Strategy to Reduce GHG Emission and Energy Consumption at Process Production of Biodiesel Using Catalyst From Crude Palm Oil (CPO) and Crude Jatropha Curcas Oil (CJCO) in Indonesia

1. Strategy to Reduce GHG Emission and Energy Fossil
Consumption at Process Production of Biodiesel Using
Catalyst From Crude Palm Oil (CPO) and Crude
Jatropha Curcas Oil (CJCO) in Indonesia
by :
Kiman Siregar*
Agricultural Engineering Department of Syiah Kuala University
Jl.Tgk.Hasan Krueng Kalee No.3 Kopelma Darussalam Banda Aceh 23111 Banda Aceh – Indonesia
*Corresponding author : ksiregar.tep@unsyiah.ac.id
@ International Conference-Sustainable Agriculture, Food and Energy (SAFE2015)
Nong Lam University Ho Chi Minh City Vietnam, 17-18 November 2015
Founding member of ILCAN (Indonesian Life Cycle Assessment Network)
www.ilcan.or.id

2. 2
OOUTLINE :UTLINE :
1.1. IntroductionIntroduction
2.2. MethodologyMethodology
3.3. Result and DiscussionResult and Discussion
4.4. ConclusionConclusion
5.5. AcknowledgementAcknowledgement

3. INTRODUCTION
 Two important issues of biodiesel development :
(1) Global warming  GHG emission
(2) Energy security  energy fossil consumption
 Global warming issue can be analyzed by Life Cycle Assessment (LCA)
 LCA can be used to ensure that environmental impact has been
considered in decision making.
 The result of LCA is highly influenced by the reliability and sufficiency of
data inventory of the assessed objects
 Palm oil is the main biodiesel feedstock in Indonesia, as aditional
Jatropha curcas oil also consider as an alternative feedstock
 How to reduce contribution of GHG emission and energy fuel
consumption at production process of biodiesel ?

4. OBJECTIVE
The objective of the research is to analysis and
compare Life Cycle Assessment of oil palm and
Jatropha curcas as feedstock for biodiesel in
Indonesia with boundary from cradle to gate using
data based found in Indonesia, and to find strategy
to reduce of value of green house gas emission
and energy fossil consumption

5. INTRODUCTION
 The following questions have been formulated from the previous
problem in systematic and structured study to provide good result :
1. What is the emission distribution for planting, harvesting and post-
harvesting of palm oil and Jathropa curcas-based biodiesel? Which
stage has significant effect? What kind of material input is the most
siqnificant increasing the GHG emission value?
2. How are the energy consumption, net energy balance, net energy
ratio, and renewable index of biodiesel production from palm oil and
jathropa curcas?
3. How much is the potentialing in reducing GHG emission generated
from palm oil and jathropa curcas-based biodiesel compared to
diesel-fuel one?
It is expected that the research could give solution and describe the GHG
emission and energy consumption for further development of biodiesel
processing.

6. METHODOLOGY
Research boundary
1. Land preparation
2. Seedling
3. Planting
4. Fertilizing
5. Protection
6. Harvesting
7. Palm oil mills/Oil extraction
8. Biodiesel production
The main difference between those two
feedstock is crude oil production  Oil
palm by milling on other ways Jatropha
curcas by extraction

7. Goal and Scope DefinitionGoal and Scope Definition
Boundary of research

8. METHODOLOGY
LCIA (life cycle impact assessment) was conducted using the software
released by MiLCA-JEMAI ver.1.1.2.5 (regular license) which refers to IPCC
data and other common standards according to LCA-ISO 14040 series
Point of interest for environmental
impacts in this study :
1.Green house gas (GHG) emission
2.Energy consumption (net energy
balance, net energy ratio,
renewable index)
Data Source
1. Primary data
 Data for oil palm and jatropha curcas were
collected from condition real in Indonesia
(from PT. PN VIII Lebak Banten Indonesia
and Pusat Induk Jarak Pagar Pakuwon
Sukabumi West Java
2. Secondary data
 Scientific journal,
 Research report published by research
institutions in Indonesia

9. Restrictions and the assumption of this research
1. The functional unit (FU) of this study is 1 ton of Bio Diesel Fuel (BDF)
2. Transportation from seedling to plantation area and from plantation to palm oil
mills and from palm oil mills to biodiesel plant were also considered
3. Oil palm will start to produce at the age of 30 months, but the production will
be stable after 5 years. Jatropha curcas will start to produce at the age of 4
months
4. Productivity of oil palm used in this research is 22.33 tonnes per ha,
eventhough the productivity range from 12 tonnes per ha by farmers to 32.67
tonnes per ha by private plantation
5. Productivity of Jatropha curcas used in this research is 5 tonnes per ha,
eventhough the productivity range from 2 tonnes per ha by farmers to 8
tonnes per ha by private plantation
6. Life cycle of oil palm is about 25 years, while Jatropha curcas can reach 50
years. In this research life cycle of both oil palm and Jatropha curcas is
assumed to be 25 years since the productivity of Jatropha curcas is not stable
anymore after the age of 25 years

10. Restrictions and the assumption of this research
7. Calculation divided in two stages : before stable productivity (1-5
years) and after stable productivity (6-25 years)
8. Palm oil mills assumed have implemanted methane capture
9. Excluding land use change
10. Calculation of methanol only for methanol that reacted with the
triglyceride

11. LCI (Life cycle inventory) for Primary Data
Materials and energy used at each activity to produce 1 ton BDF
Oil palm land preparation uses more
herbicides than Jatropha curcas. The
diesel fuel is used for machinery
(tractor)
Oil palm seedlings takes longer time
(about 12 months), compared to
Jatropha curcas (about 3 months),
At this sub process of planting,
Jatropha curcas trees need more
fertilizer compared to oil palms. It
caused by jatropha trees need to be
fertilized before planting and also
there are more number of plants per
hectare for jatropha (appr. 2500 trees)
than oil palms (appr. 136 trees)
At fertilizing : the materials and
energy utilization for oil palms are
higher than Jatropha curcas trees due
to inheritance nature of oil palms
Input
activities Input names Unit
Oil
Palm
Jatropha
curcas
Herbicide kg 0.861 0.624
Diesel fuel for toppling & clearing L 0.703 1.208
(2) Seedling Fungicides kg - 0.852
Insecticides kg 0.00018 0.0057
Chemical fertilizer Urea 0.2 % kg 0.00492 -
Organic fertilizer kg 8.367 9.377
Kieserite (MgSO4) kg 2.008 -
Urea kg 0.00007 -
Herbicide kg 0.974 -
Dolomite kg 2.949 -
Compound fertilizer kg 4.686 -
Electricity for Pump Water kWh 0.436 -
Pesticides kg 0.004 -
Transportation Diesel fuel for truck 5 ton L 1.004 1.189
(3) Planting TSP/SP36 kg 13.387 79.562
Organic fertilizer kg - 994.524
Rock Phosphate kg 22.887 -
KCl - 15.912
(4) Fertilizing Compound fertilizer kg 9.844 -
for five years Rock Phosphate kg 252.492 -
ZA/Urea kg 279.464 87.518
HGF Borate kg 3.347 -
TSP/SP36 kg 117.140 278.467
MOP (K)/KCl kg 245.995 95.474
Kieserit kg 184.078 -
HGF Borate kg 3.347 -
Organic fertilizer kg - 994.524
(1) Land
preparation

12. LCI for Primary Data
Materials and energy used at each activity to produce 1 ton BDF
At the stage of harvesting sub-
process, the transport energy use
for oil palm are higher than
Jatropha curcas trees due to the
difference of harvesting yield. The
yield of oil palms is higher than yield
of Jatropha curcas trees
In the case of crude oil production,
Jatropha curcas needs only electricity
and diesel fuel for its process. On the
other hand, palm oil mills need more
materials and energy
At the stage of biodesel production
sub-process, due to high average
value of free fatty acids (FFA) in
Jatropha curcas oils, it needs
esterification stage before trans-
esterification. Consequently, Jatropha
curcas oils needs more materials and
energy
Input
activities Input names Unit
Oil
Palm
Jatropha
curcas
(5) Protection Herbicide kg 56.317 -
for five years Insecticides (liquid & powder) kg 1.323 -
Pesticides kg 0.801 2.955
Diesel for power sprayer & fogging L 0.554 -
(6) Harvesting
Transportation Diesel fuel for truck 10 ton L 5.027 2.468
Electricity kWh 34.39 14.833
Steam consumption kg 1325.40 -
Water consumption m
3
3.968 -
PAC kg 0.125 -
Flokulon kg 0.00053 -
NaOH kg 0.107 -
H2SO4/HCl kg 0.109 -
Tanin Consentrate kg 0.045 -
Poly Perse BWT 302 kg 0.045 -
Alkaly BWT 402 kg 0.043 -
Shell consumption kg 133.862 -
Transportation Diesel fuel for truck 10 ton L 2.540 1.890
Methanol ton - 0.449
H2SO4 ton - 0.027
Esterification Electricity kWh - 1.285
Methanol ton 0.269 -
Electricity kWh 15.645 15.645
NaOH ton 0.080 0.080
Water consumption L 1700.68 1719.180
Diesel fuel for Boiler L 14.00 16.00
(7) Palm oil
mills vs Oil
extraction
(8) Biodiesel
production
Trans-
esterification

13.  The GHG emission value for oil palms is higher than Jatropha curcas in every
stages except for planting and biodiesel production stages
 The most significant environmental impact based on GHG value is caused by
fertilizing and biodiesel production stages both at oil palm and Jatropha curcas
 The percentage of fertilizing sub-process for oil palm and Jatropha curcas are
35.15% and 29.49%,respectively
 Agro-chemical in form of fertilizer and plant protection, which is 50.46% and
33.50% of the total for biodiesel produced from CPO and CJCO,respectively
Calculation for GHG emission value of plants for the first 5
years of each sub-process
10.9 12.8
204.4
511.3
69.6
8.3 18.6
897.8
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
1000
GHG emission
Land
preparation
Seedling
Planting
Fertilizing
Protection
Harvesting
Palm oil mills
Biodiesel
production
kg-CO2eq./tonBDF
29.49%
35.15%

14. Percentage of GHG emission for LCA with boundary cradle to gate at
oil palm and Jatropha curcas
Input activity Percentage (%)
Palm oil Jatropha curcas
Pre-harvest 52.42 46.66
Harvest 1.23 0.48
Post-harvest 46.34 52.86
The calculaton analysis for stable productivity represents GHG emission at
stable productivity which is 1658.50 and 740.90 kg-CO2eq./ton-BDF for palm
oil and Jatropha curcas, respectively

15. Emission Reduction of CO2eq. Biodiesel vs Diesel Fossil
after stable productivitybefore stable productivity
Total life
cycle
3.400
2.575
3.058
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
4.0
Fuel source
CO2 emissions reductionvalue of the fossil fuel
Before stable productivity
Diesel oil BDF-Palm oil BDF-Jatropha curcas
kg-CO2/kg
24.251 %
reduction
10.07 %
reduction 3.400
1.512
0.381
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
4.0
Fuel source
CO2 emissionsreductionvalue of the fossil fuel
Afterstable productivity
Diesel oil BDF-Palm oil BDF-Jatropha curcas
kg-CO2/kg
55.531 %
menurun
88.81 %
menurun
3.400
1.725
0.916
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
4.0
Fuel source
CO2 emissionsreductionvalue of the fossilfuel
total productivity
Diesel oil BDF-Palm oil BDF-Jatropha curcas
kg-CO2/kg
49.27 %
reduction
73.06 %
reduction
Sheehan et al. (1998) : BDF-
soybean can reduce CO2eq. of
emission = 78.45% (B100), dan
15.66% (B20) vs fossil fuel
US EPA NODA palm oil
biodiesel = 17%
EU-RED  palm oil biodiesel =
19%

16. Strategy to Reduce GHG Emission
and Energy Fuel Consumption
Scenario 1 : Using organic fertilizer in fertilization phase, the other terms
are similar
 Scenario 2: 20% biodiesel utilization to substitute diesel for Indonesian
power plant, according to government’s target by 2025

17. A kind of a power plant and
a source of fuel Percentage (%)
Hydropower (PLTA) 7.23
Fossil fuel-HSD 22.46
Fossil fuel-IDO 0.03
Fossil fuel-MFO 6.83
Geothermal (PLTP) 2.44
Coal 38.5
Natural Gas 22.52%
Solar power plant 0.0005
ication (per kWh) Energy consumption (per kWh)
nis
mbangkit
Eutrophication
kg-PO4e Urut
Jenis
Pembangkit
Energy
Consm.(MJ)
clear 3.9E-07 1 Geothermal 10.062
othermal 2.4E-07 2 Nuclear 7.535
dropower 5.40E-08 3 Hydropower 4.355
al 1.3E-10 4 Fossil fuel-IDO 3.993
sil fuel-MFO 1.21E-12 5 Fossil fuel-MFO 3.842
sil fuel-IDO 1.10E-12 6 Fossil fuel-HSD 3.743
sil fuel-HSD 1.03E-12 7 Coal 3.616
tural gas 0.0E+00 8 Natural gas 3.545
A kind of a power plant and a
source of fuel Persentasi (%)
Hydropower (PLTA) 9.6
Coal 18.4
Fossil fuel 9.2
Natural gas 26.4
Nuclear 34.3
Others 2.1
Waste (per kWh) Eutrophication (per kWh) Energy consumption (per kWh)
Urut
Jenis
Pembangkit
Waste
m3
Urut
Jenis
Pembangkit
Eutrophication
kg-PO4e Urut
Jenis
Pembangkit
Energy
Consm.(MJ)
1 Hydropower 2.8E-06 1 Nuclear 3.9E-07 1 Geothermal 10.062
2 Nuclear 2.2E-06 2 Geothermal 2.4E-07 2 Nuclear 7.535
3 Geothermal 5.2E-08 3 Hydropower 5.40E-08 3 Hydropower 4.355
4 Coal 1.2E-09 4 Coal 1.3E-10 4 Fossil fuel-IDO 3.993
5 Fossil fuel-MFO 1.4E-10 5 Fossil fuel-MFO 1.21E-12 5 Fossil fuel-MFO 3.842
6 Fossil fuel-IDO 1.3E-10 6 Fossil fuel-IDO 1.10E-12 6 Fossil fuel-HSD 3.743
A composition of electricity
Indonesia(Statistik PLN, 2011)
GWP (per kWh) Acidification (per kWh) Waste (per kWh) Eutrophication (per kWh) Energy consumption (per kWh)
Urut
Jenis
Pembangkit
GWP
kg-CO2e Urut
Jenis
Pembangkit
Acidification
kg-SO2e Urut
Jenis
Pembangkit
Waste
m3
Urut
Jenis
Pembangkit
Eutrophication
kg-PO4e Urut
Jenis
Pembangkit
Energy
Consm.(MJ)
1 Coal 0.337 1 Fossil fuel-IDO 0.003 1 Hydropower 2.8E-06 1 Nuclear 3.9E-07 1 Geothermal 10.062
2 Fossil fuel-IDO 0.308 2 Natural gas 0.0004 2 Nuclear 2.2E-06 2 Geothermal 2.4E-07 2 Nuclear 7.535
3 Fossil fuel-HSD 0.287 3 Coal 0.0002 3 Geothermal 5.2E-08 3 Hydropower 5.40E-08 3 Hydropower 4.355
4 Fossil fuel-MFO 0.278 4 Fossil fuel-HSD 0.00016 4 Coal 1.2E-09 4 Coal 1.3E-10 4 Fossil fuel-IDO 3.993
5 Natural gas 0.186 5 Fossil fuel-MFO 0.00014 5 Fossil fuel-MFO 1.4E-10 5 Fossil fuel-MFO 1.21E-12 5 Fossil fuel-MFO 3.842
6 Nuclear 0.039 6 Nuclear 0.00013 6 Fossil fuel-IDO 1.3E-10 6 Fossil fuel-IDO 1.10E-12 6 Fossil fuel-HSD 3.743
7 Hydropower 0.007 7 Hydropower 0.00006 7 Fossil fuel-HSD 1.2E-10 7 Fossil fuel-HSD 1.03E-12 7 Coal 3.616
8 Geothermal 0.003 8 Geothermal 0.000005 8 Natural gas 0.0E+00 8 Natural gas 0.0E+00 8 Natural gas 3.545
A composition of electricity Japan (in
Widiyanto et al. 2003)
LCIA of Electricity
GHG (per kWh)
GHG

18. GWP (per kg) Acidification (per kg) Waste (per kg) Eutrophication (per kg) Energy consumption (per kg)
Urut
Jenis
Pembangkit
GWP
kg-CO2e
Urut
Jenis
Pembangkit
Acidific.
kg-SO2e Urut
Jenis
Pembangkit
Waste
m
3
Urut
Jenis
Pembangkit
Eutrophic.
kg-PO4e Urut
Jenis
Pembangkit
Energy
Cnsm.(MJ)
1 Chemical-N15%,
P2O5 15%, K 2.626
1 Chemical-N15%,
P2O5 15%, K 0.0036
1 Miscellaneous
phosphatic acid 1.5E+01
1 Fused
phosphate 5.4E-07
1 Nitrogenous &
phosphatic 45.585
2 Nitrogenous &
phosphatic 2.382
2 Miscellaneous
ammonia 0.0034
2 Fused
phosphate 2.0E-05
2 Miscellaneous
phosphatic acid 3.2E-07
2 Chemical-N15%,
P2O5 15%, K 43.621
3 Nitrogen
fertilizer 2.181
3 Miscellaneous
phosphatic acid 0.0033
3 Phosphate
fertilizer 1.6E-05
3 Chemical-N15%,
P2O5 15%, K 2.38E-07
3 Nitrogen
fertilizer 42.593
4 Miscellaneous
phosphatic acid 2.020
4 Fused
phosphate 0.00305
4 Chemical
fertilizer 1.531E-05
4 Chemical-N 19%,
P2O5 42% 1.68E-07
4 Miscellaneous
phosphatic acid 30.658
5 Miscellaneous
ammonia 1.891
5 Nitrogen
fertilizer 0.00203
5 Compound
fertilizer 1.526E-05
5 Miscellaneous
ammonia 1.50E-07
5 Miscellaneous
ammonia 29.111
6 Phosphate
fertilizer 1.222
6 Nitrogenous &
phosphatic 0.00195
6 Mixed
fertilizer 1.52E-05
6 Phosphate
fertilizer 1.37E-07
6 Phosphate
fertilizer 20.481
7 Chemical
fertilizer 1.008
7 Phosphate
fertilizer 0.00177
7 Miscellaneous
chemical 1.4E-05
7 Miscellaneous
chemical 1.02E-07
7 Chemical-N 19%,
P2O5 42% 18.112
8 Chemical-N
19%, P2O5
42% 1.005
8
Chemical
fertilizer 0.00141
8
Miscellaneous
ammonia 1.1E-05
8
Chemical
fertilizer 9.3E-08
8
Chemical
fertilizer 17.189
9 Miscellaneous
chemical 0.987
9 Chemical-N
19%, P2O5 0.00139
9 Nitrogen
fertilizer 1.07E-05
9 Compound
fertilizer 8.57E-08
9 Compound
fertilizer 16.587
10 Fused
phosphate 0.984
10 Compound
fertilizer 0.00133
10 Nitrogenous
& phosphatic 9.05E-06
10 Nitrogenous &
phosphatic 8.02E-08
10 Miscellaneous
chemical 16.580
11 Compound
fertilizer 0.961
11 Miscellaneous
chemical 0.00127
11 Chemical-N15%,
P2O5 15%, K 7.67E-06
11 Mixed
fertilizer 7.56E-08
11 Mixed
fertilizer 15.692
12 Mixed
fertilizer 0.890
12 Mixed
fertilizer 0.00121
12 Potassic
fertilizer 7.48E-06
12 Nitrogen
fertilizer 6.87E-08
12 Fused
phosphate 11.692
13 Potassic
fertilizer 0.310
13 Potassic
fertilizer 0.00072
13 Chemical-N 19%,
P2O5 42% 3.66E-06
13 Potassic
fertilizer 4.44E-08
13 Potassic
fertilizer 4.947
14 Organic
fertilizer 0.080
14 Organic
fertilizer 0.00016
14 Organic
fertilizer 1.52E-06
14 Organic
fertilizer 1.71E-08
14 Organic
fertilizer 1.049
LCIA for fertilizer
Organic fertilizers and related organic materials play an important role in
GHG
GHG

19. Calculation of Environmental impact
 Previous GHG value of stable productivity is 1658.50 kg-CO2eq./ton-BDF,
decreases to 1211.97 kg-CO2eq./ton-BDF for palm oil. For Jatropha curcas,
previously it is 740.90 kg-CO2eq./ton-BDF, decreases to 207.88 kg-CO2eq./ton-
BDF for Jatropha curcas
 The use of organic fertilizer reduces the GHG value on sub-process fertilizing
from 307.28 kg-CO2eq./ton-BDF to 11.66 kg-CO2eq./ton-BDF for palm oil, and
from 219.36 kg-CO2eq./ton-BDF to 46.72 kg-CO2eq./ton-BDF for Jatropha
curcas
A summary GHG value for four scenario (kg-CO2eq. / ton-BDF / ha / year)
Oil palm
Jatropha
curcas Oil palm
Jatropha
curcas Oil palm
Jatropha
curcas Oil palm
Jatropha
curcas
Unstable productivity 2568.82 1733.67 2300.24 1947.63 2575.48 3057.74 542.12 934.23
Stable productivity 1658.50 740.90 1109.42 662.85 1511.96 380.52 1211.97 207.88
Total Life cycle 1840.56 939.45 1347.58 919.81 1724.66 915.96 1078.00 353.15
Scenario 1 Scenario 2 Scenario 3 Scenario 4
The period Oil palm
Jatropha
curcas Oil palm
Jatropha
curcas Oil palm
Jatropha
curcas Oil palm
Jatropha
curcas
Unstable productivity 2568.82 1733.67 2300.24 1947.63 2575.48 3057.74 542.12 934.23
Stable productivity 1658.50 740.90 1109.42 662.85 1511.96 380.52 1211.97 207.88
Total Life cycle 1840.56 939.45 1347.58 919.81 1724.66 915.96 1078.00 353.15
Scenario 1 Scenario 2 Scenario 3 Scenario 4
The period
B e f o r e A f t e r

20. LCIA Biodiesel from CJCO
GHG value of BDF-CJCO value throughout its life cycle is 0.916
kg-CO2eq./kg-BDF-CJCO or 0.776 kg-CO2eq./liter-BDF-CJCO. To
produce 1 kWh electricity, it needs SFC (specific fuel
consumption) for about 0.27 (normal Diesel Power Plant), then its
GHG value to produce 1 kWh electricity is 0.209 kg-CO2eq
No
Urut
Jenis Sumber Bahan
Bakar Pembangkit
GWP
kg-CO2eq./kWh
1 Coal 0.337
2 Fossil fuel-IDO 0.308
3 Fossil fuel-HSD 0.287
4 Fossil fuel-MFO 0.278
5 Bio Diesel-CJCO 0.209
6 Natural gas 0.186
7 Nuclear 0.039
8 Hydropower 0.007
9 Geothermal 0.003

21. ENERGY ANALYSIS
NEB, NER, RI

22.  Energy consumption in biodiesel production sub-process of Jatropha curcas oil is
higher than that of oil palm oil due to higher free fatty acid (FFA) content which
needs esterification process prior to the transesterification process
 The energy consumption value for oil palms is higher than Jatropha curcas in
every stages except for planting and biodiesel production stages
 The highest energy consumption for Jatropha curcas is at biodiesel production
sub-process. Conversely, the highest energy consumption for oil palms is at
fertilizing sub-process
Calculation for energy consumption of plants for the first 5
years of each sub-process
163.4 242.9
387.4
18240.0
6211.6
422.5
7994.1
16169.1
0
2000
4000
6000
8000
10000
12000
14000
16000
18000
20000
22000
24000
26000
28000
Energy consumption
Energy consumption, HHV(fossil fuel) forPalm oil
Land
preparation
Seedling
Planting
Fertilizing
Protection
Harvesting
Palm oil
mills
Biodiesel
production
MJ/ton-BDF
161.7 186.3
3394.3
10841.1
1178.6
110.4 234.2
25623.4
0
2000
4000
6000
8000
10000
12000
14000
16000
18000
20000
22000
24000
26000
28000
Energy consumption
Energy consumption, HHV(fossil fuel) for Jatropha curcas
Land
preparation
Seedling
Planting
Fertilizing
Protection
Harvesting
Extraction
oil
Biodiesel
production
MJ/ton-BDF

23. NEB, NER, RI
-300000
-250000
-200000
-150000
-100000
-50000
0
50000
100000
150000
200000
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 1112131415161718 19202122232425
MJ/tonBDF
Year of
Net Energy Balance (NEB)
Oil palm Jatropha curcas
0.150
0.200
0.250
0.300
0.350
0.400
0.450
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 1112131415161718 19202122232425
MJ/tonBDF
Year of
Renewable Index (RI)
Oil palm Jatropha curcas
1.0400
1.0405
1.0410
1.0415
1.0420
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10111213141516171819202122232425
MJ/tonBDF
Year of
Net Energy Ratio (NER)
Oilpalm Jatropha curcas
Increased production on oil palm and
Jatropha curcas shows increased
required fossil fuel as well as required
diesel fuel used in boiler. This
condition can be anticipated by using
biomass produced by biodiesel during
its production in boiler

24. Energy Analysis of NEB, NER, RI
•NER value for oil palm and Jatropha curcas i.e. 1.041 and 1.042, respectively. It
turns that NER value appears to have constant value due to increased output
value will increase the input value, although the NER value can reach higher
value if the produced biomass energy is calculated as output energy.
•The NER value of oil palm and Jathropa curcas is 2.97 and 1.98, respectively.
NER value of oil palm is higher as its produced biomass is higher than Jatropha
curcas.
Energy
parameter
Before After
Oil palm Jatropha
curcas
Oil palm Jatropha
curcas
NEB 146948.08 39334.79 155041.89 42649.83
NER 2’97 1.98 1.041 1.042
RI 0.162 0.270 0.06 0.1160.45 0.74
Sources NER
BDF-CPO BDF-CJCO BDF-Rapeseed
Lam et al. (2009) 2.27 1.92
Yee et al. (2009) 3.53 1.44

25. Acknowledgement
Thank you very much to Prof.Dr.Ir.Armansyah
H.Tambunan,M.Agr, Dr.Ir.Abdul Kohar,M.Sc, Dr.Ir.Soni
Solistia Wirawan,M.Ec, and Prof.Tetsuya Araki,Ph.D as
my academic advisor in Bogor Agricultural university.

26. CONCLUSION
– When the productivity has reached stability, the GHG value is 1658.50 kg-CO2eq./ton-
BDF_CPO and 740.52 kg-CO2eq./ton-BDF_CJCO.
– The calculation on stable productivity is lower than unstable productivity. Where as
there is 4/5 part or 20 years of 25 years of its life cycle (oil palm and Jatropha curcas)
lies on this condition. Therefore, appropriate calculation method is needed. In some
journals, the calculation is only performed in the first five years
– Agro-chemical utilization such as fertilizer, insecticides, pesticides, and fungicides,
produce significant contribution to environmental impact in biodiesel production. It is
50.46% for oil palm and 33.51% for Jatropha curcas.
– The use of organic fertilizer is very influential in the reduction of GHG value impact in
fertilization sub-process. It could reduce up to 96.2 % for oil palm and 76.8% for
Jatropha curcas or for all life cycle could reduce up to 37.4 % for oil palm and 61.4%
for Jatropha curcas
– Using jatropha based biodiesel for electricity generation is still better than using
other fossil fuel.
– The energy input in oil palm is higher than Jatropha curcas as show by higher the
NEB which is 146,948.08 and 39,334.79 for oil palm and Jatropha curcas,
respectively and by lower the RI value which is 0.162 and 0.270 for oil palm and
Jatropha curcas, respectively
– Compared to diesel fuel, CO2
eq.
Emission on its life cycle is reduced up to 49.27%
and 73.06% for BDF_CPO and BDF_CJCO, respectively

27. Thank you for your attention...
Contact person :
Dr.Kiman Siregar
Agricultural Engineering Department of Syiah Kuala University
Banda Aceh-Indonesia
E-mail : ksiregar.tep@unsyiah.ac.id
Mobile phone :+628128395848
iregar2004@yahoo.com; cell : 0812-8395848