Indigenous Vegetation of pakistan

2. Presentation
Submitted To:-
Dr. Prof Zafar Iqbal Khan Shb
Submitted By:-
Abdullah
BBOF15M026

3. Indigenous Vegetation of
Pakistan

4. Vegetation
• Naturally occurring plants in a particular region.
• Developed, naturalized or existed for many years in an
area.
• Part of natural landscape of that area due to:
–Evolution
– Seed dispersal by birds, animals, wind, or water.
• Many native plants are very beautiful but under used in
landscape or as cut flowers.

5. Vegetation Of Pakistan
• Diversity of flora and climate of comparable size.
• 6000 native species of flowering plants reported in Flora
of Pakistan found wildly in different phytogeographical
regions.
• Acclimatized well in our regions.

6. BIOLOGIA (PAKISTAN) 2012, 58 (1&2), 21-30
PK ISSN 0006 - 3096
A survey of ethnobotanically important trees of
Central Punjab, Pakistan :-
*ARIFA ZEREEN & ZAHEER-UD-DIN KHAN
Department of Botany, GC University, Lahore, Pakistan
The data was collected by regular visits to the study area,
comprising eight districts of central Punjab viz., Vehari, Pakpattan,
Lahore, Faisalabad, Nankana Sahib, Sahiwal, Sialkot and Narowal
during the year 2008-09
The plant species were collected, pressed and identified with
the help of Flora of Pakistan (Nasir & Ali, 1970-1989; Ali & Nasir,
1990-1992; Nasir & Rafiq, 1995; Ali & Qaisar, 19922010).

7. ETHNOBOTANICALLY IMPORTANT TREES
Table 1: Plant Inventory of Central Punjab
Sr.# Family Botanical
Name/ Habit
Local
Name
Part
Used
Traditional Uses and Flowering Period
1 Averrhoaceae Averrhoa
carambola
Linn.
Kamrnga Fruit,
Shoots
Fruit is eaten raw or cooked. Juice of twigs
removes stain from linen. Fl. Per. January-
February and August- September
2 Bombaceae Bombax ceiba
Linn.
Simbal Whole
Plant
Musical instrument “Dholak” is made from
its wood. Young root- tips are cooked as
vegetable. Extract of flower cures
leucorrhoea. Fl. Per. December-March

8. Averrhoa carambola Linn. Bombax ceiba Linn.

9. 03 Boraginaceae
Cordia gharaf
(Forssk.)
Ehren. Ex
Asch.
Liyaar Whole
Plant
Plant is used in hepatitis and
against infections after injury. Fl.
Per. April-June
04 Boraginaceae
Cordia myxa
Linn. Lasura Whole
Plant
Leaves are used in treatment of
jaundice. Fl. Per. March-Apr
05 Boraginaceae Ehretia laevis
Roxb.
Koda Whole
Plant
Bark of the plant cures diphtheria.
Fl. Per. MarchApril.
06 Boraginaceae Oroxylum
indicum
(Linn.) Vent.
Talwar phali Whole
Plant
Bark and fruit are used in tanning
and dyeing, also for the treatment of
animal’s stomach problem. Wood is
used as fuel. Fl. Per. May-August

10. Oroxylum indicum (Linn.) Vent.Ehretia laevis Roxb.
Cordia myxa Linn.Cordia gharaf (Forssk.) Ehren. Ex Asch.

11. 07 Caesalpinaceae
Bauhinia
racemosa
Lamk.
Jhinjera Stem, Leaves
Inner bark gives fiber that is used for
ropes. Green leaves are eaten by cattle.
Gum and leaves are medicinally
important. Fl. Per. March-June
08 Caesalpinaceae
Cassia
fistula
Linn.
Amaltas Whole Plant
Bark is used as tanning material. The pod
pulp is used for tonsils and motions.
Wood is used as fuel. Fl. Per. April-June.
09 Capparidaceae
Crataeva
adansonii
DC.
Berna Whole Plant
Bark cures urinary bladder stones. Fl. Per.
MarchJune.
10 Combretaceae
Terminalia
arjuna
(Roxb. ex
DC.) Wt. &
Arn.
Arjun Whole Plant
Fresh juice of leaves is used to cure
earache. Leaves are eaten by cattle. Stem
and branches are used as fuel wood. Fl.
Per. April-May.

12. Bauhinia racemosa Lamk. Cassia fistula Linn.
Crataeva adansonii DC. Terminalia arjuna (Roxb. ex DC.) Wt. & Arn.

13. 11 Combretaceae
Terminalia
bellirica
(Gaertn.) Roxb.
Bahra
Stem, Fruit Wood of the plant is not very
durable and fruit is used in
dyeing and tanning. Fl. Per.
March-April.
12 Combretaceae
Terminalia
chebula Retz.
Harar
Whole Plant Astringent, purgative,
stomachic and laxative. Used
for healing wounds. Fl. Per.
April-June
13 Euphorbiaceae
Ricinus
communis Linn. Arind
Whole
Plant
Decoction of stem and barriers
used in rheumatic swelling and
arthritis. Seeds are used in
scorpion sting. Fl. Per.
Throughout the year
14 Fabaceae
Pongamia
pinnata (Linn.)
Merrill Sukhechain
Whole Plant Used for brushing teeth
“Miswaak” and also used as
shade tree. Fl. Per. April-May.

14. Terminalia bellirica (Gaertn.) Roxb. Terminalia chebula Retz
Ricinus communis Linn. Pongamia pinnata (Linn.) Merrill

15. 15 Malvaceae
Tecomella
undulata
(Roxb.)
Seeman.
Lahura Whole Plant
Bark possesses medicinal properties.
Fl. Per. AprilMay.
16 Meliaceae
Azadirachta
indica (Linn.)
A. Juss.
Neem Whole Plant
Inflorescence and leaves are used in
blood purifying and malarial medicines.
Its wood is used for second quality
furniture. Fl. Per. April-May.
17 Meliaceae
Cedrela toona
Roxb.ex Willd. Tun Whole Plant
The plant yields timber of good quality.
Flowers yield a dye. Bark is used in
medicines. Fl. Per. March-April
18 Meliaceae
Chukrasia
tabularis
Adr.Juss
Dalmara Stem
Tree yields timber for furniture. A
yellow gum is obtained from the plant
that is astringent. Fl. Per. February-April

16. Tecomella undulata (Roxb.) Seeman. Azadirachta indica (Linn.) A. Juss.
Cedrela toona Roxb.ex Willd. Chukrasia tabularis Adr.Juss

17. 19 Meliaceae
Melia
azedarach
Linn
Bakiain Whole Plant
Used for timber and fuel wood.
Leaves used as fodder. Flowers and
leaves are applied as poultice in
headache. Fl. Per. March-April
20 Meliaceae Swietenia
macrophylla
King
Mahogany Stem Wood is used for house hold furniture.
Fl. Per. MayJune.
21 Mimosaceae Acacia
modesta Wall
Phulahi Stem, Leaves
Wood is used in farmer tools and as fuel
wood. Fresh stem is used as miswak.
Leaves are used for treatment of gas
trouble. Fl. Per. March-April.
22 Mimosaceae Acacia nilotica
(Linn.)Delile
Desi Kikar Whole Plant
Gum increases human male sexual
potentiality. The leaves and fruits serve
as fodder for cattle. Stem and branches
are used as fuel. March-May and
AugustOctober

18. Melia azedarach Linn Swietenia macrophylla King
Acacia modesta Wall Acacia nilotica (Linn.)Delile

19. 23 Mimosaceae
Albizia
lebbeck
(Linn.) Benth.
Siris Whole Plant
Fresh leaves are eaten by sheep.
Wood is used for medium class
utilities. Seeds are used in the
medicines of human sexual
problems. Fl. Per. AprilMay
24 Mimosaceae
Albizia procera
(Roxb.)Benth. Safed siris Whole Plant
Wood is useful in making furniture.
Leaves are used as fodder for
animals. It serves as a shade tree. Fl.
Per. June-August
25 Mimosaceae Pithecellobium
dulce (Roxb.)
Benth.
Jangal jalebi Fruit, Stem Fresh pulp of fruit is eaten. Wood is
used as fuel. Fl. Per. October-April.
26 Mimosaceae
Prosopis
cineraria
(Linn.) Druce
Jhand Whole Plant
Its branches, leaves and pods are
used as fodder by browsing animals
while wood in agricultural tools and
fruit in the treatment of chronic
dysentery. Fl. Per. December-March

20. Albizia lebbeck (Linn.) Benth. Albizia procera (Roxb.)Benth.
Pithecellobium dulce (Roxb.) Benth. Prosopis cineraria (Linn.) Druce

21. Top ten forested districts of Pakistan (2010)
Sr. # Name of District Province Forest Cover (%)
01 Shangla Khyber Pukhtunkhwa 86
02 Upper Dir Khyber Pukhtunkhwa 58
03 Swat Khyber Pukhtunkhwa 46
04 Batagram Khyber Pukhtunkhwa 41
05 Muzaffarabad Azad Jammu & Kashmir 41
06 Ziarat Balochistan 39
07 Kohistan Khyber Pukhtunkhwa 39
08 Baltistan Gilgit Baltistan 35
09 Buner Khyber Pukhtunkhwa 25
10 Mansehra Khyber Pukhtunkhwa 25
Source: WWF-Pakistan 2010

22. Ecological regions of medicinal plants
i) Medicinal Plants of Alpine and High Altitude
Areas:-
Most plants of these areas are slow-growing perennials,
which require several years of vegetative growth for
reproduction by seed. Most of these are classified as
threatened or vulnerable. Endangered plant species of
this area include Podophyllum hexandrum, Saussaurea
costus, Picrorrhiza kurrooa, Aconitum heterphyllum, and
Corydalis spp.

23. Podophyllum hexandrum Saussaurea costus
Picrorrhiza kurrooa Aconitum heterphyllum Corydalis spp.

24. ii) Medicinal Plants of Temperate Montane
Forest:-
Common medicinal plants of these areas are Atropa
acuminata, Angelica glauca, Paeonia emodi, Geranium
wallichianum, Artemisia spp., Glycyrrhiza glabra, and
Ephedra spp.
Atropa acuminata Angelica glauca

25. Paeonia emodi Geranium wallichianum
Artemisia spp Glycyrrhiza glabraEphedra spp

26. iii) Medicinal Plants of Sub-Tropical Foothill
Forests :-
Species found here include :-
Terminalia spp.,
Mallotus philippensis,
Phylanthus embilica,
Butea monosperma, etc.

27. Terminalia spp Mallotus philippensis
Phylanthus embilica Butea monosperma

28. iv) Medicinal Plants of Arid and Semi-Arid
Areas :-
Some important species of medicinal plants of
commercial importance like
Artemisia spp., Ephedra gerardiana, E. procera, Bunium
persicum, etc. are found in cold arid habitats.
In warm arid areas, species like Commiphora wightii are
known to be present.

29. Artemisia spp Ephedra gerardiana
E. procera Bunium persicum Commiphora wightii

30. Jangli Piaz (football lily)
B.N: • Allium capsicum
Family : • Liliaceae
• Diagnostic features
Herbs annual, bulbiferous, 2-6 strapshape
leaves, 12-20 inch plant, Umbel flower, like
foot ball, purple in colour
• Habitat
Climate with long cool spring anddry
summers, Dormancy period, 3-4ft deep
• Distribution
Salt range and Baluchistan(Quetta)
• Importance
Cut flower, bedding plant, salad, bulbsfor
cooking, medicine

31. Karoskai
• B.N: Berberis baluchistanica.
• Family: Berberidaceae
• Diagnostic features
Perennial shrub, lobed leaves, cluster of
flowers in yellowcolour Habitat dry regions
• Distribution
Baluchistan,Punjab
• Importance
Ornamental plant, antibacterial,
treatments of Escherichia coli, stimulate
digestion, reduce gastrointestinalpains

32. Poppy(post)
• B.N: Papa verdubium
• Family: Papaveraceae
• Diagnostic features
Herbs annual, pinnately lobedleaves, solitary
cup shape flower, red in colour
• Habitat
Subtropical, temperate well drained soil
• Distribution
Baluchistan, northernareas
• Importance
Landscape plant, tea, oil, extracted from the
seeds, used by artists as a medium forcolours,
red dye, drugs, medicine

33. Gul-e-Nargis (Wild Narcissus)
• B.N: Narcis suspoeticus
• Family: Amaryllidaceae
• Diagnostic features
Herbs perennial, bulbiferous, Leaves basal,
linear, 12-20 inch plant, hollow stem,
actinomorphic solitary flower, white and yellow,
• Habitat
Temperate climate, Dormancy period, low
marshes to rocky hillsides
• Distribution
Northern areas, Murree, Islambad,
• Importance
Cut flower, bedding plant, fragrant,salad, bulbs
for cooking, medicine

34. Gwarikh (Wild Tulip)
B.N: • Tulip auniflora
Family: • Liliaceae
• Diagnostic features
Herb annual, bulbiferous, 2-6 strap shape waxy
leaves, 12-20 inch plant, cup shape flower, 3
sepals, 5 petals, red and yellow of colors
• Habitat
Climate with long cool spring anddry summers,
Dormancy period, 3-4ft deep
• Distribution
Salt range and Baluchistan(Quetta) •
Importance Cut flower, bedding plant, salad,
bulbsfor cooking, dry bulb powder

35. (Wild Iris)
• B.N: Irishoo keriana
• Family: Iridaceae
• Diagnostic features
Herbs perennial, bulbiferous, 2-6 strap shape
waxy leaves, 12-20 inch plant, blue and white
solitary flowers
• Habitat
Temperate to subtropical, alpinemeasows
• Distribution
Murree, Islambad, Hazara, Chitral
• Importance
Cut flower, bedding plant, salad, bulbsfor
cooking, juice for cosmetics,

36. Monks hood
• B.N: Aconitum chasmanthum
• Family: Ranunculaceae
• Diagnostic features
Tall herb perennial, leaves 3-lobed with coarse
sharp teeth, 2 to 4 petal blue flowers,3-5 carples
Habitat
Temperate, moisture-retentive but welldraining
soils
• Distribution Kashmir, Kaghan, Chitral, Gilgit in
august
• Importance
Landscape plant, roots provide poison, use for
hunting, use in medicines

37. Delphinium
• B.N: Delphinium roylei
• Family: Ranunculaceae
• Diagnostic features
4 m tall herb perennial, leaves deeply lobed ,
blue flowers, erect racemedinflorence,
Habitat
Temperate, well-drainingsoils
• Distribution
Sawat, Hazara, Kaghan, Chitral, Murree in
august, plains of punjab in march
• Importance
Landscape plant, Cut flower, roots provide
poison, treat intestinal worms, as a sedative to
cause relaxation.

38. Peony
• B.N: Paeoni aemodi
• Family: Paeoniaceae
• Diagnostic features
50 cm tall shrub, white and yellowflowers
solitary, 10 petals,
• Habitat
Moist, shady slopes Distribution Chitral, Sawat,
kaghan, Hazara,Kashmir
• Importance
Ornamental plants, medicinal plant used in the
treatment of hypertension, asthma, uterine
diseases, used as an anticoagulant.

39. Granny's Bonnet
• B.N: Aquilegia fragrans
• Family: Ranunculaceae
• Diagnostic features Herb perennial, leaves
compound, solitary flowers, purple, white,
blue nodding Habitat Temperate, meadows,
wetlands
• Distribution
Sawat, Hazara,, Chitral, Murree in august,
• Importance
Landscape plant, flowers are sweets usein
salads, tea, treatment of affections of the
nervous system

40. Butter cup
• B.N: Ranun culusacris
• Family: Ranunculaceae
• Diagnostic features
Annual herb, lobed leaves, solitary flowers,
yellow, white, red etc,
• Habitat
Temperate, high alpineenvironments
• Distribution
Sawat, Hazara, Chitral, Murree inaugust,
• Importance
Landscape plant, cut flower,ongoing (chronic)
skin problems, nerve pain and bronchitis.

41. Sophora
• B.N: Saphora mollis
• Family: Fabaceae
• Diagnostic features
Small tree, yellow flowers inclusters, seeds
pods are like legumes
• Habitat
Temperate, subtropical, shadyareas
• Distribution
Salt range, Islambad, Murree,Naran, Kaghan,
Chitral
• Importance
ornamental plant, woody cut flower, hedge,
screening, specimenplant

42. Blue Popppy
• B.N: Meconop sisaculeate
• Family: Papaveraceae
• Diagnostic features
Prickly perennial herb, 40-60 cmtall, radical
leaves, solitary cup shape flower, bluein colour
• Habitat
Temperate, shade, alpine rocks,steep places
• Distribution
Hazara, Gilgit, Chitral,Sawat
• Importance
Natural landscape plant, ornamental plant,
anti-inflammatory

43. Musk Rose
• B.N: Rosa brunonii
• Family: Rosaceae
• Diagnostic features
Shrub with usually climbing stems upto 10 m
long, narrowly ovate leaves,serrated margins,
flowers in cluster,white,
• Habitat
Temperate, marshy araes
• Distribution
Murree, Northern areas of Pakistan
• Importance
ornamental plant, hips tea, oil,

44. Azalea
• B.N: Rhododen dronponticum
• Family: Ericaceae
• Diagnostic features
small tree growing to 5 m, leavesare evergreen,
6 to 18 cm long and 2 to 5 cm, violetpurple
flower, with small greenish-yellowspots
• Habitat
Temperate, alpine Distribution provincial flower
of the Azadjammu Kashmir, Murree, Kaghan
Valley
• Importance
ornamental tree, rootstock,toxic

45. Chir
• B.N: Pinusrox burghaii
• Family: Pinaceae
• Diagnostic features
30–50 m long tree, bark isred-brown, scales,
male and female cone
• Habitat
Temperate, slopes mountains,
• Distribution
North-West Frontier Province, Azad Kashmir,
Margalla Hills, Islamabad, Murree
• Importance
Natural landscape plant, ornamentalplant,
timber, fuel, furniture

46. Juniper
• B.N: Juniper usexcelsa
• Family: Cupressaceae
• Diagnostic features
6–20 metres tall tree, broadly conicalto
rounded or irregular crown, needle-likeleaves,
cones are berry-like
• Habitat
Temperate, slopes mountains,
• Distribution
North-West Frontier Province, Azad Kashmir,
Margalla Hills, Islamabad, Murree
• Importance
Natural landscape plant, ornamental plant,
timber, fuel, furniture, seed and leave oil

47. Silver Fir
• B.N: Abie spindrow
• Family: Pinaceae
• Diagnostic features
40–60 metres talltree, conical crown with
level branches, greyish-pink needle
leaves,cones
• Habitat
Temperate, hills, slopes mountains,
• Distribution
North-West Frontier Province, Azad Kashmir,
Margalla Hills, Islamabad, Murree
• Importance
Natural landscape plant, ornamentalplant,
timber, fuel, furniture

48. Deodar
• B.N: Cedrus deodara
• Family: Pinaceae
• Diagnostic features
40–50 metres tall tree, conical crownwith level
and drooping branches, bright greento
glaucous blue-green needle leaves,cones
• Habitat
Temperate, hills, slopes mountains,
• Distribution
North-West Frontier Province, Islamabad,
Murree
• Importance
Natural landscape plant, ornamental plant,
timber, fuel, furniture

49. Chinar
• B.N: Platanu sorientalis
• Family: Platanaceae
• Diagnostic features
30 m tall tree, spreading crown. Maplelike
deeply lobed leaves, cones
• Habitat
Temperate, hills, slopes mountains,
• Distribution
North-West Frontier Province, Islamabad,
Murree
• Importance
ornamental plant, timber, fuel, furniture,
construction,roofing

50. Whorl flower
• B.N: Morina longifolia
• Family: Morinaceae
• Diagnostic features
evergreen Perennial growing to 0.6m, flowers
are hermaphrodite, leaves havespines
• Habitat
open slopes, sami shade
• Distribution
provincial flower of the NWFP
• Importance
ornamental, stem, leaves and flowers are
used in the treatment of stomach disorders
suchas indigestion giving rise to vomiting and

51. Bhekkar
• B.N: Justicia adhatoda
• Family: Acanthaceae
• Diagnostic features
Shrub with lance-shaped leaves 10 to15 cm,
oppositely arranged, smooth-edged, andborne on
short petioles, whiteflowers
• Habitat
Subtropical, Dry plains
• Distribution
provincial flower of the Punjab
• Importance
Ornamental, leaves contain alkaloids,
bronchodilator, acting as a respiratory
stimulantto help breathingissues.

52. Watercrowfoots
• B.N: Batrachium trichophyllum
• Family: Ranunculaceae
• Diagnostic features
Aquatic , needle like leaves, white and
yellow flower, 5 petals
• Habitat
wetlands, ponds
• Distribution
Northern Punjab, NWFP, northern
Baluchistan
• Importance
Part of natural landscape, watergardens

53. Waterlily
• B.N: Nymphae amexicana
• Family:Nymphaeaceae
• Diagnostic features
Aquatic , sub orbicular leaves floating on water
level, white yellowflowers,
• Habitat
fresh water
• Distribution
Punjab, Sindh, Kashmir
• Importance
Part of natural landscape, water gardens,
symbol, antiseptic, treatment of diarrhea,
sedative effect on the nervous system

54. Kanwal (Lotus)
• B.N: Nelum bonucifera
• Family: Nymphaeaceae
• Diagnostic features
Aquatic , orbicular leaves above the water level,
white pink flowers,
• Habitat
wetlands, ponds
• Distribution
Punjab, Sindh
• Importance
Part of natural landscape, watergardens, edible,
salads, fibers,symbol

55. Waterhyacinth
• B.N: Eichhornia crassipes
• Family: Pontederiaceae
• Diagnostic features
Aquatic , sub orbicular leaves floating on water
level, light purple solitaryflowers,
• Habitat
Mashie areas, ponds
• Distribution
Punjab, provisional flower of Sindh, Kashmir
• Importance
Part of natural landscape, watergardens,
symbol, poisonous, use in medicine

56. Lantana
• B.N: Lantan acamara
• Family: Verbenaceae
• Diagnostic features
small perennial shrub which can growto around 2m
in height, small tubular shaped flowers 4 petals,
make cluster, leaves are egg-shaped have hairs
• Habitat
subtropical, full sun
• Distribution
Punjab, drought areas of Baluchistan
• Importance
ornamental plant, leaves are boiled and applied
for swellings and pain of the body. Bark is use as
lotion for skin diseases

57. JangliKhajoor
• B.N: Phoenix sylvestris
• Family: Arecaceae
Diagnostic features
4 to 15 m in heighted tree, leaves are 3m long,
gently recurved, inflorescence grows to1m with
white, unisexual flowers, fruit ripens to a
purple-red colour
• Habitat
Subtropical, dry areas
• Distribution
Sindh,Punjab,jhang
• Importance
ornamental plant, fruit, mates,bags

58. Kair
• B.N: Capparis decidua
• Family: Capparaceae
• Diagnostic features
small much branched tree or shrub, Leaves
present on young twigs, orange to brick red
colour flowers, spines
• Habitat
desert, dry conditions,
• Distribution
Thal deserts, Dry regions of Punjab
• Importance
ornamental plant, fruit in pickles,as
vegetable, folk medicine,

59. Fig
(angeer)
• Figs are soft sweet fruits, full of small
seeds and often eaten dried. They
grow on trees. Fresh figs are delicious
and jams and chutneys are often made
from them. The skin of a fig is very thin
and ripe figs do not keep or travel very
well so in warm countries figs are
dried