Intelligent Buildings for the Future: Alternative HVAC Approaches

INTELLIGENT BUILDINGS
FOR THE FUTURE
DSc Lecture at Debrecen University
Professor Derek Clements –Croome
University Reading
November 29th 2013
www.derekcroome.com

CAN INTELLIGENT
BUILDINGS PROVIDE
ALTERNATIVE APPROACHES
TO HEATING, VENTILATING
AND AIR CONDITIONING OF
BUILDINGS ?

Garrison Keillor
It was luxuries like air conditioning
that brought down the Roman
Empire. With air conditioning their
windows were shut, they couldn't
hear the barbarians coming.

Terminology
Sustainable Intelligent Buildings and Cities
Digital
(Cyber)
Intel
Sentient
Quality of
Life Liveability
Green
ICT Web-Based
(e services)
Sensory
EnvironmentalSocialSmart
Nature
Environmental-Socio-Economic Value

THERMAL PERFORMANCE OF THE IGLOO

Wind towers in Yazd, Iran to
ventilate houses, are also
constructed to cool
underground cisterns.
Ice House at Kerman Iran. Ice
formed during frosty winter
nights in the shallow channels
protected from the sun’s rays by
the high wall. Its packed
between layers of straw in the
mud-brick dome.
Michell 1978

Indonesia
Velinga M, Oxford Brookes University

The J.M Tjibaou Cultural Center (Museum of Noumea)
designed by Renzo Piano (Winner of 1998 Pritzker prize),
is a harmonious alliance of modern and traditional Kanak
architecture. Traditional thatch huts, native to the Kanak
people, inspired the design.
Piano learnt from local culture, buildings and nature.Tall
thin curved laminated iroko wood ribbed structures
supported by steel ties resist cyclones and earthquakes.
The ribs have horizontal slats which allow passive
environmental control to occur. The slats open and close
according to wind strength and direction and admit air to
a cavity which is linked to the glazed façade of the
museum.

Occupant
Observer / passer by
External environment
Building
Internal environment
Buildings, Environment &
People

Integration
People
Product
(Systems)
Process

the brief;
the need for well structured
procedures;
the importance of human and
social criteria;
effective team
Principles of Integrated
System Design
Elliot (2009) and The Royal Academy of Engineering

Sustainability---- Risk or Opportunity?
– Can you afford to be sustainable?
– (Perceived) higher build cost
Can you afford not to be sustainable?
– Taxes
– Penalties
– Rising prices
– A changing environment
– Occupier awareness
– Increasing legislation
– Shareholder pressure
– New investment opportunities
– Capital value - ‘two tier market’
Hirigoyen J., 2009, Trends in responsible property, Jones Lang LaSalle

LEED Rated Buildings
 cost 6% more to build;
 have occupancy rates over 4%
higher;
 command 2-6% higher rents;
 save 10-50% in energy consumption;
 decreased operating costs;
 increased building value 10% in 2008
Hirigoyen (2009) ;Bernstein and Russo (2010)

 Reduced energy consumption
 Lower utility bills
 Lower emissions
 Lower capital costs from increased
equipment life
 Decreased unplanned downtime
 Lower risk of equipment failure
 Reduction in overtime labour costs
Smart Benefits
e on 2010

Environmental Design
Affects
Well-Being of People

 Low carbon buildings can be
unsustainable if the human needs
are neglected
 Healthier buildings are automatically
low carbon
 but not all low carbon buildings are
healthy workplaces

 Overheated buildings are wasteful,
uncomfortable and lower productivity
 Each deg C rise is about 8% in
energy terms in UK
 Air Quality and Temperature Equally
Important
 Emphasise Well-being and Freshness
rather than Comfort

Improved People Performance in
Green Buildings?
 Sickness Absence is reduced
 Natural light and ventilation increase
accuracy, concentration .health and
well-being ,happiness, attitudes...
 Productivity gains of up to 6-16%
often cited
Journal Property Management /Rocky Mountain
Institute/Pennsylvania Power and LightSarah Daly, 2010, Heath Avery Architects

Saves Energy
Care
of People
Leaner and Fresher
Environments
Greener

Environments Conducive to
Health and Well-being
 A fresh thermal environment
 Ventilation rates to provide fresh air
with good distribution and
acceptable levels of CO2
 Good natural lighting

 Minimal lighting glare from within and
external to the space
 Spatial planning and settings to suit
various types of working
 Ergonomic work places so as to
minimise muscular-skeletal disorders
 Minimum pollution from external
sources including noise

Whole Life Value Cost Ratios
Design & Construction (X)
Facilities Management (Y)
Utilisation (Z)
Z >> Y > X
e.g. 80 : 8 : 1
Wu & Clements-Croome, 2004

 the connectivity of the supply chain
processes from brief to disposal;
 sustainability, using BREEAM or another
sustainability assessment tool at each
phase of the building life cycle; and
Whole-life Business Model to
Attain Performance

 function, performance and value,
using Building Quality Assessment and
the Design Quality Indicator for example,
to make a quality assessment and
 post occupancy evaluation so that
long term feedback is obtained by
measuring factors which relate to the
occupant, the systems and the building.

Characteristics of Nature
 runs on sunlight;
 uses only the energy it needs;
 fits form to function;
 recycles;
 rewards cooperation;
 banks on diversity;
 demands local expertise;
 realises the power of limits.
Benyus (2002)

Biomimetics
The abstraction of good design
from Nature

Biophilia –
How we Connect with Nature
What is Biophilia?
First described by Erich Fromm in the 1960’s, Biophilia, simply
put, is the Love of Life, or Living Systems.
American Biologist Edward O. Wilson went further with the
‘Biophilia hypothesis’ in the mid 1980’s, that we don’t just love
all things in the natural world, but we are genetically
connected to them. As humans we have a deep desire to
connect with nature whenever possible.
Our subconscious desire to be close to nature in our everyday
lives continues even in the workplace.

The Artificial Leaf
Research groups have been trying to
create artificial leafs to try and mimic
natural processes. Dan Nocero then at
MIT now at Harvard had success in 2011.
An Artificial Leaf splits water to produce
oxygen and hydrogen, use hydrogen
either as a fuel or to reduce carbon
dioxide to produce organic fuels.
Royal Society of Chemistry, Harnessing Light: Solar Energy for a Low Carbon Future,2008

Biomimetics, Design and
Intelligent Buildings
BOTH ORGANISMS AND BUILDINGS HAVE
TO SURVIVE IN THEIR ENVIRONMENTS
– ADAPTATION (Shape, Materials,
Structures,…),MODULATION
– SENSING, ACTUATION (Passive, Active)
– INTELLIGENCE (Choices, Responses)
– ENERGY MANAGEMENT
Jeronimidis, G, 2007, The University of Reading

The Fish (Peix) at Vila Olimpica
Barcelona 1989-1992 by Gehry
H. Aldersey-William , Zoomorphic 2004, (Lawrence King)

Milwaukee Art Museum, Wisconsin, USA,
1994-2001 by Santiago Calatrava is like a
Bird

Scottish Exhibition and Conference Centre
by Norman Foster like an Armadillo

Organic Architecture
Organic architecture
promotes harmony
between human
habitation and the
natural world through
design. Sympathetic
and integrated into its
site so that buildings,
furnishings, and
surroundings become
part of a unified,
interrelated
composition. Fallingwater by Frank Lloyd Wright

Animal and Human
Technologies
Spider’s webs, devices
for catching food;
Spider’s web in detail hardened
forms of viscous thready
masses.
Otto –Rasch 2001

Bubble and net formation in a
living cell (radiolaria)

 We mimic Nature, but have yet to
come up with anything to match its
technical and aesthetic ingenuity,
its ability to adapt to its
environment and change over time.
 Nothing beats a spider's web or for
example the human skin.
Back to the Nature in the Urban Jungle, The Times, 26.8.2010 p.16

Bower birds collect and
arrange by size brightly
coloured objects with which to
lure the females and stimulate
a sexual response.

Reed Hut Weather Shelter
More highly developed building
technology for woven reed hut.Primeval House

Cerci organs (about 2mm long)
carry about 2000 hair-type
sense organs each act as:
air-flow sensors
chemical sensors
acceleration sensors
deformation sensors
contact sensors
WOOD CRICKET (15 mm
long)
Integrated Sensing

Digital Botanic Architecture
The idea is not to make buildings look
like botanic organisms. It is to interlace
Nature and architecture enabling the
design of hybridized, biological
structures. The overall aim is to create
new architectural typologies
incorporating natural attributes ordered
in performance, materials, mechanics,
communications, and form.
Dollens 2009

The Podhotel
copies leaves and
pods from a
flower stalk, the
leaves being
transformed into
solar and shading
panels and the
pods being
prefabricated
rooms.
Dennis Dollens Grows Architecture: Podhotels and Spiral Bridges,06.05.07 www.treehugger.com

Magnetic or Compass termitaries near Darwin , Australia..
Attenborough, D, 2005,Life in the undergrowth, BBC Books p.228

Compass termites in Australia
Evolved orientation
of termitary for
preferred maximum
temperature level
of about 320C
Von Frisch 1975

The Ultima Tower - a Human
Termite Nest by Eugene Tsui

Eastgate Office Building in Harare
Zimbabwe inspired by termites nest

Biomimetics: Early Examples
Giant Water lilies – Kew
Gardens-inspires the rib vaults
at Crystal Palace Crystal Palace

Fractal topology
of extruded leaf
wax
Physical principle =
Surface tension affected by
wax
Droplet collects particles
and clean leaf Jeronimidis, G, 2007, The University of Reading

Bioluminescence
Bioluminescence is the production and
emission of light by a living organism.
Its name is a hybrid word, originating
from the Greek bios for "living" and the
Latin lumen "light". Bioluminescence is
a naturally occurring form of
chemiluminescence where energy is
released by a chemical reaction in the
form of light emission

BIOLUMINESCENT TREES
Fireflies, anglerfish, other
creatures and some mushrooms
glow due to bioluminescense

Alberto Estévez’s
Bioluminescent Tree
Experiments in bio-illumination with
implications for architecture, industrial
and environmental design.
Dollens, 2005,Design Biomimetics: An Inquiry and Proposal for Architecture and Industrial Design

Gilder .J, Clements-Croome .D .J, 2010, Bio inspired
Intelligent Design for the Future of Buildings

Digital Walls with Embedded
Sensors
Dye sensitised solar cells
with titanium oxide layers
on a surface with light
absorbing dye molecules
adsorbed on surface which
can generate electricity

Gilder’s proposed photovoltaic cell over the
membrane absorbing sunrays from all
directions inspired by Moths Eye
Microscopic view of a schematic membrane with
impregnations on its outer surface created for increasing
its exposed surface area.

A virtual analysis of the model for this project
showing the encapsulated routeings of the heating
and cooling network within the base material of the
structure.
Gilder .J, Clements-Croome .D .J, 2010, Bio inspired Intelligent Design for the Future of Buildings

Lessons from Nature
Although human ingenuity makes
various inventions it will never
discover inventions more
beautiful, appropriate and more
direct than in Nature because in
her nothing is lacking and
nothing is superfluous.
Leonardo Da Vinci

Source: Joseph Jacobsen, Organizational and Individual Innovation Diffusion
Global Innovation Outlook 2004, IBM, p.6

Technology Hype Cycle
Source http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hype_cycle
 New technologies are over hyped by the media and
businesses.
 A hype cycle is a graphic representation of the
maturity, adoption and business application of specific
technologies.

Technology Hype Cycle - 2009
Source http://www.gartner.com/

Pressures of Climate Change
Increasing CO2 levels
Increasing World Population

The power of the sun, 2010, Sullzer Technical Review,1 page 20

Solar Charging Clothing
Portable solar chargers like the U-Powered solar charger
from Kiwi Choice are a handy way to keep mobile devices
like smartphones, cameras and media players topped up
with electricity while on the go. GO Solar Power comprises a
range of clothing items that feature pockets to house solar
panels to charge up mobile electronic devices.

Bacteria Heal Cracks in Walls
Researchers have designed bacteria that can
produce a special glue to knit together cracks in
concrete structures.

Fujitsu Converts Heat and Light into
Electricity with a Single Device
Fujitsu Laboratories today announced a two-in-one energy
harvesting device that can convert both light and heat into
electricity. With no electrical wiring or batteries to replace, Fujitsu
says that this sort of device can be manufactured from organic
materials keeping costs to a minimum

3D-printed Sand Microclimates to Cool
Public Places
Taking a leaf from traditional Islamic
architecture that dealt with the harsh
desert climate with Mashrabiyas – a
projecting latticework window that provides
shade from the hot sun while allowing cool
air from the street to flow through –
London-based design firm PostlerFeruson
has designed a kind of three dimensional
Mashrabiya that can cool the immediate
area in an energy-free way

Nanotechnology and
New Materials

 Intelligent facades
 Self Cleaning concrete
 Self Healing concrete
 Low carbon concrete (Novacem)
 Lightweight stronger concrete with
nanotubes
 Plastic electronics
 Low energy lighting
Some Developments

SENSORY WORLD
Embedded Sensors in Buildings,
Equipment and Clothing

Occupants lifestyle affect energy
consumption
Embedded sensors help increase
occupant’s awareness and help
them to save money and society
save energy

Motion
Heat flux
Temperature
Galvanic skin response
Heart rate
CO2 partial pressure
Blood CO2
Brain rhythms
Mood and stress
Sensors Measure

HUMAN SENSORY
INTERFACES
Body Movements
Body Electricity
Gesture Recognition
Personalisation

M-Dress by Adam
Chang works with a
standard SIM card.
When the dress
rings, you raise your
hand to your head to
answer the call.
http://www.thestar.com/living/Fashion/article/529211
jumpsuit with built-in iPod control and
pocket
The Hug Shirt™ is a
Bluetooth accessory for Java
enabled mobile phones
KineticDress is a
Victorian inspired
evening gown reactive
to the wearer’s
activities and mood.
Mystique (the shape shifter): dress
changes shape and length during the
course of an evening
Accessory Nerve is a Bluetooth mono-
sleeve accessory for mobile phones that
changes pattern (creating pleats on the
fabric) when a user receives phone calls
Embedded Theater) is a system
that allows to interactively
navigate audio-augmented
environments and create mobile
storytelling experiences

Fibres could Generate
Electricity from Body Motion
 Trousers generate enough
electricity to power a portable
electronic device or to charge a
mobile phone.
 Each fibre consist of millions of
zinc-oxide nanowires grown
onto longer strands of Kevlar.
 A fabric made of the material
could generate 80 mWm-2
Physics World Vol 21, No 3 March 08

Advantages of Greening
 Cooling Effect
 Increased Insulation
 Aesthetics
 Increased Recreation Areas
 Reduced Heat Island Effect

Innovations
PROCESSES
 Whole Life Value
 From Planning to Recycling
 Logistic support Analysis
 Sustainability Rating Tools
 Soft Landings Framework
 Optimisation Processes
 Network Science for Systems Interactions

Innovations
PEOPLE
 Biophilia
 Well-being Studies
 Personalisation
 Environment and Work Performance
 Information overload
 Spaces for working

Innovations
PRODUCTS/SYSTEMS
 Wireless Sensor Networks/Wi-Fi Chips
 Body Sensitive Architecture
 Cloud Computing
 Networked Worlds
 Low Power Lighting
 Renewables and Energy
 Water Use
 Waste Systems
 Nano Robots
 Smart Facades
 Biomimetic Architecture

Green Mega City: Lilypads by Vincent
Callebaut
http://www.popsci.com/futurecity/plan.html

These Lilypads are constructed with a titanium dioxide skin to absorb CO2

Green Mega City: Lilypads by Vincent
Callebaut
 Titanium Dioxide skin to absorb CO2
 2 seater electric pod cars
 Biodiesel/electric buses guided by embedded
road magnets
 Footstep energy
 Wind turbines using air movement
 Hydrogen from an Algae Park
 Tidal power from wind from passing car
 Solar energy from paint containing solar
nanoparticles

Green Mega City: Lilypads
by Vincent Callebaut
 Solar energy from paint containing solar
nanoparticles
 Clear water from desalination
 Robotic maintenance
 Bubble Houses
 Phase change materials give temperature regulation
 Hydroponic farms
 Plant water from sewage filtered via zebra mussels
 10 storey concrete tower with embedded
photovoltaics
 Geothermal wells for heating/cooling

The Arab World Institute in
Paris Institut du Monde Arabe
(IMA)
By Jean Nouvel
1981-1987
His first nationally
recognised project.
Received the Aga Khan
Award for Architecture
1987-1989.
Helped him to win the
1988 Grand Prix
d’Architecture.

This grid elevation
contain 240 units
16000 moving parts
Works like a lens of a camera
a mosaic-patterned
block
a jewel
a precious clockwork
mechanism
- Maintenance
- Power
- Heat

Mashrabyya
Delicate exterior
element
Cooling water
Shading
Filtration air from
dust
Privacy
Has several uses such as
curtain, air conditioner and refrigerator

 The unique use of high-tech
photosensitive mechanical devices
made this building famous in 1987.
 Nowadays its still widely known and
hasn’t lost its futuristic impression but
 the facade system no longer works.
Van Poucke on 31/ 01/ 2011,
under History, Technology : Kinetic Architecture.net

MATERIALS and SURFACE
TREATMENTS

Plants and Air Purity
 Areca Palm converts CO2 to O2-- need 4 shoulder height
plants per person
 Mother-in-Laws Tongue converts CO2 to O2 during the
night-- need 6-8 waist high plants per person
 Money Plant absorbs formaldehyde and VOCs
 Plants can increase blood oxygen levels and decrease
building sickness symptons like eye irritations, headaches;
asthma; respiratory and lung problems
 Research carried out by Kamal Meattle , CEO ,Paharpur
Business centre & Software Technology Incubator Park in
New Delhi

UV PCO
Photocatalytic Oxidation (PCO) or Photocatylisis is
the opposite
of photosynthesis.
PCO is a natural process whereby Ultra
Violet light energy reacts with the
mineral Titanium Dioxide (TiO2),
triggering a chemical process that safely
and instantly oxidizes or breaks up
organic matter at a molecular level.
As a catalyst, TiO2 continues to work
and is not consumed in the process.
www.pureti.co.uk

PURETi treated surfaces
work with nature to purify air
quality including:
Volatile Organic
Compounds (VOCs)
Smog incorporating NOx and
organic Particulate Matter.
Odours from methane – such
as tobacco smoke, human and
agricultural waste.
Methane /
Formaldehyde
Indoors on windows and
lighting
Outdoors on building
exteriors,
hardscapes, asphalt and
concrete.
Improving Air Quality
www.pureti.co.uk

PURETi helps restore and
maintain a healthy living
and working environments.
Clinically proven to reduce
the risk
of infection, allergies and
disease
Indoors on windows and
lighting
Outdoors on building
exteriors,
hardscapes, asphalt and
concrete.
Health and Wellbeing
www.pureti.co.uk
Type 2 Approved Type 2 Medical Device

Beautiful architecture and
design can be protected
and easily maintained.
Entire streetscapes, from
buildings to signposts, road
markings to advertising
billboards, can be kept
cleaner for longer, ensuring
greater efficiency.
Protecting Aesthetics
www.pureti.co.uk

Solar
Not Treated
Treated
PURETI UV-PCO IS THE ANSWER!
One Application Works for 3-5 Years!
Uses Light to Clean – Not Chemicals!
Cuts Maintenance Cost and Time by >50%
NON COATED
Soiling de-rates PV solar
4%/25% Thermal Solar by up
to 50%
PURETi reduces soiling reducing
cleaning costs (50%) improving
output.
PURETi is also known to have
huge impacts on output in
extreme temperatures.
www.pureti.co.uk

Smog Eating Architecture
Dives in Misericordia
(Rome) by US Architect
Richard Meier.
Structure and sails were
constructed using
photocatalytic / active cement.
TiO2 was employed not only to
keep the building white but
also reduce air pollution.
www.pureti.co.uk

Il Duomo – Milan, Italy
Il Duomo – Milan, Italy
Trial controlled by Professor
Claudia L. Bianchi; University.
of Milan, Chemistry
Department.
Trial of4 areas of the recently
cleaned Duomo – 2
sculptured reliefs located at
the base, a wall set in the
middle section and roof
panels.
www.pureti.co.uk

Phase Change Materials
The RACUS® ceiling tile incorporates a bio-based phase
change material which captures and stores excess heat
gains from within the building which reduces the need
for air conditioning.
The phase change material is a composition of vegetable
oils and fatty acids which are microencapsulated within
an acrylic polymer shell that are embedded within the
ceiling tile.“
"RACUS® stands for Reducing Air Conditioning Units and
Systems.

Microencapsulated Bio-based
PCM
VEGETABLE OIL &
FATTY ACID PCM
CORE
ACRYLIC POLYMER
SHELL

2
8
2
6
2
4
2
0
1
8
Infra-red Thermal
Imaging
19°C
Room Temp.
with RACUS®
20°C22°C24°C20°C
Room Temp.
without
RACUS®
4°C

"As the room temperature begins to reach 24°C,
the phase change material, which starts off in a
solid state, begins to melt within the shell and
absorbs the excess latent heat from the
surrounding environment throughout the day.
As the room temperature cools to below 20°C,
the phase change materials slowly begins to
solidify and release the stored latent heat back
into the building. It performs through a natural
passive process continually day after day, year
after year.“

Underground Thermal Energy
Storage; The Principle
 UTES is a system which utilises Interseasonal Heat Transfer (IHT). This involves
the storage of excess energy
 from summer for use in winter heating applications, and the storage of cooling
potential from winter
 for free cooling in summer.
• Cool Store• Warm Store
Cooling Buildings
Warming Buildings
Heat Gain
Heat Losses
Free Cooling
Heat Pump

ATES - Aquifer Thermal
Energy Storage

Environmental Aspects of
Masdar City
Keith Calder
of Norman Foster and
Partners

Environmental Design Response │ March 2012
90% recycled
aluminium facade
reflecting light
Indirect light
bounced into
apartment
Highly insulated fully sealed
façade
GRC elements and
mashrabiya screens
provide protection from
direct sunlight
Undulated balconies
provide privacy and
shading
GRC with low thermal mass
Fast responsive system
cooling down very quickly to
reduce heat gain
Residential Façade – Concept and Performance

Student Accommodation – Façade Design
Solar Screens
Low Thermal Mass
Patterned screens
provide privacy
control
Ventilated Cavity
Double skin avoids
convection gain
Recycled Aluminium
Reflects light to street
High thermal
conductivity - cools
down quickly
Highly Insulated
U-Value
0.19 W/m2K
Highly Sealed
3m3/m2/hr

ETFE cushions filter direct
sunlight and mirror finish foil
reflects the light into the public
realm
Windows located where
required for views and
daylight
Highly insulated and fully
sealed façade
Lightweight ETFE cushions
absorb energy to avoid heat
radiating back into the street
Passive shading devices to
eliminate direct solar gain
Indirect light
bounced into research spaces
Laboratory Facade – Concept and Performance

Laboratory – Facade Design
Solar Shading
Glare free daylight
and solar control
Positioned to
maintain views
out
ETFE cushions
Low Thermal
Mass
Lightweight
Non-stick coating
Lightweight
Frame
Air gap for
heat buffer
Reflective Foil
Light to narrow
streets
Heat rejection
layer
Highly Insulated
U-Value
0.19 W/m2K
Highly Sealed
3m3/m2/hr

Laboratory Façade
– Prototype Offsite Testing
CWCT Test Methods for Curtain Walling
CWTC = Centre for Window and Cladding
Technology
• Air Infiltration test
• Static water pressure test
• Dynamic water pressure test
• Wind serviceability test
(deflections)
• Wind safety load test
(strength)
• Hose test

Abu Dhabi – Typical Street
Radiant temperature 52°C39°C Air temperature

Abu Dhabi is not very successful at
controlling microclimate. As seen in
the images , the temperatures
sensed and surface temperatures
are well above the traditional
thermal comfort range. There are
various reasons for this.

Abu Dhabi – Typical Street
Asphalt
57°C
Radiant temperature 52°C39°C Air temperature
Building
38°C
20°C 50°C

Presence of cars as heat sources and
ubiquitous presence of asphalts lead to
ground surface temperatures above 50
deg C. We measured 51.6 C at midday
in September. They would be possibly
higher in mid summer months!

Courtyard - Pool of Coolness

Courtyard- Pool of Coolness
20°C 50°C
Dry ground (shade)
33°C
Wet ground (shade)
27°C

Street Comparison
Hamdan Street, Central Abu Dhabi
Masdar City, Abu Dhabi

Street Comparison
20°C 50°C
39°C Air temperature
Ground Surface Temperature
57°C
Radiant Temperature
37°C
Ground Surface Temperature
33°C
Radiant Temperature
52°C

To keep sand from
blowing into their noses,
camels can shut their
nostrils.
When there is no sand
blowing in the wind, a
camel can open its
nostrils (A) and breathe
through its nose.
When the wind starts to
whip up the sand, the
camel just closes its
nose (B).
http://www.allsinai.info/sites/fauna/camel.ht

 The camel's nose acts as both a humidifier and a
dehumidifier with every breathing cycle.
 The hot, dry air that is inhaled passes over the large area
of moist membrane. This air is immediately humidified by
picking up moisture from the nose and cooled in the
process,. This cooler air passes to the lungs and remains
at approximately body temperature.
 When it is exhaled, it is cooled even further by passing
over the same nasal membranes, this time by a process of
dehumidifying instead of humidifying. The nasal
membranes are coated with a special water-absorbing
substance that extracts the moisture from the air like the
cooling coils of a dehumidifier.
 A net savings of 68 percent in the water usually lost
through respiration occurs just between the cooling and
drying phases of the breathing cycle.

Vertical garden cities
and buildings
EDIBLE ARCHITECTURE

DNA-inspired twisting
Agora Garden
underway in Taipei City
by Vincent Callebaut

Asian Cairns in Shenzhen
by Vincent Callebaut 2013
Six buildings on 70 acres produce their
own food and generate energy using PV
solar and axial wind turbines.
Each ‘pebble’ can be for different uses.
Orchards, vegetables and gardens are
planted within and outside the buildings

Cybertecture Egg-Shaped Building
 Cybertecture New form Architecture
James Law Cybertecture Designs
Technosphere The Capital The Vasukamal
(The Fountain Head)

Profile:
Location: Mumbai, India
Purpose: Office Building
Completion date: End of 2010
Organization: James Law Cybertecture company

 Intelligent building Management System
-Use of control and automation services
-Achieve the best interior and exterior
building performance
-Responding to the occupants’ satisfaction
regarding to the building performance

 shape of the building
visual sense
 intangible materials
 High space flexibility

 Sky Gardens
-Structure used to protect
the building, by enabling
sun shading and providing
a refreshing atmosphere
to the building.
- Use of solar PV and wind
turbine system at the rooftop

 Intelligent glass facade system
-approximately 15% less surface area than
conventional buildings
-glass panels Solar gain
Heat gain
-Stress mitigation
-

 Indoor comfort
- “Best space to work in”
J.L. Cybertecture
- ‘Cybertecture Health’
provides
 Interactive features
Presents people’s health
statistics such as blood
pressure and weight

CARBON POSITIVE BUILDINGS
Arificial Leaf can generate
hydrogen

Artificial Leaf Mechanism
Using Sunlight and Water

Hydrogen Producing Façade
 A Water Wall with Artificial Leaves
Immersed Within
 Sunlight Radiates Causing Reaction
 Hydrogen Produced

Hydrogen Producing Artificial
Leaf Facade

Tenets for Intelligent
Buildings
 Plan and design with an Integrated Team
so that clients, consultants, contractors,
facilities managers all develop a commitment
to the project and want to fulfil the
environmental, social and economic aims.
 Systems and holistic thinking
are key.

 Assess the impacts of the buildings on
occupants and communities nearby.
 Occupants behaviour has a large effect
on the consumption of energy and water
so try to increase awareness of occupants
to the impact of their actions on
resources.

 Aim to increase the built asset value
for the organisation
 Understand users perceptions:
understand the physical and psychological
well-being.
 Design for Flexible and agile space
 Provide Individual control of
environmental conditions

 Use smart metering but wireless
sensor technology becoming applicable
in building operation for personal use by con
sumers.
 Develop data management systems
to give feedback on the performance of
spaces in the building.
 Understand the interaction between the
building, systems and the occupants
 Commission pre-occupancy and post-
occupancy evaluation are vital.

 Use a whole life value approach to
ensure quality and whole life costs consid
ered.
 Aim for simplicity rather than complexity in
operation.
 Think about well-being and freshness
besides comfort and
 consider all the senses and how air, view,
daylight, sound, colour ,greenery and space
affect us in the workplace.

Connectivity is important for
 Interoperability not only between the
systems and the building but also between
the occupant and the building
 Design for flexibility and adaptability

 Think of an Intelligent Building as an
organism responding to human and environmental
needs but also one that needs to “breathe”
through the facade between the external and
internal environments.
 The façade transfers light, solar radiation, air, noise,
and moisture but also links occupants to
the outside world so intelligent or smart facades
allow these aspects to be controlled in a way
which is functional but also
 Design environment to be enjoyable
to those working and living inside the building.

 Balance efficiency with effectiveness.
An air supply system for example can deliver
the “right” amount of air to a space and
be deemed efficient but
may not be effective in the space because it
has no impact on the breathing zone
where the people are.
 Plan facilities management so the building
is cared for

 Design beyond the expectations
defined in Regulations.
 Keep abreast of relevant fields of
knowledge and innovation.
 Learn from other sectors and disciplines
 Develop an integrated approach to education
to meet sustainable agenda

FUTURES
 Carbon negative buildings like artificial leaf
hydrogen generating facades also
 algae biofuel facades
 Green living facades
 Applications of biomimetics
 Smart materials for reactive
facades;embedded sensors, nanotubes ,
graphene
 Application of nanotechnologies
 Robotics for prefabrication, cleaning,
maintenance and site assembly

FUTURES
 Robotics for prefabrication, cleaning,
maintenance and site assembly
 Fully integrated interoperable systems
 Buildings into smart grid system
 Wireless Sensor Technology linking
climate, building, systems and occupants
 Innovation with respect for passive low
technology
 New culture of value, systems and holistic
thinking and vision

Bio Intelligent Quotient building by
Arup/Splitterwerk £4.8m 3 years
129 Algae louvred tanks SE/SW facades
Algae +nutrients+CO2+sunlight
Algae harvested and processed for biogas
Also shades building
Solar heat used too
BIQ Algae Powered
Building Hamburg 2013

BIQ Algae Powered Building
Hamburg 2013

GRAPHENE
 Carbon atomic scale honeycomb lattice
 Lightest strongest and stiffest substance
known
 Can self repair
 Many applications

WHAT WE CALL THE
BEGINNING IS OFTEN THE END
AND TO MAKE AN END IS TO
MAKE A BEGINNING
THE END IS WHERE WE START
FROM
T.S.ELIOT-- FOUR QUARTETS-- LITTLE GIDDING

Intelligent Buildings for the Future: Alternative HVAC Approaches

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