The Combined Effect Of Corrision And Erosion

The Combined Effect of Corrision and Erosion
1. Introduction Erosion corrosion is the combined effect of corrosion and erosion, which is caused when a rapid turbulent fluid passes through the
metal surface [1], which are already corroded by pits. The pits are formed because of the breakage of the oxide layer of the metal. A combination of
erosion and corrosion can lead to very high pitting rates. The joint action of the erosion and corrosion is known as erosion–corrosion, which is
encountered prominently in chemical processing industries like oil and gas and power plants. The joint effect of erosion and corrosion is
significantly very much higher than that of the effects of erosion and corrosion when it acts separately. Thus erosion and corrosion have a synergetic
effect on each other, which is why the phenomenon is often grouped together as one. A critical fluid velocity must be exceeded for a given material
for the erosion corrosion to occur. The fluid which impacts on the material causes disruptive shear stresses or pressure variations on its protective
surface film, which causes the mechanical damage of the material. Erosion corrosion is accelerated at pipe elbows where there is sudden change in
geometry of the pipe design, tube constrictions and wherever the fluid flows are changed or on anything which results in the turbulent increase. 2.
Erosion Corrosion mechanism in Steam Pipe Lines Erosion–corrosion is produced by the impingement of liquid droplets on the metal at high velocity.
The impingement of
... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...

Trinidad Plumbing Problem
As a fully–licensed, expert plumber in Trinidad, CO, Trinidad Plumbing knows that clogged pipes are not a problem anyone should ignore. Whether
your drain isn't directing water away like it should or a clogged toilet has put your bathroom out of commission, a clogged pipe requires quick attention
to prevent the risk of broken infrastructure, water damage, and costly repairs.
Fortunately, TrinidadPlumbing explains that it's quite possible to detect clogged pipes early on–allowing you time to get the service you need to keep
your plumbing in order. According to this trusted plumbing contractor in Trinidad, CO, here are a few signs of clogged pipes if you suspect problems
in your home:
Slow Drainage: Clogged pipes may not immediately block up your entire sewer line, but may build up over time to slow the rate of drainage in your
home. If you notice that your sinks, showers, or other drains take a while to take down all the water, there is likely a clog somewhere. If you notice
this sign, call a plumbing contractor–this professional may be able to alleviate the problem with a plumbing snake if the clog is not far from the drain
surface. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This is important to fix as soon as possible–leaving it unattended could lead to sewer discharge coming up in multiple areas of your home.
Bad Smells: Plumbing drains are uniquely designed with vents and traps to keep sewer gas from entering the home through the pipes. However, these
vents become blocked when water builds up in clogged pipes, leaving pungent sewer gas nowhere else to go but up through the drain surfaces in your

Career Profile. I Am Actively Pursuing A Challenging New
CAREER PROFILE I am actively pursuing a challenging new role as a Piping Supervisor where I can utilise my extensive training, skills and
experience working on various oil & gas, energy and construction projects over the past 14 years. As a capable and effective leader, I am confident I
would make a valuable addition to your team with proven capabilities in supervising and developing work crews to ensure maximum productivity in
line with project plans and specifications. Demonstrating hands–on experience in pipe and structural steel fabrication, welding, maintenance and
commissioning, together with extensive experience in punch–listing, materials management and procurements activities. I possess strong technical
skills and a sound... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
пѓ Committed to ongoing training and development with the ability to learn new skills quickly. пѓ Consistently adheres to workplace OH&S and
Environmental policies and procedures. CURRENT LICENCES пѓ New Zealand Passport пѓ White Card, Queensland Government пѓ 'C' Class
WA Drivers Licence (exp. 2021) пѓ MSIC – Maritime Security Identification Card (exp. 2018) COMPUTER SKILLS пѓ Navisworks, SitePro,
Microsoft Office пѓ Capacity to learn new systems quickly & easily EMPLOYMENT HISTORY Sep 2016– CurrentCB&I | www.cbi.com
Wheatstone LNG – Ashburton North, Western Australia Piping Supervisor Chicago Bridge & Iron Company, known commonly as CB&I, is a large
American conglomerate engineering, procurement and construction company, specialising in projects for oil & gas organisations. The Wheatstone
Project includes an onshore facility located at Ashburton North Strategic Industrial Area (ANSIA), located 12 kilometres west of Onslow in Western
Australia's Pilbara region. The foundation project includes two LNG trains with a combined capacity of 8.9 mtpa and a domestic gas plant. Key
Duties: Contribute in the capacity of Piping Supervisor at the Ashburton North Strategic Industrial Area (ANSIA). Supervise a crew of up to 20
multifaceted tradespeople for all Train 2 and Train 3 piping activities. Provide supervision to safeguard the timely construction of pipe lines and

Problems Associated With Pipe Breaks
The problems associated with pipe breaks are economic, reduce reliability and reduce water quality. The cost of replacing or repairing a pipe can
be split into capital costs (supplying and laying the new pipe), maintenance costs (repairing and preventing failure in the system), operating costs
(electricity and filtering costs) and damage costs (property damage, inconvenience, loss of amenity, health risks and environmental costs). (Dandy
& Engelhardt, 2001) All of these costs can be difficult to accurately predict, which may be necessary when consulting with management about
whether or not to replace a pipe. Pipe bursts in commercial areas and along main roads also have higher failure costs as the interruption the failure
will have on the traffic and potential 3rd party damage will be greater. A rational decision needs to be made into at what point it is more cost
effective to replace the pipe than letting water run out of the cracks. The cost of a repair = crew+ equipment+ sleeve + repaving + overhead costs.
Figure 2– Cost breakdown of repairing pipes (in US dollars) While the above figure gives a rough estimate of what each portion of the repair will
cost, the variables were calculated in 1982 in America, and protocols may have changed since then, or be different in New Zealand than it was in
America at the time of the study. However, this was the only literature available that considered breaking down the cost of repair. Figure 3– Repair and
Replacement Costs

Great Lakes Water Piping
Great Lakes Water Piping
Unbiased Introduction For years, there has been debate over who has access to the water in the Great Lakes. The Great Lakes provide about 20
percent of the world's freshwater resources and many areas would like to use that water for various purposes. Water is also becoming a valuable
resource, with many areas lacking the access to it necessary for their area's needs. Because of this, lawmakers passed a compact in 2008 that was
designed to protect the Great Lakes against pressure from other States to withdraw water (Kalsness, 2011). A compact is an agreement between states
or nations that bind them to whatever they agreed upon. This compact makes sure that areas outside of the Great Lakes region do not have access to
the water. Despite this compact, some want to use the Great Lakes to pipe water to other states that do not have the same natural resources.
Proponents of this piping say that is gives water to areas that need it and that it will provide additional income to the area (Cauchon, 2006). Opponents
say that piping would go against water conservation and environmental protection as well as water management. They also say that it is a natural
resource that belongs to the area and should not be taken away to other areas of the country (Dempsey, 2008). Currently, the debate continues about the
correct use of the resource of the Great Lakes.
Supporting 'For" Arguments
Those who are in favor of piping the water out of the Great

Benefits Of Using Pvc Used For An Enterprise Of Pvc Furniture
CHAPTER 5
RESULT & DISCUSSION
5.1 RESULT & DISCUSSION
It can be easily understood by this paper that there are enormous benefits of using PVC in various applications. Setting up an enterprise of PVC
furniture can give us high returns at low input cost. Initial set–up cost of PVC furniture enterprise is also less as compared to other enterprises of same
level. This project requires less area because of its simple fabrication process and less machines required with reduced inventory. Dedicating ourselves
towards protecting environment it can save thousands/lakhs of trees which would otherwise be used in making furniture. Also precious earth metals
can be saved for more purposeful use by using PVC in many applications. Polyvinyl chloride (PVC) pipe are leading the way in replacing the various
other materials that have been previously used in pipe construction; they have only been scarcely used in the past, however over the past 30 years they
have proven themselves to be more than worthy replacements for the conventional materials such as steel and iron.
PVC has a myriad of advantages over traditionally used materials. For starters, PVC and PE pipe are very durable materials; they are just as strong as
iron, which is crucial due to pipes' exposure to both internal and external pressures. However, arguably two of their most important attributes are that
they neither corrode, nor do they have a

Detection Of The And Heat Affected Zone Areas
Location: Piping loop including Weld and Heat affected zone areas
Reason: H2S > 50wppm, Operating temperature intermittently at 60в„ѓ, non–PWHT, C–Mn steel
Reference from API 571 (4)
All these damages are due to absorption and permeation of hydrogen in steels.
1. ">50 wppm dissolved H2S in the free water promote– hydrogen blistering, HIC, SOHIC and SSC.
An arbitrary value of 50 wppm H2S in the water phase is often used as the defining Concentration where wet H2S damage becomes a problem."
2. "Blistering, HIC, and SOHIC damage have been found to occur between ambient and 300в„‰ (150в„ѓ) or higher and for SSC generally occurs
below about 180в„‰ (82в„ѓ)."
Mitigation Process study to achieve pH value which can reduce the permeation of hydrogen steel and also changes in the process to reduce ammonia
and hydrogen cyanide in the sour water (liquid phase). Field sampling of the free liquid phase should be performed on a periodic to monitor
Conditions.
Procedure and Inspection plan with the required surface preparation for performing Inspection shall be prepared with the consultation of Material and
Corrosion specialist to check weld seams and nozzles addition to visual Inspection. Using Ultrasonic shear wave testing for volumetric and crack sizing
and wet fluorescent magnetic particle testing. Specialized corrosion inhibitors can be used. Effective surface coating of the piping will protect external
damage. With the consultation of welding engineer and material specialist, non PWHT

Research Paper On Piping Plovers
Like many creatures in nature, piping plovers need protection to make sure the species survives. The piping plover is a beautiful, small shorebird.
There are only about 7,000 of them in the world. Piping plovers are labeled "threatened" and "endangered" under a federal law, the Endangered
Species Act. This law offers some protection to species that are in danger of dying out. Yet there are still challenges to the piping plover population
from humans and animals. The best way to fully protect piping plovers is through more laws and regulations. One major problem is the human
activity in areas where piping plovers live. The birds eat, breed, and make their nests on beaches, especially on coasts. Humans affect these beaches by
developing coastal

What Is Lead Piping?
Lead is a heavy metal that has adverse effects on the body once it enters the blood stream. The mental can naturally occur in form of lead ore or in
combined states. It can also be found in industrial products such as paint and toys. Lead poisoning is a condition that occurs in human beings as well
as other animals often manifested by an increased level of heavy metals. The presence of heavy metals in the blood stream has an adverse effects on the
normal functioning. It can lead to interferences with the mode of functioning that the body exhibits. It can also culminate in the tissue damage with the
most organ systems being affected. Lead poisoning has adverse effects on children since one of the organ systems that it targets is the... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
Symptoms of lead poisoning in the adults may be nonspecific in the early days of exposure (Ferron et al., 226–233). The symptoms of the lead
poisoning may manifest in adults through depression, l decreased libido, sleep deprivation, constipation and abdominal pain (Laidlaw and Taylor, 1–9).
Queer taste in the mouth can also manifest as one of the nonspecific signs of lead poisoning. Patho–physiology of lead poisoning can take place
through three routes. One of the routes of lead poisoning is inhalation of the lead dust from oil paint, ingestion or skin contact. Skin contact is an
occasional mode of transference of the metal however, in the event that the lead compound is embodied in an organic form, skin contact is a likely
Moe of transferring lead poisoning. Contact with any of the mucous membranes often leads to lead poisoning. Therefore, the main source of lead
absorption into the body include inhalation and ingestion. Once lead is ingested or inhaled into the body, it is transported to the main compartments.
Some of the compartments include the blood stream soft tissues as well as

Piping Personal Statement
In being a current resident of Summerside I have been able to take action and become involved in the cities community, as well as the Island's. As a
result of being involved I have gained plenty of hands–on experiences that have and will continue to help me in my studies. I aim to further develop
my skills through various programs, councils, clubs and classes at UPEI next year.
Consistently since the summer of 2016 I have worked full time, forty hours a week, from the end of June to the end of August, at TheCollege of Piping.
I mainly worked in the gift shop developing customer service, ticket selling, money management and store display skills. Outside of the giftshop I
helped organize and set up a variety of shows and maintaining the grounds. Over the past four years I have volunteered two hundred plus hours at the
College of Piping. This has included, but not limited to helping set up and arrange festival, pub nights and other various activities, helping with the
weekly fifty–fifty and maintenance of the grounds. Beyond the College I am a member of the Minions club at Three Oaks, we read up and coming
novels and review their suitability towards the school curriculum. I have also volunteered at an array of other school related activities such as the
PEISAA triathlon, basketball tournaments and the craft fair.
In my high school life ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
As the oldest and one of the most experienced snare drum members of The College of Piping grade five band, I have been presented with
leadership roles and have had band members look up to me. Especially on band trips, I have had members ask for help or for suggestions on the way
they are playing and how they are presented. I have also been a captain of my junior high basketball team. Through these various experiences I have
unexpectedly seen myself applying these skills in other situations, such as group projects and volunteer

Nt1330 Unit 2 Individual Assignment
Laser Plumbing
Pimlico Plumbers supply solutions for all your domestic preservation demands such as plumbing heating, bathrooms electrics, machine installation and
repairs, woodworking, roofing Gas installation associated equipment and accessories, that is built to express or control gasoline that's downstream in
the fuel source point, but doesn't contain anything beyond the gasoline installation end point, and suggests a tube or method of pipes. Moreover, Bill
Howe was acknowledged by the National Plumbing Heating Cooling Contractors Association (PHCC) and Delta Faucet Co. in 2011 once they honored
him with National Plumbing Contractor of the Entire Year. Bill Howe Plumbing has been helping San Diego County, employing the best quality
Sandiego ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The Style Studio opened in 2012 to offer clients using a turnkey solution due to their toilet or home needs. Heat and plumbing Technicians often work
with the troubles that include numerous ecological conditions. Your 5 Star Technicians have the various tools and are some of the best in the industry
and coaching to preserve you comfortable all–season long. You can expect an incredibly wide selection of services covering your entire residential
plumbing

Engineering Essay
UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, DAVIS DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL AND ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING COURSE: WATER RESOURCES
SIMULATION (ECI 146) CRN 29727; 4 units INSTRUCTOR: FabiГЎn A. Bombardelli (fabombardelli@ucdavis.edu,
fabianbombardelli2@gmail.com, bmbrdll@yahoo.com) OFFICE: 3105, Ghausi Hall Class: Tuesdays and Thursdays–12:10 PM to 1:30 PM (Olson
118) Computer lab: Fridays–1:10 PM to 2:00 PM (Academic Surge 1044) READER: Mr. Kaveh Zamani (kzamani@ucdavis.edu) TEACHING
ASSISTANT: Ms. Kate Hewett (kmhewett@ucdavis.edu) COMPUTER PROBLEM 1: Solution of the Colebrook–White equation via three different
methods. Assigned on: Friday, January 13, 2012 Due on: Tuesday, January 24, 2012 Introduction The Moody diagram is the most reliable source of
...
Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Notice that the Reynolds number is given in logarithmic scale. Then, we exit the diagram horizontally, starting from the point defined above, towards
the left of the diagram. Page 1 of 4 The Colebrook–White formula was proposed in the first half of last century, and allows for the computation of f . It
is expressed as follows: 1 = в€’ 2 log10 f п
Ј« Оµ 2.51 пЈ¬ + пЈ¬ 3 .7 D в„њ f пЈ пЈ¶ пЈ· пЈ· пЈё (1) where Оµ or ks indicates the pipe equivalent
roughness, D is the pipe diameter, and в„њ is the Reynolds number. The main characteristic of Equation (1) is that it is implicit. It can be observed that
the Darcy–Weisbach coefficient appears at both sides in (1), and there is no way of obtaining it solely as a function of known variables. Therefore, a
numerical method needs to be applied to compute that coefficient. Equation (1) can be expressed as: пЈ« Оµ 1 2.51 + 0.869 ln пЈ¬ + пЈ¬ 3.7 D в„њ f f
пЈ пЈ¶ пЈ·=0 пЈ· пЈё (2) where the logarithm on base 10 has been converted to the "natural" logarithm. Multiplying by f , Equation (2) yields: пЈ« Оµ
2.51 f 0.869 ln пЈ¬ + пЈ¬ 3.7 D в„њ f пЈ пЈ¶ пЈ·=0 пЈ· пЈё F =1+ (3) which is still an implicit equation. Problem 1 You are asked to: 1. Please, develop
a code for the bisection method to obtain the value of f in the following 12 points, well distributed on the Moody diagram: в„њ =3 x 106Оµ D
=0.0008; в„њ =3 x 106– Оµ D =0.00005; в„њ =3 x 107– Оµ D =0.00001; в„њ =3 x 107Оµ D =0.002; в„њ =3 x 107– Оµ D =0.015; в„њ =3 x 105–
Оµ D =10–10; в„њ =3 x 105Оµ D =0.002; в„њ

Jacob & Young V.
Facts: Jacob & Young is a contracting firm that agreed to build the house for Mr. Kent. In the contract regarding the home, Mr. Kent states that "all
raw iron pipes must be well galvanized, lap welded pipes of the grade know as 'standard pipe' of Reading manufacture". Mr. Kent moved to the house
on June, 1914, and found no problems nor complaint of the contractors performance. On March 1915 , the Mr. Kent learned that that some of the
piping used were from other factories. Due to the erro of pipes for pluming, Mr. Kent argued that Jacob & Young do the work anew. However, most of
the pluming was encased with the wall. This meant to do the substitution of the pipes would mean the demolitionof a large part of the structure. Jacob
& Young refused, and asked for the reaming payment of their work. Mr. Kent refused the payment resulting in the suit.
... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
The piping used was the same quality and performance level, the only distinction being "Reading Manufacturer" being stamped every six or seven feet.
Asking the plaintiff to start the work anew would also be extremely costly to plaintiff for a wrong he did not intentionally

Improved Compressed Air Quality At Addington Depot Essay
IMPROVED COMPRESSED AIR QUALITY AT ADDINGTON DEPOT
Project Title
Compressor Air Receiver for Addington Depot within six months to reduce current Health and Safety issues and equipment water damaged.
Introduction
This project addresses the issues that lie with the air supply and installation of a new air pipework at Addington Depot.
The risk of not doing this project is that the compressor will have to be replaced in the future. The amount of moisture in the system will eventually
cause the compressor to malfunction. At the moment the compressor is having mechanical problems due to the moisture in the system.
Air hoses that are lying across the ground and hanging from the wall are a serious trip hazard.
The current work environment is untidy.
There is risk of repetitive strain injury from repeatedly entering and exiting the repair road pit.
The compressor does not have an air receiver tank.
In air pipeline water is present at the lowest point.
Air equipment's and tools are getting water damaged.
The project will be divided into two stages:
Stage 1
Plan and install a compressed air receiver.
Stage 2
Plan and install pipework in the main repair road pit.
An air storage tank is an economical system addition that enhances the performance of the other components in your compressed air system. A
receiver tank, also called an air storage tank, gives you additional compressed air capacity for times when demand surges. A properly sized receiver can
buffer

Pipe Bend Literature Review
Chapter One
INTRODUCTION AND LITERATURE REVIEW
1.1INTRODUCTION
Pipe bends are used in power plants, oil refineries, petroleum pipelines, chemical industries, pharmaceuticals and food industry. The main purpose of
bend pipe is to change the direction of substance in the piping system and it is considered as one of the critical components in the piping systems due to
its flexibility. The piping system carry substances from one point to another point. The carrying of substance in pipe system will be done by applying
pressure, temperature etc. If the piping system in an industry fails, company have to stop the running process and it's directly loss to company. The
company have to do maintenance of piping system and cost is increased. Therefore, the piping system have the importance in the industry. The safety of
the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
4)The thickness at crown of the bend is the average of maximum and minimum thickness (Вјt).
5)Under torsional moment loading, the pipe bend was assumed to behave like a straight pipe, keeping a circular cross–section
A.Buckshumiyan (2013) analyzed the plastic collapse loads in shape–imperfect pipe bends under in–plane opening bending moment. In this paper, one
half of the pipe bend with straight pipe attachment is used for analysis. Symmetry boundary condition was applied as one half of section is used for
analysis. Using Multipoint constraint, one end of pipe bend is kept constant and to the other end rotation is applied to obtain moment–rotation curve to
find out the collapse load. The moment–rotation curves were plotted for each model to obtain collapse load. Finally concluded that thickness variation
in the cross section of pipe bends on account of thinning and thickening produces negligible effect on collapse moment. The effect of ovality on
collapse moment is

Piping Plover Research Paper
Endangered Animal: The Piping Plover
Thesis: The Piping Plover is an endangered animal that is a small
shorebird.
I. Introduction II. The Piping Plover's scientific name is Charadrius melodus. The common
name is Piping Plover. The features and characteristics of the Piping Plover
consist of a overall body length of 17 cm. The adults have pale, gray–colored
upper body and white undersides. The legs of the bird are orange. Breeding
adults have a black forehead, breast bands, and black–tipped orange bill. Non
breeding adults have neither the forehead, breast bands, and their bills are
entirely dark. The voice of the Piping Plover is a clear, whistled "peep–lo."
III. The Piping Plover runs in short bursts

Good Residential Plumber
Most people don't put too much thought into finding a good residential plumber until there's an actual problem and there are disruptions in service or
damaging leaks in the home. The thing about it, according to the expert team at Flo–Rite Plumbing, based in Kailua Kona, HI, is that plumbing
problems don't follow a set schedule; issues can emerge and spiral out of control any time of day. This is why a 24 hour plumber can prove to be
absolutely invaluable when things are going wrong.
When should you rely on a 24 hour plumber? This quick breakdown should clear things up:
Burst Pipes: There's no doubt that there are times when things can escalate quickly when it comes to your home's plumbing. If you're seeing full on
flooding in your home,

Natural Gas Transmission Pipeline Network System Essay
Natural gas transmission pipeline network system.
Introduction
One of the most widely used source of energy in world is natural gas (NG) and is due to its environment friendly characteristics. The distance between
the resources and the place where it is needed is usually far apart. It is more economical to transport natural gas by pipeline compared to Liquefied
Natural Gas (LNG) for short distance. In transmission pipeline network system (TPNS), gas flow through various devices such as regulators,
compressors, and valves. Through TPNS, the gas pressure reduces result of the friction with pipe wall and heat transfer between the gas and the
surroundings.
Minimizing energy consumption and maximizing flow rate is the main factor for the design and operation of TPNS. To determine this, TPNS
simulation is used for various configurations.
Main parts of TPNS can be divided into pipes and non–pipe elements. The involving of non–pine elements make the calculation more complex. One of
the non–pipe elements is the compressor station, and is consider the key elements for the analysis. More equations is involved when considering the
non–pipe elements. Figure 1. General procedure for mathematical formulation of TPNS simulation.
Mathematical Formulations
Pipe flow equation is one of the main equations for the simulations. The principle of flow analysis of gas is used to derive the equations. Factors such
as gas properties, friction factor and geometry of the pipe is affecting the flow

The Shand Untreated Water Makeup System
The purpose of the Shand Untreated Water Makeup System (KI) is to supply raw, non–potable water to Shand Power Station. The majority of water
comes from Rafferty Dam, with a smaller amount that comes from the wetlands source. The water is gathered in the Shand raw water pond, where it
can be distributed to several areas for on–site usage. The largest consumers of this water are the cooling towers. SaskPower has a contract with the City
of Estevan to accept sewage effluent until Shand's end of life. It achieves this by pumping the sewage effluent into the constructed wetlands and
eventually into the main untreated water line to be delivered to the Shand raw water pond.
Short–Term Recommendations
Short–term recommendations are ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
If a replacement of 'A' pump is justified (due to operating conditions or inspection findings) prior to 2022, it is recommended to proceed with
replacement. If not replaced prior to 2022, it is recommended to replace 'A' Rafferty pump in 2022.
It is recommended that the Rafferty outlet piping and valves be replaced in 2022. This includes all piping and valves up to the enclosure conduit. The
recirculation valves are excluded from replacement (as they will have been replaced in 2017). The major valves should be re–assessed prior to 2022 to
confirm which require replacement.
It is recommended to isolate the current untreated makeup water line from the previously used and currently unmaintained Estevan aquifer piping in
order to maintain system integrity. The line would be exposed, capped, and backfilled.
Purpose
This purpose of this report is to assess the Shand Untreated Water Makeup System (KI) in two ways:
To determine what work is required to operate safely and reliably until 2022
To determine what work is required in 2022 to extend the life of the system to 2030 / 2042
2General/Background Information
The purpose of the Shand Untreated Water Makeup System (KI) is to supply raw, non–potable water to Shand Power Station. The water is gathered in
the Shand raw water pond, where it can be distributed to several areas for on–site usage. The largest consumers of this water are the cooling towers. The

Pipefitter Research Paper
What do plumbers generally do? Plumbers, pipefitters, and steamfitters typically do the following prepare cost estimates for clients, read blueprints and
follow state and local building codes. Also determine the material and equipment needed for a job, install pipes and fixtures, inspect and test installed
pipe systems and pipelines. In addition they troubleshoot malfunctioning systems and repair and replace worn parts. But specifically I want to become
a Pipefitter which means am going have to install and maintain pipes that carry chemicals, acids, and gases. These pipes are used mostly in
manufacturing, commercial, and industrial settings. Fitters install and repair pipe systems in power plants, as well as heating and cooling systems in

Stainless Steel Icing Piping Nozzles
Chef choice 24 pcs Stainless Steel Icing Piping Nozzles set, Cake Decorating Tips, cupcake tool, cake decorating supplies
PRODUCT TITLE
Chef choice 24 pcs Stainless Steel Icing Piping Nozzles set+ Cake Decorating tips +cupcake tool premium baking tools with bonus silicone pastry
bags, 6 cake cups & 1 cake pen +cake decorating supplies, cake decorating set, for baking cakes, cookies & pastries,
PRODUCT DESCRIPTION
Discover easy baking steps without prior experience in baking with Chef choice 24 pcs Stainless Steel Icing Piping Nozzles set, Cake Decorating
Tips, cupcake tool, cake decorating supplies; This cake decorating supplies includes everything you need to create your dream pastry cakes, desserts
and savory cupcakes for birthdays, anniversary, or family picnics plus a free bonus silicone pastry bags, 6 cake cups & 1 cake pen all in one pack to
take your baking to the next level. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This cake decorating kit offers the ability to make your mind more creative and very productive. It is designed with easy, quick baking tips, better
dexterity for beginners & professionals chefs alike. It contains the perfect frosting pips to make your cakes, deserts and cookies the focal point of any
table.
With this cake decorating set you and your children can enjoy baking your favorite cup cakes, cookies and pastries together as a fun loving

Pipes: Annotated Plumbing System
Pipes are structures used to transport materials, mainly fluids. Pipes make up piping systems, the most common of which is plumbing . Plumbing
systems are installed in nearly every building in the US to distribute potable water for drinking, heating, washing, and removing waterborne waste.
According to Peterson 2014, underground piping systems should be designed for near zero leakage and must account for material degradation,
high–pressure and hydraulic shock, heat changes, and corrosion. The plumbing systems in use today reflect developments and improvements over the
years. These developments were achieved as a result of the contributions and accumulated experience of engineers, contractors, plumbers, committees
for standards development, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
A computer simulator is a computer software that provides an approximate simulation of physical systems. The only other alternative to a simulator is
to test pipes in real life, which is easily affected by unrelated factors, and is therefore less effective and less accurate. Another disadvantage of the
alternative is the time and material cost, which makes it an inefficient alternative. The COMSOL Multiphysics simulator will account for variations in
water flow and internal pressure, and will allow for constants to stay constant, while still providing practical information. In other words, the use of the
COMSOL Multiphysics simulator in this experiment rather than the alternatives is the most efficient and effective option and is superior to other
alternatives. COMSOL Multiphysics simulator creates a model to in a user–friendly interface that allows for constants and non constants. The
COMSOL Multiphysics simulator will be used because it uses an application builder. The application builder will allow simulation apps to be made
with intuitive user interfaces that are fully customizable based on design needs and will suit a variety of purposes. Consequently, it will allow for non
constant water flow and non constant internal pressure within various piping

Geothermal Energy Essay
Geothermal Energy In today's world, we are stuck in a constant debate about efficient energy usage and production. Many have gone to alternative fuel
sources do to the rising cost of fossil fuels and the environmental damage caused by the burning of fossil fuels. One option that goes largely unexplored
is geothermal energy. Geothermal energy is not only a much more environmentally–friendly power source than fossil fuels, but the cost of installation
is not significantly more expensive than the installation of a new "High Efficiency" conventional heating system. The focus of this inquiry will be upon
single–household use, however it will also delve into geothermal energy on an industrial scale. The first question any reasonable homeowner ... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
After this point you will continue to save the $2617 per year. Based on Jay Egg's professional calculations, you will save $31,855 over the course
of 15 years over installing a new "High Efficiency" conventional system, and $9,885 without factoring the cost of a new high efficiency system.
Another question homeowners generally ask is: Where do these costs come from? The majority of the costs of installing a closed loop subsoil
geothermal system in your household come from the cost of drilling the bore holes and running the piping. Costs, which while not factored in to the
above equation, may be reduced due to your specific location (Next to a large body of water, likely meaning the presence of an aquifer beneath the
Earth below your house.) In your home, depending upon the presence of an aquifer or the ability to place piping into the lake, you may opt instead to
use an open or closed loop system that runs either through the lake in pipes (closed loop) or into and out of an underground aquifer through two pipes,
using free standing water as the heat exchange medium (open–loop system). The costs of these systems are typically less

Seepage Control in Earthen Dams
Most dams in active use today exhibit seepage of one form or another. The location, rate of flow, and turbidity (clear or murky) are the critical
factors when evaluating the seriousness of seepage from a dam. Seepage is the continuous movement of water from the upstream face of the dam
toward its downstream face, and is a major minor problem when it comes to the life span of dams and embankments. It is a major minor problem
because if controlled the affects are minor and not hazardous, but if not controlled it can become a major problem and possibly result in failures.
–Conditions of Seepage– Most dams have some seepage through or around the embankment as a result of water moving through the soil structure. If the
seepage forces are ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Most failures caused by groundwater and seepage can be classified into one of two categories based on the type of soil movement that is occurring.
The failures will typically develop over a relatively long period of time so there will be ample warning if routine inspections are performed. The two
categories of failure include those that take place when soil particles migrate to an escape exit and cause piping or erosion failures, and those that are
caused by uncontrolled seepage patterns that lead to saturation, internal flooding, excessive uplift, or excessive seepage forces.
–Controlling Seepage– Regularly scheduled monitoring and inspection is essential to detect seepage and prevent dam failure. Inspections should be
made periodically throughout the year. Frequency should be based on hazard classification of the dam. Higher classified dams should be checked
more common, compared to those that are lower hazard classified. At a minimum all dams should be visually inspected at least every six months,
before a predicted major storm event, during or after severe rainstorms or snowmelts, and inspected weekly after construction is complete and
reservoir filling is ongoing, and for at least two months after the reservoir has been filled. Dam inspections performed on a regular basis are the most
economical aid a dam owner can use to assure the safety and long life of the structure while reducing liability risks. If seepage is detected on a

INDUSTRIAL TRAINING REPORT 2013
INDUSTRIAL TRAINING REPORT
PFCE – BJW ENGINEERING SDN BHD
LOT P, KM 105, JALAN KUANTAN– K.TERENGGANU
24300 KERTEH
TERENGGANU DARUL IMAN
MUHAMMAD HAFIZ BIN ESA
MA10122
FACULTY OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
UNIVERSITI MALAYSIA PAHANG
01 JULY 2013– 06 SEPTEMBER 2013
BJW ENGINEERING SDN BHD
I hereby declare that Muhammad Hafiz Esa (MA10122), student of Department of
Mechanical, Universiti Malaysia Pahang (UMP) has successful completed his
Engineering Industrial Training from
July 2013 till
September 2013 at
PFCE–BJW Engineering Sdn. Bhd, Kerteh, Terengganu. This report is prepared by the above mentioned student as a partial fulfilment of this training.
All information given in this report is true and does not contain any confidential ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Title

1.1
Company Organization Chart
2.1
Spool Prepare & Fabricate
2.2
Leak Test Preparation
3.1
Piping ISO Drawing
3.2
Piping & Instrument flow Diagram (P&ID) Drawing
3.3
General Arrangement (GA) Drawing
3.4
Test Package Detail Description
3.5
Fit–Up & Visual Inspection Report
3.6
Body Harness Component

3.7
Work at Plant
3.8
Piping Support Guide
3.9
Sling Belt
3.10
Hydro Test
3.11
Workshop Work; Repairing & Inspection
Page
LIST OF TABLES
Table No.
Title
1.1
Company Experience
1.2

Key Personal
1.3
Man Power Involve
3.1
Sling Belt Colour Description
Page
CHAPTER 1
BACKGROUND OF INDUSTRIAL
1.1
COMPANY PROFILE
BJW Engineering Sdn. Bhd. is one of the PFCE Group of Company that focus on Oil and Gas Engineering work such as piping and fabrication work.
Was located in Kerteh, Terengganu, and this company incorporate and registered as a registered company on 06 November 1998. Establish to handle
many Petronas Gas
Berhad (PGB) work such as Plant Rejuvenation and Revamp Project (PRR), mini shutdown/turn around and overall shutdown. Currently, BJW
Engineering now involves on Plant Rejuvenation and Revamp Project 2 (PRR2) on Gas

Holladay Plumber Research Paper
All About Holladay Plumbers
Many individuals do not think about the characteristic of a plumbing expert, till their kitchen sink backs up or the bathtub pipe bursts. If you're in
search of Plumber Holladay then it isn't so difficult because they're numerous companies available in this region that supply this type of service, but if
you desire the finest support then double electrics and plumbing is the best option for you as we have very broad experience in this field and supply
cheap plumbing services.
With all the components and plumbing fixture prepared, you should then depend on the expertise of the very most reliable plumbing company in
Miami Florida As you may know, skilled plumbers are built with the proper resources to fix every

How Baking Changed Over Time
Cake traditions, uses, events, and occasions have changed so much over time. Cakes were first used as decorations by rich people, then they slowly
became a dessert. It wasn't till later, after this that they became the main dish in many special occasions including birthdays and weddings, and shortly
after that baking cakes became a competition. "In the 1840s there was an important development in the kitchen and cooking technology: the temperature
controlled oven. This, of course, made baking more pleasant and convenient. During this period, cake baking became easier and thus more popular"
(Gauttier, n.d.). Cakes became more than decorations when the temperature controlled oven and other inventions came into the baking world. The
invention of ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Now, thanks to all the previously mentioned inventions, everyone and anyone can make cakes because the materials that are needed to bake a
cake are easier to get. The specific invention of the cake pan made a big change in the cake industry by introducing different shapes and sizes of
cakes. "Back in the day, there were round cakes and if you really wanted to be daring, square cakes" (Anderson, 2015). Cakes used to be plain and
simple from taste to look, but shortly after the invention of the cake pans, cakes started to take a different spin. The cake pan introduced cartoon
character shapes and modern shapes including Winnie the Pooh, Spongebob, rectangles, and hearts. The word about cakes becoming more creative
didn't take long to spread before everyone was trying the new cake pans. Today, some bakers are even talented enough to sculpt a cake into realistic
objects like Christmas trees, shoes, cars, and even scenes. They do this by slowly cutting off pieces of cake to resemble the shape of the item or
object that they want. The new coming of different cake shapes and sizes started the evolution of cakes. Shortly after the cake pans came along, piping
tips and piping bags were

Exploring Underground Natural Gas Piping Essay
How to Locate Underground Natural Gas Piping From Your Gas Meter
Locating underground natural gas piping takes some prior training and experience. This how to is the basic skills necessary to locate underground gas
piping using a split box locator. It will help new operators understand the basic principle of locating.
Equipment Needed:
Transmitter and
Receiver
An Operator
Yellow Marking Flags
Ground Rod
Black and Red Connecting Cables
Here are the following instructions in order to successfully locate underground natural gas piping. Step 1:
Before you can begin locating, you must check your split box locator. It is important to make sure your split box locator is working correctly.
Checking your battery is the first thing you would check, weak batteries is the most common problem for split box locator not operating correctly.
Now after you have checked your equipment and everything is ready to go, you are ready to hook up the locator.
Step 2:
Open the split box locator. One half of the box consists of the transmitter and the other half is the receiver. Once you have opened the box, inside the
box you will find a ground rod and black and red connecting cables. Take those two items out as you will need them to hook up the transmitter. Step 3:
Grab the black and red connecting cables. On the bottom of the transmitter box there is plug in where you plug the cables into. Plug the cables into the
plug in and then connect the red cable to the yellow tracer located on the gas meter

Petroleum Gas And Gas Services
CE 1–1
Central Gas Co. is the leader in oil & gas services in Jordan. It was the first to bring/use LPG (liquefied Petroleum Gas) technology in Jordan. The
major activities of the company are; designing, installation and commission LPG centralize systems, supply clients with LPG via its own fleets,
replacing Diesel fuel burners or any other burners by LPG burners, and conducting studies and consultation for both the public and private sector in the
field of LPG technologies.
Organizational Structure
CE 1–2
My duties and responsibilities while working at Central Gas Co. included, but not limited to as the following:
I worked on parallel with the proposal and design teams on the plant design and draft.
Preparing / coordinate the drawings for general submissions to be approved.
I derived the Bill of quantities.
I initiate and prepared all tender documents and circulated the same to select contractors.
I finalized the order with help of the top management and issue the order to the selected one.
I prepared reports of the developments of the project to the General Superintendent and Director.
I have supervised and managed the execution of the work by managing technician's team that being responsible of LPG systems installation in many
sites.
I have supervised and was working with a team on some projects for piping design of LPG central network systems.
Commission the installation of the LPG systems according to the NFPA standards applied in Jordan.

API RP 520: A Case Study
Safety valves shall be provided for pressure vessels, exchangers, and piping in accordance with the Boiler and Pressure Vessels Act, applicable
province, and CSA B51 where applicable.
ASME and API RP 520 formula shall be used to calculate sizes of valves.
Relief valves shall be used on the discharge of reciprocating pumps where the stalling pressure exceeds the design pressure of the pump, the piping, or
other equipment on the discharge side of the pump.
Where heat exchange equipment can be blocked in and there is a possibility of liquid expansion, the cold (liquid) side of the equipment shall be
protected with a minimum size relief valve.
Any PSVs with lowpoints shall have drains to ensure no liquid buildup.
Long liquid lines which may be blocked in ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Each vendor is required to provide data and drawings specific to each instrument that they are providing. All documentation provided by the vendor
shall reflect the tag number, purchase order number, revision and date.
The Manufacturer shall submit, as a minimum, the following documents with the quotation:
1.Dimensional outline drawing, including accessories
2.Instrument Hook–up drawing
3.Electrical Hook–up drawing
4.Valve sizing and noise calculation sheets
5.Data sheet identifying complete model number, materials and other vendor details
6.Catalogue data for instrument and accessories
After the purchase order has been issued the vendor shall provide electrical drawings and certified dimensional drawings for approval. These drawings
are required by project for design purposes.
The final drawing package submitted by the vendor shall include the following:
1.Certified dimensional drawing
2.Connection drawings
3.Inspection and test reports
4.Valve sizing and noise calculation sheets
5.Recommended spare parts list with pricing

6.Installation, operation and maintenance

Stainless Steel Hooks Research Paper
Stainless steel hoses serve a variety of functions in an industrial setting, and if you are starting a business that will need these hoses, there is a good
chance that you may not be that familiar with what these hoses need to stay in good condition. Utilizing the following couple of tips will help you to
avoid some routine errors that can cause problems for your enterprise's steel hoses.
Conduct ALeak Check
Regardless of whether your hoses are carrying liquid or gas, it is important to perform regular leak checks to make sure the hoses' integrity has not
been compromised. A small leak can indicate an area of general weakness in the hoses, which could place them at a risk of exploding or rupturing.
To perform a leak check, you will need

All You Need To Know About Plumbing
All You Need to Know About Plumbing
Plumbing is a topic that typically does not come up until there is a problem. Having some knowledge about plumbing prior to the development of
problems can help you be more proactive, take preventative measures, and have an awareness of the appropriate steps to take should an issue arise.
Preventive Plumbing and Maintenance
Preventive plumbing and maintenance can significantly reduce the risk of developing more complex plumbing problems. Additionally, taking
preventive measures is less expensive than waiting for parts to break down or become damaged. By scheduling routine maintenance and doing simple
checks, you can save money.
There are some preventive routines that you can conduct yourself. Simple steps can go a long way in preventing damage. Routines such as using
strainers to prevent hair and other items from clogging the drain are helpful. Cleaning the strainers and aerators on a consistent basis will add another
layer of protection. Routinely checking around sinks and under toilets for minor leaks and water is a good habit to develop to catch minor leaks
before they become major.
A notably helpful tip is to avoid the use of heavy duty commercial chemicals to unclog drains. Chemicals can further damage pipes and cause harm to
you and the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Professionals are more knowledgeable and efficient. They are better equipped to accurately monitor and assess the functions of your toilets, sinks, and
water heater. Professionals look for corrosion and mold that you may not be able to see. Additionally, many homeowners overlook small problems and
attribute them to normal wear and tear. For example, a homeowner may think some movement of the toilet is normal but in actuality, it can be much
more detrimental in the long run if it is not addressed

Using Via Bim Phase Channel
As shown in Fig. 10 an ID marker has been printed to be used as a trackable in order to be used via BIM–Phase channel. BIM–Phase developed
application shows six buttons in the bottom of the screen numbered from one to six. These buttons reflect the project's skeleton phases, which has
been added to the user interface using Metaio Creator. The Concrete skeleton is divided into six phases as explained before, where the user has the
flexibility to change the phasing interval in the Augmented Reality creator tool. When a button is tapped, the model of each phase is rendered on
the origin point of the ID marker. In Fig. 10, the shown rendered model is scaled to depict the first phase. Moreover, behind the 3D model of the
first phase an augmented 5D model visualizes the planned progress of works over each day combined with the planned cost, which is known as the
Budgeted Cost of Work Scheduled (BCWS). Fig. 10. 5D augmented Video in BIM–Phase Application This augmented video can also be used to reflect
the actual update for the 5D model from the site on a weekly basis. On April 16, 2014, which represent the day no. 342 in the project duration an
update for the project's time schedule was performed. And thereafter, the updated time schedule was exported to the Navisworks in .CSV format to
synchronize it with additional data acquired from Primavera. This data were the planned value, earned value, and the actual cost of work performed
for the activities. As such, the Navisworks was

Quicksand Lab Report
Quicksand is a condition forms when saturated loose sand is suddenly agitated (loss its stress force). Thus, lose it strength as it cannot support its own
weight. In the laboratory, the sand was compressed when a load is applied on it and later the water fill in the gaps between the sand grains and as a
result, the sand becomes saturated and called "semiliquid state". Furthermore, effective stress is calculated by total stress and pore water pressure.
where, effective stress; = total stress; and = pore water pressure.
The pore water pressure keeps increasing until the effective stress of soil equals to zero, hence, the strength of the soil equals to zero as well. There is
no more intergranular connection between the soil particles and the soil started to behave like a liquid.
In the experiment, water is flowing through the soil from left side entering right side of the tank by upwards motion (see Figure 5). This is happen
as critical gradient is exceeded, the soil moves upward, and the water boiling and piping occurs and push up the water. The water is flowing through
the way like a pipe inside the soil, the soil being pushed up and boils. This when the quicksand condition occurs. As soil loses its strength, the
foundation sinks because it does not have any more strength (no more intergranular connection between particles) and cannot support the weight
anymore. However, later when the water flow stops, soil regains its strength. Moreover, the set up of the sand tank create water to gradually increase
the water level head difference between the two sides until a quicksand condition and piping is observed.
Figure 5: Picture of The Tank after Quicksand and Piping Occurred
Note: The blue linein figure 5 is represent flow of water inside the tank in the experiment after the set–up tank been removed.
Part 3: Engineering Design Applications
Explain why and how quicksand conditions and piping have to be considered in the design of embankment dam. In addition, provide an example of a
dam failure where quicksand conditions and piping caused the failure. You can include one figure to illustrate your answer.
Dam is a barrier constructed that hold water to form a reservoir generate as a water supply. It is

Goodyear Tyre
CASE STUDY
Heat exchanger rupture and ammonia release in Houston, Texas
(One Killed, Six Injured)
2008–06–I–TX January 2011
This case study examines a heat exchanger rupture and ammonia release at The Goodyear Tire and Rubber Company plant in Houston, Texas. The
rupture and release injured six employees. Hours after plant responders declared the emergency over; the body of an employee was discovered in the
debris next to the heat exchanger.
Introduction
The Goodyear Tire and Rubber Company
Houston, TX June 11, 2008
Key Issues:
Emergency Response and Accountability Maintenance Completion Pressure Vessel Over
–pressure Protection
INSIDE . . .
Background Analysis
Incident Description Lessons Learned
Goodyear ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Goodyear uses three ammonia heat exchangers in its production process lines. The ammonia cooling system supplies the heat exchangers with
pressurized liquid ammonia. As the ammonia absorbs heat from the process chemical flowing through tubes in the center of the heat exchanger, the
ammonia boils in the heat exchanger shell (Figure 2). A pressure controlvalve in the vapor return line maintains ammonia pressure at 150 psig in the
heat exchanger. Ammonia vapor returns to the ammonia cooling system where it is pressurized and cooled, liquefying the ammonia.

Figure 2. Ammonia heat exchanger
3
Goodyear Houston Case Study
January 2011
The process chemicals exiting the heat exchanger flow to the process reactors. Each heat exchanger is equipped with a rupture disk in series with a
pressure relief valve (both set at 300 psig) to protect the heat exchanger from excessive pressure. The relief system vented ammonia vapor through the
roof to the atmosphere.
Liquefied ammonia causes frostbite on contact. One cubic foot of liquid ammonia produces 850 cubic feet of vapor. Since ammonia vapor is lighter
than air, it tends to rise. The vapor can also remain close to the ground when it absorbs water vapor from air in high humidity conditions. The
Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) and National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) limit worker exposure to
ammonia to 25 and 50 parts per

Icing Before A Dirty Ice
Feel the satisfaction of pushing icing through a shaped tip on your piping bag to create wondrous patterns and shapes. Get your buttercream into your
piping bags and let's go! Icing patterns and fondant decoration all sound really delicious right, but they are actually the basis of cake decorating when
combined with piping. Professional results are surprisingly achievable with very simple steps and will take you far past canned icing and sprinkles. With
just some buttercream frosting, icing, and some fondant you can become a professional level decorator overnight.
Although the outside appearance of a pro cake is what you are striving for, the first thing every cake needs is what's called a "dirty ice." Before the
dirty ice can take place,

Desages And Disadvantages Of Composites
A composite material is a material that is made of (composed of) 2 or more constituent materials with different physical and chemical properties of
each other. When combined, these materials form a composite with different properties from both of its constituent. Composite material is preferred
for many reasons. It is often stronger, lighter, and less expensive when compared to traditional materials. Engineered composite materials, for example,
are: mortars, concrete, metal composites, reinforced plastics, and ceramic composites. Nowadays, composites are widely used in many fields,
especially in industries. Industries including oil and gas industry now use composites as their equipment's material. One of the strongest reason why
composites are now widely used, is that, use of composites lower the production cost for... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Composites, which are mostly strong, are able to withstand the extreme condition of offshore environment. In the offshore oil and gas industry,
composites offer many advantages. The manufacturing cost and erecting oil rigs can be significantly reduced if using composites instead of using
heavy metal. Composites are lighter but offer a comparable strength. Composite could be used for fire–water piping, sea water cooling, draining
systems and sewerage, sump caissons and pull tubes, cable support systems, etc. The cost advantages by using composite products are really
significant when it is used to replace expensive corrosion–resistant metals such as copper–nickel alloys, duplex / super duplex stainless steel, titanium
etc. The metals mentioned are very expensive compared to composites. Also, composites are more lightweight. Composite is also very resistance to
salty and swampy solvent/fluids that may pass through, and therefore, it improves the reliability and safety of the work environment, and also leads to
lower life cycle

The Combined Effect Of Corrision And Erosion

Recommended

Recommended

More Related Content

Similar to The Combined Effect Of Corrision And Erosion

Similar to The Combined Effect Of Corrision And Erosion (15)

More from Katreka Howard

More from Katreka Howard (20)

Recently uploaded

Recently uploaded (20)

The Combined Effect Of Corrision And Erosion