Crim 301 Literature Review Essay

Crim 301 Literature Review Essay
Effectiveness of In–School Programs and After School programs
A Review of the Literature
California State University Los Angeles
Criminology 301
Professor Jenny
June 7, 2012
Abstract
In recent years, the Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention (OJJDP) noticed the
increase in the number of teens between the ages of nine to seventeen being involved with gangs in
the United States. While most people would agree that gang membership is an individual choice,
scholars believe that it is more important to shift the focus of these programs from an individual
level to a community level. This literature review examines a few of the prevention programs the
OJJDP have implemented in the school's curriculum and after–school ... Show more content on
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The program is only effective so long as the teenager allows it to be. In other words, growing up in
an undeveloped community and a poor family could be contributing factors towards pushing
adolescent teens towards violence, drugs, and gangs. However, it is likely that if the teen is able to
shift their focus towards the positive aspects in their life, they can overcome the difficulties. I say
this because my cousin was raised in a good household, yet he chose to be involved with the wrong
crowd even after his parents raised him in a good neighborhood, with a good education, and
participated in many extracurricular activities. After sending him off to boot camp to try and
straighten him up, he still returned to his gang in which he calls his second family. Therefore, I feel
biased towards the effectiveness of these programs. However, I will remain objective in researching
this topic. I will look into all contributing factors and all of the preventive techniques in assessing
the problem. I will also compare both programs and analyze the two programs in depth. I will look
into all the factors and theories contributing to why teens would join gangs. Also I will evaluate the
effectiveness of the program based on my research and not my personal experience.
IMPORTANCE OF PREVENTION PROGRAMS AND THE LITERATURE REVIEW With the
increase in the number of teenagers being involved with gang violence and memberships, scholars
agree
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Organized Crime and Youth Gangs
Organized Crime and Youth Gangs
The FBI defines organized crime as any group of individuals jointly and systematically engaged in
criminal activity for the purpose of making money (FBI, n.d.a). The FBI also provides links to
various organized criminal groups on their website, with most being defined by race or ethnicity.
The most famous of these groups in the United States is the Italian Mafia or La Cosa Nostra, which
is translated as "this thing of ours" (FBI, n.d.b).
The FBI identifies four distinct Italian mafia groups, the La Cosa Nostra (Sicilian Mafia), Camorra
(Neapolitan Mafia), Calabrian (Calabria Mafia), and the Sacra Corona Unita (United Sacred Crown
based in the Puglia region) (FBI, n.d.b). Of these, the American La Cosa Nostra has been the most
successful organized crime group in the U.S. and over the decades has severed controlling ties with
Sicily. The American La Cosa Nostra is involved primarily in drug trafficking, money laundering,
and various other racketeering crimes, and operates on an international level across North and South
America.
The Italian Mafia was formed and molded into its current form over the past 3,000 years in response
to recurrent invasions by marauding armies (FBI, n.d.b). The formation of these tight knit extended
family groups helped ensure their survival and established social rules that endured through the
millennia. Today, there are approximately 25,000 members worldwide, with 3,000 living in the U.S.
In contrast to the

Noteabilitypro Essay
NoteAbilityPro is a music notation software editor developed by Hamel. This software was among
the first ones to address the issue of easing the integration between a musical score and a
computational music framework [Hammel, 2006]. NoteabilityPro started as a flexible music
notation editor and later the Integrated Interactive Music Performance Environment module
(IIMPE) was added to support interactivity with Max/Msp (PureData).
NoteAbiltyPro communicates with Max/Msp(PureData) by sending messages, so these messages are
added by the user to the score in the NotabilityPro environment as text messages and specifies the
measure and beat location with text–numbers. Figure 5, shows one sample score of the
NoteAbilityPro screen with some ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
2.2.2 Antescofo
Antescofo is a score–following system that enables to code interactions between the instrumental
parts and the computer–generated parts by providing a proprietary programming language [Giavitto,
Cont and Echeveste, 2015]. Antescofo stands for anticipatory synchronization and control of
interactive parameters in computer music, and its core is a score–following system based on Hidden
Markov Models (HMM) with some variants to be able to model time changes which are one of the
major drawbacks of the HMM algorithm.
The Antescofo score–following core performs tracking of audio events and triggers some
customized actions written in a text–based programming descriptor. In Antescofo, the text based
representation of computer generated events follows a Score Language design pattern, which has a
long tradition in computer music since the debut of Mathews' MUSIC–N languages in the late 60's [
Mathews, Miller, Moore, Pierce, and Risset, 1969 ], but Antescofo extends the concept to a reactive
language, meaning that customized actions responds to events. The current Antescofo public version
runs as a patch extension of Max/Msp (or PureData).
Antescofo is an event based customizable score–following, accordingly its most important
programming entities in Antescofo language are events and actions [Giavitto, Cont and Echeveste,
2015]. Figure 6 shows a sample code in Antescofo language with events and actions. Events
represents symbolic elements in the

Causes Of Gangs
When the word "gangs" comes to mind, one can immediately picture a big, tall male figure often
covered with tattoos, piercings, and maybe even a bald–headed guy. One might think that gangs
only occur in areas like Los Angeles, Brooklyn, and areas illustrated in movies. Gangs are also
becoming more glorified in the media. For example, while listening to a rap song on the radio, some
sort of gang reference will come up. Gangs can often target the young and the vulnerable due to
many reasons, such as peer pressure and fear. Also, they may target someone who is in need and
vulnerable for falling into gang violence and actions.
Some of the direct causes for individuals to join gangs are due to the social aspect. It can be because
of the peer ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Once you're in, there are only two ways to get out: by dying or running" (Martinez Pg 33).
Therefore, sometimes young adults or even adults feel pressured to be involved or to continue being
involved in gangs because they have the fear of being murdered. Sometimes the fear of being left
out pressures them into getting involved in gangs, and they end up leading a violent lifestyle. Since
gangs are typically associated with fear, most individuals can fall into this peer pressure to join a
gang due to fear of the consequences which can range from violence, like threats, to even their
death.
Another aspect of feeling accepted can come from family related issues. "Young people might feel
that they don't receive enough support or attention at home. They may be trying to escape a negative
home life, or may be looking for a father figure. Gangs often make promises to give unconditional
support and to become the 'family they never had" (Why People Join Gangs). In some cases,
individuals who join gangs can be looking for a way out of their home. This can be due to family
issues they are experiencing, or also they may not be receiving attention in their home. Gangs are
often seen in areas where poor living conditions occur and where social economic statuses are
present.Children and teens living in these circumstances can experience lack of attention simply
because the family needs to work and meet ends meet. This circumstance, which does not seem so
malicious, can leave the

Gangs and Violence in California Essay
Gangs and Violence in California This paper was done in response to an article that I came across in
which a child was convicted as an adult for homicide. The homicide was supposedly gang–related;
the young child that was only 14 years of age was painted as an entrenched gang member. This
article made me think what contributed to this situation and how it can be eradicated from today's
society so this will never happen to any of our youth. The solutions provided in this document are a
response to the growing need for schools, school districts, county offices of education, and state
legislatures to address youth gangs. Children are our greatest asset in the world today: They give
parents the greatest feeling in the world. Parents go ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The results threaten our children at a younger age and are thwarting the virtuous influence of
education/school that we try to inspire our children with. It seems that our children see the some
good out of joining a gang, whether it is because of security, fear, or pure nostalgia, it is happening
and needs to be stopped nationally; the only way to stop gangs is through a national perspective
because of the origins of gangs and because the are engrained in today's culture and need to be a
nationwide, or at least statewide initiative. According to California law, legislators, law enforcement
personnel and school officials are required to make a safe environment for all children and the
community–at–large. The California Street Terrorism Enforcement and Prevention Act is the
specific provision in the Penal Code that requires action by schools because "the right of every
person, regardless of race, color, creed, religion, national origin, gender, age, sexual orientation, or
handicap, to be secure and protected from fear, intimidation, and physical harm caused by the
activities of violent groups and individuals." Obviously, this is an ambiguous law and as problematic
as it is to find out what the law stipulates, it is just as difficult to

Introduction . The Prevalence, Affects, And Types Of Stigma
Introduction The prevalence, affects, and types of stigma and stigmatization felt by American gang
members is an under researched topic in the social sciences. While daily experiences in and social
understanding of American culture illustrate that gang membership is a stigmatized identification the
research to support that notion is sorely absent from the greater conversation on gangs, stigma, and
violence in our communities. In an attempt to understand how stigma directly affects gang affiliated
men this report attempts to analyze different elements that directly connect to these men in hopes of
creating an understanding of the stigma that gang involved men feel. These topics are social stigma,
a sense of belonging, and the influence of ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The hypothesis states that belonging holds two foundational elements the first, "there is a need for
frequent, affectively pleasant interactions with a few other people" and second " these interactions
must take place in the context of a temporally stable and enduring framework of affective concern
for each other 's welfare" (Baumeister & Leary, 1996). Gangs commonly fulfill these two elements.
Burnett states that a gangs, " formation and maintenance are based on its members' bared experience
of estrangement from traditional social systems and on the security (emotional and physical) that
membership provides"(McMillan & Chavis) (Burnett, 1999) . The gang 's acceptance of the man
and the subsequent sense of family satisfies the need for "affectively pleasant interactions"
(McMillan & Chavis, 1986), and the desire for protection (Regan) and the ability of gangs to
provide such protection secures a man 's sense that his welfare is a concern of those with whom he
feels acceptance. As Baumsiester and Leary 's article illustrates belonging is so necessary to
personal happiness that those who experience social isolation are bared from experiencing high
levels of happiness (Baumeister & Leary). While gang membership might not provide happiness in
the traditional sense they do quench the human need to belong. This need for acceptance and
belonging is only further aggregated through unstable and dangerous Early Childhood

Gangs, Belonging, and Acceptance Essay
Gangs, Belonging, and Acceptance
A 12–year–old boy comes home from school. He enters his home through the front door and notices
his mother sobbing. There is blood on the tissue she's holding. The boy starts to ask his mother why
she is crying when he realizes what has happened. She answers his silent inquiry about why, by
quietly saying, "your dad . . . he's on the back porch . . . he's had a bad day." Feeling helpless he
goes to his room. From his window he can see his dad taking in the last swallow of beer and yelling,
loud enough for the neighbors to hear, "Hey, bring me another beer. And where is that worthless son
of yours? He was supposed to mow the lawn yesterday." The boy, having seen this too many times
before, leaves the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Commander Bryan Smith of the Corpus Christi Police Department, when asked what type of family
life do gang members have, said they come from male dominated households or one–parent
households.
Many of these youth are from families that are female centered, they are not necessarily female
dominated, because an aggressive male father figure can impact on the family's history, and more
importantly on the child's psychosocial development.
This parental male is perceived as the most powerful member of the family system, who gratifies his
needs through the use of aggression and intimidation. Many of these youths have been physically
abused by this male adult and also have witnessed their mothers and /or siblings being battered. If
the male figure is no longer in the home, his presence survives in the form of fantasy or family
mythology long after his departure. (Adler)
Happy homes do not send many of their youngsters into gangs. Gangs are appealing to those kids
who have unpleasant memories of their home life. There is emotional pain involved in most gang–
members pasts. In the author's work (Adler) with Chicano gang youth, (most gang members in
Corpus Christi are Chicano) they point out that the Chicano gang members exhibit violent and
aggressive behavior. These youths experience intense feelings of isolation within their families,
culture, school, community and church.
These intense feelings are best explained by Adler, "Because of their own experiences

Ms 13 Gang
MARA–SAVATRUCHA (MS13) The Civil War in the early 1980s in El Salvador cost the lives of
about 100,000 people. Besides, two million people are reported to have immigrated to the United
States, due to the uncertain political and social conditions there. A big chunk of the refugees arrived
and settled in the Rampart area of Los Angeles. They needed low cost housing and employment.
That area was already afflicted with gangs and crimes. For the local population of Mexican–
Americans, this was the most unwelcome development. The combustible youth immigrants from
Salvador took the problem of their survival in response to the victimization at the hands of local
gangs, as a serious challenge and formed a new gang by name Mara Salvatrucha, ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
The MS–13 gang has cliques, or factions, located throughout the United States and is unique in that
it retains is ties to its El Salvador counterparts. With cliques in Washington DC, Oregon, Alaska,
Arkansas, Texas, Nevada, Utah, Oklahoma, Illinois, Michigan, New York, Maryland, Virginia,
Georgia, Florida, Canada, El Salvador, Guatemala, Mexico, and several other South American
countries, the MS–13 gang is truly "international" and on the verge of becoming the first gang to be
categorized as an "organized crime" entity." (MS13 Gang....)The strength of the gang members is
36,000 in Honduras. The age of the members is normally between 11 to 40 years. Initially started as
a defensive organization to protect El Salvadorian immigrants from the cruelty of LA gangs, the
gang soon began targeting the members of the Salvadorian community as well. Criminality became
a way of life for the M–13 gang members, with no holds barred. It soon turned out to be business of
profiteering, and it expanded rapidly across the United States. By the 1990s, its network spread like
the octopus growing in all directions, and its membership had reached the East Coast. Initially they
were not well–organized. In the early 2000s, the organizational pattern had changed. The leadership
of these newly organized units emanated from faraway places like California and El Salvador. Cells
began to sprout all over the country. In Texas and the Rio

Social And Psychological Factors Of Gang Membership Essay
Gang membership has accounted for the increase in the number of youth and street gangs since the
1950's. The development of gangs globally, especially in New Zealand, exhibits the fact that there
are significant influences pushing people towards becoming a gang member. There is a range of
social and psychological factors that underpin the dynamics of a gang's structure in which they help
outsiders gain insight into how gang involvement is evoked. Research has established that there are
push and pull factors to what we associate with the theory of 'multiple marginality.' This theory
tackles how groups feel after being left on the boundaries of society, an action that consequently
encourages them to become involved in deviant behavior. The growth in gangs, predominantly those
with a heavy Maori influence –such as the Mongrel Mob and Black Power – has caused controversy
as to whether 'multiple marginality' impacts and is solely responsible for this issue. There may be no
single reason behind a spike in gang membership however; having the ability to understand the role
of social and psychological factors is needed if we seek to address this concern. This alone is a key
aspect in addressing the development of present gangs and why they are becoming more dominant
in society.
Theory of Multiple Marginality
Multiple marginality can be defined as living on the boundaries of society, therefore not being
influenced and following the 'norms' of society expectations. It is important

A Brief Note On The And Social Science
Introduction
Ethnographies are very important to social science. They help to dive into different groups and
culture 's day–to–day lives and learn and understand the way these groups and cultures live on a
micro level. This helps those that are interested to better understand the reasons behind why these
groups are the way they are and do the things they do. Ethnographies may take many different forms
and take form on many different topics. These topics can range anywhere from sororities or
fraternities to certain religions or cultures to cults or gangs and to many others. The type of
ethnography that will be discussed is one on gangs. Dr. Jody Miller is a criminology professor at
Rutgers University 's School of Criminal Justice. She is ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
These patterns are explained by risk factors. Risk factors can be life events, living conditions, peer
groups, or even the neighborhood a child grows up in. For example, a child that grows up in a house
that is located in a rundown neighborhood. He has no father figure and a mother that is never
around. All of his friends have either joined a gang and become a member or hang around gang
members. This child would be the most susceptible to end up joining a gang. As I mentioned earlier,
this gang involvement leads to delinquency, violence, and/or victimization. Delinquency
Delinquency is simply criminal behavior, whether it is shoplifting, doing drugs, fighting, or
vandalizing property, delinquency is the act of committing minor crimes. This delinquent behavior is
mainly committed by the younger population. All youths can be a delinquent, but that doesn 't
necessarily mean that they are in a gang. Gang membership is a major gateway for delinquent
behavior. Dr. Jody Miller says that studies show that young gang members are responsible for a
substantially large proportion of delinquent acts (Jody Miller, 2001). She uses the data from the
Rochester Youth Development study, Thornberry and Burch report to back this up. This study shows
that youth gang members, boys and girls, accounted for 86 percent of all serious

The Sociological Theory Of A Gang Membership And Gang...
In recent years gang membership and gang violence have increased. Why are the youth in America
turning to gangs and why has violence increased within the gangs? Is it based on their
socioeconomic status within their neighborhood? Is it the need to belong? Is it the need to establish
who is in control of the neighborhood? Or is it the lack of good parental role models within the
home? The sociological theory that I'm basing my research on is functionalism. Functionalism is a
framework that defines society as a system of interrelated parts.
What is a gang? The article "Sexual Access to Females as a Motivation For Joining Gangs: An
Evolutionary Approach" gave the following definition:
"A youth gang is a self–formed association of peers, bound together by mutual interests, with
identifiable leadership, well–developed lines of authority, and other organizational features, who act
in concert to achieve a specific purpose or purposes.
Gang members can be seen as people who have chosen to engage, cooperatively, in a risky form of
competition" (Palmer and Tilley, 1995, p. 213).
"...They function as a residual social institution when other institutions fail and provide a certain
degree of order and solidarity for their members" (Spergel, 1990, p. 171).
"Gangs were once thought to be an inner–city problem, but it has spread throughout the United
States. There are more than 24,500 different youth gangs around our country and more than 772,500
teens and young adults were members of

A.Subculture/Pg50: The Values And Related Behaviors Of
a. Subculture/pg50: the values and related behaviors of a group that distinguish its members from
the larger culture; a world within a world. The most violent gang in the United States is the Mara
Salvarcha 13. Mara Salvarcha 13 is a violent gang that originated in the Los Angeles, California.
The gang members in the video state that they protect their territory by any means necessary.
Killing, robbing, burglary are all normalized acts of this dangerous gang. These dangerous acts are
used to prove loyalty to other gang members and acquire the power they desire amongst those who
fear them. These behaviors separate the MS 13 from the rest of the population, making it a
subculture. The MS 13 gang is a world of violence, crime, fast money, and ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
This is the ultimate betrayal in the eyes of a fellow gang member. With ultimate betrayal, comes
consequences. This negative consequence for Brenda was death. Her stabbing was symbolism of her
disapproval for cooperating with the police.
d. Symbol/pg 41: something to which people attach meaning and then use to communicate to one
another. Graffiti of MS13 symbols span from Alaska to Spain. Graffiti is an art form of spray paint.
that is usually frowned upon by others, found on buildings, trains, and underpasses. Gangs use this
art form very frequently to communicate to other gangs and the general population. These graffiti
markings can indicate a loss of a gang member, or the boundaries of a territory. In the video, the
MS13 gang members were making a mural for the death of a gang member who was well known
within their group. They had stated that they understood that it may not be up for very long, but this
was their way of commemorating the life of the gang member who was shot to death. With the
MS13 being such a large gang that has 50–100,000 members worldwide, these markings are found
all over ranging from Alaska to Spain. Graffiti from these gangs also communicates to other gangs
when they are in unwelcome territory.
e.

The Impact of Gang Violence in Oklahoma Essay
The Impact of Gang Violence in Oklahoma Gangs have had a huge impact in Oklahoma the many
years they have been here. Gangs account for most of the drug trade, as well as most of the
homicides in the Oklahoma area. Gangs are being fueled by the fear they have given the citizens,
therefore most people are too afraid to do anything about the problem. "Every city in the world
always has a gang, a street gang, or the so–called outcasts".– Jimi Hendrix.
http://www.brainyquote.com/quotes/keywords/gang.html#JKAwTdi9ZU7BkZjA.99 .
Gangs are not only a problem in Oklahoma but all over the world. Gang violence is a big problem in
every major city in the United States even Oklahoma and their numbers continue to rise. According
to the Department ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Prison Gangs begin when gang members go to prison, they don't really give up their gang
membership but street gangs continue to exist and continue to fight with their rival gangs inside
prison itself. A lot of gangs will begin inside a prison and then expanded to the streets. All gangs
have different initiations to get into a gang and different initiations to get out of a gang. An initiation
is a mark of becoming something new as some cultures believe it is a sign of you being reborn and
becoming something new. Most gang initiation involve the gangs member beating you senseless or
having you kill someone. There was a case around 15 years ago where two boys that went to Putnam
City North High School that had to do an initiation to get into a gang. The initiation was to rape and
kill a girl. They had a classmate that was in there grade and they had ask if they could take her out
on a date. When they had picked the girl up they had kidnapped her, taken her to an abandon
building and raped her for a continues of 4 hours and when they were done thy and shot her three
times in the chest and once in the face. The boys were caught due to a speck of blood on one of their
shoes. In the end boys were sentenced to life in prison.
Teenagers are now starting to join gangs and it is ruining their lives, most gang members range from
the ages of 12–40. The reason why people will join a gang is because they want something to

Street Gangs And Gang Violence
Everyone is well aware of gangs and gang violence. Street gangs differ from organized crime such
as mobs and mafias. Street gangs commit a lot more senseless crimes without reason. A murder can
take place for something as simple as stepping on ones shoe or looking at someone a certain way.
All taken as signs of disrespect in the gang world; even the insane acts of what's known as
"initiation week" where many random murders take place. In a lot of gangs this process is done to
show that an individual has the "heart" to take a life, no matter whose.
In this list I will be revealing some of the world's most notorious street gangs gruesome and
shockingly disturbing murders. To not only other gang members but also to those who just happen to
be ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Mexico is no stranger to brutal violence and gang activity, in just the same weekend of this event
alone 16 people were murdered. The news that made headlines about this one in particular death
brought a lot of awareness that something needs to change.
In Pinotepas Nacional, a family was walking out of a convenience store when they were gunned
down by a drive–by. The Oaxaca state attorney general said that it appeared to be drug gang rivals
from a neighboring state who were the ones to track them down and kill them. The parents father
Juan Alberto Pano Ramos 24, and mother Alba Isabel Colón 17, were drug dealers working for
someone named Gonzáles. This drug gang rival ultimately led to the demise of the two parents and
their 7–month–old son Marcos Miguel Pano Colón lying face down in his father's arm.
A BABIES FINAL NAP
As mentioned before, anyone can be victims of gang retaliation. Bullets have no names and anyone
being at the wrong place at the wrong time can fall victim to a

Youth Gangs Research Paper
Over the years, youth gangs have been a continuing issue in certain neighbourhoods across the
world, specifically in inner cities. The scholarly definition of a gang is a group that remains together
for a phase of time and has a territory that they claim to be their possession. Primarily, the group
participates in illicit and illegal activities that break the law (Curry & Decker, 1998). Communities
and the government try to find preventative measures to decrease the number of youth gangs in the
area. In order to do this, they need to recognize what causes the youth gangs to be so popular in
these areas. Many different factors contribute to the high volume of youth gangs in inner city
neighbourhoods. However, there is one factor that is the

Status Symbol Of The Gang MS-13
For a law–abiding citizen, the status symbols of the gang MS–13 seem peculiar. To be a high–
ranking member or, at the very least, a valued member of the group, one must have a high–kill rate.
The more you kill, the more precious you become to the group; they know they can count on you to
defend their turf and thus you earn yourself a higher place on the metaphorical gang ladder.
Similarly speaking, the more turf you defend by killing rival gang members and anyone who
threatens your control of the area, the more land you can mark up with MS–13 graffiti. Although this
may be considered more of a group status symbol, I believe the concept still applies. Another status
symbol in MS–13 is tattoos showcasing your time in prison. If you have a prison ... Show more
A normal citizen's core values may be family–oriented, and MS–13's values are similar to an extent.
The gang, although callous, do seem to care for one another – that is, unless they betray the
organization like the female in the film who was killed by her gang member friends for telling the
police gang secrets. Despite this, like already stated, when a gang member dies, they get a mural
painted in their honor – spray–painted illegally, of course. With that being said, the film covered
very little on how the gang's members treat their actual blood families; however, I do wonder about
the dynamics since gang members are constantly at risk of being sent to prison or being deported. I
also wonder that if when a gang member has a child, is that child then part of the gang, or do they
get to decide, and do they still have to be beat in? It comes as no surprise, but gang members have
vastly different values when it comes to concepts like killing and fighting. Killing is their job and
they treat it as such – but this does not excuse their actions in the slightest. Along with this, instead
of going through the government, state, county, city, or region to own land, the gang members
acquire land in unjust ways such as turf wars with rival gangs that end in fights or murder. On a
different note, unlike in a normal American society,

Young People Join Gangs For Social And Economic Reasons Essay
According to the authors of Gangs, Graffiti, and Violence, they state that young people join street
gangs for social and economic reasons (Leet, 2000). However, one of the main factors young people
join gangs is due to the lack of stability of being raised in an unstable family environment. For
instance, gang members raised in a single parent home by their mother, usually in her early thirties,
caring for three or four children at a time, on her own without the presence of a male father figure.
As a result of being a single parent, the mother is forced to work long hours and at times more than
one job just to make ends meet, which results in the children being left unattended without any adult
supervision or the older sibling left babysitting his or her younger siblings. In addition to the lack of
supervision the moment the child gets into trouble with law enforcement officers, the mother comes
to her child's rescue excusing his actions and behavior. This type of behavior and attitude from the
mother encourages the problematic youth to persist in his reckless behavior because she refuses to
punish him in his wrongdoings. Therefore, the child grows up playing the victim, blaming society
for his downfalls and shortcomings instead of taking responsibility for his or her own actions (Leet,
2000, pp. 10). As stated in Changing Course: Keeping Kids out of Gangs, affirms that in 2010 45%
of high school students and 35% of middle–schoolers were either in gangs or reflected on

Research On Disengagement From Gangs
Desistance Research on disengagement from gangs has not been widely looked at, yet most research
conducted has been so from within the United States (Gormally, S. 2015). The common term
utilized throughout research on this topic is 'desistance'. According to Kazemian (2009), desistance
generally defines the cessation or termination of offending or other delinquent behavior. Two types
of desistance occur, both primary desistance and secondary desistance. Furthermore a suggestion in
upcoming research state there is a tertiary desistance that exists as well (McNeil, 2014). According
to Gormally (2015) primary desistance is defined as a period of time that offending behavior has
stopped or paused. Secondary desistance occurs when one's self–identity has shifted and an
individual see's him or herself as an ex offender. Furthermore McNeil (2014) suggests tertiary
desistance is believed to be the level at which social, community and judicial recognition is given;
suggesting that identity is socially assembled, therefore depending on long term change that includes
how one is seen by others and how an individual is able to fit into society.
Gang Desistance
According to Gormally (2015), research conducted on desistance from gangs often presents itself as
leaving the gang life completely once reaching secondary desistance. These definitions and concepts
are not a one size fits all. Research conducted in Canada found that youth gang members who
reached desistance did not certainly

The Face Before Me Is Youthful And Stern
The face before me is youthful and stern; his smile is sincere, and inviting yet there is a slight
quiver. This may be due to the fact that we have never spoken in such a formal and serious setting.
Ernesto Santiago, now 46, is a former member of the Mexican Infanteria de Marina. Ernesto was
stationed in Sierra León and was put in charge of escorting Pemex employees to inspect tampered
company pipelines. Whenever they escorted Pemex employees it was routine to simultaneously
monitor cartel members on an open channel. During one of these routine surveillances a cartel
member uttered his name. In Mexico it is common knowledge that if your name is being circulated
by cartels it is because you have become a target. "En ese momento mi corazón ... Show more
They have an ambiance, yes we were poor but we were honest, the police was comprised by uncles
and cousins." In his small town children grew up with minimal education and with agriculture being
the only career to look forward to. Ernesto however envisioned himself as an educated professional.
"Tenia miedo de la gran ciudad, era enorme. Pero yo sabia que yo no me quería quedar atrapado en
la pobreza y en la vida de campo/ I was afraid of the big city, it was enormous. But I knew that I
didn't want to stay stuck in poverty and having to work in the field." The nearest university was
located in Oaxaca, 20 miles away.
"La ciudad era de hecho enorme me sentí como una idiota y nunca estuve realmente cómodo. No me
gusto que no reconocía a nadie. Todos los días había diferentes personas./ The city was in fact huge.
I felt like an Idiot and I was never really able to adjust. I dint know anyone. Everyday there were
different people." The school was a sea of ever changing faces and the only people he could count
on were the army officials who checked students as they entered the University. He slowly began
conversing with the officials and he became interested in their profession. As academics became
overwhelming and expensive he deemed it as a sign that University was not for him. Ernesto
decided to then drop out of school and enlisted in the army and became a

The New Gang Became Known As The Mara Salvatrucha Stoners...
In 1979, a civil war broke out in El Salvador between government soldiers and civilians. The war
lasted for more than a decade and left blood as well as approximately 700,000 refugees. These
refugees also included former military combatants. In the 1980's vast amounts of the refugees
migrated to Los Angeles (LA), which is the home of 1,000+ gangs. The refugees were not
welcomed to LA and became ostracized in the Hispanic community as it had been controlled by
Mexican street gangs (Eighteenth Street gang). This caused some of the refugees to form a group of
their own. The new gang became known as the Mara Salvatrucha Stoners (MS Stoners). The gang
begins as a group who was all about smoking week and having a good time. Over time, they started
to grow and aggressively sell drugs. In doing this they, imposed on the Mexican gang's territory. In
the summer of 1990, a fight broke out between the two gangs and a member of the MS Stoners was
shot. This started a war between the two groups. The war escalated and became so violent that
innocent people were getting hurt. The Mexican mafia saw how bad the war was for business, so
they intervened to put an end to the bloodshed. The Mexican mafia divided up the territory between
the two gangs. Shortly after this meeting the Mara Salvatrucha Stoners dropped Stoners from their
name and added the number thirteen to show respect to the Mexican mafia. With the support of the
Mexican mafia and Eighteenth Street, Mara Salvatrucha Thirteen

Descriptive Essay About Having A Dog
At the young age of 14, I fell in love for the first time. Although not ideal, he was white, covered
with brown spots and innocent eyes; a young Chihuahua. Max and I came into each other's lives on
October 20, 2013, when my older brother told me that a dog was coming home soon. Although I
was afraid of dogs, having previously been bit by one, I was oddly excited, and kept glancing at my
phone and at the window for the arrival of the new member to our family. Once the duo arrived, my
whole life would change. As my brother placed the small creature down, he came running towards
me with his small wagging tale and innocent eyes. Once he began to lick my feet I knew I was in
love. Our family settled on the name Max, but I called him Marco, and from then on I would treat
Marco as if he was my true blood brother. This one lone puppy, taught me responsibility,
compassion, and grief for others, as no other person has ever made me feel.
Dogs are known for their gentle souls and friendliness, but they also teach humans unexpected
lessons; such is the same for Marco and my family. Having a dog is no easy task, from the
beginning Max created the label of being a handful. When my cousin first picked him up, he began
to urinate on her which generated a lot of laughter and disgust at the same time. I was tasked with a
lot of chores such as cleaning him, feeding him, and taking him for walks around the neighborhood.
Bathing Max and wetting a cat both produced the same results: water

Youth Gangs Push and Pull Factors
Youth Gangs Push and Pull Factors Arjun Sharma SOC101Y Friday, November 23, 2012 Ms. Fulton
Youth Gangs Push and Pull factors in America What influences youth to join and leave gangs in
America? This essay strives to seek and inquire an answer or explanation to this question. I will try
to approach the answer to this question by analyzing the biggest factors of it such as the influence of
social institutions, psychological behaviour, media and many more to determine the push and pull
factors of a gang. Understanding that the dynamics of gang membership can be separated into
formation & joining which will allow theories & methods of gang–related research to be
refined. My first scholarly source "Understanding Youth Street ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Surveys of youth and/or young adults (hereafter, surveys of youth) also assess parameters of gang
phenomena. Estimates of prevalence rates of gang membership ranging from 5% to 25% have been
reported from major projects initiated by the Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention.
Also by the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, and Firearms (the National Evaluation of the Gang
Resistance Education and Training; Bjerregaard & Smith, 1993). Gang and non–gang
comparisons, primarily of at–risk minority youth drawn from institutionalized and non–
institutionalized settings, consistently reveal an association between admitted gang membership and
self–reported crime or delinquency. Although female youth are shown to be relatively
underrepresented in gangs and gang activity, they self–report gang membership at a rate up to 4½
times higher (20% to 46%) than typically indicated in surveys of law enforcement (Esbensen &
Huizinga, 1993). Qualitative descriptions suggest that, for many, gang membership represents 104
Journal of Contemporary Criminal Justice / May 2005an opportunity to enhance social capital as a
means to cope with a multitude of problems. Although on balance gang life appears to be neither
very rewarding nor satisfying (Hagedorn, 1988), identification with the gang is solidified in
response to conflict–often with other gangs–as members pursue their individual and collective
interests. Many youth

Personal Narrative Essay
Personal Narrative
I am at room in a very spacious hotel with beautiful ambience and a relaxed atmosphere, far away
from the hustles and bustles of this world. And as i could visualize an endless wilderness and say;
"it's in middle of nowhere", so is this locational description of this hotel. What I now know though,
is that it's at the periphery of our Narok County, deep at the Maasai Mara, Kenya. The hotel usually
visited by the high and mighty of this world: Hollywood movie producers, renowned basket ballers
and was actually visited by Barack Obama, when he was the United States Senator, Illinois.
I am not here because I fall within the under mentioned categories but because I am looking for
business for our women's organization whose specialty is Maasai beadwork activities. The manager
in charge of the hotel is a long–time family friend and a local Maasai man who happens to have an
interest with the work we do. He called us a few days ago saying that close to 50 tourist, two of
whom are renowned Jewelry artists will be visiting and they wanted to buy very neat Maasai jewelry
in large quantity. Being a very supportive friend, he thought our group could be ideal for the offer
and wanted me to meet the artists. Well, who cannot get excited by such news? It's why I am here
two hours earlier before my appointment.
My meeting this day will enable a presentation of our work and further discussions on the type of
designs the artist are interested in. In such great hotel, you

Female Gang Delinquency
Many of the research that has been done on gang membership have been concentrated on the male
population. The minimal work that has been done on female gang membership is reference to the
young women has secondary roles or as sex objects in the gangs. However, women roles in gangs
are changing in a steadily pace in which female gang member are committing more serious criminal
crime and delinquency. The delinquency has been linked towards both serious and minor forms
criminal activity. The delinquent behavior for gang members has been established by many factors
in particularly in the neighborhoods one lives in. The neighborhood that female gang members live
in has a differently impact and development toward them rather than compared with male ... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Molidor research was to explore the etiology of female gang participation rather than to examine the
women as sex objects or secondary roles as other research has done. The methodology that Molidor
use was done using the social work cabin were they were interview and tape recorded; the question
that the participants were structure to be view of female juvenile delinquency in macro level, micro
level, and exo–level issues. The sample size that was used for this research was 15 female that
identified as active gang members of several diverse gangs across Texas and New Mexico. The 15
female gang members were residences in a secure residential treatment facility in Texas. Out of the
15 participants 6 were white, 5 were Hispanic, 3 were African American, and 1 American Indian
from ages that range 13 to 17. All the participants had records for criminal behaviors. Molidor
findings were one can view this young women as victims. One can see them as victim because they
became victims of violence and sexual abuse from parents, relatives, and within their own gangs.
Although the young women are victims, but their role in gangs is evolving from sex objects to
perpetrators of serious

Youth Gang Membership And It 's Implication Adolescent...
There are over 700,000 adolescents who are involved in youth gangs. (Thomas). America has a
youth gang culture that is present in its society. This paper will focus on youth gang membership
and it's implication to adolescent development. First to be discussed will be the demographics of
adolescents involved in gangs. Then the reasons why youth join gangs and how it is related to their
natural development. Next, we will turn to contemplate the implication of gang culture and
involvement in America's public school system and the effect on teachers and their classrooms.
Finally, we will look into how prevention programs on large and small scale can positively influence
gang culture in our education systems. Who in America is members of gangs? According to the
National Youth Gang Center in the United States 28,700 youth gangs that involved 780,200
members (Thomas). Gang membership is more likely among males than females and the average
age in 18 although it can range anywhere from 10–18. Gangs are more likely in large urban areas,
but can range from any size city or town. It's important to note the difference between youth gangs
and a deviant youth group. Youth gangs are defined by researchers as "distinct group recognized by
its members and the community and involved in criminal acts" (Thomas 63). The main difference
involves the recognition of the gangs in their respected communities. Most of the time gangs will
show their membership by different symbols or specific

Max Mara Vs Zincko Essay
FASHION ECONOMICS
BUSINESS MODEL ANALYSIS
MAX MARA VS PINKO
SUBMITTED BY
YU XIMAN
XU SIDI
YANG CHENXIAO
[pic][pic][pic]
1; Introduction:
Max Mara is the best–known name of a number of lines produced by the Maramotti family which
include Sportmax, Weekend (lower priced with less expensive fabrics), I Blues (separates), Penny
Black and Marella (lower priced), Pianoforte (evening clothes), Max and Co, and Marina Rinaldi
(for larger sized women). It is one of the largest if not the largest manufacturers of women's clothes
in Italy. What is more, Max Mara Group is one of the most important groups worldwide today, with
23 brands, and more than 4,500 employees in the different premises and estimated revenue of over
$2 billion.
SIZE:
Revenue: ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
3; The Business Model;
A; The company position
Max Mara, king of Italy's ready–to–wear revolution
As well acknowledged, Max Mara is the symbol of made in Italy!––The Max Mara Group treasures
and constantly develops its know–how regarding the manufacture of garments.
For this reason a company of the Group is dedicated to representing the excellence of Made in Italy
products as regards the manufacture of women's coats and suits. But the firm's beginnings were
rather humble by comparison. After more 60 years' developing, now Max Mara is a model and
reference point for Italian and international prèt–a–porter. Max Mara is famous for its classic style,
luxury fabric and unique technical skills in knitting textile.
The value of the company products:
Max Mara is famous for its classic style, luxury fabric and unique technical skills in knitting textile.
Love for tailoring and a passion for dressmaking are key aptitudes handed down by the great
grandmother of the founder, Marina Rinaldi, who in 1850 owned and managed an important atelier
in the centre of Reggio Emilia: everything was done by hand with great attention to detail and the

finishing touches. Max Mara pursues the continuous improvement of the quality of Max Mara
products. The firm also maintains a respected modern art collection that is frequently displayed to
the public. The result is skilfully manufactured coats, short coats, jackets and suits that become true
works of art, unique

The Death Of Gang Research
In the early twentieth century, the term "gang" was associated with groups in socially disorganized
and deteriorated inner–city neighborhoods: It was applied to juveniles who engaged in a variety of
delinquencies, ranging from truancy, street brawls, and beer running to race riots, robberies, and
other serious crimes (Regoli, Hewitt, DeLisi, 2011). There were several gangs within the United
States, which included street gangs, prison gangs, motorcycle gangs, and organized crime gangs that
still exist today. The word "gang" is derived from the word "gonge," which is a term that means a
journey. Frederic Thrasher who was called the "Father of Gang Research", who defined the word
gang as kids in the streets back in the 1920s. Many of the American gangs began in urban areas and
they still exist. It is said that many of the known street gangs originated in some of the major cities
like Los Angeles, Chicago, Philadelphia, Miami and New York, and they later moved to other
American cities such as Atlanta, Cleveland, St. Louis, Dallas, Memphis, Nashville, New Orleans,
Milwaukee, Orlando, Houston, and Detroit. According to the 2011 National Gang Threat
Assessment, published by the National Gang Intelligence Center, some 33,000 gangs were estimated
to be operating in the United States in 2011, comprising an estimated 1.4 million members (Driscoll,
2013). Some of the first predecessors of street gangs were Secret Societies, Gangs of Outlaws in the
Wild West,

El Salvador : A Country On The Pacific Coast Of Central...
El Salvador is a country on the Pacific coast of Central America, and borders Guatemala to the west
and Honduras to the north and east (Geography). It is known for being the smallest Central
American country and has an area equal to that of Massachusetts, it is also the only one with an
Atlantic coastline (Geography). The majority of El Salvador 's land is made up of a chain of
volcanoes that expands throughout the Northern side of the country. The current government of El
Salvador is a Republican one. El Salvador was discovered and conquered in 1525 by Pedro de
Alvarado a lieutenant of Cortes 's. El Salvador declared its independence from Spain on Sept 15,
1821 and was part of a union of other Central American countries from which they ... Show more
In 1998, Hurricane Mitch devastated the country, leaving 200 dead and over 30,000 homeless
(History). Several other disasters involve major earthquakes that struck the country in the early
2000s which damaged roughly 20 percent of all the property in El Salvador, and a drought that
destroyed 80 percent of all the countries crops, leaving a harsh famine that spread throughout the
country. After all this disaster in 2006 the nation of El Salvador started a free–trade agreement or
(CAFTA) with the U.S, which made it the first Central American country to do so (History). On
March 2009, Mauricio Funes became the first former FMLN party member to be elected president,
this act ended two decades of conservative rule in the country and began a new era of presidents for
the country.
El Salvador has a vast and very sentimental culture as it is known as being one of the most culturally
diverse places in the world. The mainly spoken language in the country is Spanish and although
there is no central religion, in recent years, the Catholic religion has taken a strong hold in the
country. The country 's main source of income comes from its sell of coffee and sugar cane, which
not only provides money for the country but jobs for the people within the country. Many
Salvadorians today are descendants of the Pipil Indians, who were the original inhabitants of the
country until the Spanish

Annotations: Childrens Literature
Bibliographic Annotations
List 1:
Sendak, Maurice. Where the Wild Things Are. New York: Scholastic Inc., 1983.
This book is about a boy named Max who goes on an adventure to where the wild things live. Max
gets sent to his room for being wild in the house and causing trouble. Then Max's room slowly turns
into a forest and Max goes on his adventure. Max gets there and scares all the wild things with a
magic trick. They name Max the wildest thing of all and he becomes king of the wild things.
Eventually Max gets lonely and comes home. This book has a few valuable messages. Imagination
is really encouraged in this story because it's such a creative story. Also, the book expresses the
importance of family. Even when Max is having fun being ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
This shows children that it's better to be honest and just have fun when you're playing games;
cheating does not pay and ruins the game for everyone. I really liked this book when I was younger
because Boland and his friends finally stopped the bully. I thought it was a really good story, and I
read it as often as a few times a day.
Wood, Don and Audrey Wood. The Little Mouse, The Red Ripe Strawberry, and The Big Hungry
Bear. New York: Scholastic, 1984.
This book is about a little mouse that finds a big red strawberry and picks it. The narrator in the
story interacts with the mouse; he tells him that the big hungry bear will come eat his strawberry.
They figure out that the only way to keep the strawberry safe is to eat it; and they do. This book
does not pack any real hidden messages. It's mostly just a good story book to entertain kids. The
writing is very simple and makes it a great book for kids to read by themselves. The illustrations are
great; everything is very detailed and it takes the reader into the mouse's world. I liked this book
when I was young because it's just a fun story to read and the pictures were great. The book doesn't
take very long to read but its a great book for young readers.
Viorst, Judith. Alexander and the Terrible, Horrible, No Good, Very Bad Day. New York: Scholastic,
1972.
This book is about a young boy named Alexander who is having a horrible day where nothing seems
to be

Essay about Gang Violence in Philadelphia
The streets of Philadelphia are rapidly becoming a home to violent acts and random homicides.
Innocent lives are taken every day due to the strong presence of gangs, and the streets are run by
unruly groups of fearless young adults. Gang violence in Philadelphia is a major issue, and the
citizens will never be safe until gang prevention occurs. Gang prevention is not a simple task, but
with the right resources available, it is possible. Gang violence is a problem that will contribute to
the collapse of Philadelphia, and it has yet to be solved throughout many generations. With gang
violence on the rise, the best solution to gang violence is to educate the youth and parents about
gangs and use family support to prevent the creation of gang ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
After realizing this method was not exactly efficient in preventing gang violence, programs were
started to steer gangs in the right direction. Although these programs are new and are not fully
functioning yet, they have shown significant improvements in prevention and continue to research
the topic to this day. The solution to gang violence has not been discovered yet, but there are many
theories regarding the issue. Possible Solutions Throughout the years, many plausible solutions to
gang violence have been presented. A commonly thought of solution to gang violence is to punish
and arrest gang members. People want anyone who is in contact with gangs locked up, but that will
only make gangs rebel more. By doing so, the streets would be rid of gangs, but jails would be
overpopulated with them. It may seem like having gangs in jail would solve the problem, but gang
leaders being in jail does not stop a gang from continuing what they're doing. Arresting gang
members teaches nothing except for children to hate the authorities. "From 1985 to 1994, the
number of American youths arrested for murder increased 158%, to more than 2,200" (Teen Gangs
and Crime, 1996). If a child resents the authorities, they would be more likely to join a gang that
goes against authorities. Officials are aware that they cannot arrest their way out of gang violence,
and they have to take positive measures (Parks & Recreation, 2009). The most important thing to
remember is "To treat this not

Why Gangs Are Built Through A Process Of Selection Essay
Gangs are built through a process of selective recruitment, based on a foundation of trust. Trust is
gained through activities that reveal the recruits level of discipline, strength, and vulnerability.
Potential gang members are typically chosen, although some choose the gang life. Nevertheless,
both are typically seeking to fulfill a need to belong and make money, while obtaining security and
familiarity. This slippery slope usually leads to death or jail, although Christ can set gang members
free.
Gangs
The presence of gangs is an ongoing issue amongst a growing population of individuals who are
often recruited, appearing to have a desire to belong, generate money, and obtain a sense of security.
The gang life is often a dangerous slippery slope that leads to a lifetime of criminal activity or
simply increases the already existing criminal behavior in the gang member. For some, there
remains a hope for conversion.
Recruitment– Selection begins
Recruitment of gang members occurs through a process of selection (Densley, 2012, p. 302).
Selection "is a key component" in recruitment, completed through the observation of various risk
factors revealed in "daily interactions" in the lives of potential gang members (Densley, 2012, pp.
302, 308). Recruiters are known to watch for durability and strength in those whom they believe
may be beneficial to the gang (Densley, 2012, p. 302). The proof of strength is often detected
through tests, which gang recruits may know of

Analysis Of Luis Rodriguez's 'La Vida Loca'
Gangs are an organized group of criminals that want to be respected, a sense of belonging, and
protection. Gangbanging is a method gangsters use to get what they desire for instance, they commit
violent acts, illegal activities, and terrorizing the community. La Vida Loca is a lifestyle gangsters
live by to gangbang, to create havoc, to live life on the edge. Luis Rodriguez, author of "La Vida
Loca: Two Generations of Gang Members", is writing about his and his son's gangbanging
experiences. Rodriguez migrated from Mexico to Los Angeles at the age of 2, by the age of 12 he
had built silence within his body and wanted nothing but bring fear to others as he felt fear all his
life. By the age of 15 Rodriguez had dropped out of school, at age ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Luis Rodriguez has been a victim his entire young life running away from other gangs, getting his
money taken from him, and being beaten. Kids who can't fight alone join a gang to be in the
numbers and to have someone to have their back. Kids want to be on the other side and be the ones
creating fear into others. Another reason why kids join gangs is because they feel like they are
misunderstood. They feel like school, parents, and law enforcement don't understand who they are.
"One felt besieged, under intense scrutiny. If you spoke out, dared to resist, you were given a
"jacket" of troublemaker" Rodriguez mentions (18). School and polices see a group of adolescents
living in poverty, give them the "jacket" of troublemaker and label them as a lost cause to the
community. They don't understand the reasoning of why they have chosen to gangbang, they don't
see the struggle that they face at home, school, and the fear of living in a poverty community.
Today kids join gangs because they want a sense of being accepted. Being unpopular as an
adolescent is tough because they feel unwanted, misunderstood, feel like they don't belong. Kids
will do anything to gain the attention from their peers and will continue to do it just to feel like they
belong and feel accepted. I've witnessed a friend joined a gang just because their older brothers have
done the same and want to be just like them. I've seen classmates who recently just migrated to the
United States and instantly

Why Gangs Can Be Harmful At Risk Youth
Gangs are not a new phenomenon, or a new problem. Gangs have been around for a long time, and
will continue to grow and transform throughout the world. I have viewed gangs in a negative
manner, and have carried a false misconception of what exactly a gang is. Television and media is
partially to blame for society's view on gangs and gang violence. Today, there are dozens of "reality"
television shows about gangs. It is no surprise the information that we take in through television on
the topic of gangs is misleading. Gangs can be a problem, especially gangs that are active in
violence, and criminality. The problem here is there is no research that suggests that there is a policy
that will address the gang problem, or a preventative measure that produces results. Through
research, I will define what a gang is, why gangs can be harmful to at risk youth, what prevention
programs accomplish, and the efficacy of prevention programs. I will also determine which of
prevention programs has the highest level of effectiveness.
Gangs go way back in time, and have been around for longer than most of us know. Even
Newspapers during the economic collapse in the 1800s reports juveniles harassing and assaulting
residents of the city. (Grennan, Britz, Rush, & Barker, 2000). Since gangs have been around, there
have always been theoretical explanations of the social problems that goes hand and hand with
gangs. A false representation of gangs that I have heard many students talk about it the

Gang Membership Is A Big Issue Essay
Gang membership is a big issue. There around 33,000 gangs in the U.S.A. These gangs have been
responsible for a wide range of criminal activities like; drug trafficking, prostitution, robbery,
murder, extortion and human trafficking. Most importantly it has been the reason why so many of
our young children have become a statistic and whose dreams or goals were cut short. Youth are the
most affect by gangs because they are most likely to be recruited to part of these awful groups.
Youth are in a stage of vulnerability and are more likely to be pressure to do things they may not
want. That does not mean all youth will join a gang. Males are most likely to join a gang than
female, yet female still do make a portion of our gang membership. It is more likely youth younger
than 13 are most likely to join a gang and African American, as well as Hispanic, make up a larger
percentage of gang membership than any other ethnicity. It is also those who live in neighborhood
with high rate crime and poverty who would most likely be exposed to gangs, therefore have a
higher possibility of joining a gang. Family structure is also a variable, those raised in a single
parent household rather than a two parent household. Peers influence your decision, like if your
friend is around trouble, or your family has current gang members. In order to address the issue, we
must first find its root of cause. Thankfully, with so many great studies, we have been able to study
each case in depth, and has

Female Gangs
Since the evolution of civilization, man has always formed groups, and sects to lead a covered life.
As time passed by, the scenario changed, what turned out to be group formation for hunting during
the nomadic times led to formation of groups as tribes for waging wars, and eventually in the urban
times, now street gangs are formed in mostly developed cities, which are filled with crime and hate
towards people other than their own gangs. Gangs all over the world especially in the United States
of America, are very often very underlined as a male dominated one, and females that were
supposed to be with the gang members, were either their wives of girlfriends, and females who were
seen actively involved were supposed to be for sole purposes ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Female gangs and crimes committed by females can no longer be taken as one of the incidents
which can be evident from the following: "'Make no mistake, these girls are not girl scouts, they are
not as organized as established male gangs, but they are getting close" (Courtesy: Lieutenant Gary
French, commander of the Boston Police's Youth Violence Strike Force, Retrieved on February 9th
2008 from site faculty.missouristate.edu/M/.../GANGS/gender_composition.htm)
Females in gangs follow what is known as the gang's code of dressing, which would include having
same tattoos, same hair color and same dressing style. The system of gangs have always
incorporated a sense of brotherhood and family towards its members, and females who enter these
gangs want to take refuge away from their homes and schools, and that is why females today who
are joining gangs and are ready to go at any level to connect to the gangs;many of them are willing
to take tests like group sex with gang members or doing burglary just to prove their mettle. The roles
of females in the coming times in street gangs are more like to change for the worse, and females
will be involved in more and more gruesome crimes, because of the new ideologies of male gang
members that females who are caught are generally given a relaxed sentence compared to their male

Gangs : A Little Short Of A Century Ago
A little short of a century ago, gangs begin to form. Gangs are essentially an organized group of
people. Not all gangs are bad, but the majority and those, in which I will speak on, participate in
activities such as murder crimes, theft, drugs, money laundering, etc. These groups of people do not
have a certain age or gender acceptance. Usually, the males are the higher members in the gang, but
the women also commit crimes. There is millions of gang members all across the United States.
Gangs are believed to have a percentage of members in almost every prison and/or institution. With
that being said the demographics of gang life change on a daily basis, because there is no known
source of knowing when people are initiated in. Gangs form ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Delinquent behavior reminds me of the same process people use for becoming a drug addict. They
start with a softer gateway drug such as marijuana and eventually increase their usage and start
harder drugs as time goes on. In this case, the child would start with minor crimes like stealing
candy, possibly smoking marijuana, and disobeying their parents. Eventually, they stop listening
altogether and staying out late with others who are participating in the same activities as they are. In
the end, they find themselves being a part of something much bigger. At this point, many believe the
only way out is death or jail.
The police try and control juvenile delinquency in many forms, in order to prevent gang activity
with youth. The statistics for juvenile gang violence has skyrocketed. According to, Science Daily,
there is over one million juveniles involved in gangs in the United States alone. This number is
absurd, because there have also been credible findings that say there are over 400,000 youth being
added into gangs each year. Police departments across the country have funded their own gang
prevention units.
Some of these units help children before they even become a part of a gang by giving their parents
resources to know if their child is potentially headed towards gang life. These tips can include the
following: monitoring music lyrics, supervising social media and the accounts they interact with,
setting curfews, being open with their child so they

Epidemic of Violence in the USA Essay
Violence, one of the biggest problem in the world right now, especially in America, where the gun
control law are barely enforced, every citizen is at constant risk, considering the amount of people in
this country that own guns. Crime and violence are rapidly becoming the prime epidemic in the U.S
today, but what can we do to ensure our future generation's safety? Gun violence is a big problem
everywhere, in poor rural neighborhoods to prosperous urban cities like Malibu, it can happen
anywhere at any time. The most deadly cases happen in suburban areas where no one would suspect
any thing would happen, these areas are the prime target for mass shootings. Some of the most
known tragic events include the Columbine massacre ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It angered a lot of people but unless the congress sees it the way the citizens sees it, this is a problem
that is not easy to solve. Fifteen of the twenty–five worst mass shootings in the last decade
worldwide occurred in the United States of America. This is really telling people something about
our country, it says people with guns are crazy and dangerous and America has a lot of it. Even
though more guns don't necessarily mean more murders, the amount of unregistered guns out in the
public is a real issue that cannot be ignored. About sixty percent of people in the U.S own guns, the
estimated number of guns legally owned by civilians is 270,000,000 to 310,000,000 (FBI), and that's
not counting all the illegally owned firearms. When asked why they need guns, most Americans say
that its part of their rights and amendments, to protect themselves and their family. If most people
with guns just want to protect themselves, why do so many people die every year from gun
violence? The answer is all the illegal firearms that land in the hands of criminals and psychopaths.
Because of the almost non–existing rules and regulations, it is very easy for someone to illegally
acquire a gun. These people get guns either from a corrupt dealer, private gun sales or a method
these criminals call–'straw purchasing', the most common way a criminal obtain firearms. This is
when someone

Youth Gangs Sociology
Youth gangs and the violence around them has grown in America. The gang related crimes
committed by these youth gangs has risen and the age of these members had dropped. The youth are
turning to the gang life at a younger age than ever before. In this essay I will dive into the different
geographic types and their youth gangs. We will also take a look at age, gender, and the race of these
gang members. Gang related crimes and local gang violence factors will also be discussed in this
essay.
Gangs can be identified by the colors that they wear along with other things such as, clothing and
tattoos. The well known gangs around the nation are the Bloods and the Crips. The Bloods can be
identified by the color red that they wear and also by the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
Rural counties reported juvenile gang activity at 58.9 percent and adult gang activity at 41.1 percent
(National Youth Gang Survey Analysis. (n.d.). Retrieved September 18, 2017, from
https://www.nationalgangcenter.gov/Survey–Analysis/Demographics). The gender of the youth in
these gangs has not changed much but there has been a spike in the number of females joining gangs
and/or creating gangs of their own. In a study conducted by the NYGS, lasting from 1998 to 2010
the percent of juvenile males has always been higher than the females but the percentage for females
has increased. Law enforcement agencies have reported a greater percentage of male than female
gang members but despite the concern of females joining gangs, there is still little to no change in
the percentage change in the observed survey years. One fourth of the agencies that participated in
the NYGS could not provide much information regarding the presence of female membership in
gangs and that it is not an issue. The agencies that could provide the study with information (less
that fifteen percent) did however report that none of the gangs in their jurisdiction have female gang
members. Close to half of the gangs outside of large cities are reported to have female compared to
the twenty five percent in larger cities. In 2009 a study shows that rural counties have the largest
report of female members involved with gangs coming in

Essay On Mara Salvatraucha
Have you taken the time out to actually think about what makes a gang so violent and notorious? A
gang is defined as an organized group of criminals. Mara Salvatraucha is best known for being the
most organized gang, the cruel initiation process, and for their violence and illegalities. I will
proceed to elaborate on these reasoning's in the following paragraphs. Mara Salvatraucha is known
in the U.S as one of the most dangerous gangs. Mara Salvatraucha originated in El Salvador in the
1800's with savages that fought in the civil war of El Salvador. The gangs name came from a street
named "La Mara" which means clique/group and Salvatraucha which means "street tough"/"street
smart". MS–13 is the abbreviation which the 13 came about because ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
They are notorious for slaying rival gang members. (Iverac, 2011) They do acts such as drug
trafficking, kidnapping, extortion, prostitution rings, grenades, murder, rape, terrorize, anything you
can think of. (Logan, 2009). This are some the things that keep the FBI up at night. Thousands get
arrested for some of the activities which lead into prison fighting and rivalries. From the gang
members perspective, they feel like their gang is their family and they will hold it down for you no
matter what. They feel like they have to join a gang to get protection from rival gangs or even from
school bullies that bother children who join the gang at young age. Members find an interest in
doing illegal things and spend their spare time making other people feel harmed. (Dyson, n.d.). In
conclusion, their organized gang, initiation process, and violent acts are very dangerous. If you
aren't ready to risk your life for somebody in Mara Salvatraucha, gang life isn't for you. They do
some bad things that end them up in the wrong places. Jail time or your death bed comes easy for
gang members. So, next time you think about getting into gang activity, think about if you will make
it to tomorrow. Is all of this worth

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