Intelligent Buildings for Wellbeing and Productivity

DEREK CLEMENTS-CROOME
UNIVERSITY OF READING
INTELLIGENT BUILDINGS INTERNATIONAL
WWW.DEREKCROOME.COM
2017
INTELLIGENT LIVEABLE
BUILDINGS FOR THE 21ST
CENTURY

Terminology
Sustainable Intelligent Buildings and Cities
Digital
(Cyber)
Intel
Sentient
Quality of
Life Liveability
Green
ICT Web-Based
(e services)
Sensory
EnvironmentalSocialSmart
Nature
Environmental-Socio-Economic Value

Ove and His Firm: Founding
Philosophy
Ove wrote about the theory and practice
of design throughout his life. Central to his
thinking was the notion of Total Design,
which advocated closer collaboration
between architects and engineers. His
firm, founded in 1938, became the test-
bed for his design philosophy.

Hidden Hand of the Engineer
The engineer is like a magician. In buildings of all
kinds, people concentrate on the activities they are
there to do. Yet behind the scenes every aspect has
been considered – from security and lighting to air
conditioning and climate control – to ensure the user
experience is enhanced without being interrupted.
This is especially true for cultural buildings, galleries
and concert halls where the sensory environment
makes a crucial contribution to the audiences’ sense
of delight. Often invisible, the work engineers do
means people enjoy not only beautiful art forms, but
the wider enviroment and building itself.

Ove believed a design should be developed by individuals
with diverse skills coming together from the beginning of a
project. This idea was a radical contrast to contemporary
practices that would not involve the engineer in the early
stages of design. Ove’s approach increasingly attracted
architects into the firm’s orbit.
In his adopted city of London, Ove withnessed the
devastation wrought by the Second World War. He
developed a keen sense of his civic duty as an engineer.
The first projects following the founding of Arup & Arup
(later renamed Ove Arup and Partners) directly responded
to wartime civillian and military needs. The Sydney Opera
House, the firm’s breakthough project in the postwar years,
established a new model for an architect-engineer
collaboration.

The architect should be part
of engineer and the engineer
should be part of architect in
order to achieve a fruitful
collaboration.

Menil Collection 1982-87
 The Menil Collection in Houston was acclaimed as a
gallery that would set standards to make other
architects lie awake at night. Its sublime daylit
gallery spaces were designed by Arup engineers
Peter Rice, Tom Barker ad Alistair Guthrie and
architects Renzo Piano and Shunji Ishida. The
team’s approach combined an intuitive study of light
effects effects with the science of light monitoring.
The collaboration between architect and engineer
was so close, their contributions were almost
indistinguisable. In the critic Reyner Banham’s
words, the result was a building that achieved an
effect so beautiful, it was like ‘’light-magic’’

The Menil collection Houston Texas (1982 -1987)

Portrait of Ove Arup by Le
Corbusier, 1955
This portrait of Ove, which includes a handwritten
dedication from the architect Le Corbusier, is a
testament to their friendship. Le Corbusier’s book
towards a New Architecture was published in
1923, just after Ove graduated. It celebrated the
importance of the engineer and influenced Ove
profoundly. Ove would later advise Le Corbusier or
various projects as a consultant in concrete
design. This lithograph hung in Ove’s offices.
Coloured lithograph
Private collection

Private Collection © FLC, ADAGP, Paris and DACS, London 2016

CAN INTELLIGENT
BUILDINGS PROVIDE
ALTERNATIVE APPROACHES
TO HEATING, VENTILATING
AND AIR CONDITIONING OF
BUILDINGS ?

THERMAL PERFORMANCE OF THE IGLOO

Wind towers in Yazd, Iran to
ventilate houses, are also
constructed to cool
underground cisterns.
Ice House at Kerman Iran. Ice
formed during frosty winter
nights in the shallow channels
protected from the sun’s rays by
the high wall. Its packed
between layers of straw in the
mud-brick dome.
Michell 1978

Indonesia
Velinga M, Oxford Brookes University

Uchisar-Kalesi Cappadocia Turkey

Vardezia on Erusheti
Mountains in Georgia

The J.M Tjibaou Cultural Center
(Museum of Noumea) designed by Renzo Piano
(Winner of 1998 Pritzker prize), is a harmonious alliance of
modern and traditional Kanak architecture. Traditional
thatch huts, native to the Kanak people, inspired the
design.
Piano learnt from local culture, buildings and Nature.Tall
thin curved laminated iroko wood ribbed structures
supported by steel ties resist cyclones and earthquakes.
The ribs have horizontal slats which allow passive
environmental control to occur. The slats open and close
according to wind strength and direction and admit air to
a cavity which is linked to the glazed façade of the
museum.

Occupant
Observer / passer by
External environment
Building
Internal environment
Buildings, Environment &
People

Integration
People
Product
(Systems)
Process

the brief;
the need for well structured
procedures;
the importance of human and
social criteria;
effective team
Principles of Integrated
System Design
Elliot (2009) and The Royal Academy of Engineering

LEED Rated Buildings
 cost 6% more to build; but with
integrated design maybe 0%
 have occupancy rates over 4%
higher;
 command 2-6% higher rents;
 save 10-50% in energy consumption;
 decreased operating costs;
 increased building value 10% in 2008
Hirigoyen (2009) ;Bernstein and Russo (2010)

 Reduced energy consumption
 Lower utility bills
 Lower emissions
 Lower capital costs from increased
equipment life
 Decreased unplanned downtime
 Lower risk of equipment failure
 Reduction in overtime labour costs
Smart Benefits
e on 2010

DESIGN
Humanity
 Utility and
 Beauty

Healthy
workplaces go
beyond comfort
and encourage
personalisation,
user experience,
and health focused
policies.
[Source: BCO. Putting People First: Designing for
health and wellbeing in the built environment.
2015]

typical split of
business
operating costs,
modest gains in
staff health and
wellbeing can
deliver
significant
financial
savings.
[Source: WGBC report on Health, Wellbeing and
Productivity in Offices, 2014]
Other Ratios Vary

Metrics in WGBC 2014 Report
Health, Well-being and
Productivity in Offices
 Absenteeism
 Staff turnover/retention rates
 Medical complaints and costs
 Physical environment complaints
 Self reported attitudes via perception
studies
 Physical environment measures

HAPPINESS --PRODUCTIVITY
 Researchers from the Social Market
Foundation at the University of Warwick’s
Centre for Competitive Advantage in the
Global Economy showed that productivity
increased by an average of 12 percent —
and up to 20 percent — when test
subjects were given what the researchers
termed, “happiness shocks.” (For instance,
they were shown a 10-minute comedy clip
or were provided with snacks and drinks.)

HAPPINESS and PRODUCTIVITY
 Providing opportunities for workers to
learn, not just produce; and creating an
environment that is stimulating but not
draining, could also have a profound
effect on employee happiness and,
ultimately, productivity.
 If people come into the office happier,
lighter — feeling as if it was someplace
they enjoy being rather than where they
are obligated to be, productivity is higher.

WELL STANDARD 2015
BASED ON US INPUTS FROM
STAKEHOLDERS AND MEDICS
 AIR
 WATER
 LIGHT
 COMFORT
 MIND
 NOURISHMENT
 FITNESS

Environmental Design
Affects
Well-Being of People

Environment - Health
Well-Being
Productivity

ABSENTEEISM and
PRESENTEEISM costs us
£100 bn per year

 Low carbon buildings can be
unsustainable if the human needs
are neglected
 Healthier buildings are automatically
low carbon
 but not all low carbon buildings are
healthy workplaces

 Overheated buildings are
wasteful, uncomfortable and
lower productivity
 Each deg C rise is about 8% in
energy terms in UK
 Air Quality and Temperature
Equally Important
 Emphasise Well-being and
Freshness rather than Comfort

Improved People Performance in
Green Buildings?
 Sickness Absence is reduced
 Natural light and ventilation
increase accuracy, concentration
.health and well-being ,happiness,
attitudes...
 Productivity gains of up to 6-16%
often cited
Journal Property Management /Rocky Mountain
Institute/Pennsylvania Power and LightSarah Daly, 2010, Heath Avery Architects

Saves Energy
Care
of People
Leaner and Fresher
Environments
Greener

Environments Conducive to
Health and Well-being
 A fresh thermal environment
 Ventilation rates to provide fresh
air with good distribution and
acceptable levels of CO2
 Good natural lighting

 Minimal lighting glare from
within and external to the space
 Spatial planning and settings to
suit various types of working
 Ergonomic work places so as to
minimise muscular-skeletal
disorders
 Minimum pollution from external
sources including noise

Whole Life Value Cost Ratios
Design & Construction (X)
Facilities Management (Y)
Utilisation (Z)
Z >> Y > X
e.g. 80 : 8 : 1
Wu & Clements-Croome, 2004

 the connectivity of the supply chain
processes from brief to disposal;
 sustainability, using BREEAM or another
sustainability assessment tool at each
phase of the building life cycle; and
Whole-life Business Model to
Attain Performance

 function, performance and value,
using Building Quality Assessment and
the Design Quality Indicator for example,
to make a quality assessment and
 post occupancy evaluation so that
long term feedback is obtained by
measuring factors which relate to the
occupant, the systems and the building.

Characteristics of Nature
 runs on sunlight;
 uses only the energy it needs;
 fits form to function;
 recycles;
 rewards cooperation;
 banks on diversity;
 demands local expertise;
 realises the power of limits.
Benyus (2002)

Biomimetics
The abstraction of good design
from Nature

Biophilia – How we Connect with
Nature
What is Biophilia?
First described by Erich Fromm in the 1960’s, Biophilia, simply
put, is the Love of Life, or Living Systems.
American Biologist Edward O. Wilson went further with the
‘Biophilia hypothesis’ in the mid 1980’s, that we don’t just love
all things in the natural world, but we are genetically
connected to them. As humans we have a deep desire to
connect with nature whenever possible.
Our subconscious desire to be close to nature in our everyday
lives continues even in the workplace.

Biomimetics, Design and
Intelligent Buildings
BOTH ORGANISMS AND BUILDINGS HAVE
TO SURVIVE IN THEIR ENVIRONMENTS
– ADAPTATION (Shape, Materials,
Structures,…),MODULATION
– SENSING, ACTUATION (Passive, Active)
– INTELLIGENCE (Choices, Responses)
– ENERGY MANAGEMENT
Jeronimidis, G, 2007, The University of Reading

The Fish (Peix) at Vila Olimpica
Barcelona 1989-1992 by Gehry
H. Alderney-William , Zoomorphic 2004, (Lawrence King)

Milwaukee Art Museum, Wisconsin,
USA, 1994-2001 by Santiago
Calatrava is like a Bird

Scottish Exhibition and Conference Centre
by Norman Foster like an Armadillo

Organic Architecture
Organic architecture
promotes harmony
between human
habitation and the
natural world through
design. Sympathetic
and integrated into its
site so that buildings,
furnishings, and
surroundings become
part of a unified,
interrelated
composition. Fallingwater by Frank Lloyd Wright

Wilkinson Residence in
Portland by Oshatz 2004

Animal and Human
Technologies
Spider’s webs, devices
for catching food;
Spider’s web in detail hardened
forms of viscous thready
masses.
Otto –Rasch 2001

Bubble and net formation in a
living cell (radiolaria)

Bower birds collect and
arrange by size brightly
coloured objects with which to
lure the females and stimulate
a sexual response.

Reed Hut Weather Shelter
More highly developed building
technology for woven reed hut.Primeval House

Cerci organs (about 2mm long)
carry about 2000 hair-type
sense organs each act as:
air-flow sensors
chemical sensors
acceleration sensors
deformation sensors
contact sensors
WOOD CRICKET (15 mm
long)
Integrated Sensing

Digital Botanic Architecture
The idea is not to make buildings look like
botanic organisms but to interlace Nature
and architecture enabling the design of
hybridized, biological structures.
The overall aim is to create new
architectural typologies incorporating
natural attributes ordered in performance,
materials, mechanics, communications, and
form.
Dollens 2009

The Podhotel
copies leaves and
pods from a
flower stalk, the
leaves being
transformed into
solar and shading
panels and the
pods being
prefabricated
rooms.
Dennis Dollens Grows Architecture: Podhotels and Spiral Bridges,06.05.07 www.treehugger.com

Magnetic or Compass termitaries near Darwin , Australia
.
Attenborough, D, 2005,Life in the undergrowth, BBC Books p.228

The Ultima Tower - a Human
Termite Nest by Eugene Tsui
for 1 million people

Eastgate Office Building in Harare
Zimbabwe inspired by termites nest

Biomimetics: Early Examples
Giant Water lilies – Kew
Gardens-inspires the rib vaults
at Crystal Palace Crystal Palace

Fractal topology
of extruded leaf
wax
Physical principle =
Surface tension affected by
wax
Droplet collects particles
and clean leaf Jeronimidis, G, 2007, The University of Reading

Nylon Hoops and Hooks of
Velcro

Camel Caravan in Milgis District

What can the Camels
Nose teach us?

To keep sand from
blowing into their noses,
camels can shut their
nostrils.
When there is no sand
blowing in the wind, a
camel can open its
nostrils (A) and breathe
through its nose.
When the wind starts to
whip up the sand, the
camel just closes its
nose (B).
http://www.allsinai.info/sites/fauna/camel.ht

 The camel's nose acts as both a humidifier and a
dehumidifier with every breathing cycle.
 The hot, dry air that is inhaled passes over the large area
of moist membrane. This air is immediately humidified by
picking up moisture from the nose and cooled in the
process,. This cooler air passes to the lungs and remains
at approximately body temperature.
 When it is exhaled, it is cooled even further by passing
over the same nasal membranes, this time by a process of
dehumidifying instead of humidifying. The nasal
membranes are coated with a special water-absorbing
substance that extracts the moisture from the air like the
cooling coils of a dehumidifier.
 A net savings of 68 percent in the water usually lost
through respiration occurs just between the cooling and
drying phases of the breathing cycle.

Bioluminescence
Bioluminescence is the production and
emission of light by a living organism.
Its name is a hybrid word, originating
from the Greek bios for "living" and the
Latin lumen "light". Bioluminescence is
a naturally occurring form of
chemiluminescence where energy is
released by a chemical reaction in the
form of light emission

BIOLUMINESCENT TREES
 Fireflies, anglerfish, other
creatures and some mushrooms
glow due to bioluminescense

Alberto Estévez’s
Bioluminescent Tree
Experiments in bio-illumination with
implications for architecture, industrial
and environmental design.
Dollens, 2005,Design Biomimetics: An Inquiry and Proposal for Architecture and Industrial Design

Gilder .J, Clements-Croome .D .J, 2010, Bio inspired
Intelligent Design for the Future of Buildings

Digital Walls with Embedded
Sensors
Dye sensitised solar cells
with titanium oxide layers
on a surface with light
absorbing dye molecules
adsorbed on surface which
can generate electricity

Gilder’s proposed photovoltaic cell over the membrane
absorbing sunrays from all directions inspired by
Moths Eye
Microscopic view of a schematic membrane with
impregnations on its outer surface created for increasing
its exposed surface area.

A virtual analysis of the model for this project
showing the encapsulated routeings of the
heating and cooling network within the base
material of the structure.
Gilder .J, Clements-Croome .D .J, 2010, Bio inspired Intelligent Design for the Future of Buildings

Low – High Tech
 High Tech can be gimmicky needs to be
enabler
 Needs regular updating
 Can increase unreliability
 Complexity
-------------------------------------------------
 Low Tech is passive approach also Nature
 Less maintenance
 Durable and reliable

Benefits of
biophilia include
improved stress
recovery rates,
improved cognitive
functions,
enhanced mental
stamina & focus,
decreased
violence, elevated
moods, and
increased learning
rates.
[Source: Joye (2007), quoted in Terrapin Bright

HUMAN SPACES:GLOBAL
IMPACT OF BIOPHILIC DESIGN
IN THE WORKPLACE
Those who work in environments with natural elements,
such as greenery and sunlight report :
 15% higher level of well-being
 6% higher level of productivity than those
 15% higher level of creativity than those with no
connection to natural elements in the workplace
 WWW.HUMANSPACES.COM 2015 Cooper and Browning

Views out (Kevin Korczyk 2014 Interior Design)

Benefits of Biophilia
 Increased physical activity
 Reducing harmful exposures,
 Increases social engagement
 Improves mental health
 Off-sets Heat Island Effect
 Green landscaping may help climate change in
regards CO2, temperature……
 Green vegetation associated with decreased
mortality (Harris et al Harvard 2016)

Biophilic Garden Cities Benefits
 Healthier — happier and calming experience;
 Encourages healthy behaviour — walking,
cycling
 Beauty of Nature — fragrance, colour, sound
 Crime is less
 Control of urban micro-climate
 Flora and Fauna diversity
 Enhances community life

Sisil Showroom by Yuko
Nagayama Associates

Quick Left by Tres Birds
Workshop

Lessons from Nature
Although human ingenuity makes
various inventions it will never
discover inventions more beautiful,
appropriate and more direct than in
Nature because in her nothing is
lacking and nothing is superfluous.
Leonardo Da Vinci

Source: Joseph Jacobsen, Organizational and Individual Innovation Diffusion
Global Innovation Outlook 2004, IBM, p.6

Technology Hype Cycle
Source http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hype_cycle
 New technologies are over hyped by the media and
businesses.
 A hype cycle is a graphic representation of the
maturity, adoption and business application of specific
technologies.

Significant Technologies
Robotics (manufacturing and
maintenance)
New materials
3D, 4D printing
Augmented reality
Wearable technologies
Biophilic Design

First 3D Office in Dubai
 240 m2; 17weeks; 18 people; $140,000

Airconditioning without
Electricity
 Photonics uses coatings which reflect solar radiation
but also emits the infra- red from the inside of the
room and thus effects cooling without
airconditioning.
 Multi-layered films of hafnium oxide and silicon
dioxide reflect 97% of sunlight at wavelengths of 8—
13 micro metres. This results in the temperatures of
such film coated surfaces being about 5 deg C below
other surfaces. Cooling power is about 40W/m2
 (Nature 27 November 27 2014 volume 515 page 541 by A P
Raman et al.,Stanford University).

GRAPHENE
Carbon atomic scale
honeycomb lattice
Lightest strongest and
stiffest substance known
Can self repair
Many applications

SENSORY WORLD
Embedded Sensors in Buildings,
Equipment and Clothing

Occupants lifestyle affect
energy consumption
Embedded sensors help
increase occupant’s
awareness and help them to
save money and society save
energy

Motion
Heat flux
Temperature
Galvanic skin response
Heart rate/pressure
CO2 partial pressure
Blood O2 Saturation
Muscle tension
Respiration
Brain rhythms
Mood and stress
Sensors Measure

Body Movements
Body Electricity
Gesture Recognition
Personalisation
HUMAN SENSORY
INTERFACES

45 million units of
wearables were
shipped in 2015,
and will reach 126
million by 2019
[Source: Bernd Leukert. "From Fiction to
Functionality: Wearables At Work." Forbes. Dec
2015]

Wearable
Interactive
Stamp
Platform
(WiSP)
 Wearable Patch
A WiSP smart stamp
consists of a layer with
the antenna and NDC
chip, attached to
another layer made of a
medical-grade adhesive
that allows it to stretch
and contract with the
movement of the skin.

MIND
There has been a huge increase in
devices called biofeedback headsets
measuring users’ brainwaves related
to concentration, attention, affinity,
and excitement. Users can train their
mind by learning how to more
effectively deal with stress and
improve their focus.
Emotiv Insight

Clothing will be
more about self
expression, and
sharing about
emotion. People
are willing to
broadcast data
that can contribute
to healing the
environment.
[Source: Sophie Charara. “The internet of us:
How wearable tech can work with our bodies and
emotions”. Wearable. Mar 2015]
Twitter Dress

Solar Charging Clothing
Portable solar chargers like the U-Powered solar charger
from Kiwi Choice are a handy way to keep mobile devices
like smartphones, cameras and media players topped up
with electricity while on the go. GO Solar Power comprises a
range of clothing items that feature pockets to house solar
panels to charge up mobile electronic devices.

M-Dress by Adam
Chang works with a
standard SIM card.
When the dress
rings, you raise your
hand to your head to
answer the call.
http://www.thestar.com/living/Fashion/article/529211
jumpsuit with built-in iPod control and
pocket
The Hug Shirt™ is a
Bluetooth accessory for Java
enabled mobile phones
KineticDress is a
Victorian inspired
evening gown reactive
to the wearer’s
activities and mood.
Mystique (the shape shifter): dress
changes shape and length during the
course of an evening
Accessory Nerve is a Bluetooth mono-
sleeve accessory for mobile phones that
changes pattern (creating pleats on the
fabric) when a user receives phone calls
Embedded Theater) is a system
that allows to interactively
navigate audio-augmented
environments and create mobile
storytelling experiences

The future of
wearable
technology is not
about the gadget on
the wrist but what
is done with the big
data they collect.
[Source: Samuel Gibbs. “The future of wearable
technology is not wearables – it's analysing the
data” The Guardian, Jan 2015]

Augmented reality
with wearable tech
is offering a new
way for people to
interact with
information hands-
free, access
knowledge and
provide a greater
depth of control.
[Source: Ben Rossi. “Augmented reality and
wearable tech: a marriage made for the
enterprise?” Information Age. Jan 2016]
Oculus Rift & Mindwave

Advantages
 Increased awareness of health and fitness.
 Learn how one’s body and mind respond
in various conditions.
 On line data connect with doctor so save
appointment times
 Early diagnosis so help prevention better
than cure
 Devices can be integrated clothing as well
as wristbands and other accessories
 Weak spots in the office environment can

Disadvantages
 Privacy---see data sharing section
 More data and information so need
big data analytic and synectic
solutions
 Market open to gimmicks
 Like computers and smart phones
devices need regular updating

Data Sharing
 No data sharing—as the Edge Building in
Amsterdam
 Selective Data Sharing—for example share
one’s health data with your doctor
 Open data sharing—for example wearable
air quality monitors provide valuable data
helping towards establishing improved air
quality and everyone gains making this a
case of sharing for the common good.

2045
CONSTRUCTING
THE FUTURE
A Futurizon Report
October 2015 by Ian
Pearson et al

CARBON POSITIVE BUILDINGS
Artificial Leaf can generate
hydrogen

Artificial Leaf Mechanism
Using Sunlight and Water

Hydrogen Producing Façade
 A Water Wall with Artificial Leaves
Immersed Within
 Sunlight Radiates Causing Reaction
 Hydrogen Produced

Hydrogen Producing Artificial
Leaf Facade

Nanotechnology and
New Materials

 Intelligent facades
 Self Cleaning concrete
 Self Healing concrete
 Low carbon concrete (Novacem)
 Lightweight stronger concrete with
nanotubes
 Plastic electronics
 Low energy lighting
Some Developments

SENSEABLE
BUILDINGS AND
CITIES

Cannot separate body and mind
from space around us
Interplay of mind , brain and
world
Buildings are not objects but
active agents

Green Mega City: Lilypads by Vincent
Callebaut
http://www.popsci.com/futurecity/plan.html

These Lilypads are constructed with a titanium dioxide skin to absorb CO2

Green Mega City: Lilypads by Vincent
Callebaut
 Titanium Dioxide skin to absorb CO2
 2 seater electric pod cars
 Biodiesel/electric buses guided by embedded
road magnets
 Footstep energy
 Wind turbines using air movement
 Hydrogen from an Algae Park
 Tidal power from wind from passing car
 Solar energy from paint containing solar
nanoparticles

Green Mega City: Lilypads
by Vincent Callebaut
 Solar energy from paint containing solar
nanoparticles
 Clear water from desalination
 Robotic maintenance
 Bubble Houses
 Phase change materials give temperature regulation
 Hydroponic farms
 Plant water from sewage filtered via zebra mussels
 10 storey concrete tower with embedded
photovoltaics
 Geothermal wells for heating/cooling

Biophilic Design is vital for
Buildings and Cities that will
Improve our Quality of Life
Technology alone is not
enough

MATERIALS and SURFACE
TREATMENTS

UV PCO
Photocatalytic Oxidation (PCO) or Photocatylisis is
the opposite
of photosynthesis.
PCO is a natural process whereby Ultra
Violet light energy reacts with the
mineral Titanium Dioxide (TiO2),
triggering a chemical process that safely
and instantly oxidizes or breaks up
organic matter at a molecular level.
As a catalyst, TiO2 continues to work
and is not consumed in the process.
www.pureti.co.uk

PURETi treated surfaces
work with nature to purify air
quality including:
Volatile Organic
Compounds (VOCs)
Smog incorporating NOx and
organic Particulate Matter.
Odours from methane – such
as tobacco smoke, human and
agricultural waste.
Methane /
Formaldehyde
Indoors on windows and
lighting
Outdoors on building
exteriors,
hardscapes, asphalt and
concrete.
Improving Air Quality
www.pureti.co.uk

PURETi helps restore and
maintain a healthy living
and working environments.
Clinically proven to reduce
the risk
of infection, allergies and
disease
Indoors on windows and
lighting
Outdoors on building
exteriors,
hardscapes, asphalt and
concrete.
Health and Wellbeing
www.pureti.co.uk
Type 2 Approved Type 2 Medical Device

Beautiful architecture and
design can be protected
and easily maintained.
Entire streetscapes, from
buildings to signposts, road
markings to advertising
billboards, can be kept
cleaner for longer, ensuring
greater efficiency.
Protecting Aesthetics
www.pureti.co.uk

Solar Panels
Not Treated
Treated
PURETI UV-PCO IS THE ANSWER!
One Application Works for 3-5 Years!
Uses Light to Clean – Not Chemicals!
Cuts Maintenance Cost and Time by >50%
NON COATED
Soiling de-rates PV solar
4%/25% Thermal Solar by up
to 50%
PURETi reduces soiling reducing
cleaning costs (50%) improving
output.
PURETi is also known to have
huge impacts on output in
extreme temperatures.
www.pureti.co.uk

Smog Eating Architecture
Dives in Misericordia
(Rome) by US Architect
Richard Meier.
Structure and sails were
constructed using
photocatalytic / active cement.
TiO2 was employed not only to
keep the building white but
also reduce air pollution.
www.pureti.co.uk

Il Duomo – Milan, Italy
Il Duomo – Milan, Italy
Trial controlled by Professor
Claudia L. Bianchi; University.
of Milan, Chemistry
Department.
Trial of4 areas of the recently
cleaned Duomo – 2
sculptured reliefs located at
the base, a wall set in the
middle section and roof
panels.
www.pureti.co.uk

Phase Change Materials
The RACUS® ceiling tile incorporates a bio-based phase
change material which captures and stores excess heat
gains from within the building which reduces the need
for air conditioning.
The phase change material is a composition of vegetable
oils and fatty acids which are microencapsulated within
an acrylic polymer shell that are embedded within the
ceiling tile.“
"RACUS® stands for Reducing Air Conditioning Units and
Systems.

Microencapsulated Bio-based
PCM
VEGETABLE OIL &
FATTY ACID PCM
CORE
ACRYLIC POLYMER
SHELL

2
8
2
6
2
4
2
0
1
8
Infra-red Thermal
Imaging
19°C
Room Temp.
with RACUS®
20°C22°C24°C20°C
Room Temp.
without
RACUS®
4°C

ATES - Aquifer Thermal
Energy Storage

Environmental Aspects of
Masdar City
Keith Calder
of Norman Foster and
Partners

Environmental Design Response │ March 2012
90% recycled
aluminium facade
reflecting light
Indirect light
bounced into
apartment
Highly insulated fully sealed
façade
GRC elements and
mashrabiya screens
provide protection from
direct sunlight
Undulated balconies
provide privacy and
shading
GRC with low thermal mass
Fast responsive system
cooling down very quickly to
reduce heat gain
Residential Façade – Concept and Performance

Student Accommodation – Façade Design
Solar Screens
Low Thermal Mass
Patterned screens
provide privacy
control
Ventilated Cavity
Double skin avoids
convection gain
Recycled Aluminium
Reflects light to street
High thermal
conductivity - cools
down quickly
Highly Insulated
U-Value
0.19 W/m2K
Highly Sealed
3m3/m2/hr

Abu Dhabi – Typical Street
Radiant temperature 52°C39°C Air temperature

Abu Dhabi – Typical Street
Asphalt
57°C
Radiant temperature 52°C39°C Air temperature
Building
38°C
20°C 50°C

Courtyard - Pool of Coolness

Courtyard- Pool of Coolness
20°C 50°C
Dry ground (shade)
33°C
Wet ground (shade)
27°C

Street Comparison
Hamdan Street, Central Abu Dhabi
Masdar City, Abu Dhabi

Street Comparison
20°C 50°C
39°C Air temperature
Ground Surface Temperature
57°C
Radiant Temperature
37°C
Ground Surface Temperature
33°C
Radiant Temperature
52°C

Vertical garden cities
and buildings
EDIBLE ARCHITECTURE

DNA-inspired twisting
Agora Garden
underway in Taipei City
by Vincent Callebaut

Asian Cairns in Shenzhen
by Vincent Callebaut 2013
Six buildings on 70 acres produce their
own food and generate energy using PV
solar and axial wind turbines.
Each ‘pebble’ can be for different uses.
Orchards, vegetables and gardens are
planted within and outside the buildings

Cybertecture Egg-Shaped Building
 Cybertecture New form Architecture
James Law Cybertecture Designs
Technosphere The Capital The Vasukamal
(The Fountain Head)

 shape of the building
visual sense
 intangible materials
 High space flexibility

 Sky Gardens
-Structure used to protect
the building, by enabling
sun shading and providing
a refreshing atmosphere
to the building.
- Use of solar PV and wind
turbine system at the rooftop

 Indoor comfort
- “Best space to work in”
J.L. Cybertecture
- ‘Cybertecture Health’
provides
 Interactive features
Presents people’s health
statistics such as blood
pressure and weight

Bio Intelligent Quotient building by
Arup/Splitterwerk £4.8m 3 years
129 Algae louvred tanks SE/SW facades
Algae +nutrients+CO2+sunlight
Algae harvested and processed for biogas
Also shades building
Solar heat used too
BIQ Algae Powered
Building Hamburg 2013

BIQ Algae Powered Building
Hamburg 2013

Masdar City
Abu Dhabi
2005--2025

Edge Building Amsterdam
by Deloitte 2015

Edge Building by Deloitte
2015
 28,000 sensors
 Edge mobile App
 Finds desk
 Sitting, standing, meeting, concentration
spaces
 BREEAM 98.4%
 LED digital ceiling with 8.3 years payback
 Workspaces < 7 m from window

EDGE BUILDING
 Natural ventilation via atrium
 1000 hot desks for 2500 workers
 Breakout spaces available+ Gym
 Interactive walls
 Personal data not shared
 Electric parking
 Aquifer water storage for radiant heating-
cooling
 Solar panels on South face

EDGE BUILDING
 Rainwater harvesting
 Robot security patrol
 Gym
 Ecological corridor on North face side

Tenets for Intelligent
Buildings
 Plan and design with an Integrated Tea
m so that clients,
consultants, contractors, facilities
managers all develop a commitment to
the project and want to fulfil the
environmental, social and
economic aims.
 Systems and holistic thinking
are key.

 Assess the impacts of the buildings
on occupants and communities
nearby.
 Occupants behaviour has a large
effect on the consumption of energy
and water so try to increase
awareness of occupants to the
impact of their actions on
resources.

 Aim to increase the built asset
value for the organisation
 Understand users perceptions:
understand the physical and
psychological well-being.
 Design for Flexible and agile
space
 Provide Individual control of
environmental conditions

 Use smart metering but wireless
sensor technology via IoT becoming
applicable
in building operation for personal use by con
sumers.
 Develop data management systems
to give feedback on the performance of
spaces in the building.
 Understand the interaction between the
building, systems and the occupants
 Commission pre-occupancy and post-
occupancy evaluation are vital.

 Use a whole life value approach to
ensure quality and whole life costs con
sidered.
 Aim for simplicity rather than complexity
in operation.
 Think about well-being and freshness
besides comfort and
 consider all the senses and how air,
view, daylight, sound, colour ,greenery
and space affect us in the workplace.

Connectivity is important for
 Interoperability not only between the
systems and the building but also between
the occupant and the building via IoT
 Design for flexibility and adaptability

 Think of an Intelligent Building as an
Organism responding to human and environme
ntal needs but also one that needs to “breathe”
through the façade------
Which transfers light, solar radiation, air, noise,
and moisture but also links occupants to
the outside world
but also
 Design environment to be enjoyable
to those working and living inside the building.

 Balance efficiency with effectiveness.
An air supply system for example can
deliver the “right” amount of air
to a space and be deemed efficient but
may not be effective in the space because it
has no impact on the breathing zone
where the people are.
 Plan facilities management so the buildi
ng is cared for

 Design beyond the expectations
defined in Regulations.
 Keep abreast of relevant fields of
knowledge and innovation.
 Learn from other sectors and disciplines
 Develop an integrated approach to
education to meet sustainable agenda

FUTURES
 Carbon positive buildings like artificial
leaf hydrogen generating facades also
 Algae biofuel facades
 Green living facades
 Applications of biomimetics
 Smart materials for reactive facades;
embedded sensors, nanotubes ,
graphene
 Application of nanotechnologies

FUTURES
 Robotics for prefabrication, cleaning,
maintenance and site assembly
 Fully integrated interoperable systems
 Buildings into smart grid system
 Wireless Sensor Technology IoT linking
climate, building, systems and occupants
 Innovation with respect for passive low
technology and smart materials
 New culture of value, systems and holistic
thinking and vision

WHAT WE CALL THE
BEGINNING IS OFTEN THE END
AND TO MAKE AN END IS TO
MAKE A BEGINNING
THE END IS WHERE WE START
FROM
T.S.ELIOT-- FOUR QUARTETS-- LITTLE GIDDING

Intelligent Buildings for Wellbeing and Productivity

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