Life On Earth Is Dependent On The Functions Of Light As A...

Life On Earth Is Dependent On The Functions Of Light As A...
Life on earth is dependent on the functions of light as a source of energy that has a direct or indirect
effect on the sustainability of all organisms. Light is defined as a portion of the electromagnetic
spectrum detected by human eyes (Wilson, Nivillac, & Sheng, 2016, p.4); light as it passes through
a space, acts like waves and is composed of photon, containing a stream of energy particles. Light
must be absorbed by an organism to utilize it as a source of energy, however; absorption occurs
when photon's energy is transmitted to an electron, matches with the energy needed to elevate the
electron from a ground state to an explicit excited state within a molecule. Energy from the sun as a
light source enters the biosphere by the process of photosynthesis, through which the energy of light
is used to convert carbon dioxide into organic compounds. The balanced chemical equation for the
overall process of photosynthesis is: 6CO₂ + 12H₂O → C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂+ 6H₂O (Wilson, Nivillac, &
Sheng, 2016, p.145)
Photosynthesis occurs in two different processes: the light reaction and the Calvin cycle. This lab
focuses on the light reaction stage of photosynthesis in which the light energy is captured by
pigment molecules and utilize energy to synthesize NADPH and ATP, resulting in the production of
oxygen (O₂) (Wilson, Nivillac, & Sheng, 2016, p.146). There are many factors that affect the rate of
photosynthesis for accumulated O₂; however, in this laboratory experiment the
... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...

What Is The Concept Of Inverse Probability Of Treatment...
B. Inverse probability of treatment weighting
According to Linden et al. (2016; 2010) and Horvitz & Thompson (1952), the concept of inverse
probability weighting begun in survey works many years ago to adjust for imbalances in sampling
pools and continues to be regularly applied in complex survey designs. Several works have been
done over the years by researchers to extend this concept to the studies of treatment effects
estimation in quasi–experimental designs (Robins & Rotnitzky, 1995; Rosenbaum, 1987); where
weighting estimators are used to model the IPTW. From the sample counterpart of Equation (5), the
estimator for the average treatment effect according to Linden et al. (2016; 2010) is specified as: , ...
Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Another limitation of IPTW according to Linden (2015) and Kurth et al. (2006) is that the IPTW
framework can perform badly when there is extremely large weights for a few individuals. This
leads to an imprecise treatment effect estimates due to large standard errors.
C. Marginal mean weighting through stratification
The marginal mean weighting through stratification (MMWS) is a more recent approach developed
to handle multivalued treatment analysis. It works by combining elements of both propensity score
stratification and IPTW (Linden, 2014; Hong, 2012; Linden et al., 2010). It works by first stratifying
the analytic sample into quantiles of the generalized propensity score, and secondly, generating a
weight for each individual based on their corresponding stratum and treatment assignment (Linden,
2015; 2014). The stratification process is meant to reduce bias in the observed covariates used to
create the propensity score (Rosenbaum & Rubin, 1984), whilst the weighting processes
standardizes each treatment group to the target population (Linden, 2014). In the multivalued
treatment situation (Linden, 2014; 2015), the MMWS approach is initiated as follows: first, the GPS
is estimated either by an ordered or multinomial response models. Next, each GPS is then stratified
into equal sized quantile categories. It is worth noting that stratification is based on the estimated
probability of the base

Essay On The Inverse Probability Of Treatment Weighting
D. Augmented inverse probability of treatment weighting In recent times in the field of evaluation, a
class of estimators have advanced to model both the probability of treatment and the outcome
simultaneously within the same framework. This then provides asymptotically unbiased estimates
when only one of the two models is correctly specified (Linden et al., 2016). These estimators are
referred to as the 'doubly robust' estimators because they provide the researcher with two chances to
obtain reliable treatment effects (Bang & Robins, 2005; Robins & Rotnitzky, 1995). Even though
there several doubly robust approaches, that found in the works of Bang & Robins (2005), Robins
(2000), and Robins & Rotnitzky (1995) is the most widely used ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
In this case, the GMM framework makes the calculation of the standard error simpler and then
adjust these standard errors for the estimation errors originating from the generalized propensity
scores. Evidence from several simulation studies conduct for the binary counterpart of this A–IPTW
suggests that, while the A–IPTW model may be less efficient than regression adjustment when the
outcome function is correctly specified, the A–IPTW is more robust against misspecification relative
to the single–model methods due to the doubly robustness property (Bang & Robins, 2005). E.
Inverse probability of treatment weighted regression adjustment The weighted regression estimator
operates by estimating the GPS and the outcome model simultaneously by using weights that are
equal to the inverse of the GPS. According to Wooldridge (2007) and Hirano & Imbens (2001),
among certain groups of models used to estimate the outcome, this estimator has been proven to be
doubly robust. Similar the A–IPTW, the IPTW–RA model can also be estimated in a three–step
process (Linden et al., 2016): First, the parameters of the generalized propensity score model are
estimated, and the inverse probability weights are calculated for each level of treatment by the
formula, . Second, using the estimated inverse probability weights, the outcome models in Equation
(6) are fitted by a weighted

Finding Accurate Causal Affects Of A National Supported Work
Paul Doxsee Econ 104 Finding Accurate Causal Affects Abstract An analysis was performed to see
if the effect of a National Supported Work (NSW) Demonstration study was effective in increasing
the earnings of a group of individuals. The analysis showed that, on average, those treated earned
roughly $800 more than their counterparts three years later. Because of the randomization method
used when selecting the participants, we can be confident that this estimate is causal. This
randomization removes all biases from omitted variables as well as any selection bias, because the
groups were systematically alike as shown in the analysis. Another analysis was performed using
data from both the NSW study as well as the Panel Study of Income Dynamics (PSID). This
analysis showed that using non–experimental data creates biased results because the two groups are
not comparable. Furthermore, even the use of regressions in an attempt to correct this bias will not
be successful and will still not result in causal results. Introduction The National Supported Work
(NSW) Demonstration study was an experiment that took individuals with long–term employment
problems and randomly assigned them to either receive or not receive a job training program. The
goal of this program was to show that these job training programs work, in that they help people get
better, higher paying jobs. The results of the study supported that. They showed that on average the
earnings of the treated group after

Factors Of Seed Germination Of Raphanus And Cucumber
Seed germination and seedling growth: The seeds were surface sterilized with 0.1% Mercuric
chloride for 5 minutes then washed with distiied water several times to remove chemicals. The seeds
of Raphanus and Cucumber were spread on sterile filter paper in each petridish and soaked in
aqueous root exudates of each weeds. Each weeds had three replicates with equal quantity of seeds
in petridishes. The seeds are allowed to grow for 10 days at room temperature. The seeds treated
with sterile distilled water was termed as control. The seeds treated with weeds aqueous root
exudates of Ageratum conyzoides, Leucas aspera, Scoparia dulcis, Spilanthes acmella and Vernonia
patula were termed respectively as T1, T2, T3, T4 and T5. During the experiment period, care was
taken to add equal volume of root exudates in each petridish periodically. After 10 days the
seedlings were harvested. Then the effect of root exudates on the seed germination and seedling
growth were studied. The shoot and root length of the seedlings were measured in cm and recorded.
Then the average shoot and root length were calculated. The result observed are presented in Tables
and photo plates.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION A.Germination test: The aqueous root exudates of five weeds
showed inhibitory effect on seed germination. The effects of germination inhibition were different
for different weeds root exudates. The inhibition of germination was found acute in Cucumis sativus
than Raphanus sativus. The seeds

Treatment Efficacy (OCD): A Case Study
Treatment Efficacy OCD is most commonly treated with psychopharmacological medications (i.e.,
selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), with up to 65% of patients being treated with SSRIs
(Blanco et al., 2006); however, as can be recalled, it is also treated with ERP, CT, and ERP+CT,
which are variants of CBT and the most widely recognized, implemented, and studied psychological
treatments. Many randomized controlled trials (RCTs), meta–analyses, and past qualitative reviews
have individually evaluated and compared the efficacies of these psychological interventions as well
as psychopharmacological interventions. A few of these primary studies will be described and
discussed below. ERP has garnered immense empirical support (Franklin ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
In an RCT conducted by Cottraux et al. (2001), the effectiveness of ERP was compared with CT. In
their study, Cottraux and colleagues' randomly assigned 65 patients to either an ERP or a CT
condition (i.e., 33 in ERP condition and 32 in CT condition). The results of their study showed at
post–treatment and a one–year follow–up that CT and ERP were equally effective in the treatment of
OCD. Both CT and ERP were correlated with similar reductions (42% to 44%) in scores on the Y–
BOCS. These results were contrary to their hypothesis that CT would be more efficacious,
especially long–term, because it is believed to modify cognitive schemas. Although the authors
found that CT and ERP were equally effective and associated with cognitive change, they also
observed that the therapeutic processes were different in CT and ERP, in that the modification of the
dysfunctional appraisal of intrusive thoughts was highly associated with CT but not ERP–i.e., CT,
but not ERP, improved scores on the Intrusive Thoughts and Their Interpretation Questionnaire
(ITIQ). Whittal, Thordarson, and McLean (2005) also compared the efficacies of ERP and CT.
Whittal et al. randomly assigned 83 participants to either an ERP or a CT condition. Of these 83
participants, only 59 completed treatment. Like Cottraux et al., Whittal et al. discovered that ERP
and CT were comparably effective in reducing OCD symptoms–that is, there

The Effects Of Alcohol On The Heart Rate Of Daphnia Magna
ABSTRACT
This report presents the physiological changes in the heart rate of a fresh water crustacean Daphnia
magna when exposed to caffeine and alcohol. Different Daphnia magnas were placed in a
depression slide containing fresh water and later exposed to solutions of caffeine and alcohol. Each
Daphnia magna had different responses. These data suggest there is an increase in heart rate when a
Daphnia magna is exposed to caffeine and a decrease in heart rate when it is in a solution of alcohol.
LAB REPORT
Title: Physiological Changes in the Heart Rate of Daphnia magna When Exposed to Stimulants
(Caffeine and Alcohol).
Prepared for: Professor Samantha Snavely
By: Carolyn Omar Iduh
June 27, 2015
Introduction The inverse effects between the consumption of stimulant like caffeine and depressant
like alcohol has been well established over the years. Alcohol has a paradoxical effect that makes it
first appear as a stimulant (American heart association, 2015). The two faced nature is due to
ethanol the most active ingredient in alcohol. Alcohol slows down the nervous system by acting on
the brain's inhibitory neurotransmitter called gamma–aminobutyric acid. Studies have shown
Bradycardia (slow or decreased heart rate) in people who consume too much alcohol (ehealthMe,
2015). Drinking alcohol can completely alter a person's concentration, mood, and coordination
(National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, 2013). Too much consumption of alcohol
could

Anorexia Nervosa And Its Effects On Society
Millions of people are currently suffering from Anorexia. Anorexia Nervosa is an eating disorder in
which people suffering drastically restrict food intake due to an intense fear of gaining weight and a
distorted body image. There has been an unfortunate increase in people suffering from Anorexia
Nervosa over the past several decades. Anorexia can be caused by a combination of social,
interpersonal, and psychological factors that must be resolved through treatment. Anorexia is an
extremely dangerous disorder that results in death for many people if not treated. Anorexia Nervosa
can occur at any point in life, but is most common in men and women ages twelve through twenty–
five. However, anorexia is more commonly found in young women and girls than males ().
Unhealthy or odd weight management behaviors are particularly common in teens and adolescents.
One study found that "Over one–half of teenage girls and nearly one–third of teenage boys use
unhealthy weight control behaviors such as skipping meals, fasting, smoking cigarettes, vomiting,
and taking laxatives" (Neumark–Sztainer, 2005). Unfortunately for many teens, these unhealthy
behaviors can develop into something more and eventually lead to anorexia or other eating
disorders. Adolescents at this age and time in their lives are becoming more aware of their body
image and comparing themselves to others. Many adolescents are so obsessive over their body
image that they look to restricting food as a way of controlling

Allelopathy Affects Germination of Radish Seeds Essay
Introduction This experiment is designed to test the allelopathy of two different treatments,
Eucalyptus (Eucalyptus cinerea) and Lemon (Citrus limon). The two treatments will be tested on
radish seeds (Raphanus sativus) to investigate the effect of the treatments on the germination of the
radish seeds. Allelopathy is the beneficial or harmful effects that one plant has on another plant by
the release of chemicals. Allelopathy studies the interactions among plants, fungi, algae and bacteria
with the organisms living in a certain ecosystem, interactions that are mediated by the secondary
metabolites produced and exuded into the environment (Francisco A Macías, José MG Molinillo,
Rosa M Varela, Juan CG Galindo 2007). The plants use ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In the dishes, I dropped the appropriate treatment into the center, where the marks were made. Next,
I closed the petri dishes, taped them up, and let them sit at room temperature for a week. Then I
opened them up to take two measurements. The first measurement was the number of seeds
germinated. The second measurement was to measure the seedling lengths.
Results All five groups recorded the outcomes that they established. For our bench, we found that
nine raddish seeds in the control dish, zero raddish seeds in the eucalyptus dish, and four radish
seeds in the lemon dish germinated and sprouted. Our bench also found that the average seed length
for the control was thirty one millimeters, for the Eucalyptus was zero. and for the Lemon was eight
and a half. Below, is a chart and graph that shows the whole data as averages from all five benches.
Each bench did the exact same experiment so we knew nothing would be biased.
Amount of Radish Seeds Germinated
Treatment Average Number of Seeds Germinated per Dissh Percent Germination
Control 9.4 94%
Eucalyptus 0 0%
Lemon 2.8 28%
Chart: The above chart shows how many radish seeds were germinated and sprouted. The right
column shows the percentage of seeds that germinated for each treatment out of one

The Importance Of Self-Assessment In Mathematics
The results of this study have important implications for teachers. They suggest the need for
mathematics teachers to provide middle school students with relevant self–assessment skills
effective for mathematics learning. The results also suggest that both low and average achievers can
benefit from the self–assessment instruction and as such both achievers can explore the skills in
self–assessment to enhance their mathematics achievement. Teachers of mathematics should
therefore be equipped with self–assessment approach in teaching low and average mathematics
achieving students. This will help the students who have difficulties in some areas of mathematics to
acquire the necessary skills needed for successful learning of mathematics. Although self–
assessment increased mathematics achievement of low and average mathematics achievers, self–
assessment had no effect on mathematics achievement of high achievers. This result indicates the
need for more evidence on the effect of self–assessment on mathematics achievement of high
achievers and conditions lead to positive effects. Second, the present research confirms that students'
subsequent learning goals to correct misunderstandings and to extend learning is important to
students' success in math. This suggest that mathematics teachers need to give students frequent
opportunities to set personal goals based on their difficulties. However, it is not enough that the
teacher asks students to set goals, but there should be a follow

Propensity Score Matching
Propensity Score Matching In order to identify the impact of the community based health insurance
scheme, the Propensity Score Matching (PSM) method was implemented. Individuals were divided
into two groups, the treatment group; those enrolled in the CBHI and the control group; those not
enrolled in the CBHI scheme. The propensity score is the conditional probability of participating in
the treatment group given certain observable variables (Imbensand Wooldridge, 2008). For each
individual participating to the treatment the propensity score matching identifies a matched non–
participant. The individual from the control group is then matched with a treated individual that is
closest in terms of the propensity score, a method which is called Nearest Neighbour Matching. In
order to do that, a probit regression was used to estimate the participation decision. The treatment
effect, where treatment is binary and defined as having CBHI with Di being equal to one if the
individual i is in the treatment group and zero otherwise, is given by ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
However, since it is not possible to observe the outcome of the same individual in both treatment
and control states at the same time, i.e. counterfactual problem or missing data problem, according
to Holland (1986), estimating the treatment effect by using (1) is impossible. An alternative solution
would be to estimate the average treatment effect (ATE) or/and the average treatment effect on the
treated (ATT). The (population) average treatment effect is the difference between the expected
outcomes of participants and non–participants ƮATE = E (Ʈ) = E[Y (1) – Y (0)]

The Effect Of An Autologous Platelet Concentration On...
Review of literature Article 1: Positive effect of an autologous platelet concentration in lateral
epicondylitis in a double–blind randomized controlled trial: platelet–rich plasma versus
corticosteroid injection with a 1–year follow–up. The first study (Peerblooms et al) is a double–
blind randomized control study trail with a 1 year follow–up in order to compare the efficacy of
platelet–rich plasma injections against the efficacy of corticosteroid injections in the treatment of
chronic lateral epicondyltitis The primary goal of the study was to assess the reduction of pain and
disability scores following treatment using VAS and DASH self–assessment questionnaires. One
hundred consecutive patients that met the inclusion/exclusion criteria were selected for participation
in the study. The study was conducted at 2 teaching hospitals in the Netherlands. In order to be
selected patients had to have a 6–month minimum history of diagnosed lateral epicondylitis
–"tenderness over the head of the extensor carpi radialis brevis, and pain with resisted wrist
extension" (Peerblooms et al), a minimum score of 50 on the VAS (0 = no pain, 100 = Maximum),
and diagnostic imaging (usually x–ray) that confirmed no other mechanical reason for their
symptoms. In addition to these criteria participants had to have been treated with at least one of the
following; immobilization, physiotherapy, and/or corticosteroid injections. Patients were excluded if
they met any of the following criteria: less

Primacy Effect
"A personality for the incredibly beautiful can be a pointless cargo..." (Brand 97). Regardless of a
beautiful person's actual ability, they are generally considered to be more able in almost every aspect
than less attractive people. According to Benjamin Karney, professor of social psychology and co–
director of the Relationship Institute at UCLA, people often treat others differently based on their
perceived attractiveness (Soderburg 1). In this case, an ugly person can be defined as one who does
not possess the general physical characteristics that most people would associate with beauty. Ugly
people get the short–end–of–the–stick when it comes to both their looks and how well they are
treated by strangers. Whether it be on purpose or inadvertently, beautiful people are almost always
... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Strangers will base their actions toward another person based on the first things they notice about
that person, which most often includes a person's looks. This proclivity is known as the "primacy
effect". "[The] primacy effect is the tendency to be influenced by what information we gather
first...This information can be physical attractiveness..." (Hein 1). Although it is not certain as to
why this effect is in place, it is certain that this effect is real and common in today's society. This
inclination for attractiveness to equal superior treatment follows over into areas of a person's life
that are not exclusively centered around recreational social interaction. For example, those who are
universally thought of as being attractive "make 12 percent more money than those regarded as less
good–looking" (Dobson 1). This shows that, yet again, beautiful people receive unjustified
advantages from the unknowing people they interact with on a daily basis only because they are
physically

Health Care Cost Analysis Essay
Costs included insured direct medical costs of inpatient, outpatient, laboratory and pharmacy in
health insurance claims data. To assess the costs, patients diagnosed with lung cancer (C34) using
the Korean Standard Classification of Diseases version 6 (KCD–6) codes were selected. To select
patients with NSCLC IIIb and IV, an operational definition of all the cases excluding the patients
who had have surgery of patients having received chemotherapy was used. The main assumption in
the cost assessment was that costs only depended on the treatment regimen regardless of first–line or
second–line, or regardless of EGFR mutation status. Total 378 patients were analyzed for the cost
assessment. According to the descriptive analysis, men were 224 (59.3%), the average age was 64
years, and the majority (64.2%) was in their seventies. Excluding outliers, the total average annual
cost for NSCLC treatment was $ 17,785, and the average inpatient cost was $ 9,584. The treatment
costs in each Markov state are listed in Table 1. The cost for BSR was ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
[23] and Doyle et al. [53]. We applied the results of the former study to the model, because it was
more relevant in terms of health states. The study derived utilities in health states of NSCLC IIIb
and IV and disutilities in grade III–IV toxicities under the situation where metastatic NSCLC
patients received second–line chemotherapy. Only, we recited disutility in anemia from Westwood et
al. [14]. We assumed that adverse events occurred during the first cycle, and adverse event rates
relied on the type of treatment regimen regardless of the first–line or the second–line treatment.
Finally, in case of an oral medication, 0.02 obtained from Tabberer et al. [24] was added to the
utilities investigated by Nafees et al., because the study was carried out under the situation on
intravenous treatments such as pemetrexed or

The Effects Of Internal And International Migration On...
Results
We divide our analysis of the impacts of migration on how children allocate their time in the short–
run in two parts. In the first part, we discuss the results of the effects of internal and international
migration on children's time outcomes using the treatment effect models, and in the second part, we
present the results of the analysis of time allocated to non–school related activities and total
studying time using SUR and Heckman models. All of the models predict the number of hours
allocated to each activity per week.
Whether internal, international migration or both, the influence on children's time use may vary
depending on the activity we are observing. In addition, remittances could be the channel through
which migration impacts the time allocated to a particular activity, or there could be an effect
regardless of the reception of remittances. In order to identify general patterns, we first estimate
OLS regression models predicting the number of hours children allocate to each of the four
activities of interest (Table 4).
The results presented in Table 4 indicate that once adjusting for individual and household
characteristics, migration impacts children's allocation of time through different channels. Living in
a household with at least one international migrant but that does not receive remittances has a
positive and statistically significant association with the number of hours that children allocate to
farm work and study. Children allocate on average 8

Are Asexual Plant Propagation?
Asexual Plant Propagation
At the beginning of this lab my group and I were instructed to go and cut 24 10cm coleus plants.
After we had done so we put three in a 2½ pot making eight pots total, we then filled each pot with a
clay media. After that we then labeled each pot assigning two pots to four different treatments. The
first treatment was for the plants to receive fertilizer and heat, the second was no fertilizer with heat,
third was fertilizer without heat, lastly to neither be given fertilizer nor heat. We left the plants to
taken care of by the greenhouse manager Bronson, with the instruction to come in and take
observations of the pant to make sure they are doing well. The question that we wanted to answer
was to find out the effects of the four treatments on twenty four similar 10cm cuttings from four
different groups. The hypothesis of my group was as follows "those plants that were given both
fertilizer and heat would do better then, those that had fertilizer and no heat, third would be the no
fertilizer and heat, and lastly the plants that were not given fertilizer nor heat." We also hypothesized
that these treatments would have a significant effect on the root systems of each plant. Our basis for
this hypothesis was in the observation of how different plants had reacted in past labs, as well as in
our every day. For example with the geranium lab we noticed early on that those plants that were
given fertilizer did much better than our control plants with

The Common Long Term Complications Of Diabetes Mellitus
One of the most common long–term complications of diabetes mellitus is painful neuropathy.
Diabetic neuropathy is estimated to affect about 60–70% of all diabetes patients and can lead to foot
ulcers, amputations, and decreased quality of life. The most common form is chronic peripheral
neuropathy which results in pain and numbness in the extremities, usually described as a burning,
tingling, or steady aching pain.1 Patients may also feel increased sensitivity to pain or experience
paresthesia, a sensation of tingling, tickling, or prickling of the skin.1 According to current
guidelines, intensive glycemic control is very important for the prevention and reduction of
peripheral neuropathy and other microvascular complications.1,2 Medications used to help relieve
nerve pain include duloxetine and pregabalin (Lyrica®), which are both approved by the U.S. Food
and Drug Administration for use in diabetic neuropathy. Other drug classes commonly used are
antidepressants, anticonvulsants, and opioids.3 Although there are many medications used for this
condition, pain relief is often insufficient for patients. Treatment is difficult due to the complicated
pathophysiology of pain transmission and the wide range of mechanisms of action of drugs used to
treat pain. Therefore, there is a continued need for additional medication options for this chronic
painful condition. Lacosamide is an anticonvulsant approved for use as monotherapy or adjunctive
therapy for partial–onset seizures.

Phaseolus Vulgaris Experiment
Effect of Red and Blue Light on Kidney Bean Plant Growth (Phaseolus vulgaris)
Introduction
When sunlight is observed it is seen as white light, but in actuality it is a whole spectrum of colors.
Plants as autotrophs specifically use sunlight for chemical energy to perform photosynthesis. Plants
tend to capture different colors of light for growth for example, like red and blue light. One color
that is not absorbed by plants is the color green giving most plants a green shade. The production
and the consumption of common beans (Phaseolus vulgaris) is immense throughout the world.
Thousands, and thousands of farms and beans are grown for food consumption. For many
generations farmers have been growing beans in hopes of greater production supply. ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
As shown in (Fig. 1). red light treatment produced the average growth of 1.5 cm. The blue light
treatment produced an average growth of 2.25 cm and the control light produced an average growth
of 2.8 cm. It is shown in (Fig. 1). the results are produced an increasing trend from red light to the
control light. It is also shown that the data is not statistically significant. Red light had the lowest
growth average, unlike blue light who had almost double the average growth.
(Figure 1. shows the average growth (cm) in the in response to the different treatments

Plant Growth Of The Brassica Rapa
Background There is a drought in California which is in turn affecting the number of crops that can
be grown in a given amount of time. Farmers now must find a way to grow crops in an economical
fashion while also maximizing each yield as much as possible. However, plant growth can be
influenced by seed variety, the amount of water, the soil type, amount of light, etc., and many other
variables. For this experiment, we are testing the growth of the Brassica rapa, a mustard plant under
the same conditions of water, sunlight, and oxygen, with two different treatment solutions. There
will be two pots, one has a treatment of just deionized water and the other a treatment of fertilizer as
well as deionized water. Because the fertilizer has the added benefit of nitrogen, phosphorous, and
potassium along with the same quantity of deionized water as the first pot, it is hypothesized that
both sets of plants will grow, however the pot with fertilizer will grow more than the pot with just
water treatment. In the Fertilizer Responses of Volunteer Longleaf Pine Trees within a Loblolly Pine
Plantation: Separating Direct Effects from Competition Effects paper, an experiment on the effect of
fertilization on two trees was done. Before the experiment was initiated, it was known that
fertilization increases the growth and productivity of the loblolly pine tree, while it was
hypothesized that the longleaf pine tree is less responsive to fertilization (Anderson, 2009). The
results of the

Soil Respiration : The Greatest Terrestrial Contributor Of...
Soil respiration is the greatest terrestrial contributor of carbon dioxide to the atmosphere and can be
a direct indication of agricultural crop and soil health (Schlesinger and Andrews, 2000). The amount
of carbon dioxide generated from soil respiration is influenced by several factors including,
temperature, moisture, and carbon/nitrogen ratios in plant litter amongst others (Biology 208 Lab
Manual 2016). The occurrence of soil respiration is as a result of root respiration which signifying
healthy plant roots, and soil decomposers and microbial activity, a sign of nutrient–rich soil (Rustad
et al. 2000 and Bond–Lamberty et al. 2004). While limited carbon dioxide output shows poor soil
quality and little microbial metabolic activity, excessive output indicates over–tilling of soil and
diminishing soil nutrients, which could decrease crop yield (USDA, 2012). Knowledge of how
abiotic and biotic factors influence CO2 output is industrially beneficial when trying to determine
the best supplements for plant growth that contribute to environmental sustainability.
Increased temperature plays a role in the amount of liberated carbon dioxide (Wan and Luo, 2003),
and because cellular respiration is a metabolic reaction, increased temperature will increase the
activity of decomposers, releasing more carbon dioxide. To promote a sustainable environment and
optimum plant health, it is critical to be aware of the range of temperatures suitable for adequate soil
respiration. If

Caffeine Retention Paper
All the data illustrates a similar trend: caffeine treatments are favored in percent correct and reaction
time. According to one study (Chayka, 2014), this positive trend could be due to the fact that
caffeine can bind to adenosine receptors and increases blood pressure, alertness, and ability to
concentrate thus increases human's short–term memory retention. In comparison to caffeine
treatment, taurine exhibited a slight lower percentage value but greater when compared to
taurine+caffeine treatment (figure 1). Taurine is a nonessential sulfur–containing amino acid; the
addition of taurine to energy drinks is to increase the availability of amino acids. As the building
blocks of proteins, amino acids play major role in metabolic processes. With an increased
availability of amino acids (taurine) it will ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The average image remembered for the combination of taurine and caffeine was less than both the
average image remembered in caffeine and taurine. This clearly object previous hypothesis that
there is an additive effect when caffeine and taurine are combined. One study by Peacock A, Martin
FH, and Carr A (2013) have shown that taurine in combination of caffeine decreases selective
reaction time and increases the feeling of fatigue which can affect human's concentration and
alertness. With the available evidences, taurine appears to counteract the beneficial alerting effects
of caffeine, which explains the low percent correctness when subjects were given this treatment. In
figure 3, the percent change of baseline vs. caffeine was slightly higher than the baseline vs. taurine.
The fact that the changes were not tremendous could be due to the fact that there is an optimum
amount of caffeine and taurine, which enhance alertness and concentration thus affecting human's
short–term

Spondyloepiphyseal Dysplasia Essay
Spondyloepiphyseal dysplasia is a type of dwarfism. Dwarfism is a disorder can happen because of
several different reasons. This type of dwarfism occurs because of a defective gene from at least one
parent that is passed down to its offspring, but could also occur because of a new mutation in the
gene passed down. Although there are different types of dwarfism they all cause the person to be
short, and sometimes disfigured or distorted. This type and most of the others not only affect the
persons legs, but can also effect different parts of their body. There are treatments to help with these
other problems that go with dwarfism, but you can not fully get rid of it. Spondyloepiphyseal
dysplasia mostly occurs in a child when one of their parents passes down a defective gene to them.
Around 80 percent of these people have average–size parents though, this can be caused by new
mutations that have developed in the parent or parents gene that gets passed down to their offspring.
Their average size is dwarf was below 4' 10", but still above 4'. Spondyloepiphyseal dysplasia is
also commonly referred to as SED. This type of dwarfism disrupts bone growth during development
as a child. This is what causes the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Some also have a curvature of the neck and spine, which is called scoliosis, as described before.
This forms in a child in their developmental stages during childhood that can cause problems with
breathing later in their life, if not monitored and treated appropriately. These changes in the spine
and neck may also increase the risk of serious spinal cord damage or even clubfoot. Clubfoot is a
hip joint deformity in which the upper leg bones turn inward causing the person to have an
extremely hard time walking and doing other activities including most sports, or even standing for
long periods of

Parkinson's Disease: Executive Summary
Ramig and colleagues (2001) performed a study to examine the long–term effects of using Lee
Silverman Voice Treatment (LSVT) to improve vocal function in individuals with Parkinson's
Disease (PD). Ramig and colleagues (2001) compared LSVT to received respiratory therapy (RET)
to control for extraneous variables. Subjects were recruited from a variety of sources which helped
to reduce recruitment bias (Ramig et al., 2001). Individuals with any laryngeal pathology unrelated
to PD were excluded from the study (Ramig et al., 2001). All 33 subjects were stratified based on:
age, time post–diagnosis, stage of disease, score on the unified Parkinson's disease rating scale, and
clinical ratings on speech and voice severity (Ramig et al., 2001). Subjects were then randomly
divided into 2 groups and received either LSVT or RET provided in four one–hour weekly sessions
for four weeks (Ramig et al., 2001). ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Evaluation of vocal function was determined by acoustically analyzing vocal loudness (recorded as
sound pressure level) and inflection (recorded as semitone standard deviation). The average sound
pressure level (SPL) and semitones standard deviation (STSD) of each group on all tasks were
obtained and the differences between the means were statistically analyzed using a two–factor
repeated measures ANOVA (Ramig et al., 2001). Data was collected by a primary investigator that
did not administer treatment and was blind to which treatment group each subject was in (Ramig et
al., 2001). In order to determine measurement reliability, 20% of the data obtained were reanalyzed
and it was found that "repeated measures of SPL and STSD data yielded correlation coefficients
greater than 0.97" (Ramig et al., 2001, p.

Statistics Cheat Sheet
What proportion of a normal distribution is located in the tail beyond z = +2.00?
0.0228
What proportion of a normal distribution is located between the mean and z = 1.40?
0.4192
The Z–score corresponding to the 52nd percentile is
.05
A normally distributed variable has a mean of 10 and a standard deviation of 2. The probability that
a value between 7 and 9 is obtained is
.2417
An accelerated life test on a large number of type–D alkaline batteries revealed that the mean life for
a particular use before they failed is 19.0 hours. The distribution of the lives approximated a normal
distribution. The standard deviation was 1.2 hours. About 95.44% of the batteries failed between
what two values?
16.6 & 21.4
The average time students need ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
n = 100 with s^2 = 100
I other factors are held constant, which set of characteristics is most likely to produce a significant t
statistic? n = 50 with s^2 = 50
If other factors are held constant, what is the effect of increasing the sample size?
It will decrease the estimated standard error and increase the likelihood of rejecting H0
A researcher conducts a one–sample hypothesis test using a sample of n = 40 from an unknown
population. What is the df value for the t statistic?
39
With α= 0.05, what is the critical t value for a one–tailed test with n = 15? t = 1.761 With α= 0.05
and df = 20, the critical values for a two–tailed t test are t = +–2.086. Assuming all other factors are
held constant, if the df value were decreased to df = 10, what would happen to the critical values for
t?
They would increase (move farther from zero).
A sample of n = 4 scores is selected from a population with an unknown mean. The sample has a
mean of M = 40 and a variance of s2= 16. Which of the following is the correct 90% confidence
interval for μ? μ= 40 +–2.353(2)
When is it appropriate to use the two sample, pooled variance t–test? When
2 independent samples are compared.
Which of the following accurately describes an independent–measures study?
It uses a different group of participants for each of the treatment conditions being compared.

Which of the following is the correct null hypothesis for an independent–measures t test?
Mu1–Mu2 = 0 Accounting procedures allow a

Earthworms And Organic Fertilizers
The radish is an edible root vegetable of the Brassicaceae family. Radishes are great plants for
demonstrating the effects of different levels of plant nutrition, germinating and growing quickly and
reliably. Radish plants take up nutrients from the soil to make food. Soil is rich in essential nutrients
such as nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium; but these nutrients are sometimes not present in the
acceptable amount. Nitrogen is vital because it is a major component of chlorophyll, which is the
compound by which plants use in photosynthesis. It is also a major component of amino acids and
without them plants withers and die. Phosphorus is a component of the complex nucleic acid
structure of plants, which regulates protein synthesis and the ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
We came to the conclusion that the combination of earthworms and organic fertilizer did not have an
effect on the average growth of radish plants. We did a t–test to see if there is a statistically
significant difference (at the α=0.05 level) between the average growth of radish plants grown with
the organic fertilizer and worms treatment compared to average growth of radish plants grown with
only soil, earthworms with soil, or only organic fertilizer treatments. Since, all p–values were more
than the alpha level, the results tell us that there is no significant evidence that the average growth of
radish plants grown using fertilizer with worms will be higher than radish plants grown using only
soil, earthworms with soil or only organic fertilizer. This could be from a number of

Sustained-Release Naltrexone
Introduction
The purpose of this study is to investigate the effects of sustained–release Naltrexone implants on
opioid–dependent participants. The study will specifically focus on the frequency of opioids usage
before and after treatment, the subjective "high" feeling of heroin while undergoing implant
treatment, and consider the factors associated with opioid use/abuse. Naltrexone is a competitive
opioid antagonist which blocks the action of heroin (and other opioids), therefore removing the
"high" obtained from substance use. The goal of the Naltrexone is to gradually obviate the abuser's
desire to use heroin by removing this "high" feeling.
Despite Naltrexone's effectiveness to block the effects of opioids, some patients reported
experiencing ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Out of the 60 participants 14 were women, 42 came from treatment settings, 18 came from criminal
justice settings and 5 did not attend the follow–up 6–month interview. During the 6–month
treatment trial, 95% of the participants used opioids on one or more occasions while the other 5%
reported completely refraining from using opioids during treatment. The average frequency of
opioid use was 24 days during the entire 6–month period. The overall frequency of opioid use was
reduced from an average of 2.4 (using the 0–3 frequency scale) before Naltrexone implantation to
0.9 after 6 months of treatment. Heroin was the most commonly used opioid among the 60

Strategic Csr Database For Public Companies Essay
4.1 Sample Our data includes public companies that have passed the IPO stage because KLD MSCI
data is only available for public companies. In order to control for a potential bias in our analyses
due to the choice of receiving venture backing among IPO companies, we gather a comprehensive
data on an initial sample of 12,010 IPOs from the period 1991–2015 from the Securities Data
Company (SDC) database. Following previous researchers, we eliminate offerings (i) identified as
unit offerings (ii) not involving common stock, (iii) of very small issues with offer size below 5
million dollars in order to eliminate penny stocks from our sample (Bradley, Cooney, Dolvin, and
Jordan, 2005), and (v) for which SDC did not provide information required for our tests. We then
match the IPO database with the CSR database. We gather CSR data from MSCI KLD 400 Social
Index Database. This data set is the most comprehensive CSR database and is widely used in the
literature (Agle et al., 1999; Chen et al., 2007; Griffin and Mahon, 1997; Hillman and Keim, 2001;
Rehbein et al., 2004; Waddock and Graves, 1997). The MSCI KLD database provides social
performance records for more than 3,000 publicly traded US companies across a range of
dimensions covering business–related social performance parameters including corporate
governance, environment, product quality, and employment practices (Chen et al., 2007). The MSCI
database assigns strengths and concerns to each of these dimensions. Detailed

Depression Case Study
A treatment for depression could be exercise. A supervised trail was administered by the effects of
adding exercise as a treatment for twenty–six severe depressed inpatients. Eleven patients were put
into a control group and fifteen patients were put into an exercise group. These patients in the
control group were not allowed to use any form of tobacco. The patients in the exercise group had a
dose of 16.5 kcal/kg a week of aerobic exercise, they would exercise for 3 times a week across the
time period that they were in the hospital, while the control group was not exercising while they
were in the hospital. The patients in the exercise group had the option to choose from a stationary
bike, treadmill, or a transport, they also were able to ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
For the exercise group, these patients had nine sessions, the average length of the sessions were
43.51 minutes long and the median intensity was 9.7 of the heart rate reserve. The median of kcal
used was 270.64 (52.6) kcal each session. The one machine that was used the most was the
treadmill, and the average time that was spent on the treadmill was elven minutes. Just by adding
exercise to a severely depressed person, it decreased the patients TBARS serum levels, in just three
weeks. There was no difference in the second week of the experiment, pertaining to the TBARS
serum levels of the exercise or the control group. But there was a difference between the two group
when the patients had completed the treatment and were discharged from the hospital. It showed that
having an add–on exercise to the basic treatment, it will decrease the TBARS serum levels. This
treatment has also been used on patients who have chronic pulmonary disease. It shows that in just
three weeks it can start making alterations in the stress system. This stress therapy's hypothesis to
working is that a little amount of exercise advocates a transient increase in some of the reactive
oxygen species. Also, it shows that it promotes an increase in antioxidant enzymes that prevent
reactive oxygen species and oxidate stress. This results in an abundant activity of the antioxidant
enzymes, which

My Minus Equilibrium Treatment
Discussion
There was a severe effect of my minus calcium treatment–the lack of calcium was detrimental to my
plants' health and caused them all to die. With my visual observations of my sunflower seedlings
completely drying up and dying, the negative growth rate per day of my plants (along with the rest
of the minus calcium treatments in the class having a significantly lower average growth rate when
compared to the control plants in the class), and the huge difference in average water use between
the minus calcium treatment plants in the class when compared to the control plants in class, it is
clear that the effect was severe. I believe that I observed the growth effects that I did because low
levels of calcium cause poor root development ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Since the root development was poor, the plants were unable to take in water–causing dryness and
ultimately death. Without water being transported through the plant, photosynthesis and growth
could not occur, and although the plants tried to conserve as much water as possible (through
closing their stomata), since they recognized they were not able to take in any more because of their
roots they could not sustain themselves. I believe that calcium was immobile in the plant–the effects
of not having it were so harsh and immediate that I believe there was none present. The fact that the
minus calcium treatment plants couldn't take up water through their roots, which, as I stated before,
is directly related to calcium deficiency, only further supports the notion that it was immobile in the
plant. Visual symptoms that could be helpful in diagnosing calcium deficiency in sunflowers are dry
and brown leaves–but this diagnosis would have to occur pretty quickly since it had such severe

Essay On Matching Method
Thank you very much for the points of missing important assumptions and justifications of my
matching method. Although it is commonly used in finance area, I need to understand and consider
these assumptions, limitations, and potential violation(s).
The evaluating causal effect of outside directors' dissention on the firm value is difficult, because it
is almost impossible to observe the individual effect. However, it is possible to estimate and
compare the average treatment effect of the event (dissention) and the effect from the control group.
However, as you pointed, the confounding variable might involve in this relation. It is possible a
confounding variable can influence the effect of directors' dissention in the same way for all ...
Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This is also reported by two recent studies that a dissention is a function of firm characteristics
(Jiang et al., 2016; Ma and Khanna, 2015). It is also a strong assumption in general because it is
very difficult to find and control all possible confounding variables.
However, with a practical point of view, the conditional independence (or unconfoundedness) is
stronger than the assumption used in statistical software. It means that the treatment does not
influence on the conditional mean of each potential outcomes after controlling the covariates. In this
study, it is possible to show that general firm characteristics are similar between the treatment group
and the control group except firm value. Therefore, it is possible to hold the conditional mean
independent assumption after matching a sample, although it is difficult to hold the conditional
independent assumption.
Another assumption in this approach is the overlap assumption that each firm have a positive
probability of having a dissention. There is no difference in the chance of dissention between a firm
in the treatment group and a firm in the control group. Statistically, it can be tested in a statistical
software. Please see the Stata results using teffects ipw and teffects overlap. Thank you very much
for the points of missing important assumptions and justifications of my matching method. Although
it is commonly used in finance area, I need to understand and consider

The Effect of Radiation in Inducing Mutation on the Growth...
The Effect of Radiation in Inducing Mutation
On the Growth of Zea mays1
Milanie Joy S. Baradi
BIO 30 Section S–1L
October 10, 2011
____________________ 1A scientific paper submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements in
Biology 30 laboratory under Professor Neilyn O. Villa, 1st semester, 2011–2012. ABSTRACT To
determine the effects of gamma radiation in inducing mutation on the growth of corn (Zea mays), an
experiment using corn seeds exposed in to different rate of radiation (0kr, 10 kr, 30 kr, and 50 kr)
was done. Four treatments were prepared using 10 seeds from each of the following different
radiation rates. The seeds were planted and were observed for seven weeks. The percent germination
and ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Theoretically, the control should have the highest percent germination rate, but since errors which
can be attributed from the environment as well as from other physical factors are present, results
obtained cannot be avoided. The treatment with the highest irradiation rate (50 kr) has the lowest
rate of seed germination. However, in Table 2, results indicated that treatment under the former has
the highest percent mortality rate (100 %) while the lowest obtained by the control treatment (40%).
In Figure 1, results obtained showed that the treatment with highest average plant height was under
Treatment 10 kr. The final average plant height under this treatment was 28.58 cm compared to the
25.98 cm of control, 20.87 of 30 kr and 6.04 of 50 kr. Again, theoretically, the control should have
the highest average plant height but results showed otherwise.
Through the obtained data, it can be concluded that exposing seeds to radiation can induce mutation
which in the end could affect the growth rate, germination rate as well as the mortality rate of the
plant. Observations and data obtained showed that the rate of radiation is inversely proportional to
the percent germination and height of corn plants thus proving that percent germination and height
decreases as amount or

Propensity-Score Matching (Psm). The Propensity Score...
Propensity–Score Matching (PSM)
The propensity score matching model is a method used to evaluate the average effect of a
programme on participants' outcome, conditional on the pre–participation characteristics of such
participants (Bryson, Dorsett, & Purdon, 2002). The PSM technique has been applied widely in a
variety of fields in the program evaluation (Heinrich et al., 2010).The model is appropriate for
addressing the problem of selection bias (Wooldridge, 2002) in determining the difference between
the participant's outcome with (in this case adoption of weather index insurance) and without (non–
adoption of the weather index insurance) programme (Pufahl & Weiss, 2008). Pufahl & Weiss also
note that participants and non–participants ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Instrumental variables and design approach, though suitable raises difficulties in finding a suitable
instrument because, in identifying the treatment effect, one needs at least one regressor which
determines participation, but is not itself determined by the factors which affect outcomes (Blundell
& Costa Dias, 2000; J. J. Heckman, 1995).
The regression discontinuity method on the other hand needs a large number of farmers next to the
discontinuity to draw meaningful decision. However, this is difficult because the further one moves
from the discontinuity line the more the variable characteristics vary (Winters et al., 2010). PSM
assumes that farmers who receive treatment and those who do not, differ not only in treatment, but
also in characteristics that affect participation and the outcome (Heinrich et al., 2010). It thus seeks
untreated (in our case non–adopters of weather index) farmers who have the same characteristics of
the treated (adopters of weather index) farmers and matching them using propensity scores and thus
creating a quasi–experiment (Winters et al., 2010). The propensity score was therefore used to
estimate the probability of receiving treatment (adoption of

High Chektogenic Diets
There are several diets which are designed to help obese individuals to reduce weight. Due to the
fact that so many illnesses (e.g. diabetes, high cholesterol) are related to the effects of obesity,
understanding the physiology of weight loss has become ever so important. One of the most popular
and widely researched diets, which are used for the treatment of obesity, is the ketogenic diet. This
diet is not only known for its use in the treatment of obesity, but is also known to play a positive role
in the treatment of several illnesses. Initially, this diet was solely used for treating people with
epilepsy. However, starting from the 1970s, the diet became known for its role in promoting weight
loss and also in the treatment of other illnesses (e.g. cardiovascular disease). In addition, the diet is
also known to help people reduce their dependence on medications for ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
In addition, their plasma was checked levels of triglycerides and hormones. The results of the first
study show that in the mice on ketogenic diet lost as much weight as the mice on the calorie
restricted diet, but the group on the high carbohydrate–high fat diet (which ate just as many calories
as the ketogenic diet group) showed an average increase of 6 lbs and twice the increase in body fat
composition (as shown via DEXA measurement). The average body fat composition of all animals
in other groups remained at around 3.4 lb per animal. Although both groups lost the same amount of
weight, the metabolic rate (gathered by the CLAMS apparatus) of the ketogenic diet mice was 15%
greater than the mice on the calorie restricted diet. Microarray analysis showed suppression of
certain genes (e.g. FAS) involved in fatty acid synthesis in animals on the ketogenic diet, whereas in
the high carbohydrate–high fat group, these genes were significantly

A Wide Range Of Therapeutic Applications Against Various...
Crocus sativus has a wide range of therapeutic applications against various diseases
Including malaria.the family of This plant is traditionally used for treatment of malaria in African
countries and Islamic medicin regard to the positive effects of saffron in the treatment of malaria.
However, the antimalarial effect and safety of Crocus sativus are not studied. The aim of this study
was to evaluate antimalarial activity of Crocus sativus in Plasmodium berghei infected mice. In the
present study,total, aqueous and ethyl acetat extracts of Crocus sativus were investigated for their
antimalarial activity using Peters' 4–day suppressive test method. Different concentrations of the
extracts and the fractions were orally administered to screen for their antimalarial activities.
The results showed different decreased parasitemia levels in different concentrations of saffron
extract and fractions. On the day 4th the aqueous extract (1050 mg/kg) reduced parasitemia
significantly. on the day 7th ethyl acetate (700 mg/kg) and aqeous extract (350 and 700 mg/kg)
reduced parasitemia significantly (p<0.05). Ethyl–700 and aqu–1050 Crocus sativus extract
significantly prolonged the average of mean survival time of P. berghei infected mice over a period
of 28 days compare to placebo group. The results of the present work supported the Traditional use
of the plant against malaria and confirmed the antimalarial activity of the plant. Moreover,
antimalarial compounds can be isolated

Stimuli Experiment
For this experiment I will include all participants. There will be three groups of individuals, which
will include one control group and two separate treatment groups that will be subject to two
different stimuli.
Stimuli
The stimuli in this experiment will include names of 15 animals paired with a short description that
includes information on the animal, more specifically signalling its level of self–awareness and
intelligence. This first group will have information that signals a higher level of intelligence and
self–awareness, whereas the second group will be given names of animals with information that will
signal lower levels of intelligence and self–awareness. The third group will be a control group that
does not receive any excess ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
For my ANOVA test there will be three separate hypotheses:
H0: Level of intelligence will have no significant effect on morality.
H1: Level of intelligence does have a significant effect on morality. H0: Level of self–awareness
will have no significant effect on

Strategies Of A 2-Level Model
We used multilevel modeling (MLM; Hox, 2002; Raudenbush & Byrk, 2002) to evaluate the
efficacy of feedback. MLM was used due to the nested data structure (i.e., clients nested within
therapists). Given this, the assumption of independent observations is not met which can result in
increase of Type I error rates; therefore, traditional analytical strategies such as analysis of variance
are not appropriate. Specifically, MLM permits us to control for the variance effects from therapists
to evaluate the effects of client feedback at the client level. We also will be able to see if the rates of
change for each treatment condition were different.
Using an ANCOVA–like strategy, we constructed a 2–level model (client within therapist) ... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
We also replicated this model to evaluate the effects of feedback on clients who were identified as
not–on–track.
Effects of Client Feedback on Outcome – All Clients Descriptive statistics are shown in Table 1. The
results from the covariate–only model (Equation 1) are shown in Table 2. This baseline model
estimated covariance parameters to compute an intraclass coefficient (ICC) to determine the amount
of variability at the therapist level. The ICC showed that less than 1% of the variance (.02) was
accounted for by therapist outcome differences, which is smaller than other PCOMS studies that
evaluated therapist effects (Anker et al., 2009; Reese et al., 2011). The covariate–only model
indicates a significant positive slope (10 = .26, p < .001) between initial ORS scores and post–
ORS scores across clients. This indicated that ORS scores significantly improved for all clients from
pre– to post–treatment, with the average post–ORS for clients equal to 29.31 (00). The
standardized mean effect size from pre– to post–ORS was 1.38.
The ANCOVA model included the treatment condition (FEEDBACK) as a predictor to the first
model as shown in Equation 2. We refer to this as an ANCOVA model given that we are evaluating
the differences in slopes for each treatment condition while controlling for initial ORS scores.
Clients in the feedback condition demonstrated significantly more improvement

Kidney Function Lab Report
Human Kidney Function
Renee King
TA: Oliver
Biology 3U03
November 24, 2016
Treatment with water, caffeine, alcohol, and gatorade and the effects on urine output, pH, Na+
excretion, and solid excretion were tested at 30 minute intervals for 2 hours. It was found that urine
production for each treatment group increased after 30 minutes, increased further after 60 minutes,
and then began to decrease. Mean increases in urine production were only significant for Gatorade
in the first 90 minutes (an increase of 40% at 30–60 minutes, and a decrease of 73% at 60–90
minutes) and for caffeine over 60–90min (a 48% decrease). The average pH for each treatment
group became more acidic by 90–120 minutes. Mean differences over each time ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
Life sciences, 47(6), 557–564.
Epstein, M. (1997). Alcohol's impact on kidney function. Alcohol health and research world, 21,
84– Geethavani, G., Rameswarudu, M., & Reddy, R. R. Effect of Caffeine on Serum and Urine
Electrolytes. International Journal of Scientific and Research Publications, 234.
91.
Guyton A.C., & J.E. Hall. 2011. Textbook of Medical Physiology, 12th Edition. Saunders,
Philidelphia.
Haller, C. A., Jacob, P., & Benowitz, N. L. (2002). Pharmacology of ephedra alkaloids and caffeine
after single‐dose dietary supplement use. Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics, 71(6), 421–432.
Maughan, R. J., Owen, J. H., Shirreffs, S. M., & Leiper, J. B. (1994). Post–exercise rehydration in
man: effects of electrolyte addition to ingested fluids. European journal of applied physiology and
occupational physiology, 69(3), 209–215.
Surgenor, Stephen, and Ruth E. Uphold. "Acute hyponatremia in ultra–endurance athletes." The
American journal of emergency medicine 12.4 (1994): 441–444.
VanPutte, C., Regan, J. Russo, A., Seely, R., Stephens, T., & Tate, P. 2014. Seely's Anatomy and
Physiology: 10th Edition. The McGraw–Hill Companies, New

Treatment From Expert Opinions And Case Reports
TREATMENT – LEVEL OF EVIDENCE 5 Most of the information we have about PDAP treatment
comes from expert opinions and case reports. Few authors proposed treatment flow charts, based on
the moderate evidence that PDAP represents a neuropathic pain condition. However, these treatment
approaches have never been tested through an experimental study in a PDAP population. Baad–
Hansen et al., in a literature review published in 2008, proposed the following stepped treatment:
start with patient education about their condition as it is necessary to avoid further unnecessary
treatments. Treat initially with topical medications (authors suggest capsaicin or lidocaine) because
of limited side effects and safer profile. If pain does not resolve, ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
From our clinical expertise, we discourage the use of opioids, for the potential risk of opioid–
induced–hyperalgesia (64), dependency and possible addiction (65). Nixdorf et al., suggest to follow
the NICE guidelines (National Institute of Health Care and Excellence) for the treatment of
peripheral neuropathic pain: oral medications, topical when practical and avoid irreversible
treatments that involve local injury (29). We also found treatment suggestions that still need to be
tested in PDAP patients to reach a higher level of evidence. Several authors agree that it is necessary
to avoid unnecessary treatments as they do not have positive outcomes and they may even worsen
the pain (38) (44) (58). Invasive treatments create higher stress to an already dysfunctional nervous
system and this has been observed to increase pain in PDAP patients (66). Ram et al., report that in
their clinical practice they test patients for local anesthetic response in order to decide for a more
central or peripheral therapy (3). This approach can be promising and it is supported by evidence in
the literature of different levels of central and peripheral sensitization in different patients (34) (37).
However, it needs to be tested before arguing its effectiveness. Baad–Hansen et al., point out that the
treatment strategy should be flexible, taking into account

Treatment Of Metastatic Squamous Non Small Cell Lung Cancer
Opdivo (nivolumab)
Opdivo (nivolumab); Bristol–Myers Squibb; For the treatment of metastatic squamous non–small
cell lung cancer, Approved March 2015
WEDNESDAY, March 4, 2015 (HealthDay News) –– U.S. Food and Drug Administration approval
of Opdivo (nivolumab) has been expanded to include advanced non–small cell lung cancer
(NSCLC), the agency said Wednesday in a news release.
Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer death in the United States, having been diagnosed more
than 224,000 times and causing more than 159,000 deaths in 2014, the FDA said. NSCLC is the
most common type, affecting seven of eight people with lung cancer.
Opdivo inhibits a protein that prevents the immune system from attacking cancer cells, the agency
said. The drug is sanctioned for people who have been treated with platinum–based chemotherapy.
Opdivo was clinically compared to another anti–cancer drug, docetaxel, in a study involving more
than 270 people with NSCLC. People who received Opdivo lived an average of 3.2 months longer
than people given docetaxel, the FDA said.
The most common side effects of Opdivo are fatigue, shortness of breath, muscle and bone pain,
loss of appetite, cough, nausea and constipation. More severe adverse effects included immune
reactions involving healthy organs, including the lungs, colon, liver, kidneys and hormone–
producing glands.
Opdivo was approved previously to treat advanced melanoma among people who don 't respond to
other medicines. ( 'FDA Expands Approved

Life On Earth Is Dependent On The Functions Of Light As A...

Recommended

Recommended

More Related Content

More from Kelley Hunter

More from Kelley Hunter (20)

Recently uploaded

Recently uploaded (20)

Life On Earth Is Dependent On The Functions Of Light As A...