were many impacts to the development and spread of
these civilizations. Although trade and conquest were the two more prominent impacts, conflict
(conquest) had the most important impact on the developments of these early civilizations.
Trade and conquest both had their impacts, but looking closer one impact was more significant than
the other. Trade was a way for people to obtain goods they didn't have or couldn't make by giving
away an item they had a surplus amount of. Trade, in my opinion, didn't have much of an impact as
conquest. Trade was only small development, whereas conquest was the process of gaining territory
by the use of subjugation and military forces. Early civilizations developed from conquest because
without conquest the same civilization would own the same territory. There were multiple early
civilizations, and if they had never conquest for more land, other civilizations would overrule them
and take their territory. Further spread of civilization happened directly through conquest, the spread
of how much land they had and could acquire was due to conquest and military forces. Because
conflict and conquest exists, they realized they had to defend their civilization and build military
forces to keep enemies out.
Conflict helped these civilizations understand there was much more than finding a place to live and
food

The Epic Of Gilgamesh : The Cradle Of Civilization
About 5,500 years ago in the land widely known as "The Cradle of Civilization" or the "Land
between rivers" stood Mesopotamia the worlds ' most prestigious ancient river civilization that
emerged in those times. And it can, in fact be proven that because of Mesopotamia 's extensive trade
routes, its great leaders, and the growth in technology that occurred that Mesopotamia was one of
the greatest civilizations to have ever existed. By which it not only it helped create some important
things such as Writing and laws but it was one of the first civilizations where people began to settle
down and help formed the fundamental structure of a civilization that brought everything from law
to schools. And we can gather information about these people 's way of life, beliefs, and
geographical location. From "The Epic of Gilgamesh" a literary work that shows us several
important pieces of information that helps us understand this ancient civilization of Mesopotamia in
where this epic shows us the people's belief, how they live and worked and their views on death.
But first we need to know that Mesopotamia began like allot of other civilizations through the
process known as urbanization in where the Sumerians were the first people to migrate to
Mesopotamia and found good soil that provided a surplus of food and with the surplus of food it
brought people to settle down from the nomad lifestyle to a settler's life by creating villages, towns
and then cities. So around 9000 BC the vast

Comparing Mesopotamia And Egypt's Geography
Egypt Mesopotamia Essay
Although Mesopotamia and Egypt were nine hundred miles away, they had many similarities. They
both were influenced by constant flooding and drought, causing a big effect on their daily life.
Mesopotamia's and Egypt's geography both impacted society and had different natural resources
causing different struggles, yet had some big similarities due to both having a large river, variable
climate, and advanced technology.
The Tigris and Euphrates surround Mesopotamia, flooding it multiple times a year. After the water
went down, it left silt and mud which was good for farming, causing huge surpluses of wheat and
barley. These surpluses caused the population to soar. Food surpluses caused the population to grow,
and farmers were high in social status as they provided the food. The Gift of the Nile says that the
Nile would flood yearly from the east African mountains, causing silt to be left after the water
receded. The peasants farmed ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
There was unpredictable flooding and drought in Mesopotamia, causing the land to turn into a
desert. They had no natural barriers, so they had to build some of their own. Due to no natural
barriers, their enemies could walk into their society. Since there was so much flooding in Egypt,
they made an irrigation system. The deserts surrounding them were used as barriers to protect egypt
from other lands. Although they forced egypt to have limited interaction with other lands, they shut
out invaders, sparing egypt from constant warfare. They had to adapt technology to fit their
standard, as they needed to build irrigations systems for their continuous flooding. The egyptians
had less of a relationship with outsiders, as they closed of borders with other countries.
Mesopotamians had better relationships with neighboring countries as they traded with other

How Do The Neolithic And Paleolithic Revolutions Differ?
Essential Questions: Chapter One
Write a response to each of the following questions and / statements. Your responses must be written
in complete sentences and should demonstrate an understanding of the course content.
1. How do the Neolithic and Paleolithic Revolutions differ? Ultimately, the Neolithic Revolution
advanced society past the basic Paleolithic era, forming a new type of living. The culture introduced
in the Neolithic Revolution moved beyond nomadic styles of living and introduced agriculture,
which allowed tribes to settle down and form communities. Through the different type of living,
new concepts and culture formed: the concept of private property was introduced, which advanced
society greatly.
2. What impact does the surplus production of agriculture have on societies?
If societies are able to not only create a constant food supply, but also have a surplus of food, it
allows them to begin specializing labor onto areas other than farming. The focus may still be on
farming however select amounts of people can now specialize on other things like building tools,
architecture, science, etc. This creates a tremendous impact because it allows the civilization to
advance in areas other than growth. New ideas can make the society more efficient and quickly
increase the carrying capacity.
3. What controversy exists over the use of the term civilization?
The term civilization has acquired a controversy because of the connotations it has adapted to carry.
A

Ancient Mesopotamia Geography
Mesopotamia was the start of all civilization and set the standards for the world. Mesopotamia
means between the 2 rivers. It is between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers
(Service 6). Mesopotamia being between 2 rivers has a great advantage. It was a fertile region,
which was great for farming. It was located in modern day Iraq (Nardo 13). Mesopotamia was
considered to be one of the greatest crossroads in history (Nardo 12). Geography played a big role in
the development of ancient Mesopotamia. "Mesopotamia is in a triangle that includes most of Iraq
and parts of Syria, Turkey and Iran. (Nemet– Nejat 11)" Mesopotamia is a flat, treeless plain. It had
very regular rainfall. (Service 7) There were mountains on the North and East sides of the ... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
"The Mesopotamian king was considered the god's' representative on earth (Nemet–Nejat 217)."
Kings were also considered mortals (Nemet–Nejat 217). Which means that they were thought to die
at some point in their lives, unlike the gods that they were compared to. They were responsible for
all of the welfare in the cities. They would have to build and rebuild temples, which was a big task
(Nemet– Nejat 221). One of the most famous kings was King Hammurabi. His philosophy was that
everything should be fair. One of his most famous quotes is, "An eye for an eye, A tooth for a tooth"
(Nemet–Nejat 225). This means that if you do something, you should expect the exact same thing to
happen to you in return. For example, if you murdered someone, you would be murdered

Compare And Contrast Mesopotamia River Valley Civilization
Despite them both being River Valley Civilizations that are considered to be the beginnings of
civilization, established prior to 3100 BC, Ancient Egypt and Mesopotamia were vastly different.
Commonly called "The Cradle of Civilization", Mesopotamia was an ancient region located in the
Eastern Mediterranean. Mesopotamia gets its name from its location, Mesopotamia literally
translating to "between two rivers" in Greek; those two rivers being the Tigris and the Euphrates
Rivers.
Mesopotamia was a mixing pot of various cultures that were mainly joined together by a common
belief system, the importance of language, and their behavior towards women.
Mesopotamians believed that the world came to be as a result of a victory between their gods and ...
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The Sumerians settled down closest to the rivers, and built the first actual cities. Sumerian is the first
language to be written down in history. A sort of pictographic script was developed that eventually
developed into cuneiform, writing done in clay.
Men and women had nearly equal rights in Mesopotamia. They could both own land, their own
businesses, and have jobs. The most important occupations had to do with agriculture. Women were
even the early distributors of alcohol, as well as healers; before men took control of these trades
when it became apparent that they brought in a lot of profit.
Ancient Egypt was a civilization developed along the banks of the Nile River. This civilization is
known for great cultural advances in almost every area of human knowledge.
This civilization's location was extremely crucial to its thriving. The seasonal flooding of the river
provided rich brown soil, fresh water by way of canals, fruitful harvests, and the drive to develop a
calendar in order to create a system to keep track of the flooding. They even developed papyrus,
from which modern paper gets its origins, to record the calendars

Egypt And Mesopotamia Similarities
Mesopotamia and Egypt are some of the world's earliest civilizations which had many similarities
such as place, social structure, and religion. First, the rivers, or locations at which they settled were
chosen mostly because of the readily available natural resources that can be derived from a river.
Mesopotamia was located on the Tigris and Euphrates River and is known as "the land between two
rivers," (Greenblatt and Lemmo) Similarly, Egypt, another early empire, is also situated on a river,
the Nile, which is looked to for farming and protection (Greenblatt and Lemmo). The Nile's annual
flooding which makes the soil fertile does create problems, but it is also been depended upon to
pave the way for crop growth, a successful harvest, and served as a border between the lower and
upper kingdoms of Egypt until King Narmer united the land (Dersin). ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Next, social structure in "Mesopotamia and Egypt were somewhat close," because both civilizations
have some form of a class system, but each has unique standards for many elements of life that vary
(Social Mobility among Early China, Egypt, Mesopotamia, and Indus Civilizations). Mesopotamia's
social structure had standards regarding professions that reflected Egypt's in the way of classes and
professions acceptable for the people of a certain class. In Mesopotamia's culture, education is only
for the sons of wealthy families and scribing is an honorable profession available to a chosen few
(Gibson). While scribes have the same honor in Egypt, literacy rates are higher than in other regions
(Dersin). Egyptian nobility have a formal education, but peasant children can still be educated by
artisans in their community (Dersin). Mesopotamia's women did have rights or responsibilities, but
men have authority over them (Greenblatt and

The Role Of Women In Ancient Mesopotamia And Ancient India
The Role of Women in Ancient Mesopotamia Versus Ancient India In current times in America, the
role of women and the role of men is about equal. When it comes to home life, it's just as common
for women to go out and work as it is for a man to do it. Women have even run for President.
However, in the Harappan society in ancient India, and in Sumerian times in ancient Mesopotamia,
the equality and respect of women weren't as strong as it is today. Regardless, women were
respected to a certain level. Overall, the respect of women in ancient India was similar to the respect
of women in Mesopotamia because goddesses were seen as powerful, young women were admired,
and women were highly regarded for being able to give birth. In both Indian and Mesopotamian
societies, goddesses were very powerful. This can help explain why women were respected, even in
patriarchal society. In India, there is a story about how a goddess saved the world. "There is the
story of the terrible demon Raktabija (Blood–seed). This demon was, like most demons, causing a
great deal of trouble with people and gods alike but even worse was his ability to produce more
demons every time a drop of his blood spilt to the ground. Therefore, each time Raktabija was
attacked, the only result was more demons to deal with. The gods decided to work together and
combine all of their shakti or divine energy and produce one super being that could destroy
Raktabija; the result was Kali (in another version only Durga

What Are The Similarities Between Ancient Egypt And...
The ancient Mesopotamian and Egyptian civilizations were two of the world's first city–based
civilizations. Because of this, they had many things in common such as they both had some form of
religion and writing, to codes of laws and politics. However, they were not duplicates of each other.
Other things affected the way Mesopotamians and Egyptians lived, such as the geography of their
locations, interaction with other neighboring civilizations, and their leaders. By about 8000 years
ago, most civilizations, including Mesopotamia and ancient Egypt, primarily depended on
agriculture to thrive. Mesopotamia emerged around 5,000 B.C.E. in modern day Iraq and Kuwait–
between the Tigris and Euphrates river. It is now known as the cradle of civilization

Mesopotami The Cradle Of Civilization
Mesopotamia is known throughout the world as "the cradle of civilization" and rightly so, as it
serves as the birthplace of several historically important cultures, religions, and languages. The three
that stand out among the many civilizations born there are Sumer, Babylon and the Hittites. Each is
known for a particular advancement, whether it be cuneiform, Hammurabi's Code or the utilization
of iron weapons and utilization of vassal kingdoms. The historical and cultural events and
advancements of these groups can be attributed to their location among the "fertile crescent" which
fostered their birth and allowed for the growth of their civilizations. Sumer was a civilization that
arose in the area of Southern Mesopotamia around 4500 BC. ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
There were about eight different groups that made up the social hierarchy in Sumer: The
kings/priests, the elites/nobles, the military leaders, the merchants and craftsmen, the free peasants
used for farming and finally the slaves. It was the priests that were attributed to the greatest
scientific achievements in Sumerian society. The priestly class also drove Sumerian society forward
in respect to arts, and inspired the "urbanization" trend. These priests supervised every aspect of
Sumerian society, whether it be the economy or the judicial system. The Sumerians also founded
their greatest cities during the Uruk period, with expansion towards both the North near modern day
Turkey and the South of modern day Iraq. Around 3100 BC the Uruk period gave way to the Early
Dynastic Period, in which several city states existed and formed. It was during this period that the
first great written epics appear. The most famous two are the "Great Flood" and the "Epic of
Gilgamesh." The "Great Flood" is very similar to the biblical flood story, and plays an important
role in Sumerian mythology and history. This is noticeable on the Sumerian "Great King List," in
which the Sumerians make a distinction between their kings being "pre flood" and "post flood." The
other epic poem tells the tale of the king Gilgamesh, who

Similarities Between Ancient Civilization And Mesopotamia
The first civilization on record is Mesopotamia some 12,000 years ago during a period referred to as
the Neolithic Revolution. Soon afterward, civilizations developed in Egypt, East Asia, and the
Western Hemisphere. These regions were called the "Cradle of Civilization." While all these
cultures had similarities, they also had their differences. From agriculture to religion to technology,
each civilization brought unique qualities to our world today.
Mesopotamia is located between the Tigris and the Euphrates Rivers. Since the area was not
surrounded by mountain ranges and sat on sprawling plain, trading between civilizations was
accessible. This region was hot and dry and plagued by flooding. Due to its climate, irrigation was
needed to move from a hunter/gather culture to agricultural ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Agriculture got its start in Egypt by the Nile River with wheat and barley. Irrigation systems were
used which increased the region's population. Egypt also had flooding though it was much more
predictable than the flooding in Mesopotamia. Agriculture conditions were much better in Egypt.
Both regions had deities to control the flood waters, but the gods were more "gentle" in Egypt.
Religion was significant, and the Pharaohs were treated like gods. Monuments such as pyramids and
the Sphinx were erected. Royal burials were also extravagant. There were cemeteries, but the
wealthy were separated from the commoners.
Writings for both civilizations were for business and began at around the same time. "Some scholars
believe that hieroglyphic writing in Egypt was completely independent of the Mesopotamian
invention, and possibly preceded it (Spodek, 67). The writing was done on stone tablets as well as
limestone flakes, pottery, and papyrus. Scribes in both regions were highly regarded. In addition to
these similarities, there were some

The Sumerians: The Cradle Of Civilization
In ancient Iraq, 3200 BC there was a civilization called Sumer. Sumer is located in the fertile
Crescent also known as "The Cradle of Civilization". This area was also referred to as Mesopotamia
which means the land between two rivers The two river that the Sumerians settled on were the Tigris
and Euphrates Rivers. The most common occupations were farming, trading and crafting.Their
people were called the Sumerians and they invented many things. However the most important ones
are Cuneiform writing and Irrigation. Sumerians invented Cuneiform writing. Their writing system
was a huge gift to the world. Most of the civilizations that came afterwards used the inventions of
the Sumerians. The Sumerians were wealthy people and they needed a record

Collapse, By Jared Diamond
COLLAPSE by Jared Diamond attempts to answer the question, "What caused some of the great
civilizations of the past to collapse into ruin, and what can we learn from their fates?"
This book is divided into four main sections, and I'll be talking about the most important sections
and the most important chapters in it.
The first section starts off with Diamond going in to the present in the United States. He starts off
with the Bitterroot Valley of Montana. While it seems untouched, with endless splendor, looks are
deceiving. Diamond shows Montana as the model of our times: healthy on the surface, but at the
moment terminally ill below. As he writes on page 32:
"The Bitterroot Valley presents a microcosm of the environmental problems ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
Covering up to 500,000 square miles, these were extremely fertile lands, watered by the Tigris and
Euphrates rivers. Long, long ago, the area was so populated and so prosperous that it has been
nicknamed the Cradle of Civilization. But it collapsed. Due to thousands of years of irrigation,
subsequent salination, and displacement of forest with agriculture; the area now is the cradle of
misery and hostility. It is now part of the deserts and arid lands of Israel, Lebanon, Jordon, Syria,
Iraq, and southeastern Turkey.
Twilight at Easter is similar to the Fertile Crescent. One reason Diamond selected this island is
because, "it proves to be the closest approximation that we have to an ecological disaster unfolding
in complete isolation." This, is an important aspect for researchers because it means that outside
factors, which so often make the difference, were not influential in the demise. The reasons for
collapse could only come from within the isolated system of Easter Island.
I found this chapter absolutely fascinating. For me the real insights were the role of the political
system in the building of the giant stone statues that became Easter Island's biggest mystery when it
was discovered in 1722. There were hundreds of erect statues with no one there. Who built them? As
Diamond explains, it was the dozen clans that controlled the island who built them. "The clans
competed peacefully by seeking to outdo each other in building

Mesopotamia Thesis Statement

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