Everything You Need to Know About Meningococcal Meningitis

Write A Term Paper On Meningitis
Many people have heard about meningitis but they are not exactly sure what it is. According to the
Center for Disease Control, Meningitis is a disease caused by the inflammation of the protective
membranes covering the brain and spinal cord known as the meninges. The inflammation is usually
caused by an infection of the fluid surrounding the brain and spinal cord. It is most common in
children although, it can attack people of all ages. In 1805, " Vieusseux first discovered
Meningococcal meningitis during an outbreak in Switzerland, though it wasn't until 1887 that the
causative agent was identified by Anton Weichselbaum" (Manchanda 2006). The name given to it
was Neisseria intracellularis due to the nature of the intracellular oval micrococci of the organism.
The disease was fatal in 70 percent of the cases before the 1920s. There are over 10 different
serotypes that cause infection. Common causes of meningitis vary by strain and age groups.
Causes/Symptoms/Transmission
Meningitis may develop in response to a ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Rarely, these bacteria can invade the body and cause disease. Most people who 'carry' the bacteria
never become sick.
The symptoms of bacterial meningitis can appear quickly or over several days. Typically they
develop within 3–7 days after exposure.
Babies younger than 1 month old are at a higher risk for severe infections, like meningitis, than
older children. In newborns and infants, the classic meningitis symptoms of fever, headache, and
neck stiffness may be absent or difficult to notice. The infant may appear to be slow or inactive (lack
of alertness), irritable, vomiting or feeding poorly. In young infants, doctors may look for a bulging
fontanelle (soft spot on infant's head) or abnormal reflexes, which can also be signs of meningitis. If
you think your infant has any of these symptoms, call the doctor or clinic right away
Viral Meningitis
Common Symptoms in
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Neisseria Meningoccal Disease Paper
An acute disease which is referred to any potentially disease that is caused by the type of bacteria
called Neisseria meningitidis is named as meningococcal disease. This is a life threatening infection
which may end in death. (Nadel et al.,2006, MacNiel et al., 2011) The first meningococcal disease
was reported before 5 centuries. Meningococcal diseases are often severe and serious that present in
meningitis 50% of cases and 40% septicemia (Gabuttiet et al., 2015). Some infected people may
have one or both of these diseases. Both of them are occurring and spreading rapidly. Neisseria
meningitidis is hosted in humans because they are the only reservoir. Rare forms of the disease
including lung infection, joint infection and infection of the ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Meningococcal disease is contagious and it is spread by person to person contact via droples aerosol
or secretions from the nasopharynx of colonized persons. Meningococcal bacteria are very
dangerous, they lives in the mucous membrane of the nose and throat of humans. These bacteria are
spread by long contact or by exchanging the respiratory and other fluids from the nose or mouth of
someone who has the disease. (Gabutti et al., 2015, Tzeng el al., 2000) When someone is staying
with an infected person and he or she doesn't cover the mouth while sneezing the other person will
carry these bacteria. It is important to say that these bacteria are not spread by casual contact or by
simply breathing the air where a person who is infected has been. People should not be scary
because they will not take the bacteria by sharing drinks, food or cigarettes because are other factors
which causes these diseases.(Gonzaler et al., 2004) Close contact includes: kissing, sneezing or
coughing on someone, sexual contacts, living in crowed space, such as dormitories. It can happen,
that several days before someone with meningococcal disease feels sick, spreads bacteria to other.
This can happen until the first 24 hours of antibiotics

Taking a Look at N. Meningitidis
N. meningitidis and the diseases that it is responsible for are diagnosed by blood samples or a spinal
tap to retrieve cerebrospinal fluid samples. Since the bacteria grows fastidious and is oxidase
positive, it is preferred to grow it on a blood agar plate or a chocolate agar plate at temperatures
ranging from 35–37 degrees Celsius. It can be identified using the Kovac's oxidase test and if a
positive result is found it should be followed with a carbohydrate utilization test. If this too shows
N.meningitidis then a serological test should be performed to determine which strain is present. The
strains of A, B, C, Y and W135 are the only known associated with humans and disease. Strain B is
a weaker form and does not generate an adequate immune response therefore natural infection is
capable of generating some immunity. It is also important in the lab testing of N. meningitidis to
remember that the bacteria is capable of fermenting maltose in cultures which would set it apart
from N. gonorrhoeae. It is imperative to utilize the Biosafety Level 2 to prevent contamination in lab
workers. Most strains and diseases caused by N. meningitidis are treated with the administration of
intravenous penicillin in a natural form. Ceftriaxone, ciprofloxacin or rifampin as well as
Chloramphenicol in children are used in treatment. It is also advised that anyone who may be
exposed to the disease be treated with prophylactic treatment in order to prevent secondary
infections. The treatment

Meningitis Risk Factors
Risk Factors
Everyone is at risk of getting bacterial meningitis as it is an infectious disease, especially babies, due
to their developing immune systems.35 Bacterial meningitis is more severe in children who also
have similar symptoms such as fevers, and feel fretful and often anorectic (loss of appetite).36 These
symptoms occur because of the change in behaviour. Thus, more care would be needed to be given
the child with this disease as they cannot always take the same medications as adults, especially in
large doses.37 The risks of getting bacterial meningitis are dependent on the seriousness of this
infection; the more serious this infection is, the more likely it can cause negative adverse effects on
the individuals, especially death.38 ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This is because the nerve cells of the brain are disrupted, and unable to get nutrients.68
Karen Crespo, a meningitis survivor who is still recovering from bacterial meningitis. Her story is
very inspirational as she never gave up and is still as confident as she was before.72 It all started
when Karen had flu and a headache. Karen lost four limbs, several teeth and one of her ears due to
bacterial meningitis. Despite these effects, she can walk and lives a relatively normal

Mencouccal Meningitis Research Paper
5 Important Things to Know About Meningococcal Meningitis
Meningococcal Meningitis is a serious illness that infects the thin lining, which encircles the spinal
cord and brain. It could also affect the bloodstream (bacteremia or septicemia). It is a bacterial form
of meningitis that spreads through transmission of respiratory droplets, such as coughing, sneezing,
spiting, and kissing. This could only affect humans as no animal has been reported of the condition.
The bacteria can be carried through the throat at certain situations.
The Epidemic
Back in early 2010, there has been massive campaigns for preventive immunization. World Health
Organization accounted for an estimated 80–85% of Group A meningococcus. All of these cases
were found in the epidemic belt ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It can be treated. We mentioned earlier that there is a vaccine available for this type of disease.
Nevertheless, antibiotics are also known to treat this illness. WHO said that a range of antibiotics are
available and can cure the bacterial infection. These antibiotics include ceftriaxone, ampicillin,
penicillin, and chloramphenicol. Meningococcal Meningitis can be fatal – that's why it should be
treated as an emergency all the time. A person who's suffering the symptoms should be admitted to a
hospital but isolation is not that necessary. As soon as antibiotics are available, it should be given to
the infected person immediately.
This disease happens in little clusters throughout the world. The danger lies in being exposed to the
very micro organism that causes it. Adults and kids who have a recent infection in the upper
respiratory tract should also take better caution. Health organizations continue to promote various
strategies to prepare people, prevent the disease, and treat the illness. Travellers and generally
everyone, should be aware of this condition. Be sure not to take any symptoms stated lightly. As
much as possible, consult your local physician whenever you feel ill and

Gene Therapy: The Process of Transferring DNA in to a...
Gene therapy is processes of transferring DNA in to a drug as a treatment for certain diseases. Gene
therapy was for discovered in the mid 1970's and it is simply developing a therapeutic form of DNA
and putting it into a patient's cells. In other words this experimental technique in other words uses
genes as a treatment or as a prevention to certain diseases. The why this works is that genes are
passed down through inheritance. Meaning they go from a parent to its child and then to the child's
child etc. However a certain gene does not produce the right protein or does not produce a protein in
a correct manner then a genetic disorder is formed. To dealt with many of these diseases scientist
and doctors have been treating the symptoms of the disease but they do cure the actual disease. In
other words what they have been mopping and drying the floor from a leak instead of fixing the
actual pipe that causes the leak. However gene therapy would be the perfect way for both scientist
and doctors to find a way to cure a disease or fix the pipe rather then the symptoms. Is discovery is
undisputedly evolutionary how over some scientist argue on whether this experimental technique is
beneficial for the greater good of man kind. One argument of the unacceptance toward gene therapy
is that some religious group may argue that the human race will be punish for try in to God and may
look as this as defying the will of God. Another argument is some people may use this therapy to try
to

Wgu C228Coummunity Health Essay
C228 Community Health Task 2
Michelle Wall
Meningococcal disease is a disease that can be found worldwide. Meningococcal disease refers to
any disease or illness that is caused by the type of bacteria called Neisseria meningitides, also called
meningococcus (Meningococcal disease, 2015). The first documented outbreak was over two
hundred years ago in Geneva in 1805 which circulated rapidly and killed thirty three people. The
first case ever recorded in America was in 1806 in Medford, Massachusetts (Fredericks, n.d.). A
European physician, Professor A Weichselbaum, discovered the cause of the mysterious cerebro–
spinal meningitis illness in 1887 and Penicillin was the first antibiotic used to fight the disease. In
1978 the first ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Treatment for infected people involve antibiotics, steroids, intensive care, and droplet precautions.
Prophylactic antibiotics are usually given to prevent the spread of the disease to those in close
contact of the infected people.
Africa has the highest incidence of meningococcal disease, tuberculosis, and malaria because of
overcrowding in many villages. There is an area in sub–Saharan Africa called the Meningitis Belt
that stretches from Senegal to Ethiopia with over 20,000 reported cases and 2,000 deaths every year
(Healthgrades editorial staff, 2015). During the dry season in Africa, from December through June,
meningitis epidemics occur with the three major areas infected being Burkina Faso, Nigeria, and
Chad. The most recent outbreak of the meningococcal disease reported in the United States occurred
as meningitis in the dorms at the University of California, Santa Barbara and Princeton University in
New Jersey in December of 2013 (Doheny, 2013). When the outbreak occurred at these two
universities it was caused from serotype B of the disease and resulted in one death. Since the current
meningococcal vaccine does not cover the serotype B bacteria the FDA allowed the use of a special
vaccine from New Zealand to treat the outbreaks (Burrell, 2015). One in five US teens have not had
their first recommended dose of meningococcal vaccine and for those who have had the first dose of
the vaccine,

The Human Gene Therapy
Gene therapy is a technique that uses new genes to treat or prevent disease by replacing or adding
new effective genes. This technique is aimed to allow doctors to treat genetic disorders without the
prescribing drugs or scheduling surgery to correct the disorder. Gene therapy isn't a fully effective
method as of today. It is still undergoing tests. Several of the most common tests include introducing
a new gene into the body to fight against a disease or disorder, replacing a mutated gene with a
healthy gene, and removing a mutated gene in the body that is not functioning as it should be. Gene
therapy is seen to be a fair treatment to diseases or disorders that have no other form of cure. It is
sometimes used for inherited disorders, certain viral infections, and certain cancers. But Gene
Therapy is not a certain option for treatment as of today. It is still under study as success rates are
low. Genetic disorders affect one out ten people. Symptoms vary with each disease or disorder as
some can appear early in a person's life, while others appear at an older age. Genetic disorders
cannot be prevented as they are passed on through a family's genes and is within the DNA unlike a
regular disease is caused by bacteria or a virus. There are two possible ways a genetic disorder can
be passed on to the offspring, or child. One way is caused by dominant genes in which only one
gene is altered resulting in the disorder or disease. The second way is caused by recessive genes in

Meningitis Research Paper
While time has pass, many disease have born, some of them had had cures, others have just left lost
and dead to the human population. Meningitis is a disease, result of the inflammation of the
meninges. Meningitis can affect all of us, children's, adults, adolescents. Thanks to the advance
technology, some types of meningitis can be cured. This paper is going to discus, types, treatments
and prevention of meningitis.
Viral meningitis is the most common of all the types, followed by bacterial. As they have explains
bacterial meningitis can be life I threatening, which means that it is essential to identify the cause of
it. Meningitic can also appear from skipping vaccinations, the truth is that the risk increases for
anyone who hasn't ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Diagnosis
Blood culture : they will take a blood sample and placed it on a special disk to see if it grows
microorganisms, in special bacterias. Imaging , they will do a computerized tomography (CT) or a
magnetic resonance (MRI) to check if there's any swelling or inflammation. Spinal tap (Lumbar
Puncture) this is the official method used to diagnoses meningitis, it consist in collecting
cerebrospinal fluid (CDF) thought a spinal tap ( DI Pentima, 2015).
Types of Meningitis:
There are many different types of meningitis, as well there are different forms of identifying each of
them, which is really important for the health care provider in order to assist their patients with the
correct for of treatment; there are many types of meningitis, which in most cases are associated with
other diseases. To confirm the disease a lumbar puncture to obtain cerebrospinal fluid may be done.
Viral Meningitis: Also known as aseptic meningitis, is the most common type of meningitis, it is
transmitted by being in the same place with an infected host, in this case the infectious agent can be
infected from more than 5 days and be asymptomatic. Most cases of viral meningitis will recover
without any effects (Parini,

Illness Narrative: Lafayette College
Illness Narrative
Lafayette College policy requires all the freshmen living in college dormitories to receive
vaccination against meningococcal disease. Since the meningitis immunization is not an establish
practice in my home country Georgia, Lafayette administration proposed to conduct the vaccination
in the United States, in its affiliated health center Bailey's. Like most international students, I
received meningitis B vaccination on the second day of my arrival on campus.
My upper arm and shoulder started aching the following day when I had a great trouble using my
right hand to open the door, crawling on my bed which was too high to jump on and even changing
the clothes. I complained a little with my parents on the phone, but concluded

Meningococcal Disease Is a Severe and Deadly Disease that...
Meningococcemia
I. Introduction
A. Meningococcemia– an acute and potentially life–threatening infection of the bloodstream that
can cause many symptoms in a person caused by a bacteria
B. Thesis Statement: Meningococcal Disease is a severe and deadly disease that affects a portion of
people resulting in severe complications; however, with immediate medical attention and patient
effort one can treat the infection and possibly be avoided
II. Etiology
A. Transmission of meningococcal bacteria
i. Meningococcal is a bacteria that can be transmitted from person to person through droplets. Which
starts of in the nasopharnx and makes its way to the bloodstream. This can affect the rest of the
organs of the body.
III. Pathopysiology ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Etiology Meningococcemia is caused by a bacteria called Neisseria meningitidis. This bacteria
usually has sporadic or epidemic incidences in late winter or spring where a person is more likely to
take in the pathogen through droplet transmission. Meningococcemia can be spread from person to
person from kissing to living in close quarters like dorms. Humans who come in close contact with
secretions or droplets of the pathogen, usually house the bacteria in the nasopharynx. Neisseria
meningitidis can stay in the upper respiratory tract for a few days to several months. After the
bacteria made its way to the nasopharynx, the meningococcus attaches to the fimbriae which causes
an asymptomatic colonization to most people. About ten percent of people have this type of bacteria
in the back of their nose and throat with no signs or symptoms of disease making it easier to pass
along. However if the person gets sick more easily, this bacteria can enter into the blood vessels
without much trouble causing damages to the epithelium causing more complications as well
(Talaro & Chess, 2012). The characteristic property of meningococci is to release an irregular bulge
of outer membrane vesicles which are rich in endotoxin. The endotoxin is part of the outer
membrane that plays an important part in releasing large quantities of

Ethical And Legal Responsibilities Of The Paramedic During...
This paper is about identifying the pre–hospital use of Benzylpenicillin and identifying the evidence
behind its use. It will also look and compare dugs used for treating meningococcal disease and
discuss the evidence for and against these drugs and see which one promotes the best recovery.
Finally this paper will discuss professional, ethical and legal responsibilities of the paramedic in
administering antibiotics pre–hospital for meningococcal disease.
Benzylpenicillin is a broad spectrum antibiotic. The pre–hospital indication to use the drug are
suspected meningococcal disease with the presence of a non–blanching rash and signs and
symptoms suggestive of meningococcal meningitis and septicaemia. (Fisher, J 2013)
Studies suggest that by the time an ambulance is called, the patient is normally late stage
septicaemia and have most likely already sought help from GP earlier in the day. The patients
symptoms can initially present similar to influenza, so meningitis can often get missed. (Nursing
Times, 2014)
Pre–hospital use of Benzylpenicillin
There is limited evidence for the pre–hospital use of Benzylpenicillin. Using medical search
engines/databases including PubMed & prehospitalresearch.eu, searching for adults,
Benzylpenicillin & pre–hospital bought back very limited appropriate articles. One study found
showing the use of Benzylpenicillin pre–hospital came back quite disappointing. The number of
cases audited was low and the majority of the information was

Meningitis Disease Analysis
Third is meningococcal meningitis which is according children health (2015) that it is a rare but
serious infection that can cause the membranes that covers the brain and the spinal cord to swell and
inflamed. Each year, approximately 1000 people in the United States get meningitis disease which
includes meningitis and septicemia which is a blood infection. Additionally, this disease can be fatal
or can cause great harm without prompt treatment. According to the Centers for Disease Control or
CDC, almost 15 percent of those who survive and recover are left with disabilities, including the
deafness, brain damage, and neurological or brain deficiencies or problems. Rosenstein,N.E.,
Perkins, B. A., Stephens, D. S., Popovic, T., & Hughes, J. M. ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Additionally, the proportion of cases among adolescents and young adults has increased in recent
years; during the year from 1992 to 1996, twenty eight (28) percent are affected were between the
age of 12 and 29, this changes of rates has important implications for preventive strategies.
Furthermore, meningococcal meningitis can refer to any illness or compare to any illness that is
caused by the type of bacteria that is called Neisseria meningitides that is also known as
meningococcus, this illness/ disease are commonly severe and includes infections of the lining of
the brain and spinal cord that can cause meningitis and bloodstream infections that can cause either
bacteremia or septicimea. Additionally, spreading through the exchange of respiratory and throat
secretions like spits are commonly cause meningococcus bacteria, for example are by living in close
quarters, squatters, kissing, sharing of

N. Meningitis Research Paper
N. meningitidis can cause pneumonia, pericarditis, conjuctivis, endopthalmitis, septic arthritis,
pelvic or chromic low–grade septicaemia but there are only two types of typical diseases caused by
N. meningitidis: meningococcal meningitis and meningococcal septicaemia. And although there are
13 serogroups, only A, B, C, Y and W–135 cause majority of the disease. These diseases occur
rapidly once infected and individuals infected will become detrimentally ill within 24–48 hours and
can die within a few hours of contraction. The initial signs of the symptoms are nonspecific and can
be mistaken for the flu, but the onset of fever, nausea, shivers would progress to severe headaches,
photophobia, confusion and vomiting.  Meningococcal meningitis: In Europe and the Americas,
serogroups B and C are predominant while in Africa serogroups A and C are dominant; serogroup
W–135 is pandemic and serogroup Y as the dominant strain of infection in the United States and
Canada. There are 75–80% of patients acquiring this type of infection which is an infection of the
brain and spinal cord with a mortality rate of 2–4%. Bacterial meningitis causes brain damage,
hearing loss and learning disabilities to those that do survive. Meningococci shed their endotoxin,
which damages tissues and activates the cytokine cascade (inflammation). This then allows them
access to the subarachnoid space causing the blood–brain barrier to seep. 

Meningitis Is An Infectious Disease
Every year, approximately 600 to 1,000 people are diagnosed from meningococcal disease in the
U.S, and only 15 percent die of people who get meningitis (Statistics). However, after surviving
from meningococcal disease, patients have high risks that they will have to live with permanent
disabilities. Nowadays, meningitis becomes a rare condition in the U.S. because of the improvement
of the vaccine.
Comparing to the United States, many other countries in the world are still struggling with
meningococcal disease. For instance, WHO reported a meningitis outbreak, which killed 545 people
out of 8,234 meningitis patients in Nigeria (Reuters). Meningitis is an infectious disease that can
spread through airborne droplets, so an outbreak from meningitis can turn out quickly to be an
epidemic if the governments don't get action. Also, many people have been mistaken the symptoms
of meningitis with flu and haven't got vaccinate for meningitis. Therefore, the most important
concern is how to raise awareness among people to get vaccinate because meningococcal disease
can easily spread out, especially in young ages from 11 to 24.
In general, meningitis is an inflammation of the membranes surrounding the brain and spinal cord.
Vieusseux, a Swiss physician, first discovered meningitis in 1805 during an outbreak in Switzerland.
This disease is mostly caused by a viral infection, but the cause may also be a bacterial infection or
fungal infection. The bacterial meningitis is the most

Essay on Unit 9
Introduction
Throughout this assignment I am going to be looking into the health and social topic of
communicable and non–communicable diseases. I will be investigating into various aspects of two
specific diseases. A high level of knowledge will be demonstrated with a detailed description of both
communicable and non–communicable diseases as well as an understanding of epidemiology. I will
then find a communicable and non–communicable disease example and describe the biological basis
of each disease with an explanation to how the body responds to the disease. A list of at least three
of the different signs and symptoms which are produced and displayed with the disease will then be
shown. The changes shown as a result from the disease ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Some scientists and health professionals argue that by having overall health, you must be healthy in
all of these areas. Others however, argue that if you're healthy in one area, the rest of your body can
thrive from that healthy area. For example if you are un–healthy physically, i.e. an individual is
diabetic, then that individual can be healthy socially and psychologically. This means that an
individual may have an illness, however it doesn't mean that individual is un–healthy throughout all
areas of their body. Some other examples of PIES include; ➢ Physical disease or a Physical illness –
This type of disease affects the functioning parts of the human body. Some examples of physical
diseases are; Bronchitis, Coronary Heart Disease and Arthritis. ➢ Psychological disease (Mental
Health Disorder) – This type of disease affects an individual's mind or intellect and some examples
of this disease are; anxiety disorders, depressive disorders, personality disorders and behavioural
disorders. ➢ Social disease – This can be caused by personal lifestyle or environmental disorders. It
can arise from social deprivation, relationships and other personal activities such as alcoholism and
drug abuse.
Epidemiology
Epidemiology has been defined as 'The study of the distribution and determinants of health and
disease–related conditions in populations. It is concerned with epidemic (excess of normal
expectancy) and endemic (always present) conditions. The basic premise

Childhood Vaccinations In America
Vaccinations 101
Vaccinations were once part of every childhood in America, helping to drastically reduce our risk of
acquiring diseases like diphtheria, measles, polio and whooping cough, though organizations like the
Vaccine Resistance Movement are working hard to change this reality.
The American Health Association has also been working hard to remind Americans that without
vaccinations throughout our population, preventable – and serious – diseases could once again rise
in our schools and homes. Indeed a recent outbreak of measles in Minnesota is but one of recent
outbreaks in developed countries.
What diseases are Americans regularly inoculated against?
The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) publish a schedule of vaccinations ... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
If you are unsure as to which vaccinations you have had; after all, you likely received most of them
before you were 6 years old, it is important that you ask your doctor which vaccinations you have
had, and if you should have any as an

Why Is Vaccination Important
It has come to my attention that a large portion of your readers do not fully understand the
importance of getting vaccinations. Vaccinations are highly important; not only do they benefit the
individual who takes them, but everyone that individual comes in contact with. Vaccines prevent
diseases, prevent the spread of diseases, and save countless lives every day.
So, how does a vaccine prevent an individual from contracting a disease? A vaccine is, "a
preparation of dead or weakened pathogens that are introduced into the body to stimulate an
immune response." Now, before anyone reads the phrase "Weakened pathogens" and gets
concerned, the CDC states that a live virus vaccine is, "Too weak to cause illness." One might
inquire how exposing their children, or themselves to a dead pathogen could be beneficial. When the
pathogen is inserted into the body the immune system recognizes the disease and builds immunity to
said disease. Thus, when the individual comes in contact with the disease they don't get sick! ...
Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
If one does not have extra care in their activates, they could easily to contract meningococcal
meningitis. Meningococcal meningitis is a widespread blood infection. If you contract the disease
and then come home, you could spread it. Meningococcal meningitis can be transmitted through
saliva and occasionally through close, prolonged general contact with an infected person. However,
it can easily be prevented with a vaccine. Thus, saving not only the life of the person who went to
Chad, but to everyone they would have come in contact with, and so

Lifelong Health Benefits of Mandatory Genetic Screenings
Since their development and introduction to the field of medicine more than a century ago, genetic
screenings have become incorporated in many fields of healthcare, including reproductive health
and cancer prevention. Genetic screening is a method of identifying genetic disorders through the
study of an individual's DNA. They can be used to determine predisposition for various disorders
such as Alzheimer's, breast cancer, and sickle cell anemia. Genetic screenings inform individuals
about their state of health and can help them make efficient choices in regard to disease treatments
and prevention; however they have not gone without controversy. Many feel that such screenings
can cause stigma and discrimination against individuals who have ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Despite their benefits for individual and public health, genetic screenings can lead to social stigma
against those with genetic disorders. Since the introduction of mass genetic tests, there has been a
legal debate about whether or not to release information about an individual's screening results. On
one side of the debate are those who argue that the data from genetic screenings can be used to
benefit public health through the development and improvement of treatments and public health
policy (Hodge, 2004). However, a prominent opposing side to this debate has focused on the
potential for social and even ethnic quarantine if the results of screenings are made public (Atkin,
2003). Though there is a consensus that genetic screening is beneficial in preventing and treating
diseases and poor health, many worry that releasing their results can lead to social stigma for
individuals of certain minorities simply because of their greater susceptibility to certain health
problems (Natowicz and Alper, 1991). Ethnic discrimination has indeed proved to be a legitimate
issue in regards to genetic screenings; for example, in the 1990s several states did not allow African
American individuals to wed until they proved that they did not have sickle–cell anemia. Opponents
of publicly mandated genetic screenings fear discrimination against some ethnicities due to their

Meningitis – is a kind of infection or inflammation that affects the delicate membranes of the brain
and spinal cord in infected individuals.
Bacterial meningitis is fatal and contagious among people in close contact and can be caused by
several bacteria. The most common cause in children and adults are Neisseria meningitidis
(meningococcus), Streptococcuspneumoniae (pneumococcus) and among elderlies are Listeria
monocytogenes. These forms of infections need immediate medical attention. (1)
Figure 1: This photograph shows the graph of having meningitis on our membranes.
Viral meningitis and fungal meningitis are less severe otherwise and most people recovered
completely ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It was first discovered in 1805 by Vieusseux during an outbreak in Switzerland and later identified
by Anton Weichselbaum in 1887. It was given the name Neisseria intracellularis due to its
intracellular oval micrococci (3) and was placed in the Nisseria genus for its characteristics and
close relation to Neisseria gonorrhoeae. It was then later named Neisseria meningitidis by
bacteriologist Albert Ludwig Sigesmund Neisser.(4)
In 1992–1993 endemics were reported in United States and Canada, in Spain in 1995–1997 on
average of 3,000 new cases of meningitis are reported each year with only about 10–12% are fatal
and of which 30% are survivors with long–term consequences.(5) In West Africa known as the
"Meningitis Belt", 100 to 800 people in 100,000 are infected and this number can reach as high as
1,000 per 100,000. The largest outbreak reported was in Africa in 1996 with 250,000 cases recorded
and of which 25,000 deaths occurred.(6)
Meningococcal meningitis most commonly occurs in children and teens and leading cause of
bacterial meningitis in adults. The infection occurs more often in winter or spring.

Medical And Surgical Treatment Of Vitiligo
Vitiligo is a skin disease where an individual loses their pigmentation when the pigment producing
cells are attacked and destroyed (AOCD, n.d.). Vitiligo is also known to be an auto–immune
disorder where certain white blood cells direct the destruction of the melanocyte (AOCD, n.d.).
Melanocytes are cells that give us our skin and hair color (AAOD, n.d.). Vitiligo affects any
individual no matter their ethnic origin or sex. Individuals often notice that they have the skin
disease before they reached the age of 20 which is often notice on individuals with darker skin.
Common areas that vitiligo would normally start would be on an individual's hands, feet, or face
(AOCD, n.d.).
Currently, there's no cure for vitiligo but there are ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Articles that involved foreign language and children were excluded from the search.
Search Strategy The systematic review was searched independently by one reviewer to find articles
related to vitiligo and depression. There was no primary focus for a particular country. There was
one particular database used to conduct the search which was google scholar. fig.1
Author(s) Country Objectives Methods Results
Al–Harbi, M (2012) Europe To study and classify depressive symptoms Self–administered
questionnaires 54 % were found to be depressed. Depression was more prevalent in single patients.
Branch and Layegh (2010) Iran Evaluate the degree of depression in vitiligo patients Beck
Depression Questionnaire 70 % was the prevalence rate of depression in individuals with vitiligo.
Chan et al. (2012) Asia Explore the level of depression in a group of vitiligo patients A descriptive
study 17.2% had been identified as depressed.
Maleki et al (2005) Iran Evaluate the prevalence and severity if depression in vitiligo patients
Hamilton Depression Rating Scale Out of the 52 participants 24(46%) were depressed.
Zaki and Elbatrawy (2009) Egypt To detect the level of depression in patients with vitiligo Hamilton
Depression Rating Scale Depression was found in 33 % of the patients. Table 2.
Results The results for

Creative Writting on Personal Diseases
Susan is a young professional who just had her personal genome sequenced. She now knows she
carries the gene for Huntington's disease. She is agonizing over the decision about sharing this
information with others. She doesn't know what to do or who to tell. So she goes to a doctor to get
his opinion on if it would be right or not to let her family or boyfriend know. While she is waiting in
the waiting room she is imagining how her life would be if she had Huntington's disease. What type
of burden she would be on peoples their opinions about her. Her family would not be able to leave
because they would constantly have to take care of her whether that be her hopefully husband or
another family member. When she goes to any event in public she will make a scene or outburst and
how they all will judge her about her condition. Susan starts to hypervinalate in the waiting room as
all these scenarios run uncontroably through her head. Finally the doctor walks in and she focuses
back in on reality. She explains the situation to the doctor that she found out she carries the gene for
Huntington's disease and she doesn't know who to tell. The doctor explains what he would do and
gives her recommendations. For her parents she shouldn't tell them because they will not be able to
do anything about it or they may be dead by the time she starts experiencing it extremely. It would
just but unnecessary stress put on her parents worrying about their daughter. As for her boyfriend
goes she

12 Hour Flight Case Study
Woman Contracts Rare Bacterial Infection on 12–Hour Flight
While on a 12–hour flight from Japan to Germany a woman contracted a rare bacterial infection
called meningococcal disease. This is a serious illness caused by the bacteria Neisseria meningitidis,
which can cause death or disability. People can get it from being in close contact with someone who
is sick.
Neisseria meningitidis is found in people's nose and throat of about 10 percent of the population.
This bacteria can get into the blood and the brain and cause severe illness. When the bacteria is
found in the blood it can cause sepsis, an infection. When it is found in the brain it can cause
meningitis, which is the swelling of the membranes that cover the brain and spinal cord.
The

Disadvantages Of Animal Testing
Animal testing
Nowadays, animal testing has become a prevalent way to test medicine and beauty products. Some
animals are tested for these products, it still has some issues, when research checks this product by
the animal. Accordingly, animal testing is widely a way to test results of new medicines and
feedback of cosmetic products. A number of people have started to consider whether it is inhumane
to test on animal, however other people believe this is effective for creating new medicine to heal
miscellaneous diseases. The essay will discuss some advantages and disadvantages of the animal
testing. But, most of new medicines which are created still need testing on animal. Garattiui and
Grigusschi (2017) displayed that "Animal testing is still the best way to find new treatments for
patients". The best way of finding new treatments remain is animal in order to patient.
There are plenty of benefits about using animal testing to test new medicines and cosmetic products.
The main advantage of animal testing to test medicine is that it can carry out more experiments in
shorter time. This is because of most of growing up period animal is shorter than human.Ostergaard
et al. (2010)showed that Although such models can be produced in larger species as well, mouse
models can be developed in a shorter period of time due to their short gestation age of ~18–21 days.
Animal models are developed in the shorter period of time comparing human, For example the
gestation age of the mouse

Notifiable Disease Case Study
Notifiable diseases:
Acute Encephalitis
Acute Infectious hepatitis
Acute meningitis
Acute poliomyelitis
Anthrax
Botulism
Brucellosis
Cholera
Diphtheria
Enteric fever (typhoid or paratyphoid fever)
Food poisoning
Haemolytic uraemic syndrome
Infectious bloody diarrhea
Invasive group A streptococcal
Legionnaires disease
Leprosy
Malaria
Measles
Meningococcal septicemia
Mumps
Plague
Rabies
Rubella
Severe acute respiratory syndrome
Scarlet fever
Smallpox
Tetanus
Tuberculosis
Typhus
Viral hemorrhagic fever
Whooping cough
Yellow fever
Acute Encephalitis– is caused by a viral infection or the body attacking it's own brain cells, the

incubation period is 4–10days viruses the disease ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Should see your GP if you suspect this.
Cholera–Cholera is an infectious disease that causes severe watery diarrhea, which can lead to
dehydration and even death if untreated. It is caused by eating food or drinking water contaminated
with a bacterium called Vibrio cholerae it is highly contagious and the incubation period is from few
hours to 5 days and you should see your doctor if you suspect this.
Diphtheria– Parents need to be informed as soon as possible if this disease is suspected as this
should be treated in hospital. Close contacts need to be tested and children should return to school
when advised clear to do so by the local HPU. Patients need to be isolated and treated with
antibiotics.
Enteric fever (typhoid or paratyphoid fever)– typhoid is caused by drinking and eating contaminated
water and food. It is a bacterial infection that spreads throughout the body. if it is treated early
enough antibiotics can be taken at home. It is highly contagious and the incubation period is from
3days to 1month.
Food poisoning– is an illness caused by eating contaminated food. It is not contagious and people
usually get better on their own within in a few days. Children should be sent home for rest and
return when they are feeling better.
Haemolytic uraemic syndrome–is a condition caused by abnormal red blood cells which then filter
into the kidneys and clog the filtering system. It develops in children after 5days of diarrhea.
Incubation

Benefits Of Vaccination
New Vaccination Requirement for Illinois Children
The new school year is just weeks away. Parents, just a reminder that Illinois has a new vaccination
requirement going into effect this school year. By law, all children entering the sixth and twelfth
grades are required to show proof of having received meningococcal vaccination.
Why it's Important to Vaccinate
Although it has been from a different risk group, the 7th case of meningitis has recently been
discovered in Illinois. It is extremely contagious and spreads through close contact. The disease is
most often spread through respiratory and throat secretions –mucus and saliva. Activities such as
kissing or living in close proximity can place someone at risk for getting meningitis.
And

The Importance Of Immunization
Immunization is the process where a person is made immune to an infectious disease by the
administration of a vaccine. Vaccinations are the safest way to protect yourself against disease.
Vaccines help reduce deaths and diseases in children and teens that are preventable by vaccines are
no longer common in the United States. Getting a vaccine can provide you with protection against
infection for a lifetime. Immunizations are a vital part of society, and help prevent diseases and even
eliminate diseases. Immunizations are important for many reasons. It is always better to get an
immunization to prevent a disease rather than treat it after it occurs. For every dollar spent on
childhood immunizations saves $18.40, and most immunizations are covered by insurance. The best
possible way for parents to ensure their children are healthy and protected from preventable diseases
are immunizations. Not only do vaccines help prevent diseases they also help eliminate diseases.
Some diseases that have been eradicated are small pox, measles, and mumps. Polio and bacterial
meningitis are also close to being eradicated. The complications that children could have with
chickenpox or the measles are much worse than any danger posed by the immunization.
Immunizations are also very important because even though some diseases rarely affect people in
the United States, these diseases still exists in other countries. People traveling from different
countries can unknowingly bring these diseases

Vaccines To 6-Year-Old Children
With school starting soon, it is time to get children up–to–date on their latest vaccines. From birth to
college, students have to get regular vaccines and boosts to attend school. Other than protecting their
health, vaccines also protect the health of fellow students and infants who are unable to get a
vaccine. While disease outbreaks dropped over the last decade, they have become more common in
recent years because some parents do not vaccinate their child.
Vaccines for Newborns to 6–Year–Old Children
There are 14 diseases that can be fatal for young children. Children in this age group need vaccines
like HepB, Tdap, PCV, Varicella, MMR, HepA, Hib and IPV. Many of these vaccines are done in a
series, so it is important to check with ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
An 11–year–old is recommended to get vaccinations for meningococcal disease. Tdap provides
protection from diphtheria, whooping cough and tetanus. Students at this age should also get an
HPV vaccination. While they will not need protection from HPV now, it will provide protection
from HPV and cancer as the child grows up. Like younger children, this age group should still have
a yearly flu shot. The flu affects young, healthy people, so children must be vaccinated for it.
College Students
Before children leave for college, they need to a series of immunizations. Tdap vaccine boosters
must be done every 10 years, so many college students will need a booster in the next few years.
While meningococcal and pneumococcal immunizations are not required, they are recommended by
the CDC. Students who did not get an MMR, HPV, Hepatitis A or Hepatitis B vaccine before will
need to get one now. In addition, students should continue to get their yearly flu shot.
Talk to a Doctor
It is never too late to update a child's immunizations. Each state has different requirements, and
doctors know exactly which vaccines to give for each age group. By becoming properly vaccinated,
parents can make sure that their children stay healthy during the upcoming school

The Meningoccal Infection
The Meningococcal infection is a potentially life–threatening bacterial disease that continues to be
fatal in numerous parts of the world. Since the inception of the first Meningococcal cases in the
early 19th century, rates continue to fluctuate today. Of particular note, the World Health
Organisation has outlined that there are over 26 countries in the sub–Saharan region alone that are
overwhelmingly prone to the infection (WHO, 2015). Despite this, Meningococcal has not been
restricted to the sub–Saharan; current estimates determine that 1.2 million cases arise globally every
year. This is primarily due to the fact that the bacterium which causes the Meningococcal disease,
the Neisseria Meningitidis, is a carrier bacterium which can be found

Animal Testing Disadvantages
Animal testing
Recently, there is an increasing number of methods, which are used to test medicine and beauty
products, are animal testing. In this case, numerous animals are tested in the experiment. However,
in laboratory tests，animal experiments still have defects that need to be solved. Additionally, the
animal testing is a defective method, but it still widely used in normal life, which is utilized to get
the result of new medicines and feedback of cosmetic products. On this basis, a number of people
have started to consider whether it is inhumane to test on animal, however other people believe this
is effective for creating new medicine to heal miscellaneous diseases. This essay will discuss some
advantages and disadvantages of the animal testing. Nevertheless, most of new medicines which are
created still need testing on animal. Research done by Garattiui and Grigusschi (2017) displayed
that when science and technology has not yet reached a certain level of advanced conditions, animal
experiments are still the main approach to find out the solution of diseases in treatments. There are
plenty of benefits about using animal testing to test new medicines and cosmetic products. The main
advantage of animal testing to test medicine is that it can carry out more experiments in shorter time.
This is because of most of growing up period animal is shorter than human. Ostergaard et al. (2010)
indicated that when using the animal experiment to design test models, it needs

Why Do People Join The Anti Vaccination Movement?
During the 20th century, the infectious disease death rate decreased from 800/1000 deaths to less
than 100/1000 deaths. This is mainly due to the introduction of immunisation. Vaccination has
clearly prevented millions of deaths over the last century; nevertheless, the anti–vaccination
movement has grown significantly in recent years. Some of the reasons why people join this
movement include the belief that vaccines don't actually work, the belief that vaccines are unnatural
and therefore unhealthy and the belief that vaccines contain toxins that cause bodily damage and
neuropsychiatric problems (eg. Autism). This essay will discredit the beliefs associated with the anti
vaccination movement through infectious disease statistics, ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Whilst this is occurring, memory B cells figure out the shape of the antigen and remember it. This
allows the B cells to produce antibodies much faster if the pathogen reinfects the person. The
problem with the human immune system is that it takes approximately three weeks to reach peak
antibody concentration and remove all of the pathogens in the body. Many pathogenic diseases
(tetanus, polio, meningococcal etc) will kill the individual before the 3rd line of defence has the
chance to destroy them. Vaccination involves injecting antigens (in the form of attenuated pathogens
or pathogen parts) into the body. This causes the same immune response that would occur if the
individual was infected with the actual disease; however, because the pathogens have been
weakened (or killed) and had their reproductive ability inhibited, they cannot kill. This means that If
the individual is infected by the pathogen in the future, he/she is extremely unlikely to get the
disease (RNA based viruses such as Influenza are exempt from this due to their antigenic shift/drift
ability). The use of repeated vaccination (eg. vaccination for a particular disease at two, four and six
years of age) enhances the immune system even more.
The anti–vaccination movement has grown significantly in recent years. Some of the reasons why
people join this movement include concerns over the use of aborted fetuses during production, the
belief that vaccines do not prevent

Respiratory Infection During The Hajj
Respiratory Infection during the Hajj
Generally infectious diseases is one of the most demanding challenges facing the health sector today
and respiratory infection take a great concern of it. Mass gathering in the kingdom of Saudi Arabia,
either it was for Hajj or Umrah, is considered one of the potential sources of developing &
dissemination infectious diseases on large scale. Many factors contribute to the spread of these
infections, including crowding, the health of the attendees, and the type and location of meetings
(Al–Tawfiq, Gautret, Benkouiten, & Memish, 2016).
The annual Hajj has been associated with a wide variety of viral and bacterial upper and lower
respiratory tract infections such as MERS–CoV, SARS and influenza. Pneumonia is a common
cause of hospitalization and the estimated occurrence of respiratory tract infections among pilgrims
ranges from 20% to 80% (Memish, Almasri, Turkestani, Al–Shangiti, & Yezli, 2014). As a result,
this concern have to be managed in precise approach to prevent the spread of the respiratory
pathogen not only for the pilgrimage family but for the surrounded and the whole country as will.
Despite the fact that KSA have established a policies regrade preforming the hajj by all Muslims in
the world to Macca such as hajj permissions, regulations, vaccinations and guidelines, many don't
follow them precisely which led to this challenge defiantly. Furthermore, Pilgrims with chronic
medical conditions such as diabetes or chronic heart,

Meningococcal Disease Treatments and Vaccines Essay
Meningococcal Disease Treatments and Vaccines
Meningococcal disease is a large concern in the medical field because it is unbiased towards the
patients it infects. There has been limited success in trying to eliminate this disease. Antibiotics play
a role in helping to treat patients with bacterial meningitis, and steroids have been tested to help
reduce risk factors. Prevention has also become a key issue because meningitis can only be spread
through direct contact with infected body fluid. The best prevention is to maintain clean hygiene.
Vaccines are another way of preventing disease. However, there are multiple serogroups of
meningitis that makes creating a universal vaccine extremely difficult. So far, there have only been
two ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Even one drop of nasal fluid can be enough to make another person ill if the drop of fluid makes
contact. This disease is easily spread through direct and indirect contact, whether it is through
kissing or sharing eating utensils. The easiest way to protect against meningitis is to stay away from
infected people and not to share utensils or other personal objects with other people. Also, good
hygiene is extremely
2
important, and it is advisable to always wash hands after use in restrooms or before eating, as this
will reduce the chance of contracting the disease. (Hirsch 22). Monitoring social activities is also
another way of preventing the spread of meningitis. A study has shown a specific correlation
between the number of meningococcal disease and college students who rave and go clubbing.
These close contact areas are the breeding grounds for all different diseases, and meningococcal
disease is one of the more prominent causes of illness in these college students (Pollard 2). With
education from schools and public health officials, the public would be more aware of how to
prevent a meningococcal disease epidemic from starting, and would help to reduce the number of
deaths a year within a large community. Chemoprophylaxis, or prevention through use of drugs and
food supplements, is a possibility, but usually it is best to use the tips above because drugs and such
do not guarantee complete protection.
Antibiotics play a significant role in treating patients who have

The Importance Of Special Education
When I was a kid, I was not so good at writing because I had bad handwriting, poor speech, and was
bad at grammar and spelling. It started around my second grade; my handwriting was so atrocious
that my teachers put me into a special education class to improve my motor skills in my hands. I
took that special education class for about four to five years, I did improve my handwriting skill, but
when I write too fast it could appear sloppy, but it is still better than before I had that class though.
That class was pretty fun, me and my buddy, that was also was in my class, would practice writing,
search for beads in putty, and play other types of games that involves using our hands. While in that
class, I meet a kid named Christopher, he lost his arms and legs from meningococcal septicemia or
meningitis, it made me both happy and sad to know that at least I have hands, arms, legs, and feet.
Luckily for Christopher, he now got some new prosthetic limbs when I left special education class
and for what I heard, he is living well now. You see everyone, Christopher still tried to get better at
writing even though he was disable, so there should be no reason you should not try to get better at
least you have hands he did not hands.
During that time when I was in that special education class I was also in another special class to
improve my pronunciation of words with the th– sound. I always loved that class because my
special education teacher was so nice to us. We would play

Health And Social Care Level 3 Unit 14 P1
Induction Task 2015
P1
The article summarises a new programme that will be given to newborn babies against meningitis B.
Meningitis is an infection of the membrane which surrounds the brain and spinal cord. This can
affect anyone but young children are more vulnerable to the infection. Some symptoms that have
been shown from the infection are high fever with cold hands and feet, agitation, misperception,
sickness and headaches.
These vaccinations will be given to babies at the ages of two, four and 12 months as a routine. The
reason for the vaccination is so that there would be less risk of infants under the age of one getting
the meningitis B infection. Campaigners have stated the vaccination could potentially prevent up to
4,000 cases by

Neisseria Meningitidis Essay
Neisseria meningitidis is a fastidious, aerobic, and encapsulated gram–negative diplococcus which
infects humans via droplet transmission to and from mucosal surfaces in the nasopharyngeal region.
Only humans can be infected with N. meningitidis and the disease manifests in children under two
years of age and in young adults. N. meningitidis can be found as normal regional flora of the
nasopharynx in some individuals, but when it causes infection leads to meningitis and occasionally
septicaemia. The major symptoms of N. meningitidis infection include a stiff neck, high fever,
photophobia, confusion, cephalgia and emesis. If the patient's condition has worsened causing
sepsis, they can present with a haemorrhagic rash which is indicative of ... Show more content on
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This allows N. meningitidis to enter the capillary system and sequentially the CSF and meninges.
Adhesins
When attempting to colonise mucosal surfaces of the upper respiratory tract, N. meningitidis must
use adhesins such as pili and opacity proteins to interact with host cells and adhere to tissue.
Once N. meningitidis has encountered a healthy host it uses its type IV pilus to protrude from the
capsule and bind epithelial cells and erythrocytes within the mucosal surface. The pili also generate
what is known as a twitch motility which allows the bacterium to pass the epithelial layer and
invade the host.
Opacity proteins known as Opa and Opc are expressed on the outer membrane of N. meningitidis.
While the specific role of these opacity proteins in the adhesion of N. meningitidis to host cells is
currently unknown, there has been indication that during inflammation Opa and Opc can aid in the
attachment and invasion of host cells

In 1805 there was an outbreak of an unknown disease that was infecting most the people of a small
town in Switzerland. A Swiss physician named Gaspard Viesseux was the first to determine the
outbreak, which was Meningococcal Meningitis. Viesseux was the first to study Meningococcal
Meningitis however a pathologist named Anton Weichselbaum discovered the causative, or the
bacteria, that causes meningitis. The disease could potentially fatal, especially if not treated.
Meningitis is an inflammation of the membranes surrounding your brain and spinal cord. There are
many different types of meningitis causing bacteria, but the most common type of bacteria is
Streptococcus pneumoniae, or better known as Pneumococcus in the medical community. There

Neisseria Meningitidis Research Papers
Neisseria meningitidis The bacteria Neisseria meningitidis, is commonly referred to as
meningococcus. They are among several different types of bacteria, which are typically found in the
normal microbiota of the Homo–sapiens specie. Once colonized in the human body, specifically in
the nasopharynx (nose and throat) air passageway, they do not pose any kind of threat to a healthy
person, however, like any other bacteria found in the human flora, once they exit their regular habit
or abnormally multiply they are able to harm and even be fatal. These bacteria can cause
Meningococcal Meningitis, with possible complications in the brain, hearing loss and others. For
these reasons, the knowledge and awareness of this bacteria's advantages and disadvantages are
important. Bacteria is a type of microorganism that is largely found in the human body. Althought,
some of them are potential pathogens, they usually can be beneficial. They colonize and become
components of what its ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
According to the book Microbiology an Introduction, "up 40% of the population are reservoir of
infection." (page??). However there are certain types of people that are more susceptible to be a
carrier and to develop the disease. University students, military recruits in many different countries,
patients in contact with other unhealthy patients, and people with compromised heath, were reported
to be a higher risk then the general population. In addition, smokers, passive or active, people living
in poor sanitary environments, independently of their origin, and males (the reason is unknow) were
also at a higher risk. (Neisseria meningitidis: an overview of the carriage state). Many studies were
conducted to yield these results and show that there are certain types of individuals with greater
likelihood to be carriers and develop Meningococcal

Different Models Of Diagnosis And Treatment
Throughout the course of history, medical practitioners have utilized different models of diagnosis
and treatment which have encompassed a variety of factors. For instance, the biomedical model was
used for decades as the primary way to diagnose and treat illness; this model focused on effects of
anatomical, biochemical, and neurophysiological irregularities. However, since this model failed to
integrate the importance of the social, psychological, and behavioral components, the
biopsychosocial model was later adopted so that it could be consistent with the general system
theory, which states that systems affect one another, causing changes in one system to impact others.
Additionally, through the biopsychosocial model, there is a clear ... Show more content on
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When Ms.P comes to the primary care office complaining of abdominal pain and I was given the
opportunity to conduct the patient– centered interview, I would first start out by saying, "Hi Ms. P. I
am Sree Lanka, a first year medical student, and my supervisor and I will be taking care of you
today. I will be conducting the interview, through which I hope to get some information to help you
feel better." In addition, I would make the situation more comforting by sitting down, smiling, and
reducing any distractions present. To make sure Ms. P knows that I am attentive and am there for her
best interest, I would also maintain eye contact and use a proper tone while speaking. By setting the
stage, a member of the health care team ensures that the patient has a sense of trust and value. The
patient– centered interview is not only important for diagnoses of disease, but it is also crucial in
improving a patient's general welfare. After setting the stage, it is important to derive a chief concern
as well as set an agenda. By indicating the amount of time available, summarizing the goals of the
interview, retrieving all the complaints the patient has, and finalizing the future course of action, a
health care professional can effectively set the agenda. In Ms.P's case, I would state, "We have about
30 minutes together

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