Animal classification
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Phylum arthropoda
The arthropod phylum is the largest in the animal kingdom and includes insects, spiders, crabs, and centipedes. Arthropods have segmented bodies, jointed limbs, and a hardened exoskeleton made of chitin. They can be found in all habitats and make up 84% of known animal species. The phylum includes the classes Crustacea, Insecta, Arachnida, and Myriapoda.
FORENSIC
Forensic pathology involves determining the cause of death by examining injuries and diseases, typically in cases of sudden, unexpected, or violent death. A medical examiner will conduct an autopsy to determine the cause, manner, and mode of death. Before an autopsy, the medical examiner will search the body for any physical evidence such as trace evidence, patterns, chemicals, or biological materials. During an autopsy, the medical examiner will examine and collect various evidence from the body to determine the cause and manner of death. Estimating time of death involves examining changes in the body such as rigor mortis, livor mortis, and algor mortis. Forensic anthropology can also be used to analyze skeletal remains to identify victims and
Echolocation
The document discusses how echolocation and ultrasound are used by various animals and humans. It explains that bats, dolphins, and some insects use echolocation to locate objects by emitting sounds and interpreting the echoes. Applications of these principles by humans are also summarized, including using ultrasound for robotics, driverless cars that rely on sensors like radar and sonar, and assistive devices for the blind such as one that converts distance readings to pressure on the wrist. The story of Ben Underwood, who learned to use echolocation to navigate as a blind person, is also briefly described.
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Excretory organs in Amphioxus.pptx
Excretory organs in Amphioxus.pptxDr. Arun Gaware, Dept. Of Zoology, Shri Shivaji Arts, Commerce and Science College, Motala, Buldhana
This document discusses the excretory organs and reproductive system of the lancelet (Branchiostoma). It notes that the lancelet's excretory organs called nephridia develop from ectodermal cells, unlike the mesodermal kidneys of other chordates. The nephridia resemble the protonephridia of flatworms and annelids. The document also describes the lancelet's gonads, noting that the two sexes are separate but indistinguishable. Fertilization is external and gametes are released into the sea water during breeding season in late spring/early summer.23. Chordates
Chordates have five defining characteristics: a notochord, dorsal nerve cord, pharyngeal pouches, an endostyle, and a postanal tail. The phylum Chordata contains three subphyla: Urochordata (tunicates), Cephalochordata (lancelets), and Vertebrata (vertebrates). Vertebrates are further divided into Agnathans (jawless fish) and Gnathostomes (jawed vertebrates).
Hormones & Animal Behavior
Hormones control many types of animal behaviors. There are three main types of hormones: steroids like estrogen and testosterone, peptide hormones like oxytocin and prolactin, and catecholamines. Hormones influence behaviors like sexual dimorphism through different levels of sex hormones in males and females. Testosterone causes aggressive behaviors in many species that coincide with testosterone levels. Territorial behavior in males is also linked to testosterone levels. Parental behaviors are influenced by hormones like progesterone, estrogen, prolactin, and oxytocin. Specific examples given include testosterone influencing singing in male zebra finches, hormones regulating mating behavior in cats and parental behavior in hens, and oxytocin, prolactin and
Cephalochordata
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Phylum arthropoda
The arthropod phylum is the largest in the animal kingdom and includes insects, spiders, crabs, and centipedes. Arthropods have segmented bodies, jointed limbs, and a hardened exoskeleton made of chitin. They can be found in all habitats and make up 84% of known animal species. The phylum includes the classes Crustacea, Insecta, Arachnida, and Myriapoda.
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Forensic pathology involves determining the cause of death by examining injuries and diseases, typically in cases of sudden, unexpected, or violent death. A medical examiner will conduct an autopsy to determine the cause, manner, and mode of death. Before an autopsy, the medical examiner will search the body for any physical evidence such as trace evidence, patterns, chemicals, or biological materials. During an autopsy, the medical examiner will examine and collect various evidence from the body to determine the cause and manner of death. Estimating time of death involves examining changes in the body such as rigor mortis, livor mortis, and algor mortis. Forensic anthropology can also be used to analyze skeletal remains to identify victims and
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Excretory organs in Amphioxus.pptx
Excretory organs in Amphioxus.pptxDr. Arun Gaware, Dept. Of Zoology, Shri Shivaji Arts, Commerce and Science College, Motala, Buldhana
This document discusses the excretory organs and reproductive system of the lancelet (Branchiostoma). It notes that the lancelet's excretory organs called nephridia develop from ectodermal cells, unlike the mesodermal kidneys of other chordates. The nephridia resemble the protonephridia of flatworms and annelids. The document also describes the lancelet's gonads, noting that the two sexes are separate but indistinguishable. Fertilization is external and gametes are released into the sea water during breeding season in late spring/early summer.23. Chordates
Chordates have five defining characteristics: a notochord, dorsal nerve cord, pharyngeal pouches, an endostyle, and a postanal tail. The phylum Chordata contains three subphyla: Urochordata (tunicates), Cephalochordata (lancelets), and Vertebrata (vertebrates). Vertebrates are further divided into Agnathans (jawless fish) and Gnathostomes (jawed vertebrates).
Hormones & Animal Behavior
Hormones control many types of animal behaviors. There are three main types of hormones: steroids like estrogen and testosterone, peptide hormones like oxytocin and prolactin, and catecholamines. Hormones influence behaviors like sexual dimorphism through different levels of sex hormones in males and females. Testosterone causes aggressive behaviors in many species that coincide with testosterone levels. Territorial behavior in males is also linked to testosterone levels. Parental behaviors are influenced by hormones like progesterone, estrogen, prolactin, and oxytocin. Specific examples given include testosterone influencing singing in male zebra finches, hormones regulating mating behavior in cats and parental behavior in hens, and oxytocin, prolactin and
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3. Many cnidarians alternate between a sessile polyp stage and a motile medusa stage. Reproduction involves external fertilization producing a planula larva.
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Microbial interaction
Microorganisms interacts with each other and can be physically associated with another organisms in a variety of ways.
One organism can be located on the surface of another organism as an ectobiont or located within another organism as endobiont.
Microbial interaction may be positive such as mutualism, proto-cooperation, commensalism or may be negative such as parasitism, predation or competition
Types of microbial interaction
Positive interaction: mutualism, proto-cooperation, commensalism
Negative interaction: Ammensalism (antagonism), parasitism, predation, competition
I. Mutualism:
It is defined as the relationship in which each organism in interaction gets benefits from association. It is an obligatory relationship in which mutualist and host are metabolically dependent on each other.
Mutualistic relationship is very specific where one member of association cannot be replaced by another species.
Mutualism require close physical contact between interacting organisms.
Relationship of mutualism allows organisms to exist in habitat that could not occupied by either species alone.
Mutualistic relationship between organisms allows them to act as a single organism.
Examples of mutualism:
i. Lichens:
Lichens are excellent example of mutualism.
They are the association of specific fungi and certain genus of algae. In lichen, fungal partner is called mycobiont and algal partner is called
II. Syntrophism:
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In syntrophism both organism in association gets benefits.
Compound A
Utilized by population 1
Compound B
Utilized by population 2
Compound C
utilized by both Population 1+2
Products
In this theoretical example of syntrophism, population 1 is able to utilize and metabolize compound A, forming compound B but cannot metabolize beyond compound B without co-operation of population 2. Population 2is unable to utilize compound A but it can metabolize compound B forming compound C. Then both population 1 and 2 are able to carry out metabolic reaction which leads to formation of end product that neither population could produce alone.
Examples of syntrophism:
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Methane produced by methanogenic bacteria depends upon interspecies hydrogen transfer by other fermentative bacteria.
Anaerobic fermentative bacteria generate CO2 and H2 utilizing carbohydrates which is then utilized by methanogenic bacteria (Methanobacter) to produce methane.
ii. Lactobacillus arobinosus and Enterococcus faecalis:
In the minimal media, Lactobacillus arobinosus and Enterococcus faecalis are able to grow together but not alone.
The synergistic relationship between E. faecalis and L. arobinosus occurs in which E. faecalis require folic acid
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Good warehousing practices
Material management
Gadgets for management of stored product pests_Dr.UPR.pdf
Insectsplayamajorroleinthedeteriorationoffoodgrainscausingbothquantitativeandqualitativelosses
Wellprovedthatnogranariescanbefilledwithgrainswithoutinsectsastheharvestedproducecontainegg(or)larvae(or)pupae(or)adultinsectinthembecauseoffieldcarryoverinfestationwhichcannotbeavoidedindevelopingcountrieslikeIndia
Simpletechnologiesfortimelydetectionofinsectsinthestoredproduceandtherebyplantimelycontrolmeasures
The cost of acquiring information by natural selection
This is a short talk that I gave at the Banff International Research Station workshop on Modeling and Theory in Population Biology. The idea is to try to understand how the burden of natural selection relates to the amount of information that selection puts into the genome.
It's based on the first part of this research paper:
The cost of information acquisition by natural selection
Ryan Seamus McGee, Olivia Kosterlitz, Artem Kaznatcheev, Benjamin Kerr, Carl T. Bergstrom
bioRxiv 2022.07.02.498577; doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2022.07.02.498577
fermented food science of sauerkraut.pptx
This ppt contains the production of a fermented food name - sauerkraut
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Quality assurance B.pharm 6th semester BP606T UNIT 5
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Gadgets for management of stored product pests_Dr.UPR.pdf
Gadgets for management of stored product pests_Dr.UPR.pdf
The cost of acquiring information by natural selection
The cost of acquiring information by natural selection