The Human Immunodeficiency Infection ( Hiv ) Essay

The Human Immunodeficiency Infection ( Hiv ) Essay
The human immunodeficiency infection (HIV) has claimed the lives of more than 35 million individuals since its emergence. In 2014, an estimated
3000 individuals in New Zealand was reported to be living with HIV. And, although HIV doesn 't discriminate, the brunt of this epidemic's impact has
disproportionately affected specific populaces.
Men who have sex with men (MSM) have a higher probability of contracting HIV since the virus is eighteen times more communicable through anal
sex when compared with vaginal sex (1). Furthermore, at present, 1 in 15 gay and bisexual men in New Zealand are HIV–positive (2). This, when
coupled with the fact that gay and bisexual men comprise only a small proportion of the New Zealand population, means that they are more closely
linked, and, consequently, have a smaller pool of potential sex partners, contributing to a faster, more aggressive pattern of transmission amongst
MSM. The rate of HIV diagnosis among MSM in New Zealand was low and steady in the late 90s. However, the number of new HIV diagnoses in this
population tripled by 2005 (3). Evidently, MSM in New Zealand are more susceptible to new HIV infections today when compared to 20 years ago.
The explanations behind the sharp increment seen around 2001 and 2005 are complicated and multifarious, but can be encapsulated into four
fundamental foci. The major, overriding reason for the constantly rising number of HIV–positive MSM living in the populace has been the successful
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Clinical Manifestations Of Hiv Infections
1–A 20–year–old cocaine abuser with a recurring upper respiratory infection is examined and is noted to have white patches in the oral cavity along
with parotid enlargement.
a. What history is pertinent to the examination of this patient?
HIV is manifested clinically as the development of recurrent, often severe, opportunistic infections, such as respiratory infections, and oral candidiasis
(white patches), due to their compromised immune system. Parotid enlargement is another common finding in person with HIV, and the use of illicit
drugs, especially by injections positions the patient at high risk of acquiring HIV infection.
Then, the history of present illness, past medical history, family, and personal and social history should... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Oral white patches suggest a yeast infection of the mouth named candidiasis (trush), and it is the most common oral condition in people with HIV
infection. Researches estimated that 9 in 10 people with HIV present at least one oral condition related to HIV disease. This may be the first sign of
immune suppression and the reason why physicians recommended HIV testing. The immune system weakens progressively over time and becomes
susceptible to bacterial, viral, fungal and parasitic (opportunistic) infections. Another infection (viral) with oral white patches manifestation is the hairy
leukoplakia, which is believed to be caused by Epstein–Barr virus mononucleosis, also very common in HIV–related oral conditions("HIV and the
mouth", 2011).
2–Mrs. Kline, a postoperative patient who has just undergone a right modified mastectomy, is found to have edema of the right arm. a–What is the
cause of the edema and what teaching is necessary to help Mrs. Kiner?
Modified mastectomy include removal of the entire breast (nipple, areola, the overlying skin, and the lining over the chest muscles), and most of the
lymph nodes under the arm (axillary lymph nodes) Often, breast cancer spreads to these lymph nodes, thereby entering the lymphatic system and
allowing the cancer to spread to other parts of the body. Removal of lymph nodes may affect the drainage of lymphatic fluid from the arm on the
surgical side. Problems with lymphatic drainage may

The Relationship Between HIV Infection And Automation
It has been found that HIV infection and immune activation resemble the immunology process on the elderly. The relation between HIV infection and
inflammation is similar to the relation between age and inflammation.30
Pawlec et al defines immunosenescence as the decrease in immune function due to age–related changes involving various cells: decrease in function,
alteration in natural and adaptive immune system, or the imbalance between both factors. (89) Decrease in immune system function contributes to the
susceptibility of the elderly population to the infection, latent viral reactivation, and the decrease in the effectiveness of vaccination.89,90
The decrease in the immune system does not occur only at the peripheral but also in the bone

Co Infection Of Hiv / Hbv Essay
The entire project (research about the co–infection of HIV/HBV or Coinfection of HIV/HCV) will be researched and presented to the LHC by the
intern (me). Other staff members like the community outreach director, who is my preceptor too, and executive director of the LHC will facilitate the
materials and will guide the intern in the way that the project will be successfully incorporated into their strategic plan. This means that, the number of
the participants including the intern (me) will be three (3). However, two of them are actively participating on the research project (the intern and the
preceptor), whereas, the executive director entirely focuses on facilitating the project development.
The executive director of the LHC, Ms. Nancy Steinfurth, holds a Master's degree in Public Affairs, Bachelor's degree in public Administration. Ms.
Steinfurth is responsible for the overall organization's mission and vision's fulfillment. The core duties and responsibilities are strategic planning,
policy, fundraising, and management issues concerning the organization. She has also a great background in grant writing, proposal writing, event
planning, public speaking, public relations, program development and management areas. In general, the executive director cares about health, and has
a vision to see equitable health for all Americans, especially, she worries about the underdiagnosed, silent killer, disease of liver and other
co–infectious diseases like HIV.
Ms. Nancy

Taking a Lookat Hepatitis C Virus
Globally, an estimated 150 million people have been infected with hepatitis C virus (HCV). HCV is the major cause of cirrhosis and liver cancer and
one of the most common indications for liver transplantation (Simmonds, 2004).There is serious concern about the growing problem of the HIV and
HCV prevalence in Africa, where the major route of transmission of HIV is through the sexual route. Co–infection with HCV and HIV is common due
to shared routes of transmission – via blood and blood products and sharing of needles for injecting drugs. About 40 million people are estimated to be
infected with HIV worldwide of which approximately 4–5 million are co–infected with HCV (Alter, 2006). Co–infection with HIV and HCV are
common due to shared routes of transmission, however, there are differences in the ways that these viruses are transmitted in the developed and
developing countries (Ocama and Seremba, 2011).
Burden of HIV and HCV co–infections in Africa
There have been a number of studies in Africa that have investigated the prevalence of HIV and HCV co–infections in various countries in Africa.
Generally, the distribution of HIV and HCV co infections in different regions of Africa differs by countries. The prevalence of HIV and HCV
co–infections range from as low as 0% to 99.7% (Table 1).
The Northern African region for example is the most affected by HCV with Egypt having prevalence rates as high as 20% in the general population
(WHO, 2003) in contrast, there was no

Hiv Virus Research Paper
The human immunodeficiency virus gets its name by the sole species it affects and the characteristic damage it does to the body, which is also
known as HIV. Viruses are notorious for the mode in which they reproduce; a virus enters the body, seizes the body's cells, and uses it as a host. This
is the only way for viruses to replicate. HIV takes over the body's T cells, also known as CD4 cells, which are important to defend the body from
various antigens. Normally, T cells would respond to infection and diseases by neutralizing, creating antibodies to fight off the antigen the next time it
comes around, or lessen the effects it has on the body. Infections such as pneumonia that would make a regular person incredibly ill could be fatal to
someone ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Two to four weeks after infection a person can experience flu–like symptoms. This is when the virus begins to rapidly replicate, and during this time is
when the HIV virus count is highest and the CD4 count drops rapidly. The lower the CD4 count the more susceptible the body is to other infections.
Although HIV can be spread during any stage, there is a higher chance of spreading the virus because of the high virus load per cubic millimeter of
blood. The second stage is known as clinical latency also known is inactivity, dormancy, asymptomatic HIV, and chronic HIV infection. Amid this
aspect of infection the virus is active in the body, but there are low levels in the blood. Contagion is still existent, so precautions are pertinent.
Affected humans can reach chronic HIV infection stage rapidly, but can be prolonged for a more than a decade with proper treatment. The final stage
of HIV infection is known as AIDS, which means acquired immunodeficiency syndrome, meaning that the CD4 cell count is less than 200 per cubic
millimeter of blood. Normal CD4 counts range from 500–1600 per cubic millimeter. During this stage the body can no longer protect itself from
antigens. Common infections such as the common cold can ultimately be fatal to the

Annotated Bibliography On Hiv And Aids
Overview of HIV Disease in India India has the third largest population of people living with HIV, behind Nigeria (second largest) and South Africa
(largest population) ("India has 3rd Highest Number of HIV Infections," 2014). There are approximately 2,100,000 [1,700,000 – 2,700,000] people
living with HIV in India and there is a prevalence rate of 0.3% [0.2% – 0.3%] for adults aged 15 to 49 ("HIV and AIDS Estimates in 2013," 2013).
There is a high risk for HIV infection in India due to the high rate of unprotected sex, low use of condoms, injecting drugs with HIV contaminated
needles, the low social and political status of women and the negative stigma associated with being HIV positive ("HIV/AIDS in India," 2012).
The main focus of the government on HIV and AIDS is to spread awareness in the population and to convey the importance of protected sex and
blood safety. These goals about HIV infection prevention are addressed by various organizations in India and in the world, such as the AIDS Society
of India and UNAIDS ("HIV/AIDS in India," 2012). However, the majority of the HIV population in India does not know their HIV positive status,
coverage of HIV treatment is only 36 percent and 64 percent do not have access to HIV antiretroviral treatment options ("India has 3rd Highest
Number of HIV Infections," 2014).
Number of Infections: Old and New
As of 2013, there are approximately 2.4 million people living with HIV/AIDS in India. The prevalence rate of about 0.3% in adults

Hiv And Its Infection Dynamics
Abstract HIV is one of the most feared diseases around the globe since its "discovery" in 1981. HIV stands for human immunodeficiency virus and
is caused by Lentivirus, which is a subgroup of Retroviridae (Douek et al. 2009). HIV is one of the more dangerous diseases known because there is
currently no known cure and will infect roughly 50,000 people in the United States alone each year (CDC 2016). HIV is a terrible disease that has taken
the world by storm. While originally only known as a homosexual disease, that false perception has been shattered as the disease continued to spread.
The origin of HIV is not entirely known, though there is strong evidence to support the idea that it originated in a chimpanzee in West Africa. They...
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The first international report on this yet unnamed immunodeficiency syndrome described five young homosexual men in Los Angeles with
Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia. This led to other reports of more patients who were abnormally immunodeficient. The fact that many of these patients
were either homosexual or drug abusers led researchers to strongly suspect that the disease was blood borne and sexually transmitted (hivinsite 2016).
HIV was initially viewed as a homosexual disease with some drug abusers also being exposed in the United States. The CDC put together a task force
to monitor the outbreak of rare opportunistic infections that were known to occur in immunocompromised individuals (Basavapathruni and Anderson
2007). The disease was unknown at the time and HIV was known by many different names as no one had yet isolated the causative agent of the
disease. Robert Gallo and Luc Montagnier both went on to publish findings that identified different aspects of HIV. Gallo claimed that HIV was similar
to Human T–cell Leukemia Virus and named it as HTLV–III while Montagnier claimed that HIV was immunologically independent from HTLV, and
named it Lymphadenopathy–associated Virus or LAV (Gallo et al. 1983). Later, the two names were merged into human immunodeficiency virus or
HIV by 1986.
Etiology
HIV

What Is HIV
HIV
What is HIV/AIDS?
HIV stands for Human immunodeficiency Virus. This virus weakens a person 's ability to fight infections. During HIV infection, the virus attacks and
destroys the infection–fighting CD4 cells, a type white blood cell. The loss of CD4 cells makes it difficult to fight infections, and so, one would be
most susceptible to any and every illness. A person with the loss of 200 and more CD4 cells is said to have the more advanced stage of theHIV
infection, acquired immunodeficiency syndrome or AIDS. This is the stage at which all of a person's ability to fight infections is lost.
Having HIV does not always mean that you have AIDS. It can take many years for people with the virus to develop AIDS. HIV and AIDS cannot be...
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Talk with your sex partner or partners about their sexual history as well as your own sexual history. Find out whether your partner has a history of
behaviours that increase his or her risk for HIV.
Alcohol and drugs
With the use of alcohol or drugs, be very careful. Being under the influence can make one careless about practicing safer sex.
Never share intravenous (IV) needles, syringes, cookers, cotton, cocaine spoons, or eyedroppers with others if you use drugs.
If someone already has HIV
If you are infected with HIV, you can greatly lower the risk of spreading the infection to your sex partner by starting treatment when your immune
system is still healthy.
Experts recommend starting treatment as soon as you know you are infected.
Tell your sex partner or partners about your behaviour and whether you are HIV–positive.
Follow safer sex practices, such as using condoms.
Do not donate blood, plasma, semen, body organs, or body tissues.
Do not share personal items, such as toothbrushes, razors, or sex toys that may be contaminated with blood, semen, or vaginal fluids.
If you are pregnant
The risk of a woman spreading HIV to her baby can be greatly reduced if she is on medicine that reduces the amount of virus in her blood to
undetectable levels during pregnancy.

Continues treatment during pregnancy.
Does not breast–feed her baby.
The baby should also receive

Hiv And Human Immunodeficiency Virus Essay
HIV has been a pandemic that has affected the world relentlessly for many years in a never–ending circle. HIV, or Human Immunodeficiency Virus, is
the virus that is spread through certain bodily fluids and can lead to AIDS (Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome). HIV attacks the immune system by
destroying CD4+ T cells, which leaves the person infected with HIV vulnerable to other infections, diseases, and other complications.1 Once this
virus is acquired, the human can never fully rid itself of this pathogen. If left untreated, HIV reduces the number of CD4+ cells in the body whom
sole duty is to protect the body from infections. 2 Many scientists have postulated on where the virus was first introduced. It has been assumed that
the virus was first encountered humans whom were hunting and eating chimpanzees in Central Africa and the virus has spread like wildfire since
then. Data over the years have shown that the virus has existed within the United States since at least the mid to late 1970s. 3 No effective cure for
HIV currently exist although many vaccine studies are underway around the world, but with the proper treatment and medical care provided by the
medical team, HIV can be controlled and have low transmission rates. The medicine we use to treat HIV is referred to as antiretroviral therapy or
ART. When a person infected HIV adheres to the medication correctly, it will allow for them to live longer and have healthier lives. 2
Acquired Immunodeficiency syndrome, or

Hiv / Aids : A Health Concern And Despite The Knowledge Of...
HIV/AIDS is a health concern and despite the knowledge of the disease, the infections are increasing especially amongst Blacks. This topic is
particularly of interest to me because I feel that there is a greater need to apply sociology to explain why the rate of infections is increasing amongst
certain demographics principally in the blacks/African American in the United States and not the people of whiteness. Blacks/ African Americans are
not to blame for the HIV/AIDS, the social environment in which they live affects the individuals and in turn the way they think, act and behave.
Corresponding to Lisa McIntyre (The Practical Skeptic, 2011), the sociological concept of social imagination "disregards biases against individuals and
appeals to sources outside the individual" or social forces to explain behavior (p.31) furthermore, the concept of social imagination allows one to tackle
the problems from the grassroots and promises significant change in the results. Definition and Statistics Conferring to the Center for Disease Control
and Prevention (CDC), HIV stands for Human Immunodeficiency Virus which leads to Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS), (CDC, 2014).
HIV affects the immune system that is the CD4 cells causing the weakening of the immune system (CDC, 2014). Weakening of the immune system
leaves the body defenseless from new infections. At this stage, one is then declared to have Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS).

Genetic Determinants Of Hiv Infection
Genetic determinants of HIV infection:
HIV has two major types: HIV–1 and HIV–2. HIV–1 has four groups M, N, O and P. These groups are further classified into subtypes. Group M is a
major infecting group worldwide contributing to 90% of HIV–1 infections. Group M is classified into nine subtypes (A, B, C, D, E, F, G, H, J and K).
Subtype B is predominantly found in America and Western Europe. The susceptibility toHIV–1 infection, transmission of disease, and response to
retroviral therapy depend on the genetic determinants of the host cell. These genetic determinants vary in populations and among patients. These
genetic variants regulate chemokine co–receptors and ligands that involve in the entry of the virus, major histocompatibility complex, killer cells Ig
like receptor and cytokines, and TRIM5О± motif and apolipoprotein B mRNA–editing enzyme, catalytic polypeptide–like 3G (Kaur and Mehra, 2009).
In genome–wide association studies performed in European population, it was shown that Human leukocyte antigen (HLA) class I variation (Eg.
HLA–B*5701) is the major contributor to viral set point and CD4+ T cell decline (Fellay et al., 2010). Cohort study of genetic polymorphism in
chemokine receptors in Indian population has shown that protective CCR5 О”32 variant is rare and CCR5HHE carrying *59402A has the high
likelihood of infections (Kaur and Mehra, 2009). HIV Sequence Database contains annotated HIV sequences

The Fight Against Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection...
Uganda in the past has been at the forefront of the fight against Human immunodeficiency virus infection – acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (HIV
/AIDS) in Africa and it became one of the earliest success stories (USAID 2004).
However, the HIV–AIDS prevalence rates have been rising again drastically since 2011.
Uganda now seeks for "Preventive Measures" lessons from other countries that had used it before as "a learning and reference point" (Monitor
Uganda, May 8, 2013). Therefore, the question of interest in this paper is why are the rates of HIV–AIDS suddenly increasing in Uganda? According to
the 2011 AIDS Indicator survey, the HIV–AIDS prevalence rates now stand at 7.3% from the previous 6.4%. The number of people living with
HIV–AIDS and its related diseases is currently 1.6 million from 1.2 million. (Uganda HIV and AIDS Country Progress report, 2013). In this paper, the
possible hypothesis to the question of interest will be best illustrated basing on these reasons as listed below:
Government involvement in the HIV–AIDS campaigns has reduced compared to the past where the president himself spearheading campaigns against
HIV–AIDS
The economic growth rates of the country
The ever growing Ugandan population Before commencing in to the details of the hypothesis, there is need to have a clearer understanding of the
HIV–AIDS epidemic in Uganda in terms of the history of the disease, preventive and cautious measures taken in the past.
A brief

Essay on Congenital Neonatal Infections in Vertical HIV
Congenital Human Immunodeficiency Virus, also called Vertical HIV, is a serious epidemic arising from passage of the virus to an infant from a
maternal infection. The disease can have severe symptoms for the infected newborn and is almost always fatal to the child. The fetus has a 25%
chance of infection while in utero and a 20% – 50% ( depending of the country) chance of infection during the birthing process although a cesarean
birth significantly lowers the probability of neonatal infection. The severity of the mothers HIV infection determines the chances of a fetal infection
meaning the more advance the disease in the mother the high the possibility of transmission through placental cord blood. Infection can also occur from
... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The juxtapositional co–receptor attachment to the host membrane encourages the GP41 protein to initiate fusion by collapsing into a hairpin loop
structure bringing the two membranes in close proximity. Thevirus then injects the contents of the virion including machinery enzymes and the RNA
genome into the host cell where a dsDNA molecule is made and integrated into the host. The reverse transcription process has a high mutation rate
because the viral reverse transcriptase enzyme is unable to detect or repair any mistakes as it forms the dsDNA. After the new dsDNA molecule is
made it is transported to the nucleus of the host and integrated into the host genome. The HIV genome will either remain in a lysogenic state within
the host or if actively stimulated new HIV viruses will be constructed and released to infect neighboring cells. The ability of the virus to choose its
co–receptor is called viral tropism and determines its virulence and disease progression rate. If the virus binds with the co–receptor CCR5 it is called
macrophage–tropic (M–tropic) and characterizes most HIV infections. The M–tropic variant is regarded as less virulent because it is nonsyncytial.
Some mutations of the CCR5 gene lead to a partial immunity to the virus and can slow the disease and in some cases prevent infection of the M–tropic
HIV varient. Also patients with high levels of CCR5 soluble chemokines are more resistant to the virus. The CXCR4 chemokine co–receptor is

Acute Human Immunodeficiency Virus ( Hiv ) Infection
Acute Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) infection is the small period of time after a person has been exposed to HIV and before they have
seroconverted. Seroconversion is the process in which the body starts to create antibodies to fight the HIV virus (Pietrangelo, 2013). During this
period of time, which is usually a few days, the virus replicates rapidly. The rapid replication results in extremely high amounts of HIV in the blood
because the body has not had time to respond to the infection. As the viral load increases more CD4 white cells are destroyed. CD4 cells are a
responsible in protecting the body from infection. When these cells are destroyed they no longer are able to adequately activate the body 's immune
system. (AIDS.GOV). ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Signs/symptoms of Acute HIV Infection Including H&P
Not all patients with HIV will have signs or symptoms during the acute infection phase. If a patient is having symptoms they can often times think that
they have the flu. Acute HIV infection symptoms can show up 2–4 weeks after exposure and last from a few days to several weeks (Cherney, 2014). If
they are exhibiting symptoms they may present as having a fever, swollen lymph nodes, skin rashes, myalgia, diarrhea, oral ulcers or thrush, and
fatigue. Lab results may also show leukopenia, thrombocytopenia, or an elevation in transaminase (DHHS, 2015). Differential diagnoses include the flu
or Epstein– Barr Virus since these also present with similar symptoms.
A thorough health history must be taken with patients before an exam in order to identify risk behavior. Important things to ask about are sexual
history, partners and possible exposures, any drug use (especially intravenously), and any current STI's (HRSA, 2014). Upon physical exam things to
look for or may see with an acute HIV infection would be ecchymosis, purpura, petechiae, Kaposi sarcoma, lymphadenopathy, oral candidiasis, or
hepatosplenomegaly (Aberg et al., 2014).
Cultural Implications The numbers of new HIV infections per year has remained relatively the same since the 1990's (CDC, 2015). Out of

HIV Infection Rates For Children In The United States
In the world there's 3.2 million children age 15 and under were living with AIDS at the end of 2013, according to the World Health Organization. HIV
human immunodeficiency virus is the virus that causes AIDS acquired immune deficiency syndrome. The virus damages or destroys the cells of the
immune system living them with some poor condition of life. They can live a regular life with a lots of medication.
Children HIV–positive under the age of 13 are infected during pregnancy, childbirth, or breastfeeding. This condition you can transfer it if you have
it and is very sad if you give it to a in defenseless creature that does not have the chance to live or the opportunity to have a live with a good kind of
life. Better treatment and prevention strategies have helped to lower HIV infection rates for children in the United States. ... Show more content on
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Those maternal antibodies can remain in an infant's system up to 18 months. Many children with HIV reach adolescence without issue, and maintain
relatively intact immune systems. Children with HIV suffer the usual childhood infections more frequently and more severely than uninfected children.
These infections can cause recurrent colds, fever, diarrhea, dehydration, fungal infections, including persistent diaper rash, pneumonia, seizures, and
other problems that can cause nutritional problems and may result in extended hospital stays. This children have more chance to get sick because there
immune system is poor. Children often face other issues related to living with HIV disease, including, family issues, bullying and medication
adherence. Growing up with a condition as HIV is very difficult you are a little person that doesn't know why he got this

Human Immunodeficiency Infection ( Hiv )
Human immunodeficiency infection (HIV) is the infection which causes the illness, AIDS. Contamination with that infection harms the human body 's
insusceptible (safeguard) framework and permits life–undermining diseases to create. HIV has no known cure or antibody for counteractive action.
Accessible therapeutic learning shows that transmission of HIV is basically through sexual contact or offering intravenous medication gear to somebody
who has a HIV disease. It additionally can be spread from a contaminated mother to her child some time recently, or amid, conveyance and through
bosom nourishing. HIV can 't be transmitted through easygoing contact, for example, sharing nourishment or beverage, touching surfaces, shaking
hands, dry kissing, or cooperating. HIV can 't be transmitted by mosquitoes or different bugs.
Regardless of the possibility that there are no side effects, a HIV–contaminated individual can transmit HIV to a sexual accomplice or to a
needle–sharing accomplice.
As a result of the reality of the HIV/AIDS issue, the University of Alabama at Birmingham has set up this strategy which concentrates on counteractive
action (through point by point instruction of understudies, workforce, and staff) and on the humane consideration of individuals with HIV
contamination or AIDS.
An administrator or anybody in the UAB group who gets to be mindful of a HIV/AIDS–related circumstance including a worker, understudy, or guest
should take after the rules expressed

Immune Response To Hiv Infection
5. Immune Response
HIV antibodies can be detected during the acute phase of the infection, generally between 1 and 3 months, however, over time the immune response to
the infection will prove ineffective, as seen by figure 3, where the virus–specific antibodies have little to no effect on virus infected cells, and are only
effective on the virus particle itself. It can take up to 6 months for the host to be able to produce significant antibody amounts, and over time, the
immune response is weakened by the destruction of memory T cells, namely, CD4 and CCR5 cells. (The Biology Project, 2000) The antibody, IgG1 is
a key component in the humoral immune response; it defends the immune system during all stages of the HIV infection. This particular ... Show more
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When the HIV virus is contracted, the antibody IgG1 becomes a key component in the humoral immune response, however, to produce enough
antibodies to fight infection can take anywhere between 1 and 6 months. In this time, the immune system is being weakened by the virus as the
destruction of T cells (CD4 cells) takes place. The Bubonic Plague pathogen, however, works differently and more effectively to shut down the immune
system quickly, essentially blocking a targeted immune response to the bacteria. Y.pestis injects the outer cell membrane of the macrophages with the
YopJ toxin to shut down cellular communication pathways, as well as stopping cytokine production. In doing so, the bacterium is able to ultimately
stop and immune response to the pathogen all together. Despite this distinct difference in chemical effects on the host, the immune system is similarly
ineffective at destroying these two pathogens

The Infection And Prevalence Of Hiv Among Adults And...
The Infection and Prevalence of HIV among Adults and Adolescents in the United States
Kuljit Kaur Sidhu
I.D. #16822472
Summer Session I 2015
Professor Jaime Allgood
I.The Public Health Problem
The United States is facing a flourishing epidemic of Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) infections which is rapidly progressing and contributing to
the rising mortality rates. HIV is an infection that is caused when a virus attacks the immune system which is the body's natural defense system and
without a strong immune system, an individual's body is too weak to fight off infections. The strongest component of the immune system to fight off
infectious diseases is white blood cells. HIV infects and destroys ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Individuals with HIV may not notice and/or realize their symptoms because they may not appear for up to 10 years (CDC, 2013). The symptoms
include rapid weight loss, recurring fever and/or profuse night sweats, extreme and unexplained tiredness, prolonged swelling of the lymph glands in
the armpits, groin, or neck, and/or diarrhea that lasts for more than a week.
Within the United States, over 1.2 million people are living with HIV infection and about 13% of them are unaware of their infection. Additionally, it
is estimated that 50,000 new HIV infections are developing each year (CDC,2013). In the year 2013, about 47,352 people were newly diagnosed with
HIV infections and overall 1,194,039 have been diagnosed with AIDS (CDC, 2013). Unfortunately in the year 2012, about 13,712 people with AIDS
and about 670,000 people in the United States have died overall because they were unaware of their infection which caused them to develop AIDS, the
untreatable disease (CDC, 2012). In regards to a concentrated population, adolescents/adults (age 13 years and over), carry the highest risk for HIV
infections (Campsmith,2010) . In the year 2006, about 1,106,400 adolescents/adults were diagnosed and living with HIV in the United States and about
232,700 individuals who were unaware of their infection and went undiagnosed

The Role Of HIV Infection In The United States
In the United States, HIV (infection) has changed remarkably over the past 30 years. According to CDC.gov "At the end of 2013, 498,400 African
Americans were living with HIV (40% of everyone living with HIV in the US), and 1 in 8 did not know they were infected." More than 44,000 people
were diagnosed with HIV in 2014. HIV is currently a disease of greater demographic diversity, affecting all ages, sexes, race and involves various
transmission risk behaviors. At least 50,000 new HIV infections will continue to be added each year, however, one–fifth of persons with new infections
may not know they are infected, and a substantial proportion of those who know they are infected are not engaged in HIV care. It is tragic that there
are a huge number

Preventing HIV/AIDS and Sexually Transmitted Infections in...
CASE STUDY #2:
Preventing HIV/AIDS and Sexually Transmitted Infections in Thailand
Miami Dade College
Abstract
Our second team project answers five questions about Case Study #2, Preventing HIV/AIDS and Sexually Transmitted Infections in Thailand and
Chapter 10, Introduction to Global Health. This project will talk about the characteristics of the high–risk population that permitted this intervention to
work and the implications of this for replication in other settings. It will explain why Thailand is a model for programs in other countries. Since
cost–effectiveness assessment was never done for this program, it will evaluate the assessments that should have taken into account in terms of costs
measured. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The budget spent on this program represented only 1.9% and about 200,000 new infections were averted in 7 years, and the rate of STI also fell
dramatically.
Though the government did not condone prostitution, they were aware that they could not control it the disease was spreading fast with drug users,
sex workers, those with STIs and blood donors was so immense in addition to the economic impact it made that they made a realistic approach to
problem solve and contain it.
This is an example of being proactive to a situation where cooperation among the government, police and its people through the media and programs
implemented were able to reduce such a devastating disease that along claiming human life, is also expensive to treat in the long run causing a
economic impact.
3. A cost–effective assessment was never done for this program. What should such an assessment have taken into account in terms of costs measured?
HIV and AIDS have had a great impacted throughout varies countries. As an illness with no none cure, it is essential to promote prevention among
those at risk. Thailand's "No Condom, NO sex: The 100% Condom program" was successful at greatly reducing the cases of new HIV infection cases
(Levine, 2007, p.10). Thailand's program has the advantage to serve as a building block to many other countries experiencing high levels of HIV/AIDS
infection, but is limited due to

HIV/AIDS Is No Longer a Death Sentence Essay
I am positive; the simplest statement suddenly carries a huge weight when the words HIV or AIDS are followed right after. In the 1980's HIV meant
AIDS and AIDS meant a rapid and awful death. Death always seemed to be the end result in a world where we did not understand the disease that
seemed to come from nowhere but was killing at an expedited rate. Thirty plus years later there is still no cure but there is now hope. Having HIV or
AIDS is no longer an immediate death sentence. People infected with the virus can live a long and relatively normal life (2).
On November 7th, 1991, NBA star Ervin "Magic" Johnson announced that he tested positive for HIV and was retiring from basketball (7). Twenty plus
years later Mr. Johnson is living ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
There is no cure for HIV; some HIV positive people viral loads can be down due to a combination of medicines and a healthy diet. Or seropositive
people could have some sort of a mutation. One example is where they over produce T helper cells (8).
The term AIDS applies to the most advanced stages of the HIV infection; Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and the disease it causes, acquired
immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). Acquired means you can get infected; Immune Deficiency means a weakness in the body's system that fights
diseases. Syndrome means a group of health problems that make up a disease (1). Killing or damaging T helper cells of the body's immune system, HIV
progressively destroys the body's ability to fight infections (1).
HIV is found in specific human body fluids. If any of those fluids enter your body, you can become infected with HIV. Common ways HIV is spread
is by having unprotected sex with an infected partner. The virus can enter the body through the lining of the vagina, vulva, penis, rectum, or mouth
during sex. Also, HIV commonly is spread within injection drug users by the sharing of needles or syringes contaminated with very small quantities
of blood from someone infected with the virus. Women can pass on the virus to their babies during pregnancy or birth. HIV can also be spread to
babies through the breast milk of mothers infected with the virus. Having a sexually transmitted disease such as Syphilis, Genital Herpes, Chlamydia, or

Hiv / Aids Infection And Design Ways And Methodologies...
HIV is a human immune virus while AIDS is acquired immunity–deficiency syndrome. From sampling, I chose HIV/AIDS to be my topic of research,
based on the magnitude of the rate of infection and spread of the disease given that it is relative to behavioral and social relations of people. This
topic is controversial in the sense that it 's one of the major factors responsible for the underdevelopment of most of the nations in the world. The
purpose of the research and study was to identify the rate of HIV/AIDS infection and design ways and methodologies towards reducing the rate of
infection of the population. The study is also aimed at providing a detailed analysis of available studies on the effects of AIDs. It was also to investigate
... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
How to address the HIV/AIDS pandemic/ Intervention programs
Sex education
Sex education should be provided to all, especially the young generation so that they get to learn about ways of preventing them and reduce chances of
them contracting the disease. By giving them sex education, it enables them to take care of their bodies.
Peer counseling
This is also another method of preventing the likelihood for the spread of HIV/AIDS. This one helps to withdraw negative peer pressure, which may
mislead and lead others to carry out irresponsible sexual behavior
Adoption of safe sex practices It's advisable for people to practice safe sex. This will lead to prevention of the exchange of body and virginal fluids and
this increases chances of getting infections. Research has it that oral sex is much less risky than anal or vaginal sex (Balmer, 1993). Anal sex is the
most risky type of sex for the spread of HIV
Sexual abstinence Abstinence is the best method in which one can prevent the spread of a disease. Here the married couples are advised to remain
faithful in their relationships and for the unmarried people to abstain from sexual activities until marriage.
Immigration regulation
There should be in place policies regulating migration from one region to another, especially in war torn areas where we have refugee camps. These
cases led to evils like rape and other sexual activities with aliens or people from different regions whose status is unknown, hence

Simian Immunodeficiency Virus
According to the Center for Disease Control and Prevention, HIV is a virus spread through body fluids that affect specific cells of the immune
system, called CD4 cells, or T cells (CDC, 2014). These CD4 or T cells serve as a defense mechanism, which fight off infections and diseases. Once
this occurs, HIV leads to AIDS. Scientist identified a type of Chimpanzee in West Africa as the source of HIV infection in humans, it is believed to be
called simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) (CDC, 2014). The virus was most likely transmitted to humans and mutated into HIV when humans
hunted these chimpanzees for meat and came into contact with their infected blood (CDC, 2014). Studies show that HIV may have jumped from apes
to humans as far back as the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Within the first 2–4 weeks after having the infection, people experience flu like symptoms, which is called acute retroviral syndrome (ARS) and it
is the body's natural response to the HIV infection (Aids, 2013). Symptoms can include: fever (the most common symptom), swollen glands, sore
throat, rash, fatigue, muscle and joint aches and pains, and headaches. These symptoms can last anywhere from a few days to several weeks (Aids,
2013). It has been found that many people who are infected with HIV do not have any symptoms for 10 years or more (Aids, 2013). During the
clinical latency stage, people who are infected with HIV experience no HIV related symptoms or only mild ones, however, it is important to
remember that people in this stage are still able to transmit HIV to others. Last but not least, for those who have HIV infection and are not taking
medication, their immune system will begin to weaken and the HIV infection will begin to progress into AIDS. During this stage, people infected with
HIV will have the following symptoms: rapid weight loss, extreme and unexplained tiredness, sores of the mouth, anus, or genitals, red, brown, or pink
blotches on or under the skin or inside the mouth, nose, or eyelids, and memory loss, depression, and other neurologic disorders (Aids,

HIV Infections in African American Males Essay
HIV infections in African American Males have been a national growing problem since the early 1990's. According to CDC, in the United States,
there are more than 1 million people living with HIV. 48 percent are afro American males between the ages 13
–44(CDC, 2007). It is estimated that
around 1 million people in the United States will be diagnose with HIV in the up coming year with the lifetime risk of becoming infected is 1 in 16 for
black males (CDC,2007). However, there is growing concern about the disproportionate increase of HIV among adolescent African American males
ages 13–19. These adolescent males count for 37 percent of the cases, which double their representation in their general population. Although, Poverty
is a major ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Since the Trans–theoretical model framework is one of the leading intervention for behavior change (Hayden, 2009, p65). To better motivate behavior
change towards condom use, a school wide Condom Education Program can be useful when tailoring a group's intervention that will meet the target
population stage of readiness to change regardless of the behavior of focus.
The North Carolina Healthy Living Standard Course of study has objectives for growth and development, puberty education, sex education and
prevention. Any African American male attending these schools has been educated about HIV causes and prevention. Since, they know the benefits of
using condom as a protection and even considering changing. To better approach their behavior change toward condom use, the four most useful
constructs are contemplation, preparation, action and self–efficacy.
Although, (NIH, 2007) reports that condoms have reduce HIV Transmission by 87–95 percent. To get these African American male students from
seeing it to exploring condom use as an option or a benefit is contemplation. However, a Condom Education Program is placed an inner city high
school, whose population is 65 percent Afro–American male. NIH reported data is the goal of the program. The objective is by the end of the year,
45% of Afro American sexual active males are

Hiv And Its Effects On Acute Infection
HIV–1 establishes a reservoir in lymphoid tissue during acute infection that is the site of virus production from infected cells, storage in immune
complexes on the surface of the follicular dendritic cell (FDC) network, and persistence in a pool of latently infected resting memory CD4+ T cells
1–8. While combinations of antiretroviral drugs can suppress viral replication and reduce viral RNA to undetectable levels in plasma, virus production
from this reservoir of latently infected cells rekindles HIV–1 infection if drug treatment is stopped 9. The elimination or inactivation of latently infected
cells in reservoirs that give the virus safe haven from antiretroviral drugs or immune attack is key to bring about a cure.
Intermittent virus ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Under these conditions, virus might continue to evolve in a small sanctuary site within the reservoir of cells in lymph nodes and remain undetectable in
blood depending on as yet unknown trafficking relationships between the two compartments. Here, we tracked the evolution of HIV–1 and inferred the
dispersal patterns among discrete anatomic compartments in time–resolved phylogenies. With a model of within–host infection dynamics, which
encodes drug–dependent viral fitness and site–dependent evolutionary pressures, we show that, in patients with undetectable levels of virus in their
blood, low amounts of viral replication can occur in a sanctuary site with suboptimal drug concentrations that do not breed drug–resistant strains.
We applied massively parallel sequencing to HIV–1 provirus populations in cells from blood and lymph nodes collected at three separate times (day 0,
and after 3 months and 6 months of treatment) and virus particles in the blood (day 0) from three study subjects studied previously (Fig. 1; 12). Two
subjects (1727 and 1679) were well–suppressed patients; and the third subject (1774) continued to have measureable amounts of viral RNA in plasma
after 3 months, but not 6 months of treatment. Subjects 1727 and 1679 were each infected with HIV–1 for approximately 3 to 4 months and were
antiretroviral drug naГЇve. Subject 1774 was infected with HIV–1 for approximately 17 years and was antiretroviral drug

Epidemiology Paper
Epidemiology:
HIV is known to be transmitted through blood products, semen and vaginal secretions, making the transmission of HIV infection most commonly
through sexual contact and IV drug use. HIV can enter the body through contact with the bloodstream or by passing through delicate mucous
membranes, such as inside the vagina, rectum or urethra (The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention: HIV/AIDS, 2015). The transmission routes
for HIV make unprotected sexual intercourse with an infected partner the number one reason for why HIV is on the rise. Often times this transmission
route is the most dangerous, because those that are affected with the HIV infection do not know they have it unless they have been tested by their
health care provider.
The modes of transmission of HIV are very similar to those of hepatitis B and hepatitis C, in particular with respect to parenteral, vertical and sexual
transmission. Even though certain sexual practices are dodgier than others, with respect to anal intercourse and oral sex, it is difficult to justify the
risk of acquiring HIV through these practices themselves. As many people who are infected with HIV engage in multiple practices of sexual
intercourse with multiple partners, it is difficult to pinpoint the direct route of transmission in which the person acquired HIV. It has been estimated
that the risk for acquiring HIV is from receptive anal intercourse is between 1:100 and 1:30 and insertive anal intercourse is 1:1000, while

HIV Infection In Minority Community
HIV infection has high rates in minorities and poor because it is an ongoing health crisis. HIV infection in minorities has affected communities in the
circumstances that they are struggling with many economic and social challenges. The challenges are substance abuse, poverty, homelessness, unequal
treatment, unequal access to health care.The overlap of these challenges is HIV infection, this transmission is facilitated by many of the factors.
Whereas this epidemic is reasonable that is affecting all ethnic and racial minorities. Women who are as well part of the minority population are as
well normally affected. The management and the care of those who are infected with HIV have it complicated because of the health care and the
unequal treatment they have once they are enrolled in health care. As well as health insurance , which lack of concordance between the what race the
patient is and what provider the patient has.
According to the government study, poverty is the most important factor in the inner– city heterosexuals are more infected with AIDS virus. According
to the studies, HIv is the more epidemic in poverty urban areas. Therefore, poor heterosexuals in those areas were twice as likely to be infected
compared to the heterosexuals that lived in that same community but had more money. According to the... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Poor people are less likely to have healthy diets and they are more likely to have fast food restaurants in their neighborhoods. That is when fatty foods
and sugars are part of a family's diet. People who are in low– income or isolated urban areas have less options in foods. According to William Julius
Wilson, " they don't have big supermarkets in their areas." People who live in low income , they eat a big portion of inexpensive fat foods like fried
potatoes and macaroni and cheese, which these options have a high portion of

Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection And Acquired Immune...
Pathogenic Agent Identified
Human immunodeficiency virus infection and acquired immune deficiency syndrome (HIV/AIDS)
Virus after the infection of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), the immune system is damaged so the body become targets of many
opportunistic diseases, which called syndrome, rather than just a type of disease. [1]
History of Pathogenic Agent The clinical of AIDS was first observed by the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention in 1981. [2] The region
most recent outbreak is In 2005, Sub–Saharan Africa. An estimated 22.9 million of HIV cases and 1.2 million of all deaths occurred in this region. [3]
Figure 1–The estimated number of AIDS patients countries Stages and Symptoms of the Disease:
There is three ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Some people stay in this state, while another part of the patient will develop severe AIDS. [4]
Anatomy of the Pathogen:
The size of an HIV virus particle is about 0.1 micrometre, it has a circular shape
Figure2–structure of HIV. [5] The viral envelope, the outer coating of the virus, comprising two layers of lipids. HIV matrix proteins, is Between the
envelope and core. Viral core contains the viral envelope protein p24 of HIV RNA surrounded by two single–stranded, for HIV replication enzymes. [5]
Figure 3–Scanning electron micrograph of HIV–1
Physiology of the Pathogen: The virus spread from person to person, but only by a few means to spread. The most common are: the exchange of
body fluids during sexual intercourse and sharing used needles. [6] Once the HIV virus enters a new host, aims to infect target cells and hijacking.
The most widely recognized of these target cells are the "T cells", which are most relevant of the immune system. When HIV–infected T cells, it will
not kill it. On the contrary, it is parasitic in the cells, using it to produce more HIV. [6] Both HIV
–1 and HIV–2 is considered to be derived from the
West, Central Africa

Epidemiology Paper
"Epidemiology is the study of the distribution and determinants of health–related states or events (including disease), and the application of this study
to the control of diseases and other health problems (WHO, 2015)". "Various methods can be used to carry out epidemiological investigations:
surveillance and descriptive studies can be used to study distribution; analytical studies are used to study determinants (WHO, 2015)".This paper
discusses about epidemiology of HIV infection, including factors that contribute the development of the disease, epidemiologic triangle, role of
community health nurse and the national organization that address the communicable disease.
HIV is global pandemic stands for Human Immunodeficiency Virus, weakens theimmune system by destroying the important cells in our body that
fights against disease and infection. Our immune system is able to clear out most of the viruses from our body, but once you have HIV , you have
it for lifelong. HIV can hide in our body cells for long time and it can attack the T cells and CD4 cells, a key part of our immune system to fight
infections and diseases. Overtime, the HIV may attack so many of CD4 cells and our body is no more able to fight against infections. When this
happens, HIV can lead to AIDS, the final stage of HIV infection. HIV can be transmitted through sexual contact, injection or drug use, pregnancy, breast
feeding, occupational exposure, and rarely through blood transfusion and organ

Hiv And Its Effects On Children
HIV
What is HIV?
HIV stands for human immunodeficiency virus. Infection by this virus frequently leads to AIDS – acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Viral
infection initially causes a flu–like illness characterized by fever, sore throat, headache, rash, gastrointestinal discomfort, and body aches (mylagias).
The virus tends to stay dormant for months or years while it is slowly killing immune cells – especially CD4 cells.
Individuals with high viral loads and low CD4 cell counts have high viral infectivity and tend to develop opportunistic infections – atypical infections
that generally affect immunocompromised hosts. AIDS is a common cause of death worldwide, buts its medical treatment in developed countries has
led to a significant ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The virus tends to lie dormant for months or years, slowly and progressively killing immune cells. Patients eventually develop opportunistic infections
as their CD4 counts decrease below 200.
How common is HIV infection?
HIV is relatively common in the United States and responsible for a fair amount of deaths. This condition is a frequent cause for referral to an
infectious disease specialist.
In 2015, worldwide – approximately 37 million adults and children had HIV or AIDS, 2 million were newly infected that year, and 1 million people
died of the condition. Sub–Saharan Africa makes up about 75% of the word's HIV–infected population. Approximately 3.3 million children have HIV
/AIDS in the world – most of these patients are born in sub–Saharan Africa and Southeast Asia.
The prevalence of HIV seems to be stabilizing overall, however some countries are still demonstrating an increase. Since 2001, there has been about a
38% decrease in the incidence of HIV infection.
What are the symptoms and signs of HIV infection?
Symptoms of acute HIV infection are flu–like and typically include:
Fever
Enlarged and painful lymph nodes – lymphadenopathy
Rash
Sore throat
Body aches
Headache
Weight loss

Night sweats
Anorexia – loss of appetite
These typically subside and the virus then hibernates in the lymphatic system. Months or years later, the CD4 cells become significantly depleted

Human Immunodeficiency Infection ( Hiv ) Global Health Report
The International Health
Assignment 3
Global Health Report
Done by: Ibrahim Hilal Al Mahrooqi
S5018603
Human Immunodeficiency Infection (HIV) Global Health Report
Part one:
Overview:
One of the most important serious global health infection nowadays is ?acquired immunodeficiency syndrome? which is caused by HIV virus infection.
The disease was discovered long time back in 1981. HIV infection is considered to be one the most important public health challenge in all countries
and require global efforts (Merson, 2006).
Rationale:
Almost 36.9 million people are currently living with HIV infection and almost 10 million people being died from the infection or as a result related
causes or opportunistic infections. At present people acquired the infection reported from all regions in the world. The majority of old and new cases
are reported from sub–Saharan Africa which accounts for almost 70%. Most of the HIV infection affects people at their predictive life, and around
40% of the infection occurs in young youth at age less than 25 ys. (Global Health policy, 2014).
HIV infection affects household, families, communities, and nations. It is regarded to be a burden to the both developing and developed countries. It
restrict development and economic growth of the countries and nations. Most countries suffered from HIV infection, have another concomitant health,
economical, and social problems such as communicable diseases, poverty, food insecurity and social breakdown.

In 2015, An Estimate Of 36.7 Million People Was Living
In 2015, an estimate of 36.7 million people was living with HIV and 1.1 million people died of AIDS–related illnesses (_). AIDS is a severe disease
that causes the human's immune system to become weak. Once the human body's immune system is damaged, the body is more susceptible for
infections. The most terrifying part about this entire ordeal is that scientist have yet to find a permanent cure for HIV/AIDS. As time progresses,
scientists have been able to understand the illness even more and created treatment/medication to allow a person living with HIV/AIDS to an extended
lifespan. However, to truly understand HIV/AIDS one should learn of its origin and how the human body's immune system usually deals with virus
infections. A ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This discovery allowed scientist to conclude that HIV was created through a genetic mutation of the SIV. How the SIV migrated into a human host will
never be known but a common theory was that a man hunted and ate a chimpanzee, allowing the SIV in the chimpanzee to enter into the human's body.
Another acceptable theory was that the chimpanzee's blood may have seeped into the hunters wound during his hunt.
Aside from getting HIV from chimpanzees, HIV can also be obtained through unprotected sex, using an unsterilized needle, childbirth, breastfeeding,
or blood to blood contact. Once inside the bloodstream the HIV virus will infect certain white blood cells, primarily the CD4 T cells. The HIV's
outer envelope consist of glycoproteins that mutates frequently, causing the CD4 T cells to not recognize the virus as a threat (_). The CD4 T cells
will then allow the virus to bind its GP120 onto the Help T cell receptor/coreceptor, also known as CCR5. After binding to its host cell the virus
transmembrane (GP41) will then pull the virus closer to the host cell, ultimately allowing the virus to fuse into the host cell. Once fused, the virus
nucleocapsid will then enter into the cell and release two viral RNA strands and three replication enzymes: reverse transcriptase, integrase, and
protease. The virus will then replicate and migrate to other white blood cells, infecting and killing the cells. HIV infection will advance through three
stages

Hiv / Aids : The Virus And Its Effect On Human
HIV/AIDS: The Virus and Its Effect on Human
HIV stands for (Human Immunodeficiency Virus). This virus causes AIDS (Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome), and it means the person is in the
most advanced stages of HIV infection. AIDS HIV/AIDS deteriorates a person 's ability to fight infections. It can be transmitted through direct contact
of a mucous member or the bloodstream with a bodily fluid containing HIV, such as blood, semen, vaginal fluid, preseminal fluid and breast milk and
through unprotected sex and needle sharing. An HIV test checks, finding. Medications may subdue the virus and delay the onset ofAIDS. HIV/AIDS
has had a great impact on society, both as an illness and as a source clear–sightedness. HIV/AIDS cannot be cured but it can be treated, it requires a
medical diagnosis, and lab tests. (According to 2005–2015 WebMD, "HIV/AIDS Health Center")
The symptoms of HIV/AIDS varies from person to person depending on the phrase of the infection. HIV infection varies as those of minor illnesses
like the cold or flu. The signs of HIV/AIDS are tiredness, swollen lymph glands, fever, loss of appetite and weight, diarrhea, and night sweats. HIV
/AIDS comes in three (3) stages/types:
Acute infection or seroconversion, happens within 2–6 weeks after the person's is exposed or become infected. In this stage the person's body immune
system tries to put up a fight against the virus. The symptoms of acute infection look similar to those of other virus–related illnesses and is

Human Immunodeficiency Virus ( Hiv ) And Acquired...
Human Immunodeficiency Virus
MGH Institute of Health Professions
Joshua Igoe–Muzorewa
Introduction Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) and Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS) continues to be an incredibly important
health concern for not only the United States (US) but across the Globe (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention [CDC], 2016a). In the US alone,
there are an estimated 1.2 million people that as of 2013 are living with the disease (CDC, 2016a). Scientists believe that HIV derived and mutated from
a virus known as the Simian Immunodeficiency virus which was prevalent in chimpanzees, during a time that humans were hunting and consuming
chimpanzee meat (CDC, 2016a). HIV in the US was primarily discovered and defined ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Stages of HIV HIV is categorized into three possible stages of disease. Stage 1 is considered the Acute HIV infection stage. In 2 to 4 weeks following
exposure to the infection, individuals have reported experiencing flu–type symptoms which last at a varying rate and individuals are extremely
contagious without knowing they are infected (CDC, 2016b). Stage 2 is known as HIV inactivity or dormancy (CDC, 2016b). This is a phase that is
typically asymptomatic, where there is still a live, active virus, but it is reproducing itself at a significantly low level (CDC, 2016b). With proper
medication intervention, this stage can last for several decades, without it, they become more symptomatic (CDC, 2016b). As an individual's viral load
increases, they become more symptomatic, and their risk of infecting others also increases significantly. These individuals are at risk of moving into
stage 3 known as Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS); requires a CD4 cell count less than 200 cells/mm or specific opportunistic illness
(CDC, 2016b).
Populations at Risk HIV goes beyond race and ethnicity, into a category that is called 'Transmission Category'. The most at risk group here are gay
and bisexual men, which are noted for making up 67% of all new HIV diagnoses compared to heterosexual sex which accounts for 24% of new
diagnoses (CDC, 2015). Another group that is considered to be most at risk for HIV infection are

Explain Why Do Drugs Increase The Risk Of Hiv Infections...
The four possible reasons that people who use drugs increase their risk of HIV infections and unwanted pregnancy are:
1.People who use drugs may be prone to have sex with a person who may have HIV or AIDS. A person who is under the influence of drugs or alcohol
has poor judgment and does not think clearly. One night stand may lead to an HIV infection and unwanted pregnancy.
2.Females who use drugs may be raped, get infected by HIV–AIDS or get pregnant. Females who use drugs may not think of the consequences of their
actions. They may do things that they don't usually do like going to the male's bathroom or agreeing to be with a male stranger. Some males may take
sexual advances and that is when rape happens.
3.Drug–dependents may trade sex for drugs. There are drug dependents who cannot support their addiction, therefore, will sell their body as a way to
get money or trade sex for drugs. These practices are illegal and can increase the chance of getting HIV and unwanted pregnancy.
4. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
People who are IDUs (Injecting Drug Users) that share a needle with infected blood. The risk of getting HIV or AIDS through intravenous injection is
high. Drug users who share needle during sessions may get an HIV–AIDS supposed that their co–user has an infected blood.
WARNING SIGNS OF DRUG ABUSE
The following are the symptoms or warning signs revealed by a drug user. Take note that these signs do not guarantee that one person is actually
involved in drugs and there could also be some other reasons like emotional or physical problems that cause these behaviors, there is a high possibility
of drug use.
Frequent mood swings and hostility
Always feels

Hiv And Its Effects On Nigeria, Lower Respiratory...
As of 2013, the CDC listed that the top 3 causes of mortality in Nigeria are malaria, lower respiratory infections, and HIV (CDC, 2013). HIV is the
third leading cause of deaths in Nigeria and account for 9% of all deaths (CDC, 2013). HIV is the virus that causes AIDS, or acquired
immunodeficiency syndrome. It can be contracted through the exchange of bodily fluids with another infected individual. In Nigeria, the spread of HIV
occurs through high prostitution rates, unsafe sexual practices, blood transfusions, and through mother–to–child transmission. The second cause of
mortality in Nigeria are lower respiratory infections. Lower respiratory infections (LRIs) are commonly caused by viral infections. The most common
lower respiratory infections are bronchitis, pneumonia, and the chronic cough. In Nigeria, the contraction of LRIs can occur due to a poor standard of
living including a lack of basic household amenities such as proper ventilation and running water. LRIs can also occur when the immune system is
weakened such as those living with HIV/AIDS. The number one leading cause of death in Nigeria is malaria. In 2010, malaria was more prevalent in
Nigeria than any other country in the world (CDC, 2015). Malaria is a parasitic infection spread through bites from the Anopheles mosquito. This
mosquito is most commonly found in warm climates, such as Sub–Saharan Africa, where the parasite it carries can thrive. When this infected mosquito
bites an individual, its

EPIDEMIOLOGICAL REPORT OF HIV/AIDS INFECTION IN NIGERIA...
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL REPORT OF HIV/AIDS INFECTION IN NIGERIA
INTRODUCTION/BACKGROUND:
HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Virus) is a retrovirus which infects, impairs or destroys the cells of the immune system and functions. Progression of
the infection (severe immunodeficiency) leads to weaker immune system rendering an individual susceptible to more infections. These infections are
termed opportunistic infections. At its most advanced phase, HIV is called AIDS (Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome) and characterised by cancers
related to HIV or any of twenty opportunistic infections (WHO, 2013; WHO 2014a).
There are various mode of transmitting HIV infection such as sexual transmission, parenteral transmission and ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
Worldwide, at the end of 2012 32.2 to 38.8 million 2people were living with HIV/AIDS and 1.6 million people have died of AIDS related diseases.
0.8% adults worldwide between the ages of 15 to 49 years are estimated to be living with HIV/AIDS but burden of the disease varies between regions
and countries with sub–Saharan Africa being the most affected where 1 in every 20 adults live with the condition and accounts for 71% of the people
worldwide living with HIV (WHO, 2014c).
As at 2011, there were 839,600 pregnant women living with HIV in middle and low resource countries and about 280,000 to 390,000 children are
estimated to have been newly infected. A total of 3.3 million children younger than 15 years globally are living with HIV (WHO, 2014d).
3.0 PREVALENCE AND SITUATION OF HIV INFECTION IN NIGERIA
Nigeria's population is estimated to be 162,256,000, making it the most populous country in sub Saharan Africa, has a HIV prevalence rate of 4.1%,
with over 3.1 million people estimated to be infected and living with the virus and 1,512,720 requiring antiretroviral therapy. This figure ranks Nigeria
third country in the world after India and South Africa carrying the globes highest burden of HIV and AIDS (Federal Ministry of Health

HIV Infection Essay
Gastrointestinal infections seen with HIV infection may occur from such parasitic organisms as Entamoeba histolytica, Entamoeba coli, Giardia
lamblia, Cryptosporidium sp,
Microsporidium sp, and Cytoisospora (formerly Isospora) belli. Only Cryptosporidium and
Cytoisospora are part of definitional criteria for AIDS, though one or more of these agents may be identified in the GI tract by stool examination at
some point in the course of AIDS.[419]
Cryptosporidium is far more frequently identified than Microsporidium or Cytoisospora, at least in developed nations, while the others are more
sporadic in occurrence. In the U.S. less than 5% of HIV infected persons develop cryptosporidiosis, with an increased risk for infection when the
CD4 ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
There are no specific gross pathologic features of cryptosporidiosis, and infection is usually unaccompanied by inflammation, hemorrhage, or
ulceration. Diagnosis is usually made from stool specimen examination, either by microscopy or aided by PCR analysis. After ingesting infective
oocysts, there is formation of sporozoites that attach to intestinal epithelium to trigger elongation of microvilli that enclose the sporozoite within a
vacuole. There is asexual multiplication of the organisms in host intestinal epithelial cells within a vacuole so that the organisms are intracellular but
extra cytoplasmic located on the brush border. These sporozoites become merozoites that invade adjacent cells. Gametogeny follows next, leading to
production of oocysts that are either thin–walled and auto infective or thick–walled and passed in feces to become infective to others. More thin–walled
oocysts are present in immunocompromised hosts, leading to the persistence with greater severity of the disease. The incubation period is 2 to 14
days.[432,536,536,539
The cryptosporidia appear histologically as quite small 2 Ојm uniform rounded shapes; they develop outside of human cells but within a vacuole
derived from the host cell. Thus, in tissue sections stained with hematoxylin–eosin, these organisms are small pale blue dots found lined along the
mucosal brush border of the intestine.

The Human Immunodeficiency Infection ( Hiv ) Essay

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