Project Of Constructing A Large Dam

Project Of Constructing A Large Dam
With the reflection to the facts above I would start my advice to the bank by emphasizing that syndicated loans are very common in projects that
require a high capital, as to the project of constructing a large dam.
When investors or borrowers approach banks to lend them for a huge amount of money for such projects as the construction of the dam, banks are
unwilling or incapable of supplying the borrowers demand through a bi–lateral loan agreement ; Banks are restricted to take funded exposure on a
single borrower to up to 15% of their capital, and non–funded exposure up to 20% of their capita .
Sometime banks can't fund an entire project because they do not wish to in–crease assets to their balance sheets by adding large loans when ... Show
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In Addition, syndicated loan are international in their nature, the borrower could according to fluctuating interest rate change the currency of the loan.
Syndicated loans also permits banks to have more diversity and also expand their lending to broader geographical areas and industries. Syndicated
loans are also very beneficial to small banks who aren't usually able of funding a high capital projects, but through syndicated loans small banks can
lend to borrowers in regions and industries which they might not be able to fund in other cases, it also allows them the exposure to large borrowers
which they couldn't lend in bilateral lending.
Participating in a syndicated loan gives banks the opportunity to achieve diversification in their own loan portfolios and liquidity. One of the main
advantages of syndicated loans is the fact that participating banks share the risks of the lending, therefore they can participate in a big project which
would enhance their name and yet the losses would be shared with other banks and the losses would be less than if they funded the loan alone, that is
of course in case of default. In addition, participating banks play an important role by providing informative opinions and expertise and financing
options to the
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Alternatives to Building More Dams
I was intimidated. Actually, let me be honest, I feared a thrashing at the hands of the River God. Trembling muscles warned me to just shoulder my
boat and walk. I couldn't. I traveled all the way from Pennsylvania to run these rivers, how could I back out now? I had to run Sunshine Falls...the
largest rapid on the Royal Gorge section of the Arkansas River. When would I make it back to Colorado to run this river? I considered the the portage
again; it's an impressive drop with no shame in walking. But what if they dam the Arkansas?
I had the pleasure of kayaking about fifteen miles of the Arkansas river, in Colorado, this summer. Flowing from its headwaters near Buena Vista, the
Arkansas is a virgin river. Only a trickle ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
As dams retain about two– thirds of our consumed water (Conservation Fund, 1984), irrigate farm lands worth in excess of 9 billion dollars, are
visited by almost a billion people a year for recreation (Bureau of Reclamation, 1991), and provide about a tenth of our countries electrical power t
Statistical Abstract, 1991), it is impossible tG ignore the potential of hydro dams. As dams continue to be built, and problems still arise with the
environment and release schedules, what will we do then?
Now imagine that we can get all the benefits of a hydropower dam, with fewer or no harms. Imagine the cheap, on demand power which only
hydropower can provide without the threat of a thermonuclear meltdown. Think of not haggling over the optimum manner in which to handle release
schedules. Picture running that stretch of river without a dam in your way. Envision a future where American Rivers will no longer have to fight
industry and the government over hydropower dams. That is now more reality than you might expect. Our platform, as supporters of American
Rivers, according to President W. Kent Olson (1989) has been to, "kill bad hydro proposals," and, "limit acceptable hydro development to places
where it will cause the least ecological and aesthetic damage." For American Rivers, however, a this outdated approach needs to be replaced.
It should not be our job to determine, like utility companies, on which sites a dam causes the

Yuma Research Paper
The real Yuma came around when the invention of canals for water source and steamboats. And with these new projects Yuma is becoming stronger
economic wise. Construction begins at the Laguna Dam, with lots of hands working on it the opening day July 6th, 1905 was the day Yuma Region
to have stable supply of water year round. Now with this Farmers can grow more crops easier and people can drink cleaner water.
One of the challenges developers faced while building these canals was flooding. In 1916 a major flood hit Yuma destroying buildings and homes and
more reconstruction needed to be done. To make this water source lasts developers had to change these canals. By adding siphons along the canals
and rivers making the water flowing and stable. Now with the water at a steady flow more Wheat, Cotton, Broccoli and Lettuce can be grown for the
seasons. The Colorado River flows progressively, Indians in the desert are relying on Yuma on the... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
When the Yuma Project began more people from different places migrated here. The invention of water canals became together providing water
year long and when other places were dry people found the way to come here and live. Most of these people would work on the fields growing
crops. The Yuma Project was important in many ways. One important factor is construction on the city. Over time there was not much places where
people can enjoy the day or stay at a home. The results had people staying at these homes to work and make a living. When many canals were built
there would be occurring floods. A flood hit in 1916 in the city of Yuma causing reconstruction on the city. When it was all payed for the buildings
were built better. When the canals break free construction workers would use leaves to fix there problem. Canals were one of the other important
sources in Yuma. The LagunaDam was built resulting flowing water and irrigation issues were not more of an

Natural Disasters
Throughout history natural disasters have terrorised mankind. The problem with natural disasters is humans cannot control them, they can create
preventative measures and usually can find where the disaster is going to happen but that is the extent of human's ability to control them. When
creating preventative measures there is always a budget in mind that keeps everything from being foolproof, which makes large scale disasters
sometimes make those preventive measures not enough to completely stop them but only helps reduce cleanup time. In certain cases like large
quantities of rain that cause flooding the flood waters are directed towards dams that can hold a certain amount of water before the dam breaks, at max
capacity the dam must be opened in some cases causing more flooding downstream causing for a longer cleanup time. In Nick Stockton's article
"How Will Huston Handle the Deluge Hurricane Harvey" from August 28, of 2017 in the online version of Wired, he effectively uses logos to show
how the project manager is handling rain control during this natural disaster while also showing how casualties and property damage were minimized.
Stockton begins his piece with logic that shows how natural disasters can cause major damage. Stockton explains that Hurricane Harvey, a category
four hurricane that went through Houston, Texas, had winds up to "130 miles per hour." This is relevant due to the fact that these winds can pick
things up and make them fly into buildings or

HydropowerвЂ™s Unintended Consequences Essay
Hydropower's Unintended Consequences As more emphasis is being brought to renewable energy, hydroelectric power is often seen as a viable and
clean alternative energy source. Hydro electric has been a longstanding source of power for this and many other countries. In the 1940s dams were
supplying 40% of our nation's electricity, and now they only generate about 10% (science bulletins). Hydro power can be a clean alternative to fossil
fuels; however it should not be considered an environmentally friendly alternative of energy production. Dams built for hydroelectric production have
had staggering effects on the ecosystems of which they invade, both aquatic and terrestrial, and have rippling effects linked to ecosystems far... Show
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Dams can flood some ecosystems while drying up others while at the same time changing water quality and the chemical, physical and biological
processes of river ecosystems (science bulletins). The most noticeable result of dams that has been seen, however, is the negative effect it has had
on many vital fish species, especially migratory or andromonous fish species. Of all species that have been affected by hydropower dams the
Atlantic salmon is perhaps the most in danger of losing its battle to survive. Atlantic salmon start their lives in freshwater rivers and after maturing
migrate to the Atlantic Ocean. They then return to these very rivers in which they were reared to spawn. They were once prevalent as far south as
Long Island Sound in New York, now they are mostly found north of the Connecticut River in the U.S., mostly in Maine Rivers. Salmon were
considered threatened on September 20, 1995 and have since been registered as endangered (W.E.S). Their numbers today in the U.S. are thought to
be as low as 160 adults, where as in the past they reached as high as 500,000 (W.E.S). This is incidentally the same time period many of their
spawning grounds were beginning to be dammed for commercial use. Currently there is a large scale conservation plan going on in Maine regarding
the salmon. A restoration project is being proposed for the Penobscot River, one of the last major spawning grounds for the Atlantic

The Impact of Hydropower Dams on California's Populations...
Running head: IMPACT OF DAMS ON ANADROMOUS FISH The Impact of Hydropower Dams on California's Populations of Anadromous Fish:
What Can be done to mitigate the Dams Effects and Restore California's Watersheds. Russell Cole Western Governors University The Impact of
Hydropower Dams on California's Populations of Anadromous Fish: What can be done to mitigate the Dams Effects and Restore California's
Watersheds. The indigenous people of California were completely dependent on the seemingly infinite quantities of salmon and steelhead that annually
returned to their coastal rivers. Upon their arrival, European settlers soon developed a commercial fishing industry, which supported them very well.
Today, however, that never–ending... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Importantly, let's not overlook the effects of salmon population declines on the indigenous peoples of California. Tribes such as the Karuk, Yurok,
Wiyot and the Hoopa, to name just a few, have depended on salmon as their main food source for centuries. Salmon was not just food, but central
to their religion, their diet, and their overall way of life. Salmon are the cornerstone of their culture (Harling, 2006). The loss of this abundant
natural resource must be seen not only as degrading the health of the river ecosystem, but also as severely impacting the health of the tribes. Until
the early 1850's California's rivers flowed freely to the Pacific Ocean. The emergence of dams started with small earthen dams used to divert water
for mining and irrigation purposes. The diverted water used for hydraulic mining would prove to be the beginning of a long era of environmental
degradation of California's river ecosystems. With the turn of the century came a population boom and the rapid development of urban centers and
an increased demand for water. With the end of the gold rush, agriculture quickly became the main player in California's economy. This too, raised
the demand for water and dams were being built at a staggering pace. The introduction of huge hydropower dams proved to be the "nail in the coffin"
for anadromous fish because little or no heed was paid to the impact of dams on the state's watersheds. Today California has over fourteen hundred
dams responsible for

The Yima Project Case Study
Yuma and some surroundings agricultural areas are a flooding plain. This makes the soil very fertile and good for planting many different vegetables
and plants. Yuma has virtually 3 days of sunshine with sparse mounts of rain. The Colorado river is very close to Yuma, at a couple points crossing
through it. This serves as a main source of water for the acres of farming land available. "I stopped at Yuma on my return from Colorado to examine
the conditions under which irrigation has been practiced on the Algodones Grant with a view to determine whether or not gravity canals are likely to
prove feasible for the general irrigation of that district, as against pumping. The following report has been prepared to embody my conclusions on the
matter. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The first water to ever flow through the Yuma Siphon was released on June 29, 1912. The All AmericanCanal was to serve the Yuma Project, the Palo
VerdeIrrigation District, the Imperial Irrigation District, and lands in the Imperial and Coachella valleys. In addition, 16,000 acres of mesa lands in
the Palo Verde Irrigation District are entitled to 3.85 MAF annually with Priority 4 allocating 550,000 acre–feet annually to the Metropolitan Water
District of Southern California. This was all decided and agreed on in the California Seven–Party Agreement of 1931. The Yuma Project did have both
positive and negative effects on Yuma, the irrigation system, and the agricultural community. Luckily, there was a much larger margin of positive ways
it affected the community than negative ways. The Yuma Project had a negative impact on the steamer companies that used the Colorado river to take
shipments upriver to other places. They could not get past dams that were built not long after business started booming. When the Yuma Project had
just started to be developed, there were a lot of kinks to work out. The canals were extremely shoddy and flooded

Essay on Project Management, The Building Of The Three...
1.Introduction The Three Gorges Dam on the Yangtze River will probably be finished by 2009 and will be the largest hydroelectric dam in the world.
Being the present manager and being appointed by the government at the feasibility stage I am asked to write a report in order to outline the activities
required to successfully manage this major project and to ensure that it is completed on time and within budget. This report will be divided into six
parts beginning with an introduction and ending with a conclusion. At first should the terminology be defined. A project is "a unique set of coordinated
activities, with a definite start and finishing point, undertaken by an individual or organisation to meet specific objectives within... Show more content
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My report is based on the project life cycle from Field and Keller. 2.Define In the define phase proposals are formulated, estimated and tested for
feasibility. The results will be presented to the senior management in order to receive a "go" for the project which often is in the form of a
contract. The main objectives of the TGD are: В•Protection against floods В•Making the Yangtze River navigable В•Leading the water into dry
regions В•Generation of energy В•Supporting the economic and regional development of the provinces 2.1.Requirements analysis Geological
conditions The relevance is given as we need an adequate material to build the dam as well as enough water to achieve a water level and finally to
maintain that level. It also should be thought about a solution for the silt coming down the river in order to keep on getting a clear flush. Ecological
environment issues They include the dying of various animals and seldom fish species. The landscape around the dam could be damaged to a great
extend due to the rise of the Yangtze water level. Drainage outlet could occur and therefore some of the surrounding land–scape will be flooded.
Resettlement issues As described in point 2 the water level will rise and a water basin will be created. The people who live in the effected area need to
be resettled as their houses will be flooded. Every task

Case Study: The Governor Edmund G. Brown California Aqueduct
The Governor Edmund G. Brown California Aqueduct is a system of canals, tunnels, and pipelines that transports water collected from the Sierra
Nevada Mountains and the valleys in Northern and Central California to Southern California. The over 400–mile aqueduct is the primary feature of the
California State Water Project.
The California Aqueduct is operated and maintained by the Department of Water Resources (DWR). The California Aqueduct includes one
pumped–storage hydroelectric plant (Gianelli Power Plant). Gianelli is located at the base of San Luis Dam, which forms San Luis Reservoir, the largest
off stream reservoir in the United States.
The aqueduct begins at the San Joaquin–Sacramento River Delta at the Banks Pumping Plant, which pumps

In The Tigris River, The Ilisu Dam Along With Other Dams
In the Tigris River, the Ilisu Dam along with other dams has become a plan to sustain a water reservoir for the citizens of Turkey. Unfortunately, it has
led to an increasing number of ecological impacts downstream. The project began in August of 2006 and has been met with much controversy, yet
certain instances of how the dam affects the surrounding life including people and other organisms has become definite. With International
Environmental Impact Assessments calling to be revised, but to no avail, it begins to make one investigate the risks of the construction of the dam and
it's ecological impact on the surrounding environment including aquatic, terrestrial, plant, and human life. This analysis will discuss what the Ilisu
Dam is and ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Unfortunately, some of the companies like VA Tech and DSI have had histories of forcibly removing thousands to millions of people from their
homes. Even worse flooding of the reservoirs sometimes causes the surrounding areas where residence still occupied to be submerged killing those
who remain, according to Maggie Ronayne from the report, "The Cultural and Environmental Impact of Large Dams in Southwest Turkey." More will
now be discussed of the many ecological impacts the Ilisu has on the communities of animal and plant–life. In the same report written by Ronayne, she
stated that a requirement of some international guidelines for the dam was to consult with the women of the area prior to construction. The companies
falsified claims of speaking with the women. When asked on the conversations, they said the women agreed with building the dams because they
wanted dishwaters. This was to imply that the women's major priority was to relinquish the burden of washing dishes, a task already stereotyped for
women. Sadly, when the Kurdish Human Rights Project spoke with actual women from the surrounding areas, their opinions were quite different from
what was said by the VA Tech. The impoverished areas could not even afford dishwashers, and felt the dam would do more harm to the land and their
community than what was already happening.

Gorges Dam
1. Why was the building of the dam first proposed in 1919 and by whom?
The dam was first proposed by Sun–Yat San, the father of modern China, in order to protect river communities from floods and also contribute for
economic development plan for China.
2.Why have archaeologists and historians criticized the building of the Three Gorges Dam?
Archeologist and historians criticize the building of the Three Gorges Dam because it is socially and environmentally destructive. This is because
when the dam is finished, nearly 2 million people will have been displaced and 4000 villages, 140 towns, and 13 cities will have been swallowed up.
Also, monuments, and priceless archeological discoveries of this countries culture will be lost ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In addition, farmland has been destroyed because of the floods and the decrease in delta sediment. The dam has reduced downstream nutrients and
sediment flow. And has seriously impacted neighboring river and seacoast ecosystems.
10. Although. Over a million people have been displaced by the dam already. What is the future forecast for local citizens? Is the social turmoil over
yet?
Many local citizens have not been given their compensation for moving because of the dam. In addition, much of the money the government promised
has also been embezzled. Therefore, many people will probably not be given their compensation in the future. The social turmoil is still not over yet
because the people who have been displaced were not given as much fertile soil as promised. This causes many farmers to be making less, then the
amount they made in their original homes.
11. What was an important economic goal associated with the building of the Three Gorges Dam?
The economic goal was to create more and cleaner power. In addition, they wanted the Three Gorges Dam to improve shipping.
12. How does the Three Gorges Dam improve Yangtze River trade?
The Three Gorges Dam allows larger ships to travel the river, improving

Literature Review : The Small Hydropower ( Shp )
CHAPTER 1 LITERATURE REVIEW 1.1SMALL HYDROPOWER (SHP) AAAAAAA 1.Powers et al (1985) did an assessment study on the
fishway development and design. Method of water control and the degree and type of water control were formed the basis to classify fish passes.
Swimming speed of the fishes was related to their lengths for designing the fish passes. Energy required by the fishes upstream was determined for
three scenarios: (i) passing through the pools in fishways (ii) ascending a sloping channel like waterfall or spillway (iii) jumping over a weir or
waterfall. [23] 2.Kamula et al (2000) studied the effects of modifications on the hydraulics of Denil fishways. The location of the highest velocities in
the cross section of Denil fish passes was determined to be on the sides and not in the center. Since there is a non– uniform flow in the fish passes
hence the velocities are not symmetrically distributed along the mid–axis. The plots for dimensionless discharge for the studied designs and for the
standard Denil pass were found to be almost parallel to each other. The topmost portion of the Denil fishpass is subjected to higher velocities so must
be designed accordingly. [24] 3.BoubГ©e et al (2003) studied the downstream migration and passage technologies for diadromous fishes in the United
States and New Zealand. Intake screens in the form of rotating drums have been the most

The World Bank 's Support For The Construction Of The Nam...
A World Bank Failure
This paper explores the World Bank's support for the construction of the Nam Theun 2 Dam, located in the Lao People 's Democratic Republic (Lao
PDR), in Southeast Asia. The problems created by this project are examined along with the question of whether or not international financial
institutions (IFI), such as the World Bank (herein after referred to as
"the Bank") are able to provide assistance in an objective, unbiased and responsible manner.
Nam Theun 2 Dam
Project Overview
Completed in 2010, the Nam Theun 2 Dam (herein after referred to as "NT2"), is a 1070 Megawatt hydroelectric dam located on the Nam Theun
River in central Lao PDR. Tokyo based Mekong Watch, a non–governmental organization (NGO), estimates NT2's cost at US$1.45 billion, one of the
largest public works projects in Lao PDR's history. The dam flooded a 450 square kilometer area, creating the Nakai Plateau reservoir. A principle
component of the project included selling ninety to ninety–five percent of NT2's electrical power to neighboring Thailand (2013).
Project Goals
In 2006, The World Bank Group's Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency (MIGA), reported that the average daily income of Lao PDR citizens
was less than US$1, lower in rural areas, and that limited options existed for generating income. At that time, MIGA projected that the NT2 would
generate close to US$1.9 billion in foreign exchange earnings over the dam's twenty–five year lifespan (through the export of

Global Climate Change And Creating A Sustainable Energy...
Energy efficiency is a key step in reducing our impact on global climate change and creating a sustainable energy future. Electricity production is the
number one source of greenhouse gases and the leading cause of industrial air pollution in the United States. Most of our electricity comes from coal,
nuclear, and other non–renewable power plants. Producing energy from these types of sources takes a severe toll on the environment by polluting the
air, land, and water supply. In order to stop polluting the atmosphere and the environment around us, we must take action and implement the use of
renewable resources into our electricity grid and overall economy. Renewable energy can be used to produce electricity with less environmental impacts
... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Power plants that use coal leak toxic metals into local groundwater and produce a lot of additional waste. Gasoline that is burned in combustion
engines emits large amounts of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere thus contributing to climate change. Natural Gas is mostly made up of methane,
which is a lot more effective at trapping heat than carbon dioxide, making it more problematic as a greenhouse gas (What Are Non, 2013). There are
also the impacts of nonrenewable resources in terms of health risks for individuals living across the globe. Uranium, which is used in nuclear power
plants, can cause numerous health issues. Including, major birth defects and abnormal heart, liver and kidney functions with overexposure (What
Are Non, 2013). Also, coal miners that inhale dust can contract black lung disease, which kills around 4,000 miners per year in the United States.
Finally, there is the issue of supply and demand as they are nonrenewable resources; once they are gone there is no way to create new ones. Thus,
they are more and more expensive as they are used. Due to this and the price increase, the technologies that we use to make our lives easier will
become useless if the fuel that is used to power them ceases to exist. If alternatives are not pursued and perfected, a shortage would result in chaos.
However, in order to achieve the switch from nonrenewable resources to renewable resources, it is important to understand what it is. Renewable
energy is energy

Hydroelectric Energy : Hydroelectric Electricity
When the topic of hydroelectric energy comes up many people wouldn't know exactly what it is, or what it does. So what exactly is hydroelectric
energy or more exact what does it do? Hydroelectric energy is one of the oldest power sources on the planet, generating power when flowing water
spins a wheel or turbine. It was used by farmers as far back as ancient Greece for mechanical tasks like grinding grain. Hydropower is also a renewable
energy source and produces no air pollution or toxic by–products. When most people guess what of hydroelectric, they think the Niagara Falls which
was the site of the country's first hydroelectric generating now a little history which supposedly according to the website the facility was built in
1881 when a man name Charles Brush connected a generator to turbines powered by the falls and used the electricity to power nighttime lighting for
visiting tourists. America's first commercial hydropower facility was built in 1882 in Appleton, Wisconsin powering lighting for a paper mill and
multiple homes. But every state uses hydropower for electricity, and some states use a lot of it and according to the website it explained that over 70
percent of Washington State's electricity comes from hydropower, and 11 states get more than 10 percent of their electricity from hydropower.
Hydroelectricity provides about seven percent of the electricity generated in the United States and about half of the electricity from all renewable
sources.

Article Critique: Study on Belo Monte Dam Project
Introduction
An enormous 80% of Brazil's electrical power is harnessed from its rivers. However a controversial dam project, the Belo Monte Dam, to be built on
the Xingu River in the Brazilian state of ParГЎ has thrown the country into uproar, with indigenous peoples and citizens alike protesting in their
thousands. The project for what would be the third–largest dam in the world is projected to cost the Brazilian government in excess of around US $20
billion, generating 11,000 megawatts of electricity at full capacity, and has recently seen yet another halt in construction after the Rio Summit in
August 2012, due to a court ruling that the indigenous peoples had not been consulted about the project as is law in Brazil. For a project ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
Throughout the article, different tribe names are used to exemplify the sheer number of indigenous peoples that will be affected by the building of the
dam, and this endears the reader to their struggle against this uncaring government, bent on getting their own way, and the "extensive damage" the
project will cause.
It is stated that the government "claims" that the energy generated would power homes, but "in reality" only 70% would serve this function, that 30%
has been bought by Eletrobras for industry, and is another implication that the government has lied to the people, and is exploiting the dam for their
own gain for several industry mining schemes while the Brazilians "would continue to pay the highest energy tariffs in the developing world".
The article offers an alternative to the dam of reinforcing existing hydroelectric infrastructure and "investing in energy efficiency" which reinforces the
argument that Belo Monte is a bad idea. In addition, it is claimed that "the government is also siphoning Brazilian public pension funds and the
country's workers' insurance funds in order to bankroll a full 25% of the project's construction consortium, called Norte Energia". This again is designed
to make the government look like the bad guy, that they are building the dam for their own gain with no thought to the public, and this statement would
definitely rally the Brazilian public into opposing the dam, and

Water and Human Rights by Barbara Johnston
Barbara Johnston mentions in "Water and Human Rights" how dams are supposed to regulate water and make water more accessible for humans and
their communities and project energy and economic goals. Yet, the building of dams has not done any of those following goals and has showed more
of a decline than an increase in those areas (Johnston, 445). In addition, Johnston mentions how 60% of the rivers were dammed making an extreme
impact on the extinction of 30% of the worlds freshwater fish (Johnston, 445). Other problems faced due to the dam construction other than extinction
of freshwater fish would be the displacement and severe poverty of 80 million people around the world, majority being from indigenous and ethnic
minorities (Johnston, 445). Another problem that is brought up by Johnston is the privatization of water and how water should not be privatized.
Johnston mentions water is a human right and that when building dams the water is automatically privatized and the people who were displaced do
not get any of the dam water, the water that they get is contaminated and not healthy for human living (Johnston, 449). This is happening and has
happened in numerous countries, the ones that Johnston mentions, China, Turkey, Africa, and Chile, are just a few of them. Johnston agrees that the
clean water from dams does some good for people, but the lack of distribution, the displacement, and extinction of animals/fish are negative effects seen
when looking at everything

Advantages And Disadvantages Of Earthquake
1.Introduction
As a mechanical engineer in this essay will be discuss the natural disasters such as flood, earthquake etc. Should provide solutions for these problems
by the student. A natural disaster is the consequence of a natural hazard (volcanic eruption, an earthquake, a landslide etc.). The human weakness in the
face of natural disasters, exacerbated by the lack of planning or lack of adequate emergencies management system leads to financial, structural and
human losses. The size of the potential loss may also depend on the nature of the risk of the same, which can range from a small lightning strike, which
threatens a very small area to a crash or other event asteroid space equipment, which can eliminate culture
2.Main Body
2.1.Earthquake and Flood
Firstly what exactly earthquake and flood is. An earthquake is the vibration or sudden movement of the Earth's surface. The earthquake in most cases ...
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The disadvantage of hydroelectric dams is:
Large dam construction cost and installation of equipment, and the usually great time required for completion of the project
2.3.Earthquake
Every time there is an earthquake hundreds of people die and inexperience injured. Whether it is in Europe or in Asia Whether it results always is
about the same.
On average, every year marked
ITALY 165 earthquakes (years 1891–1920)
GREECE 531 earthquakes (years 1893–1898)
JAPAN 1041 earthquakes (years 1885–1892)
ENGLAND 13 earthquakes (years 1889–1916)
THE most devastating earthquake

Grand Coulee Dam Essay
Background
Nearly 13,000 years ago, glaciers moved across the earth. In the Pacific Northwest they created many rivers, including the Columbia. The rock that
the Grand Coulee Dam was built on was carved out by those glaciers creating a sturdy base of the dam. It is located in the rain–shadow of the Cascade
Mountain Range in a shrub–steppe grassland, which results in very little rainfall and high temperatures. There have been many Native American tribes,
including the Spokane, Sanpoli, Nespelem, Lakes, Colville and many others that have lived along the Columbia River and have relied on it for many
of their day–to–day necessities (Columbia Basin Project 2015). On July 16, 1933 construction of the Grand Coulee Dam began, and nine years later ...
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The tribal members are against the dam because it ruins their life style. The Native Americans use the Columbia River as a source of food and a way
of life. Moreover, the damming of the Columbia River forced the Native Americans to resettle. The dam is an issue to them because theyfish for
salmon, an anadromous fish and once they're through the dam, there is no way for them to come back up it to spawn; this leads to the disappointed
commercial fishermen. The environmentalists are upset because the construction of the dam means there would be habitat loss and alteration of a
variety of wildlife, including plants. The taxpayers in the Northwest Region of the United States are the ones who paid for the majority of the irrigation
construction costs ("Columbia Basin Project" 2015). Currently, there are no efforts for removing the

First Nation Cree Communities : The Oldest Rock On Earth
First Nation Cree Communities
First Nation Cree Economic Activities
Inuit Communities
Eastmain
Arts and crafts, businesses & services, construction, trapping, tourism, food services, outiftting and transportation
Kuujjuarapik
Wapmagoostui
Arts & handicrafts, business and services, trapping, tourism and outfitters
Salluit
Chisasibi Businesses & services, construction, trapping, tourism, outfitting & transportation
Akulivik
Waskaganish
Arts and handicrafts, businesses & services, trapping, construction, transport and outfitting
Kangirsuk
Waswanapi
Arts & handicrafts, forestry, businesses and services, fisheries, trapping, construction, transportation
Puvirnituq
The project occurred in the Taiga Shield. Encompassing not only Quebec, the ecozone also includes Alberta, Manitoba, Saskatchewan, Nunavut, the
Northwest Territories and Newfoundland and Labrador. As the Taiga Shield is part of the Canadian Shield, the bedrock is old, and in particular,
Great Slave Lake contains the oldest rock on Earth, over four billion years old. Many animals including caribou, moose, beaver, and bald eagle live in
this ecozone because of its suitable climate and appropriate land forms, which include forests, meadows and wetlands. Because of such diversity,
hunting and fishing are common activities to be done in the Taiga Shield, and because of the hydroelectric development, this ecozone has developed
quicker than its counterparts to the north. This region is also very densely populated,

Yuma Project
The Biggest Project in Yuma. Irrigation is the process by which a water supply is brought to the land or crops to aid its growth, and to do so
channels are usually used. The yuma project was designed to irrigate Yuma County Arizona And part of California and thus to exploit to the maximum
the agricultural activities of the place using as main source of water the Colorado River. The project began in the year of 1903 and with the a series of
geographic, environmental and logistical challenges that the workers had to overcome to complete this project which would become the main driver of
development in the city.
The geography of Arizona was a very important factor during the irrigation because there were many problems with it. ... Show more content on
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The Colorado River passes through Rocky Mountains carrying water to Colorado, and to the states of Los Angeles and Arizona.Thanks to new
technologies of irrigation agriculture progress in a very unpredictable and unexpected way. The advance of agriculture not only brought a lot of
benefits to farmers, progress was so great that agriculture created jobs outside the farmer sector , in sectors such as goods and services. Many
Yuma jobs were created by agriculture, which brought much progress and income for the city.Agribusiness had a direct effect with 16,428 jobs, an
indirect effect with 1,196, and an induced effect with 3,120 jobs. It can be seen that the Yuma project affected a very big number of people. After it
was seen that in Yuma there was a good land for crops, many people decide to move, this caused a massive move towards Yuma with a great impact
on the population. The impact of the population was so big that in other parts of the state were left with only 5,000 people.In the year 1948, 609
veterans were selected to win one of the 54 homesteads that were raffled on the Yuma–Mesa division of the Gila project.Veterans came as far away a
New York as well as California, just 8 were from Arizona.This brought

The Dilemma Of Hydropower Development On The Mekong
The Dilemma of Hydropower Development on the Mekong
Introduction
The Don Sahong Hydropower Project (DSHP) puts Laos under pressure. On one hand, the Lao government seeks the opportunity to boost economic
growth through producing and selling the electricity. On the other hand, DSHP raises the transboundary concerns. Thailand, Cambodia, and Vietnam as
stakeholders on the Don Sahong Dam have voiced opposition to the development of the dam. This is because the project will block the main channel
for fish migration and reducing the number of fish in the Lower Mekong Basin (LMB) that will threaten the environmental sustainability and fisheries
industry. Even though Laos has investigated negative impacts of the DSHP and proposed widening other channels to provide alternative routes, the
stakeholders concluded that there is insufficient scientific information available about the alternative routes and the lack of information on possible
trans–boundary impacts by the Project (MRC 2014). These challenges clearly display the "wicked problems" because the problems are complex,
persistent, decentralized, having multiple stakeholders, evading definitive formulation, and lack if obvious solutions (Howes & Wyrwoll 2012). This
essay further suggests the solution for DSPP's dispute by creating a small dam, conducting further research, forming a treaty. In addition, Cost Benefit
Analysis (CBA) can be a foundation for better decision–making on sustainable development of all mainstream

Mulholland Villain Or Visionary Analysis
William Mullholland designed and supervised the construction of the Los Angeles
aqueduct, a 200–mile system to transfer water from Owens Valley to the San Fernando Valley. In
March 1928, the St. Francis Dam failed and Mulholland's career was in shambles. In the article
Villain or Visionary, written by Eve Bachrach, Mullholland's career and achievements are put in
question. Opinions of Mulholland diverge once the dam fails. Bachrach's article asks the
question, "Was he motivated by greed, played by the rich men who hoped to be made richer by a
secure water source in San Fernando Valley, or was he merely a zealous public servant serving
the greater good?" (9).
Mulholland was born in Belfast, Ireland on September 11, 1855. He first arrived in Los
Angeles in 1877. Mulholland ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
I loved it so much" (9).
Ironically, his granddaughter Catherine Mullholland believed that this was not true. Catherine
says that he got a job digging wells and taught himself engineering on the job. Even though we
don't really know if his love for Los Angeles came at first, Mullholland was the city's strongest

supporter. In Caroline Mullholland's telling, she explains that "Mullholland's belief that Los
Angeles would never reach is potential without water from Owens Valley drove his support of
the project" (9). Even though many people from Owens Valley opposed the project, Mullholland
"maintained that Owens Valley land owners were fairly compensated for their land" (9).
Many people still opposed the Los Angeles aqueduct, commenting and criticizing it. The
Los Angeles newspapers "called it unnecessary and colossal waste of money" (9). Many rumor
started to spread about Mullholland and his aqueduct. Some of these rumors include,
"Mullholland and his backers lied about the immediate need for water, secretly dumped water to
create an artificial draught, and passed an unnecessary ordinance prohibiting people

Maintaining Floodgates For Water Conservation At Dams
MAINTAINING FLOODGATES FOR WATER CONSERVATION AT DAMS
ARUNA G.NARESH
M.Tech Student,EEE, Asst.Prof,EEE,
Aarushi Engineering college, Aarushi Engineering college,
Warangal, Telangana, India. Warangal, Telangana, India.
Mail.id:arunakoripelli128@gmail.com Mail.id: nareshsce@gmail.com
ABSTRACT:
Once the level within the dam surpasses certain level, the dam is at risk of collapsing. To avert this, we ought to constantly monitor dam level to
ensure that dam structure doesn 't cave in underneath the pressure from the water. A dam is really a barrier that impounds water or subterranean
streams. The primary water quality related parameters that should be supervised are Temperature, Turbidity and ph. This paper describes the
theoretical aspects associated with the work we 're doing and also the particulars concerning the illustration showing the automation of dam gates.
Dams generally serve the main reason for retaining water, while other structures for example floodgates or levees (also referred to as dikes) are
utilized to manage or prevent water flow and drainage into specific land regions. You can do this by manipulating the ton gates when the level
surpasses certain limits.

Environmental economics
For more than 30 years, there have been discussions concerning the development of the Bakun Dam in the East Malaysian state of Sarawak. If built,
the dam would be the largest in South–East Asia. The Bakun Dam: A Case Study indicates that generating 2400 megawatts of power, it would provide
electricity for all of Sarawak, and for industries and cities in mainland Malaysia, through a cable under the South China Sea. At 650 kilometres, this
would be by far the longest cable in the world.
The Bakun Dam has been a highly controversial issue spanning over three decades as its validity and use to the people of Malaysia have been
questioned. For the cost that involves producing this dam, at seven billion dollars and rising, is there a need for so ... Show more content on
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163). These are the initial steps to consolidating Malaysia's economic and environmental future.
Even after the project had been shelved in 1990, lobbying by its proponents continued, particularly by the Sarawak government, which urged the
federal government to revive the project. Finally, in September 1993, the Malaysian cabinet approved construction of the Bakun Dam. In reviving
the project, Malaysia's need for power was most often invoked as justification. By 1993 the Malaysian economy was growing by more than 8 percent
per year, with electricity demand expanding even faster. The Borneo Bulletin affirms that blackouts in 1992 and 1993, and a predicted doubling of
demand by 2000, were indications of a power crisis, justifying extraordinary efforts to expand supply. Project proponents also believed the Bakun Dam
could help reduce dependence on fossil fuels, especially oil. Most evident however, was that this project was consistent with an energy policy relying
almost entirely on supply. In Harun's argument, he referred to the quote from environmentalist Gurmit Singh (1995) to prove his theory: "The concept
of energy conservation and certainly its implementation is virtually absent in Malaysia." This is why Malaysia needs to complete the dam, to enhance
its economic and environmental status on the worldwide scale.
Furthermore, the Bakun Dam has attracted the attention of numerous international

Teton Dam Failure
Ethical Case Study of the Teton Dam Failure
The collapse of Teton Dam on June 5th 1976 marked one of the greatest civil engineering disasters in modern US history because of the utter lack of
ethics that went into the execution of project. The dam failure resulted in the deaths of 14 humans, over 13000 livestock, destroyed over 700 homes,
250 businesses, and damaged another 3000 homes. Despite the mercifully low number of human deaths, this was an accident that never should have
occurred in the first place. Dams have been critical to civilizations for supplying water and hydraulic power for thousands of years. However, if safety
protocols and guidelines to dam building are taken lightly, catastrophic consequences follow; the collapse of Teton... Show more content on
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The Teton dam was built with the intention of providing a more constant supply of water,flood control, and to serve as a hydro–electric plant. The site
was based in the Snake River Plain on the Teton river. Although never truly in the epicenter of earthquakes, there have been several seismic activities
in close proximity to the proposed site in the previous years. No real concern was given to this fact as investigations to building the dam continued.
Geologically, the site was covered in rather porous volcanic rock formations such as basalt, rhyolite, and tuff that formed from the ashes of a
Yellowstone supereruption 2.1 million years ago. Porous material is not ideal for dam formation. In addition, there were significant fissures in the
bedrocks. The tuff at the right abutment is also greatly jointed, in other words the surface of the rocks were fractured into many visible pieces. The
project continued with no concern for these issues as they were technically solvable with proper treatment using

Utilitarianism: Philosophy Of Development
Title: Philosophy of Development Name: Jitendra Kuldeep Roll No: 13110044 Word Count:... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
First element is happiness and second is consequentialism. Usually defined as maximizing total benefits and reducing suffering or the negatives. Most
of the governments in the world follow this theory. Generally in democracy like India government consider this theory because they are elected by
majority of the people and hence they try to look after the benefits of the majority of the population. In utilitarianism everything useful to happiness is
fine. It is based on principle of utility. The purpose of morality is to develop the society. In the consequentialism an action is morally rights or
wrong depends entirely on its consequence. Utilitarianism considers that everyone is pleasure, not single person. People who are displaced from
their land get compensation but does that compensate the value of job, life health etc. Even they get land at same other place, will they get same
kind of living environment, employment opportunity as before? Majority of the people get the benefits of electricity from large dams or nuclear
power plants but at the cost of displacing inhabitants from their land. Fundamental problem theory with this theory is that it assumes everyone is
tradable. The right of freedom of choice of some people is being violated for the benefits of the larger population. People who do not wanted to leave
their land were forced to sacrifice their freedom of choice. The aim of the morality is to make the

Irrigation In Yumma Essay
Irrigation Throughout Yuma County
Yuma has came a very long way with irrigation. With Yuma being so dry and having sand it was easy to plant soil and make canals and dams. There
has been major challenges, and many successful achievements for irrigation, with flooding, sediment removings, and building the canals.
Some challenges that Yuma County had with theIrrigation System was flooding, the use of water for crops on farmland, the supply of water for
irrigation, and the transfer of water from the canals. Millions of years the Quechan Indians would depend on the flooding river to fertilize and irrigate
the farmlands crops Companies had formed irrigate lands in the Yuma Valley, but they were not successful at all with this plan they thought would work.
It was challenging to get the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The technology had got better because they started using sprinklers and the drip irrigation. The sprinklers were positive because they had a limit on
how much water to use to water the crops which was something they needed a limit on because water was valuable. They had created multi–crop
production system which were different type of crops that did not use so much water which helped save money for the yuma project.
Some negative effects the Yuma project had were water issues with the Colorado River, thecanal getting clogged from trash, farm workers that were
not as skilled as the others, the population was growing so they could not use as much land because they had to build residential areas like house for
the people, and flooding. A major flood happened in 1916 which lasted only a few months it was 6 to 8 feet deep and it was in the lower part of the
downtown Yuma part. This had affected the canals, all of yuma because they could not drive anywhere or build things, or even grow anything because
of the

The Construction Of A Dam And Its Impact On The Social,...
These articles discuss the construction of a dam's project in Mapuche territories and its impact on the social, political and economic life of the
indigenous community. The Mapuche people of Southern Chile have a long history and they were able to defend their independence despite many
raids by giving many sacrifices. But a final defeat their on the hands of Chilean army forced them to be at the mercy of Chile's government and then
began a long and different fight for survival. They were forcefully relocated to reserves, where the lands were unfit and insufficient to sustain life.
Chilean commercial expansion resulted in the exploitation of natural resources of Mapuche communities. Specially the activities like forestry,
hydroelectric ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The Mapuche community has knocked the door of many authorities to let their grievances be addressed, and justice be provided. They have made
many protests but all fell on the deaf ears of concerned authorities. Their appeal and protest is based on retaining ancestral lands, concerns over
environmental and social impacts, and the secrecy of all process. Despite all protests of local communities, ENDESA and IFC were initially reluctant
to consider the demands of the Mapuche people. Even the audit reports of DR Downing, an anthropologist hired by IFC, about the social and
environmental impacts and weakness of the project were not fully publicized as it found substantial evidence that the Pehuen foundation has failed to
compensate all affected people adequately.
Lately, because of the international pressure and fear of losing credibility IFC server notice to ENDESA that failure to meet the environmental
conditions of loan would result in declaration of a default. ENDESA made a smarter move and repaid IFC amount by securing funds from a German
private development bank. Side by side, Mr Downing filed three back to back human rights violations complaints on the grounds of intentional and
willful violation of human and civil rights of the community. Other inquires were also conducted by Worlds Bank inspection panel, AAA Committee
for human rights (CfHR). Both concluded that IFC refusal to release

Remmel Dam Essay
On May 19 and 20, 1990, terribly significant rains fell within the river Basin, particularly over the lower finish of Lake Hamilton and far of Lake
Catherine. within the twelve–hour amount from 6:00 p.m. May 19, 1990 to 6:00 a.m. May 20, 1990, there was downfall of 10 inches at Carpenter
Dam, seven inches at Remmel Dam, and twelve inches in near Hot Springs, with most of the rain falling between 8:00 p.m. and 3:00 a.m. The pool
elevation on Lake Hamilton was 399.16 feet higher than water level at 8:00 p.m. on May 19, however when four hours, had up to 402.12 feet, and
was still rising. Throughout this point the gates on Carpenter Dam were opened so as to avoid flooding on Lake Hamilton. The mixture of the
discharge from Lake Hamilton and therefore the influx of rain from Lake Catherine's catchment area flooded the shores of Lake Catherine. The tail
water from Carpenter Dam rose from a traditional elevation of 305 feet, to an elevation of 331 feet by 4:00 a.m. on May 20. Before the flooding, the
pool elevation at Remmel Dam was close to traditional at 304.33 feet, however the pool at Remmel Dam crested at 7:00 a.m. on May 20th at 4:00am
at an elevation of 317.50 ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
At the time Remmel Dam was in–built 1923–24 and once the project was swollen in 1947 AP&L consistently purchased and reserved easements on all
the land adjacent to Lake Catherine allowing flooding to the degree it determined might be flooded in a very "worst case state of affairs," employing a
study conducted throughout construction of Remmel and Carpenter Dams. The language of the easements varied, however all reserved or sent
flowage and submersion rights either to a definite elevation variable per location on the lake, or covering the complete

Case Study: The Three Gorges Dam Project
Case Study of the Three Gorgers Dam Project Case study of the Three Gorgers Dam Project What does the project say about the public policy process
in China? The approval of the Three Gorges Project marked an end to a long period of controversy in the Chinese leadership. The government attempted
to end the debates but encountered stiff opposition. The Chinese government has received substantial financial support in favor of the project. Several
construction contracts are already in progress. This project is used to display how an ambitious enterprise can be tainted by debates and lack of
transparencies, unfair labor conditions, and authoritarian decision making in China. Throughout the debates about the project in China,
environmentalists have mounted numerous challenges and objections. However, top government officials have given these challenges little attention
particularly the prime minister who is focused and determined to ensure that the project succeeds. The success of the project places the country at the
top position of being an emerging superpower (Heggelun, 2004). What public policy theories best explain the development and implementation of the
Three Gorgers Dam project? There are several theories that describe the possible unrealized expectations with negative impact on population's health.
For instance, future unrealistic expectations may be a preparation for changes in life but may create subsequent problems of distress during
adjustments. This is explained

The Intake Structure Essay
The Intake structure is provided in three separate shafts for stop–log gate, trash rack and service gates are provided. Following types of gates are
proposed. Emergency / Stop Log Gates Provision of one emergency gate of size 5000M X 7000OM – MT Capacity EOT Crane with lifting beams is
made for lifting and lowering the emergency gate. Arrangement of ACC hoisting structure is to be provided. Trash Rack Gate: Trash Rack Panels
with E.O.T cranes of 20 Metric Ton Capacity with lifting beam and RCC hoisting structure is proposed. Service Gate The service gate consists of
gate of size 4X9 meter with hydraulic lifting and lowering system. Intake Tunnel: A circular Intake Tunnel of 7.2 m finished dia with 50 cm R.C.C
lining is proposed, considering 4 m/s limiting velocity. Length of intake tunnel is proposed as 227 m with radius of curvature 70 m at the junction
with intake structure. A bed slope of 1:100 is provided. Head Race Tunnel: A circular HRT of 7.2 m finished dia with 50 m R.C.C lining is proposed.
Length of HRT is proposed as 30 m upto the junction of Y–piece. Discharge through the tunnel is considered as 160 cumecs. Pressure Shafts: It is
proposed to install 2 units of 40MW reversible turbines. A steel line Y–piece is provided to branch the pressure shafts, after which two circular steel
lined pressure shafts 2.9m dia, are provided upto spiral case inlet. Similar arrangement is provided on the d/s after draft tube control valves. Power
House: Power House

San Joaquin Research Paper
Dams are created by humans and dams disrupt wildlife, therefore humans disrupt wildlife. California, being a state with dams, has rivers and chaotic
nature running through itself. One of the mains rivers in California is the San Joaquin, is a dammed river and its damnation has led to many downfalls
in nature. Bill McEwen and Daniel Wientraub have observed the river and it's stats, and with the upcoming restoration plan, the two obviously have
expectations on how the plan will affect the river. They expectsalmon populations to rise, or at least be stable, positive effects on the recreation and the
economical reign to expand.
The salmon levels are as predicted, low and unstable. Bill McEwen foresaw this, evidently in, "The salmon will be hatchery–raised, ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
As explained here, "... working together on a project should benefit the environment, the fishing industry, and the local economy," the economy may get
better. Among other things, the economy may rise, positively, with the growth of fishing industries and the energies created by the river itself. Grossi
iterates the results, "'... not to mention billions of dollars to complete this project. Is that reasonable?"'(Grossi) With this, Grossi shows the reader how
terribly the economy is, at this moment, because of the unnecessary amounts of money going into this project, when, all they have to do is open the
river. [Like, bruh.] A flawed restoration plan, will never amount to all of the expectations of the people, but it is surely to do so for some, typically,
those with money that get benefits from the San Joaquin.
The economy is, or was, expected to grow, along with the salmon population and recreation. The observers, McEwen and Weintraub, studied the plan
for restoration and the river before the plan, made presumptions with the information given to them. The San Joaquin's restoration plan, as expected,
contained more consequences than lifesavers. In the end, dams, since they are made by humans, are a disruption to wildlife, just as humans

The Damnation Is Released March 10, 2014 As An Advocacy...
DamNation
DamNation was released March 10, 2014 as an advocacy documentary film. DamNation's main topic is presenting and challenging the changing ideas
and opinions of the large systems of dams in the United States. The movie is in full support of the growing environmental strategy of Dam removal in
hopes to restore river ecosystems from coast to coast.
There are 75,000 dams in the US today, and have been part of American culture for many years. As the demand for electricity grew the government
looked into hydroelectric power that could be produced from these dams. These dams were also used to back up water for towns to use as a water
source and to also redirect water for irrigation purposes. The US Army Corps of Engineers headed many of these projects for the government and
when World War II came about dams starting popping up everywhere to power project to build planes, ships, bombs, and other material for war. But
quickly after the war many of the dams became obsolete and not even worth the cost it would take to re–open and run them. That is where the film
comes into play advocating to remove and demolish these obsolete masses of concrete and let the rivers flow.
The dams being built took away many amazing and flourishing fisheries and Indian grounds. Salmon and other wild fish struggling to get back
upstream to their spawning grounds as fish ladders in the dams either were too hard to navigate or simply did not exist. For salmon it is lack of
access "end of story"

The Degradation Of Arid Areas
1 Introduction and Background
According to the United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification (1994), all arid areas distributed into three different subgoups, such as arid,
semi–arid and dry sub–humid areas. In these zones the average annual precipitation and evapotranspiration. Additionaly, arid areas occupy 41% of the
land on Earth and are home for more than 2 billion people. Moreover, zones of the same type exist on all continents in the world except Antarctica.
Forty percent of population of Africa, South America and Asia live in arid areas; consequently arid zones dependent on the climatic conditions that are
not conducive to the agriculture. A small amount and high variability of precipitation patterns pose serious problems to... Show more content on
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As conclusions of the, the purposes of this report is to descibe and investigate different feasibility of different techniques for providing fresh water to
particular continent, specifically Australia.As a fact, Australia is the driest country in the world. Annual precipitation falls in Australia less than in
Africa repeatedly. In the hot season the rivers and lakes dry up, and on the continent there is a shortage of water. As water sources Australians use some
large rivers and lakes, perennial summer and well. Groundwater is of great economic importance for agriculture in this country.
2 Presentation of Options
Firstly, a dam is some kind of strategic imortant constraction wich allowed to control and store level of water. Moreover, that kind of building
important for cizitezns and humans in general as it grant opportunities to provide fresh water in arid Australians zones for drinking, bathing, power
generation and fo others imortant and essentiial needs for life. Additionaly, Australia has over 500 huge dams constuction. During 1962, the Australian
National Committee on Large Dams (ANCOLD) adapted, on behalf of the International Commission of Large Dams (ICOLD), a Register of Large
Dams in Australia for inclusion in their World Register of Dams.
Groundwater water attribute to all water below the surface of

Advantages And Disadvantages Of Terraced Fields
Terraced fields have existed in many ancient human civilizations for thousands of years. They are ubiquitous; from the Incas to the Chinese, even in
Europe, we see terraced fields developed and used for many purposes. Most terraced fields were constructed for agriculture, but some are developed to
control floods and other purposes.
To this day, we still see some terraced fields around the world, which allows us to admire their natural beauty. However, while we are admiring the
beauty of terraced fields, many seemed to forget to learn from them in solving our current water problems. Dam constructions have been a controversial
one–size–fits–all solution to many water–related problems, yet when I visited Cheng Kung University in Tainan, I ... Show more content on
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They found that the terraced fields in the Loess Plateau region results in higher soil moisture while maintaining soil fertility. This means that plants are
able to absorb more water from the soil during the second crop. In the dry West China, such natural water conservation is significant in helping farmers
grow their plants throughout the year. Terraced fields also tremendously reducederosion in the region. Comparing the erosion modulus of regular
sloped land and terraced land in the region, the erosion modulus of terraced land is about 1.8% that of the regular sloped land. This means that
terraced land preserved and improved the soil in the region for sustainable agriculture. With better and richer soil, agriculture production yield
increased dramatically, which generated a lot of revenue. Since each step of terraced fields are shallower than dams, they could also become the
habitat of many birds. According to the definition of wetlands from RAMSAR, any body of water, static or flowing, with water depth of less than six
meters could be considered as wetlands. If we follow this definition, then technically terraced fields could be considered as a collection of wetlands.
Although this definition would open the door to many legal issues dealing with wetlands, which are beyond the scope of this paper, it would give
reasons to wetland conservationists to support building terraced

The Construction Of Large Dams Essay
The construction of large dams has been propagated as providing "inexpensive" hydropower and water supply from a very long time. Today it is
well known as it has been observed all over the world that the costs of construction and below average performance of dams were in the past basically
were hindered by the public organisations that built and operated these projects. Dams time after time cost more and take longer to build than the cost
projected as the need and advancement of technology push the cost to a higher level.
Generally speaking the larger a hydro project is, the larger is its construction cost as per its percentage. The actual assessed risks and costs of dams
are being forced and presented to the public at large because of increasing public analysis and it is also an act of attracting the private investors to take
up the new projects.
As per the findings of The World Commission on Dams , large dams on average have been at best which just slightly feasible economicaly is. The
average cost infested excessively in dams is 56%. This means that when a dam's projected cost is supposedly $1 billion, it ultimately ends up costing
around $1.56 billion. In so many related cases, the citizens of the country bear the load i.e. the expenditure of the dams which are no workable, while
the project handlers and directors move themselves out of the away with an uncluttered and mostly unrecognized profit. At the same time they end up
adding another project to their portfolio to

James Bay Project Pros And Cons
April 30, 1971, Quebec Premier Robert Bourassa proposed plans to create the idea of Hydro–Quebec. This would be a state–run electric company,
taking a hydro–electric strategy that would dam many Northern Quebec rivers and in turn open the opportunity for thousands of jobs. It would also
open the opportunity for Quebec to get a new trade base for Quebec to surplus power for export and would attract investment in exposed industries. In
1973, the James Bay Project was initiated, which indicated the damming of many rivers and flooding the surrounding areas. Since then, it became
progressively under the review of the community, internationally. The basic argument about the moral issue is not moral for the reason that an admired
and important... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
If they flood the river to make unnatural lakes, it damage the delicate wildlife. The water contains mercury poison so it affects the aquatic animals and
those consuming the aquatic animals. If anyone eats it, it can cause health issues to them. Although, according to my research "Northeastern Canada
has, per unit of surface area, more flowing water than almost anywhere else on the globe." Due to the numerous rivers that flow into the James Bay
and Hudson Bay, this can potentially increase economic growth. Since 1963, the plans of this project were started. The mission was to reconstruct the
natural waterways into the dams and reservoirs to produce electric power for Canada and New England. When Europeans were first established to
Northern America, the Cree and the Inuit were compelled to relocate further North every time a marketable resource discovery was detected. In 1975,
the James Bay and Northern Quebec Agreement between Hydro–Quebec and the Indians was reasoned to solve the issue between the two concerns.
Nonetheless, the Cree and the Inuit believe the agreement was violated. They did not execute the environmental effects assessment. On the other side,
Hydro–Quebec says otherwise. They believe that it was implied in the contract that the business could finsish what it had

Pros And Cons Of Elwha River Removal
3.5 million miles of water run throughout the United States; and since the country's conception, over 80,000 dams have impounded 600,000 miles of
these waters [1]. Dams were originally constructed to provide water to towns and establishes energy sources for mills and later hydroelectric plants.
Because these dams were constructed decades ago, they're reaching a critical point of obsoleteness where they cause more harm than good. Dam
removal is increasingly popular across the country to address the ecological problems including habitat loss and sedimentation, despite potential for
downstream harm, removing dams is more environmentally and economically cost effective than upgrading them. The Marmot, Glines Canyon, and
Elwha river dam removal projects each highlight different challenges of dam removal, but overall ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
However, the dam was removed with the notching technique, where notches are drilled into the dam to allow for a slow release of water in
installments down the river. The nearshore area, a buffer zone between the Pacific Ocean and the Elwha River, showing large increase in biodiversity.
The Chinook Salmon population also returned quickly, after nearly a century of absence [4].
Finally, the Elwha dam was removed in 2012 again for similar reasons as the previous dams. An additional reason for the Elwha removal was the
dam's dangerous materials, PCBs and asbestos [3], polluting the surrounding area, the cost to remove and rebuild the dangerous materials was
astronomical compared to the economic and environmental benefits of removing it. The dam was drained in a slow controlled fashion similar to
Glines Canyon, and the original flow channels were even restored. This resulted in salmon population restoration, and more biodiversity in the river
system that spread to the

Project Of Constructing A Large Dam

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