Paraesophageal Hernia Research Paper

Paraesophageal Hernia Research Paper
This week I took care of a patient who had surgery for a paraesophageal hernia. She was three days post operation by the time I started providing care.
By this time, she only had a urinary catheter and g–tube. The g–tube was exciting because I was able to learn how to pass medications through it and
run TPN. However, this patient provided more of a challenge than learning how to properly care for a g–tube. This patient also had dementia. She was
disoriented to time, place, and situation. While I have taken care of multiple people with dementia in various stages, I found parts of caring for her
more difficult. The part of care that I found the hardest was patient teaching. Every time the patient looked down she would see the tubes. She
asked what they were for and I explained that they were to help with feeding until her throat felt better and to collect her urine. This was difficult for
her because she did not remember getting a surgery. She would look at the tubes for a while and then say she needed to pee. I would then explain to
her that the bag was collecting her urine and she didn't have to worry about going to the bathroom. The feeling she had was just the pressure from the
catheter. The cycle of her asking what the tubes were and saying she needed to use the restroom went on for a while. I... Show more content on
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I would allow her to use the commode every couple hours because she was having pretty frequent bowel movements. I did not want her to be on the
commode every time she said she needed to pee because she would insist on sitting on it for at least a half an hour trying to urinate. The other times I
found distracting her with walks and reading was beneficial. It was all just about finding the right type of redirection for her. I also talked to the family
about redirecting her and they seemed a little less frustrated while doing this. They also found comfort when I told them that the catheter would be
taken out that
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Doctor-Patient Relationship
A patient signed an arbitration agreement before he say the doctor for his surgery and the surgery went bad and the patient filed for compensation
due to effects from the wrong doings of the doctor. The court ruled that the arbitration agreement could not be upheld. This case shows what could
result in someone not being able to read legal papers before they sign or not knowing they have the right to not sign said paperwork. The majority
opinion for this case is correct. the wording on the arbitration agreement was one reason as well as the fact that a doctor–patient relationship was
present when Mr. King signed said agreement. Also, there are many cases that help to support the majority opinion. The plaintiffs, Robert E. King and
his wife... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
the North Carolina law Koufman v. Koufman, 330 N.C. 93, 97, 408 S.E.2d 590,731 (1991) details why the appeals haven't changed the findings.
the defendants do, however, argue that the facts found fail to result in the conclusion given based off Carolina Power & Light Co. v. City of
Asheville, 358 N.C. 512, 517, 597 S.E.2d 717, 721 (2004). Because of that the court decided it will review the defendants' challenges using a de
novo standard of review. The court ended up saying the result will be based off whether a relationship was present when Mr. King signed the
arbitration agreement. However, they don't think it was properly looked at based off a doctor–patient relationship. The court had decided to look at it
to see if there was a fiduciary relationship present when Mr. King signed the arbitration agreement. The court went on to say that in order for there to
be a breach of fiduciary, that relationship had to be present first. The court then mentions that Mr. King went to Dr. Bryant because of Dr. Bryant's
Knowledge in the surgical area needed to repair Mr.

Case Study : Shouldice Hospital Limited
Abstract
The purpose of this assignment is to read and review the case study. Then discuss your assessment of Shouldice Hospital 's marketing challenges, as
well as presenting your ideas for how the hospital can best manage those challenges. The assignment will contain the answer of the following questions:
How did Shouldice Hospital incorporate market research into its service offerings?
Who are Shouldice Hospital 's primary customer groups? What are their principal needs and preferences?
How were staff involved in assuring that the patient experience would be at its highest levels?
How was Shouldice Hospital able to market its comparative advantages against local and national competition?
How did the hospital deal with capacity issues and plans for further growth?
Submit your completed assignment to the drop box below. Please check the Course
Keywords: Case Study, Shouldice Hospital Limited
Case Study 10 – Shouldice Hospital Limited
Introduction
Dr. Edward Earle Shouldice graduated from the University of Toronto in 1916 and at the time of World War II, he was requested to provide his
services on the Medical Examining Board. Dr. Shouldice, who was appointed as a major in the army realized that many young men were unable to
serve the county because of their poor medical condition and these men needed surgical treatment to repair their hernias before they could be
pronounced physically fit for military training. Due to the lack of surgeons for such

Laparoscopic Hernia Repair
Laparoscopic umbilical hernia repair
Overview:
An umbilical hernia occurs when a tissue bulges out through an opening in the muscles on the abdomen near the navel or belly button (umbilicus).
About 10% of abdominal hernias are umbilical hernias
Causes:
You may notice a swelling or bulge in your navel which expands when you a cough, sneeze or strain. As a hernia enlarges, it may trap bowel or other
abdominal contents within it. If your hernia becomes painful then you need to see a doctor immediately as you may require an urgent operation.
Diagnosis:
History and Physical Exam Checks for the presence of bulge Additional Tests (see Glossary) Other tests may include: в—Џ Ultrasound в—Џ
Computerized tomography (CT) scan в—Џ Blood tests в—Џ Urinalysis в—Џ

Hiatal Hernia Essay
Hiatal Hernia
A hiatal hernia occurs when part of the stomach slides above the muscle that separates the abdomen from the chest (diaphragm). A person can be born
with a hiatal hernia (congenital), or it may develop over time. In almost all cases of hiatal hernia, only the top part of the stomach pushes through the
diaphragm.
Many people have a hiatal hernia with no symptoms. The larger the hernia, the more likely that you will have symptoms. In some cases, a hiatal hernia
allows stomach acid to flow back into the tube that carries food from your mouth to your stomach (esophagus). This may cause heartburn symptoms.
Severe heartburn symptoms may mean that you have developed a condition called gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD).
CAUSES ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Symptoms include:
Heartburn.
Belching.
Indigestion.
Trouble swallowing.
Coughing or wheezing.
Sore throat.
Hoarseness.
Chest pain.
DIAGNOSIS
This condition may be diagnosed during testing for GERD. Tests that may be done include:
X–rays of your stomach or chest.
An upper gastrointestinal (GI) series. This is an X–ray exam of your GI tract involving the use of a chalky liquid that you swallow. The liquid shows
up clearly on the X–ray.
Endoscopy. This is a procedure to look into your stomach using a thin, flexible tube that has a tiny camera and light on the end of it.

TREATMENT
This condition may be treated by:
Dietary and lifestyle changes to help reduce GERD symptoms.
Medicines. These may include:
Over–the–counter antacids.
Medicines that make your stomach empty more quickly.
Medicines that block the production of stomach acid (H2 blockers).
Stronger medicines to reduce stomach acid (proton pump inhibitors).
Surgery to repair the hernia, if other treatments are not helping.
If you have no symptoms, you may not need treatment.
HOME CARE INSTRUCTIONS
Lifestyle and

Giant Inguinoscrotal Herni A Case Report
Giant InguinoScrotal Hernia: A case report
Abstract: Giant Inguino scrotal hernia, though an uncommon entity presents with operative dilemma as there are no standard surgical procedure. Here
we present a case of giant inguinoscrotal hernia which was partly reducible. Patient underwent mesh repair after reduction of content through inguinal
and lower midline laprotomy with scotal reconstruction.
Key words: Giant inguino–scrotal hernia, mesh repair.
Introduction:
Giant inginoscrotal hernia are defined as, extending beyond the midpoint of thigh in standing position. Such cases are due to neglect of symptoms by
the patient till it affects the quality of life or present with complications. Operative intervention in such cases is assosciated with high motality and post
operative complications. We present a case of giant inguinoscrotal hernia, partially reducible with no co morbidities. Case Report:
A 49yrs Auto rickshaw driver presented to us with the complains of swelling in right groin since 20yrs which was initially reducible and since last
5yrs its not reducible. Patient had difficulty in walking and performing his daily activities. Patient is a smoker since 30yrs.
On examination: Right sided Ingunioscrotal swelling extending upto lower 1/3 of thigh in standing position, non reducible, cough impulse present,
right side testis was atropic with elongated spermatic cord.
Preoperatively patient was advised to quit smoking and incentive spirometry exercises for 2weeks.

Cyst Case Study
Results
Over a period of 4 years, 10 patients (6 men and 4 women) with abdominal complications of VP shunt catheter were managed. Their ages at operation
were ranged from 10 months to 17 years (table 1). All patients were investigated, diagnosed and managed laporoscopically. The median operative time
of the laparoscopic procedure varied according to the diagnosis. It was 120 minutes in abdominal pseudocysts, 45 minutes in recurrent congenital
inguinal hernias, 100 minutes in adhesive intestinal obstruction and 35 minutes in subcutaneous cyst. All patients were completed laparascopically
except one patient with large amalgamated abdominal pseudocyst; it was converted to laparotomy with complete excision of the cyst and removal of
the catheter ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Our series reinforces the feasibility and safety of laparoscopic management for distal catheter complications. The advantages of the laparoscopic
approach include a shorter hospital stay because of less postoperative pain. The catheter is positioned under direct vision with less bowel manipulation,
thus reducing the risk of bowel injury and the development of adhesions(3). Laparoscopy allows us to replace the shunts in the abdominal cavity under
direct visual guidance and cut them to appropriate size if necessary.
In addition, laparoscopy is a diagnostic tool that can be used to exclude any other intra–abdominal process possibly causing abdominal pain.
Laparoscopy can be repeated several times in case of further complications because it is less invasive. This is not the case with laparotomy, which is
more traumatic (3).
The potential problem that has been raised is retrograde leakage of carbon dioxide into the ventricle. This was not recognized in our series and has
not been reported previously. A recent in vitro study found that none of the valves tested showed any signs of leak associated with increased gaseous
back pressure below a pressure of 80 mm

Laser Hernia Recovery
Laser hernia treatment for faster recovery
When an organ or fatty tissue is squeezed through a weak spot in the connective tissue or surrounding muscle is called hernia. There are two ways to
treat a hernia such as traditional hernia repair and Laser hernia treatment. Hernia is treated with modern techniques is called Laparoscopic hernia or
Laser hernia surgery. A hernia is noticed as a lump or a bulge in the affected site. The bulge formation under the skin is due to the abdomen inner lining
pushes through the fragile area.
A hernia is classified as Inguinal (groin), femoral (outer groin), incisional (results from the incision), Hiatal (upper stomach area) and umbilical (belly
button). However, hernia commonly forms in the abdominal area.

Inguinal Hernia Repair
An account of a patient whose care I was involved during my clinical placement (anaesthetic care module)
The patient, while undergoing a routine physical examination, presented a hernia complication. It was an incisional hernia with a notable lesion around
the groin. The complication was detected from an informal diagnosis by a family member after a manifestation of a bulge around the inguinal region.
The patient had a history of constant but intermittent intra–abdominal pressure from physical activities. The hernia complication was reported to
manifest external bulges and internal pain in the abdomen from time to time. The patient was put under routine observation, and the examination
confirmed a history of characteristic swelling ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This was then followed by the use of plugs to contain the internal ring used to contain the protrusion caused by a hernia as devised by surgeon
Ambroise Pare. Surgical interventions on hernia repair without prosthetics such as mesh were inferior and reported almost a 100% follow up cases of
patients with a hernia recurrence. In additional to this, there were fatalities from the failure of the surgical procedures. As from experience a rapid shift
to the use of mesh prosthetics to repair sutures in the implementation of surgical interventions to aid patients came to be (Holzheimer,

Open Hernia Research Paper
Open hernia repair is a surgical procedure to fix a hernia. A hernia occurs when an internal organ or tissue pushes out through a weak spot in the
abdominal wall muscles. Hernias commonly occur in the groin and around the navel.
Most hernias tend to get worse over time. Surgery is often done to prevent the hernia from becoming bigger, uncomfortable, or an emergency.
Emergency surgery may be needed if abdominal contents get stuck in the opening (incarcerated hernia) or the blood supply gets cut off (strangulated
hernia). In an open repair, an incision is made in the abdomen to perform the surgery.
LET YOUR HEALTH CARE PROVIDER KNOW ABOUT:
Any allergies you have.
All medicines you are taking, including vitamins, herbs, eye drops,

Essay Shouldice Hospital Case
1Model Shouldice Hospital as a processing operation with products, attributes and resources.
2What are its competitive priorities?
3What kind of market has it chosen to focus on?
Shouldice Hospital follows the business model of focus on a single standardized service for a narrow target of consumers, rather than to provide
customized solution (as in a general clinic or hospital). It focuses on providing quick, convenient, and reliable cure for external types of abdominal
hernias. The Hospital uses its own technique, called the Shouldice Method and claims to provide relatively short post–operative recovery period.
Shouldice Hospital focus on hernia repair surgery which is mostly performed on males. Shouldice operation strategy ... Show more content on
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4How does its operations strategy support its business strategy?
Shouldice Hospital had an excellent well–developed, focused service delivery system. The business strategy was to not only provide its patients with a
quick, quality and low cost surgery but also providing an unforgettable experience and comfortable environment in the facility.
Operations Keys for successful business strategy:
Warm and friendly environment
1)Hospital is carpeted to get rid of the feel and helps in reduce disinfecting smell. The objective is to have friendly environment that will help patient
recuperate faster.
2)Patients are given rooms that they share with a roommate generally from a similar professional background or shares similar hobbies. This
encourages building of partnerships and sharing of medical notes.
3)Patients are encouraged to enjoy their meals in the common cafeteria, so that they get a chance to interact not only with other patients but also with
other doctors.
Appropriate market segment to keep cost low.
1)Healthy people who are perceived to heal and recover faster are admitted to hospital to keep the duration of the patient stays down. New patients are
admitted with a higher frequency rate.
2)Hospital is a non–profit organization; cutting down on patient stays reduces costs substantially.
3)If patient is healthy enough to walk around the place, his linen need not be washed regularly (after he leaves) and he does not need bed

Shouldice Hospital Case Study Essay
1.0Description of Situation and Identification of Problems1.1 Service The Shouldice Hospital competitive advantage is that it only conducts external
hernia operations and is specifically designed and operated to provide the highest probabilities for successful treatment with "country club like" patient
service. Hernia operations typically have a 90% success rate, with Shouldice hernia operations boasting over a 99% success rate. The Shouldice
competitive advantage can be summarized into: п‚§Surgical technique: layered/increased sutured repair technique conducted via local anesthesia
п‚§Postoperative regimen and facility design supporting early/ongoing ambulation and socialization п‚§Comprehensive and "country club like" location
... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
2.0Major Objectives It is not clear in the case how the administrator, Alan O'Dell is evaluated. The hospital wants to continue servicing customers
needing hernia repairs, and possibly increase its capacity to meet the increasing demand. Shouldice has been considering expansion, but is unsure about
how to accomplish this without affecting its excellent patient service. The hospital is concerned about competitor misuse and improper use of the
Shouldice procedures which detrimentally affect the Shouldice name and reputation. And lastly, the lead Shouldice surgeon is retiring and needing to
be replaced with a surgeon that will embrace the regimented Shouldice protocols but also be open to improvement opportunities and change.
Shouldice Hospital does not appear to have issues with customer service, work force management or quality but is struggling with what objective to
focus upon. Creating and agreeing upon a vision and mission would help determine the path forward for Shouldice Hospital. The issue of capacity
appears to be the most concerning and difficult to answer for Dr Shouldice. 3.0Identify alternative courses of action. Shouldice Hospital has several
options available to them for increasing capacity: Spend $2M to expand current bed capacity by adding a third floor. This would enable continuing the
current process procedures

Umbilical Hernia
Hernias that take place near the belly button or the umbilicus is called paraumbilical or umbilical hernias. Typically, the hole shuts off in many cases
after the baby is delivered. But in umbilical hernia, the stomach muscles fail to completely join together and the tissues and intestines surrounding the
navel bulge through the weak spot near the umbilicus. Umbilical hernias can occur when stomach muscle opening that helps to let umbilical cord pass
through ceases to completely close. Generally, umbilical hernias do not cause discomfort and it is painless. And although it can present to be large, it
resolves on its own without proper hernia treatment when a child ages 2 and 3 years. But if an umbilical hernia is persistent at age 4, then it

How To Get A Hernia Essay
Abstract
There are many different types of hernias. The most common type is inguinal which occurs in the groin (Balentine, J.R, 2010). Other types of hernias
are femoral, umbilical, incisional, hiatal, sports, and congenital diaphragmatic. Symptoms of a hernia may include pain or discomfort and localized
swelling on the abdomen or in the groin area. If a hernia is found the usual treatment is surgery. Most common surgery is laparoscopic.
What is a hernia? Why do we get them? What are symptoms caused by hernias? Who is more likely to get a hernia? How to help prevent from getting a
one? These are all questions many people have. A hernia is any condition in which the viscera protrude through a weak point in the muscular wall of...
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Smokers are also at risk due to the so called "smokers cough" (Hernia Symptoms, 2007/2008). An umbilical hernia happens in infants whose blood
vessels do not completely close after birth. These blood vessels feed the fetus. They are located around the belly button. Most umbilical hernias are
not a huge concern and will correct themselves with time. Usually by the time an infant is 3 or 4 years old. Incisional hernias result from an
incompletely healed surgical wound. Most hernias are due to an excessive amount of strain on a naturally weakened area of the abdomen or other
membrane, causing an organ or tissue to protrude (Hernia Symptoms, 2007–2008). But in an incision hernia the weakened area is caused by an
incompletely healed surgical incision allowing a hole to develop and organs to be pushed through (Hernia Symptoms, 2007–2008). So like most hernias
the strain can be caused by obesity, heavy lifting, coughing or vomiting.Some hernias may be pushed back into place. These are reducible hernias.
They are most likely to return again, which have fewer side effects that if left untreated can become very dangerous. Hernias that cannot be pushed
back into place may have become "strangulated." Strangulated hernias occur when the piece of organ or tissues have become trapped in the lining of
the opening. Once trapped, a strangulated hernia can

Hernia Impact On The Community Essay
Hernia has impact on the community because it affects the productive age group.13 The mean age of patients in our study was 38 years (range 19– 68
years), this is consistent to what was reported in previous literatures.14, 15 In our study, 51.1% were female which is international standard for hernia
in general.16 Continuous advances in researches and developments in the biomedical materials industry have led to the invention of relatively inert and
biocompatible surgical meshes.7 Meshes are made of non–absorbable polymers had been used most frequently in clinical practice and the main
non–absorbable polymers are polypropylene, polyester, and expanded polytetrafluoroethylene.17 For a century, surgical treatment of hernia was based
on suture... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In general, it is reported in literature to be around 2%.4 In present study, only one patient (0.7%) developed wound infection postoperatively that was
superficial, treated by simple debridement, antibiotic coverage and daily dressing. Low infectious rate achieved in this study may be due to
preoperative antibiotic prophylaxis and proper painting of the operating site by iodine. Recurrence is another and most critical complication after
hernia repair. Techniques' and patients' factors play important role.15 According to some reports, positive family history for hernia is a predictor for
recurrence.15 Literatures have reported less recurrence rate with meshes than with traditional suture repair.14, 15 Different rates of recurrence after
mesh hernia repair are reported in ranging from 0% to 5%.4 In our study, the recurrence rate was 2.2% which is comparable with international

Cervical Herniation Research Paper
Cervical Disc Herniation Treatment A diagnosis of a cervical herniated disc is when the internal core of the disc in the neck is displaced and
protrudes through, or there is a leakage of the disc and push on a neighboring nerve root. It typically progresses in the 30s to 50s age bracket.
Although a cervical herniated disc may be initiated by various types of strains or trauma or neck damage, the manifestations usually start all of a
sudden. As a result, a discomfort in the arm from a cervical herniated disc may arise because the herniated disc fragments compresses or crushes on a
cervical nerve that causes the pain to emit along the nerve pathway going down the arms. Together with the pain in the arms, numbness and burning
sensation can show up in the arm going down to the fingertips. Weakness in the muscles may also arise. The discs along the cervical spine are not
very big; however, there is not much of a space accessible for the nerves. This connotes that even a tiny cervical disc herniation may infringe on the
nerve and be the source of significant pain. The pain in the arm is commonly most serious as the nerve becomes tweaked.... Show more content on
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The pain arrangements and neurological deficiencies are mainly decided by the area of the herniated disc. The cervical spine is established around
the vertebrae, or the 7 pile of bony building blocks in the spine. They are categorized from top to bottom, namely C1 through C7. The nerve that is
afflicted by the herniation of the cervical disc is the one leaving the spine at that level, so around the C5–C6 level, it is the C6 nerve root that is of main

Hiatal Hernia Essay
A hiatal hernia occurs when the upper part of your stomach pushes up through your diaphragm and into your chest region. The actual cause of hiatal
hernias is unknown. There are two types of hiatal hernias, fixed and sliding. This condition mostly occurs in people who are over 50 years old. It can
affect up to 60 percent of people by the time they turn 60 years old.
Causes
The exact cause is unknown. The diaphragm is a muscle that lies between the abdomen and chest that helps you breathe. The stomach lies below the
diaphragm. In most people injury may weaken muscle tissue which can make it possible for the stomach to push through the diaphragm. Another cause
can be putting too much pressure repeatedly on the muscles around the stomach. Examples are coughing, vomiting, straining during bowel movements,
lifting heavy objects, obesity, aging, smoking, and slouching while sitting.
Types of Hiatal Hernias
There are two types of hiatal hernias, sliding and fixed. A sliding hernia is the most common type of hiatal hernia. It occurs when the area where the
esophagus meets the stomach and slides up into the chest through the hole in the diaphragm. A fixed hernia, also called... Show more content on
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Treatment plans are individualized depending on the severity of symptoms. If there is complications, weight–loss, lifestyle and dietary changes, and
not smoking are put into place. Medications may also be prescribed for heartburn and indigestion. If necessary, hospitalization and surgery are in plan
for severe cases. People should not worry about having a hiatal hernia.
To summarize, hiatal hernias can range from being barely if noticeable at all to requiring surgery and generally consist of part of the stomach moving
up into the thoracic cavity. Hiatal hernia (HH) is a defect in the diaphragm that allows movement of the distal esophagus and a portion of the stomach
into the thoracic

Shouldice Hospital Case
Sullivan University, Louisville
Shouldice Hospital Case Study
Mrudula Anne
Executive Summary Shouldice Hospital has been devoted to repairing hernias for over half a century. The current capacity of Shouldice is at 89 beds,
however the demand for its services are a lot higher than its bed capacity and growing at 100 patients/6 months. Thus, Shouldice needs to find a way to
expand its capacity while maintaining the quality of its service.
Given the increasing demand for the services at Shouldice, my recommendation is to work on opening Shouldice hospital extra hours to accommodate
the increasing demand for their services. The alternative would be to increase the number of beds by expanding the physical premises of the hospital. ...
Demand for 116 beds on Wednesday and Thursday
2.Demand for 99 beds on Tuesday
Thus by increasing the number of beds, this would help give the hospital a more wiggle room to schedule more operations per day and help run at
its capacity. Taking time perishability of the service goods (hospital beds) into account I think the number of beds need to be increased to 110 instead
of 116. Hence the percentage increase in beds required would be (110–89)/89 = 23.60%. Thus, the current demand can be met and Shouldice can be
operated at its fullest capacity by increasing the number of beds by 23.6%.
Recommendation
As pointed out in the previous section, the bottleneck at the beds, which is bleeding to the number of operations and the utility of the existing
operation rooms needs to be addressed as soon as possible. At is full capacity Shouldice can perform 38 operations per day, when there is no
restriction on the number of beds available. Spread over 5 operation rooms, it averages out to 38/5 = 7.6 operations per room in any given day.
These operations needs to be spread out and spaced evenly to make sure the rooms can be used to their full capacity at 6 to 7 operations per day.
With the current working hours of 4 in the morning and 4 in the evening, it is difficult to accommodate 6 to 7 operations per day in a room. Hence
along with the increase in the number of beds, Shouldice also needs to increase its hours of operations to 10 hours a day or open one extra day in a

Shouldice Hospital Case Study Essay
Shouldice Hospital Case Study Calvin Barron Liberty University March 2, 2010 Respectfully submitted to Prof. Scott McLaughlin Overview The
Shouldice Hospital serves as a glaring example of extraordinary service and care for the impaired and needy. From carpeting and soft lighting to
doting personal care from the staff, the Shouldice experience sets a standard of excellence for the industry. Dr. Earl Shouldice displayed an early
desire for medical understanding with an age 12 exploratory of a farm animal. Medical training at the University of Toronto led to a private practice
after World War One. An appendectomy of an obstinate young child led to questioning of his medical training concerning surgical recovery.
... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Obney to be there at an increased rate. Only healthy average weight individuals are accepted as patients. The hernias are chosen as quick and easy
repairs to maximize the ability for a greater quantity of patients and a quicker turnaround time. Doctors are taught and expected to adhere to the
Shouldice method barring any deviation from the routine. Any deviation from the norm is required to demand a conference with other surgeons
before continuance. Free thinking is frowned upon and the motto of "Excellence is the enemy of Good" is taught and adhered to there. Suggestions
From page 39 of the text, Standardizing_ a Custom Service_ offers an ideal prospect for the Shouldice Hospitals' expansion of services. "...family
health care centers are attractive means of delivering routine professional services at low cost." (Fitzsimmons and Fitzsimmons, 2008, p.39)
Considering the profile listed in the text concerning Shouldice Hospital and the service design element of the Facility being highlighted as the
discussion topic from pages 68–69 any further discussion of the facilities design would be counterproductive. The ability to reproduce the factory type
facility in Canada should be simple enough due to the strict discipline followed and the highly controlled and co–productive nature of the clientele, the
operation techniques and procedures, and the strict recovery process. The relocation to different

Case Study Of Shouldice Hospital
Hospital Overview:
Shouldice Hospital is one where only external abdominal hernias are operated. The hospital has a unique "technique" for this which was developed by
Dr.Earle Shouldice, the founder of the hospital. The hospital with its low cost solution, properly routine tasks, facilities for the patients and their
visitors, high quality service, and best in industry doctors and staff had a competitive edge. The Shouldice Hospital in itself is not just a curing centre
but a holistic experience for its patients, doctors, nurses and supporting staff alike.
2.Problem Statement:
Shouldice Hospital is a well famed hospital for those looking for hernia repairs. It has been serving people for the past half a century. Today the
demand for services offered at Shouldice Hospital is much higher than its current capacity of 89 beds ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Operating Cycle at Shouldice:
4.Success story of Shouldice Hospital:
Success of Shouldice hospital can be accounted to its huge customer base who are extremely satisfied with the service provided by the Shouldice
Hospital.
Shouldice method of operation and quick recovery at relatively low cost are its USPs and thus enjoys overfull demand, with 1200 backlog patients.
Recurrence rate is very low in patients treated at Shouldice Hospital (0.8%) when compared with other hospitals (10%) which results in patients
preferring Shouldice Hospital.
Employee satisfaction is very high as they are paid more than union scale for comparable jobs. Through flexible and regular working hours surgeons
are able to maintain work life balance.
Exhibit 3 (in the case) tells us that the patients are extremely satisfied with the operation procedure, physician care and nursing care of Shouldice
Hospital. Nearly 86% felt that the Hospital cared for them and 58% felt that Shouldice hardly felt like a hospital.
High quality of service is being provided to patients at low cost. The cost comparisons between Shouldice and other hospitals in Table 1

Inguinal Hernia Essay
Inguinal Hernia, Pediatric A hernia is a bulge of tissue that pushes through an opening between muscles. It is common for children to have an inguinal
hernia. This means a section of your child's intestine is pushing through a small opening in the muscles of the child's lower belly, where the belly meets
the inner thigh (groin). An inguinal hernia happens when a natural opening in the groin muscles fails to close properly. Inguinal hernias are more
common in boys than girls. That is because, as boys develop, the testicles move through this opening in the groin. They descend from inside the belly
into the scrotum and may also pull through some of the inner belly lining (peritoneum). This can leave a sac that the intestine pushes into. An inguinal
hernia usually happens... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Born before 37 weeks of pregnancy (premature). Inguinal hernias in premature babies are often incarcerated. SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS In some
children, an inguinal hernia may be noticeable at birth. In others, signs or symptoms do not start until later in childhood. A painless bulge in the
groin is the most common sign of an inguinal hernia. In boys, the bulge may extend down into the scrotum. A reducible hernia causes a bulge in
the groin that can be seen when the child is coughing or crying. The bulge may disappear when the child is lying flat on his or her back. An
incarcerated hernia causes a bulge that does not go away. It may be tender to touch. The child may also be fussy or irritable. A strangulated hernia
causes a tender bulge that may be discolored. The child may be vomiting and in pain. This requires surgery. It is a medical emergency. DIAGNOSIS
An inguinal hernia may be diagnosed at birth or when symptoms develop in early childhood. Your child's health care provider may discover an
inguinal hernia by checking the child's groin area during a routine exam. No other testing is usually

Inguinal Hernia
1. The recorded reference to inguinal hernia dates back to 1522 BC. The Egyptian papyrus of Ebers (1552 BC) refers to the observation of this disease
as "a swelling on the surface of the belly caused by coughing" (Chowbey, 2012). In 400 BC, Hippocrates (a Greek physician, 460 BC–370 BC)
described the identification between hernia and hydrocele testis.
2. In 50 BC, Aulus Cornelius Celsus (25 BC–50 AD) brought the ancient Greek medicine to Rome and hernia trusses were widely used. Surgery was
recommended to those patients with pain. The hernia sac, after separated from the spermatic cord, was excised through a scrotal incision below pubic
bone. The wound was then left to granulate and form scar tissue. Bigger wound would be burnt to promote scar formation. In the operation, ... Show
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William of Salicet (1210–1277), in about 1250, clearly put forward the preservation of testicles in surgery. In 1363, Guy de Chauliac (1300–1368) was
the first surgeon differentiating femoral from inguinal hernia. The Renaissance brought burgeoning anatomic knowledge and people comprehended
more about hernia, which contributed to the fundamental development of hernia treatment.
6. Ambroise Pare (1510–1590), a French surgeon who was regarded as the founder of modern surgery, advocated using vascular ligation to replace the
use of hot oil or cauterization for hemostasis. In his book, The Apologie and the Treatise, he recorded the operation of reducing the content of sac into
belly and ligaturing peritoneum by golden thread and condemned orchidectomy.
7. Pierre Franco (1500–1565), a French surgeon, gave detailed descriptions of hernia operation, including some early techniques on preventing testicles
and spermatic cord from injury and the treatment of incarcerated hernia. He pointed out that incarcerated hernia could be fatal and advocated that an
operation of relief should be given when strangulation occurred. He also invented a grooved dissector to relief the strangulated

Research Paper On Hernia
A hernia is the protrusion or penetration of an organ through the wall of a cavity that normally contains it. Hernia is Latin for protrusion. A hiatal
hernia occurs when there is a protrusion upwards from the stomach into the mediastinum through the esophageal opening in the diaphragm. One of the
most common herniae develops in the abdomen, when a weakness in the abdominal wall evolves into a "hole", through which tissue or abdominal
organs may protrude. An example is an inguinal hernia (see picture below). Herniae shows itself through a visible lump. There may or may not be pain
at the site. There may be certain symptoms resulting from pressure on an organ which has become "lodged" in the hernia, sometimes leading to organ
fungi. Fatty

Literature Review On Hospital Readmissions
There are many articles related to hospital readmission, but this article looked at readmissions with a different purpose. This article studied not only
the reasons behind hospital readmissions but also the timing and factors connected with unplanned postoperative readmissions. Hospitals are or should
be taking on the task of reducing hospital readmissions as many insurance carriers including Medicare penalize hospitals for readmissions within the
first 30 days of discharge. Hospitals must first know what is triggering a readmission and address the situation and create a plan to reduce readmissions
and the cost.
This author's point of view believes that determining the specific reason why readmissions occur is critical to put a strategy in place to start reducing
these readmissions. The author felt that the study was a well–organized study and would provide valuable information to the hospitals who participated.
The study consisted of 346 continuously enrolled United State hospitals who were also involved in the American College of Surgeons National
Surgical Quality Improvement Program (ACS NSQIP. The study included obesitysurgery, hysterectomy, total hip arthroplasty, total knee arthroplasty,
colectomy, proctectomy, ventralhernia repair, and lower leg vascular bypass. Data was collected by the ACS NSQIP which included information on
readmissions to the same facility or different facility, if the readmission was unplanned, and the primary indication for the

What Is Inguinal Hernia?
An inguinal hernia can be described as a protrusion or passage of a peritoneal sac, with or without abdominal contents, through a weakened part of the
abdominal wall in the groin (Drake, 2010). Inguinal hernias have been present in the medical literature from the beginning of written history.
Documented as early as 1700 BC, the Hammurabi of Babylon described hernia reduction and application of trusses to prevent protrusion (Matthews,
2008). As of 2008, inguinal hernia repair was the most common general surgery procedure in the United States (Matthews, 2008). Patients with an
inguinal hernia can present at any age, from birth until the elderly, both male and female; although, inguinal hernias are 10 times more common in men
than in women. In ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Congenital inguinal hernias are present from birth due to the presence of the processus vaginalis allowing a passage of viscera through the inguinal
canal. Acquired hernias occur in older patients due to various causes such as raised intra–abdominal pressure, damage to nerves of the anterior
abdominal wall, and weakening of the walls of the inguinal canal (Fitzgibbons, 2015). Because the abdominal wall of the groin has a weakened part, an
inguinal hernia can occur. An inguinal hernia occurs because the peritoneal sac enters the inguinal canal either indirectly, through the deep inguinal
ring; or directly, through the posterior wall of the inguinal canal (Perrott,

Hiatal Hernia Condition
Imagine passing a scan test at a hospital for chest pains or heartburn symptoms and your doctor accidentally discovers you have a hiatal hernia
condition. You may be wondering if you will need to undergo surgery. Well first let me reassure you that the vast majority of this type of conditions
are not considered to be emergencies and in most cases do not need surgery. However, if after analyzing your situation carefully your doctor does
recommend that you undergo hiatal hernia surgery to repair your condition, then maybe it would be wise to listen to someone who' s already gone
through it and learn something that could be of good use to you. First, a little explanation would better help you to understand what are the implications
and the

Shouldice Case
"Shouldice Hospital, the house that hernias built, is a converted country estate which gives the hospital a 'country club' appeal."
A quote from American Medical News
Shouldice Hospital in Canada is widely known for one thing – hernia repair! In fact, that is the only operation it performs, and it performs a great many
of them. Over the past two decades this small 90–bed hospital has averaged 7,000 operations annually. Last year, they had a record year and performed
nearly 7,500 operations. Patients' ties to Shouldice do not end when they leave the hospital. Every year the gala Hernia Reunion dinner (with
complimentary hernia inspection) draws in excess of 1,000 former patients. Some of who have been attending the event for ... Show more content on
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At the conclusion of the operation, the patient is invited to walk from the operating table to a nearby wheelchair, which is waiting to return him to his
room. After a brief period of rest, he is encouraged to get up and start exercising. By 9 P.M. that day, he is in the lounge having cookies and tea, and
talking with new, incoming patients.
The skin clips holding the incision together are loosened, and some are removed the next day. The remainder are removed the following morning just
before the patient is discharged.
When Shouldice Hospital started, the average hospital stay for hernia surgery was three weeks. Today, many institutions push "same day surgery" for a
variety of reasons. Shouldice Hospital firmly believes that this is not in the best interests of patients, and is committed to their three day process.
Shouldice's post–op rehabilitation program is designed to enable the patient to resume normal activities with minimal interruption and discomfort.
Shouldice patients frequently return to work in a few days, the average total time off is eight days.
"It is interesting to note that approximately! out of every 100 Shouldice patients is a medical doctor."
Future Plans
The management of Shouldice is thinking of expanding the hospital's capacity to serve considerable unsatisfied demand. To this effect, the vice
president is seriously considering two

Inguinal Hernia Case Studies
This case study will analyse two different possible treatments for a hernia, the case study will focus on laparoscopic and open surgical technique, the
benefits and the negatives, and how these surgeries will affect the patient in different terms such as procedure fear, surgery length, recovery time,
cosmetic appearances.
To adhere to the Health and Care Professions Council's standards of conduct, performance and ethics, (2006). Which states that as a healthcare
professional you must respect the confidentiality of service users. All names and personal details have been change to protect the patient's identity.
Sam Toot is a 26 year old male who is suffering from an inguinal hernia, Mr Toot is normally an fit and healthy person, who is also... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
(Pollard, 2004)
Subhash (2013) states that hernias are among the oldest known afflictions of humankind and surgical repair of the inguinal hernia is the most common
general surgery procedure performed today, however, the newer repair techniques continue to evolve.
It is estimated that 5% of the population will develop an abdominal wall hernia, but the prevalence may be even higher, about 75% of all hernias occur
in the inguinal region, with two thirds of these are indirect, and the rest direct. (Subhash. 2013)
Males are also 25 times more likely to have a groin hernia than females, as per the statistics, inguinal hernia repair is the most common elective surgery
performed in young males.
(Subhash. 2013)
Laparoscopy is a surgical procedure that allows a surgeon to access the inside of the abdomen and pelvis without having to make large incisions in the
patient. (Nhs.uk,

Diaphragmatic Hernia Research Paper
The birth of a child is a time of joy and of endless possibilities; parents begin to plan their child's life goals and what college that child is going to go to.
Well, at least parents of healthy babies. When I was born, it was a time of panic and "Is she going to make it?" I was born with a diaphragmatic hernia.
August 28th, 1997, a month before her due date, my mother realizes it's time. The baby (me) is coming! But my father is in Canada with my
grandfather and the car keys. So she has to call my grandmother to take to the hospital. After she gets to the hospital, my mother calls my father to tell
him it's time. About two hours after my mother gets to the hospital, my father arrives and it's time to start pushing. MY mother pushes and pushes for
4 hours; at which time, the doctor realizes I'm not coming out that way, because I'm upside down. So they rush my mother to an operating room to
perform a C–section. Once they doctor had ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
I was born with a diaphragmatic hernia. A diaphragmatic hernia is a birth defect in which there is an abnormal opening in the diaphragm. In 1997,
only 1% of the babies born with the defect were able to survive the condition; shockingly, I was part of the 1%. After finding out that I had the
condition, I had to be shipped to a hospital on the other side of the state of Rhode Island. So one of my father's friends was a police officer. I was
police escorted across the state, in order to make it in time; I made it in time. At the time, babies with the condition had to live for 3 days in order to
qualify for the surgery. The first 3 days of my life were some of the most stressful days of my life my parents had to go through. Right off the bat, the
doctors told my parents it was very unlikely that I would last 3 days. I was a very small baby, only weighing 3 lbs. But by some miracle, I lived for 3
days and I was able to get the

Hiatal Hernia Research Paper
Hiatal HerniaThe protrusion of an organ, typically the stomach, through the esophageal opening in the diaphragm (large dome–shaped muscle that
separates the chest from the abdomen) that allows a portion of the stomach to move up into the chest cavity. A hiatal hernia occurs when a part of the
stomach pushes upward through the diaphragm, usually when a weakened muscle tissue allows the stomach to bulge up through the diaphragm. The
diaphragm normally has a small opening called the hiatus, through which the esophagus passes on its way to connect to the stomach. The stomach can
push through this opening and causes a hiatal hernia or hiatus hernia. It's not always clear why this happens, but pressure in the stomach and
age–related changes in

Candover Clinic Essay
Introduction The Candover clinic is a private patient facility that consists of a private Outpatient building and its own suite created especially for
private patients. The facility is based alongside Hampshire Hospitals Foundation Trust a National Health Service (NHS) hospital, which covers a
population of approximately 600.000 and covers Hampshire and parts of West Berkshire (Trust Source). Before becoming Hampshire Hospitals, it used
to be known as Basingstoke and North Hampshire Hospital Foundation Trust, which it earned in 2006, however, as a result of an integration in 2012
between the North Hampshire Foundation Trust and Winchester and Eastliegh Healthcare Trust it became Hampshire Hospitals. (Trust Source) The
Candover Clinic opened... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Although this does come at a cost this can either be made by the patient themselves, or through their health insurance cover. There are opportunities for
people who go through the NHS to have a room on their own, but they don't always contain the same environment or facilities. As The Candover
Clinic is a new facility it needs to overcome inter–trust relationships, as when it first opened it appeared to have the attitude that it was a separate unit
from the hospital trust and in turn this created a very negative attitude within the trust. Slowly the Clinic is building an understanding within the staff to
create a better working environment and ensure they are working for the same goal, which is to increase revenue for the trust and its future.
Technological impacts within the Clinic are it is an innovation for the trust and has to show that it is beneficial and that it is creating revenue for the
trust rather than causing a deficit. So in effect it has a lot to prove. It is using the latest in communications to ensure the smooth journey for its

Shouldice Hospital Limited. Case Study Analysis
EXHIBIT
1
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o, o".;r,o.,. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
whit erse may be needed for achieoing such a culture? . Do you
4 '
think customers mEht take adaantage of this guarantee and "stage" seraice f;ilures to inaokeTlrr 'grorantee?
If yes, how could Acceuion minimize potentiar iheating on its guarantee?
The Accellion Service
Guarantee
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Case 16
Shouldic e Ho spit al Limite d (Abri dge d)
JeuEs Hpsrprr AND Rocnn HellowELL
A Canadian hospital specializing in hernia operations is considering whether and how to expand the reach of its seraices, including expansion into
other specialty areas. Various proposals haae been adaanced to increase the capacity of the hospital
without demotiaating the staff or losing control oaer seraice quality, which, in addition to achieoing excellent medical outcomes, has created a aery
deaoted base of patient "alumni."
Options include adding Saturday surgical operations, building an extension, and constructing a neTD hospital in another location, perhaps in the United
States.

TWo shadowy figures, enrobed and in slippers, walked
slowly down the semi–darkened hall of the Shouldice
Hospital. They didn 't notice Alan O 'Dell, the hospital 's managing director, and his guest. Once they were out of earshot, O 'Dell remarked good
nature dLy, "By the way they act, you 'd think our patients own this place. And while they 're here, in a way they do." Following a visit to the five
operating rooms, O 'Dell and his visitor once again
encountered

Hernia Research Paper
Hernias are very common in adults as in newborns. They are a abnormal protrusion of a part of an organ through a weak spot or other abnormal
opening in a body wall. There is a couple different types of Hernias that we see in newborns such as the following ones.
Diaphragmatic is a congenital hernia of the diaphragm that is where organs in the abdominal area are pushed to the left side of the chest through an
opening of the diaphragm. Some signs and symptoms that you might see at the time of birth are rapid, labored respirations, cyanosis, breathing is
difficult for the newborn. Surgery might be done in emergency setting, the outcome depends on the status of the pulmonary development.
Hiatal are more common in adults, caused by cardiac portion

Diagnosis Of Hernia
There are numerous symptoms a patient can present with that may indicate a diagnosis of a ventral hernia. They can range from the patient feeling no
pain to being in complete disarray due to the intensity and severity of pain that may occur with this defect. While with some patients this can be a
congenital defect meaning the patient was born with an abnormally thin abdominal wall or due to the incomplete closing of an abdominal structure.
Furthermore, these patients rarely will not present with symptoms of pain or discomfort until they are older. Other patients may develop this type of
hernia due to pregnancy, excessive weight gain, persistent straining, family history, ascites (fluid between the abdominal tissues and organs), age, and
previous ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The bovie along with metzenbaum scissors were used interchangeably to further dissect and free the hernia sac. At this point the ESU was
decreased to 30 cut, 30 coag per the resident in order to reduce any irreplaceable damage that could be caused to the hernia sac. Two hemostats were
used to divide the sac and the bovie was used to coagulate any hemorrhaging vessels. Army/Navy retractors times two, were then passed onto the field
in order to increase exposure to the surgical site metzenbaum scissors were then used to free the sac as well as, two debakey's in order to assist in
opening the sac with minimal trauma to the specimen. Prior prolene suture from another surgery that occurred within the abdomen were discovered
and removed with a hemostat and suture scissors. Two kelly hemostats were then passed to hold the sac while metzenbaum scissors were used to cut
and remove the specimen. The hernia sac was then handed off the field to the circulator and sent as a regular specimen to pathology. A 2
–0 vicryl reel
was requested and used to ligate any bleeding vessels while the healthy tissue was pushed back into the abdomen. Further blunt dissection proved to
find two other defects the #15 blade on a #3 knife handle was then used to increase the size of the incision. During

Diagnosis And Treatment Of The Thoracic Spine
The thoracic spine is considered the least vulnerable to a disc herniation due to anatomic stability. Although they are rare, physically demanding jobs,
trauma, and extreme sports can lead to a thoracic disc herniation (TDH). In order to be effectively treated, a TDH needs to be successfully diagnosed.
Successful diagnosis relies on a good differential diagnosis and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), the gold standard for visualizing a disc herniation.
Once diagnosed, there are many treatment options, which range from conservative care to invasive surgery. Rehabilitative therapy can be an effective
and safe way to manage a TDH. Surgery can also be effective, but there are serious complications and risks associated. Considering patients with ...
Over the course of 15 treatments, the patient's symptoms improved and eventually disappeared. Five months later, an MRI study of the patient
displayed significant regression of the TDH. This case is a good example regarding the positive impact of conservative care on the management of a
TDH. Although a disc herniation may naturally regress overtime, rehabilitation can support the process and help restore function.
Rehabilitation can be an effective short–term therapy, but the long–term effects are questionable. As discussed earlier, the soccer player studied by
Baranto et al. (2) was promptly diagnosed and treated conservatively for a TDH. This athlete went through a physical therapy trial and eventually was
symptom free. When the symptoms resolved, the soccer player continued to train while gradually increasing the intensity. By the following soccer
season, the player suffered a similar episode and was diagnosed with a recurrent TDH. Once again, the patient was symptom free after conservative
treatment and playing soccer. About a year passed when he experienced another onset of symptoms during training, and was then advised to stop
playing. This patient was prone to reoccurrence, which questions the long–term effects of treatment. Timely and compliant treatment got this athlete
back on the field, but the intensity of the sport hindered the healing process.
Although not all TDH's are promptly diagnosed, they can still be managed effectively once discovered. This

Hernia Informative Speech
When a doctor tells you, you have hernia you freak out and think it's something very bad. Don't worry hernia is a bulging of an organ or tissue
through an abnormal opening. Which means it's a bulge around your abdominal. You get a hernia by improper lifting, carrying or by a combination of
muscles weakness or strain. Symptoms include a bulge, swelling, or pain. In some cases, there are no symptoms. Treatment includes monitoring the
condition. If needed, surgery can return tissue to its normal location and close the opening. There are different ways of how many types of hernias are
there, how they are occurred, and how hernias go away. There are different types abdominal wall hernias: Inguinal, Indirect Inguinal, Direct Inguinal,

Hernia Research Paper
Hernias
A hernia is a protrusion of an anatomical structure trough the wall that normally contains it. It can appear in many forms, abdominal hernia1, acquired
hernia2, bladder hernia3, complete hernia4, and an epigastric hernia5. The most common type of hernias is the inguinal6, incisional7, femoral8,
umbilical9, and hiatal10.
The inguinal hernia is the protrusion of the sac that contains intraperitoneal contents. Almost 96% of all inguinal hernias happen in the groin area. Men
are five times more likely than woman to develop this type of hernia. The inguinal hernia occurs when a muscle tissue pushes its way through a weak
spot in your groin. Most of the inguinal hernias occur at birth when the muscle wall does not properly close. Pressure ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
On average 600,000 hernia repair surgeries are performed annually in the United States. Most surgeries are performed in an outpatient setting and you
will be able to go home the same day as the surgery pending that there are no emergencies during the surgery. After midnight the night before your
scheduled surgery it is best to not eat or drink anything besides water. You are encouraged to be up and moving about the day after surgery. You may
experience soreness 24–48 hours after surgery. The primary complications that can occur, as with any surgery is, bleeding and infections. Difficulty
urinating after surgery is normal but sometimes may require a catheter for up to a week after surgery. Contact your doctor right away if you
experience any of the following, persistent bleeding, fever of 101.5 or higher, chills, inability to urinate, swelling at the surgery sight, persistent
cough or shortness of breath, and if you are unable to drink fluids. It is important to contact your doctor if you have any signs of a hernia. If left
untreated it could potentially be a serious problem. You can also try home remedies. Some home remedies include tea, apple cider vinegar, cinnamon,
and aloe Vera. Diet can be very helpful as well. Keeping a well–balanced diet is important for maintaining good health. It is important to eat healthy
foods if you are prone to developing hernias. This would include

What Is Paraumbilical Hernia?
Paraumbilical Hernia What Is Hernia? A hernia usually occurs when an internal organ of an individual's body squeezes or pushes through a weak spot
surrounding the muscle or fascia (connective tissue) tissue. It generally develops in the hips and chest. What Is Paraumbilical Hernia? A hernia that
takes place near the belly button or the umbilicus is called paraumbilical or umbilical hernia. In this health condition, the navel and abdominal wall gets
damaged. Typically, in infants, the navel or belly button hole tends to shut– off in after the baby is delivered. But, in case of umbilical hernia, the
stomach muscles fail to completely join together and the tissues and intestines surrounding the navel bulge through the weak spot near the umbilicus.
This means, umbilical hernia mainly occurs when the stomach muscle opening that helps to let the umbilical cord pass through ceases to completely
close.... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
While it may be large in size, the lump resolves on its own without necessitating any hernia treatment as a child ages to 2 (or 3) years. However, if the
umbilical hernia is persistent at age 4, it may require surgery. When the abdominal content protrudes out, along with the bowel and mesenteric fat, the
condition is termed paraumbilical hernia. It occurs in the ligaments or muscles located close to the navel that is observed as weak points. This leads to
discomfort because the fatty tissues get confined in one place, which is visible as a lump that can be seen or felt. While umbilical hernia is common
observed in newborn infants, the paraumbilical hernia, however, is observed mostly in adults. What Are The Potential Causes? An umbilical or
paraumbilical hernia in adults may frequently occur due to following factors: Obesity Congenital malformation of the umbilicus Frequent pregnancies
or multiple gestation pregnancies Stomach

Research Paper On Hiatal Hernia
Hiatal hernia surgery is just one of many options for people with heartburn and other symptoms created by a hiatal hernia. In this article, I'll cover
some of the common methods of surgery and how they work. Hiatal Hernia Most of you reading this will probably already know what a hiatal
hernia is. But for those who don't then here is a quick explanation. The diaphragm normally lies on top of the stomach. In some people a part of the
stomach has forced its way through a gap in the centre of the diaphragm. This causes an abnormality in the lower esophageal sphincter whose purpose
it is to keep acid in the stomach and prevent if from escaping where it would otherwise cause heartburn. Nissen Fundoplication This is the most
common surgical

Paraesophageal Hernia Research Paper

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