The Discourse On The Need For Universities

The Discourse On The Need For Universities
The discourse on the need for universities to contribute to innovation is widespread in African
countries and among international organisations. Stakeholders lament the weak contribution of
universities to innovation, while at the same time acknowledging the difficulties higher education
institutions face. Major international organizations recognize that university–industry collaborations
are scarce and weak in most African countries; in addition, they point to a shortage of skills in
science and engineering, and university curricula that tend to be irresponsive to industry's needs
(The World Bank 2009). Moreover, because of a lack of expertise and financial resources, many
African countries are not able to develop sound science, technology and innovation policies (World
Bank 2009; UNESCO and The African Union 2009).
An array of policy documents and initiatives seek to encourage and support the contribution of
universities to innovation in Africa. These policy discourses can be identified among national
governments, international organizations, and international aid agencies. Organizations such as The
World Bank, OECD and UNESCO regularly issue policy documents in support of African
universities playing a greater role in innovation. For instance, the United Nations' Task Team on the
Post Millennium Development Goals–2015 acknowledges the role of innovation in driving growth
in developing countries (UN 2013). The World Bank in particular has been for the past couple of
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Internship Experience Report On African Union Essay
MANCHESTER UNIVERSITY The Department of Political Science
African Union(PSC)/CISSA
Lily Assefa
Internship Experience Report (May–August) 2016
INTRODUCTION
This document contains the report of my internship period conducted at the Committee of
Intelligence & Security Services of Africa and at the Peace and Security Council in the African
Union in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia for the time period: May 20– August 1st. During my internship at
the African Union, I was focused on different on going issues in African but what interested me the
most was areas in conflict prevention and the relationship between social media and African
governments. I favored these topics because currently there are about 29 ongoing border disputes
within Africa, which could have been possibly prevented with better border conflict prevention
strategies. Many African governments view social media as a threat as citizens have used it as
method of demonstration. Is social media complicating peacekeeping for governments?
I. GENERAL INFORMATION
This internship report is divided into four main sections.
The first section gives a general introduction of the internship institution I was hosting at during my
internship period. The second section provides an overview of the internship in practice and the
duties and tasks that I was assigned to do, and the third section is devoted to an evaluation and
reflection of the knowledge and

Assignment
Chapter Three The World Marketplace: Business without Borders Case Connection China in Africa:
A Big Step Forward, or a Bigger Step Backward? Entering an untapped international market can
strengthen a business tremendously–but what if the costs outweigh the benefits for the market itself?
China has long been an important player on the global stage, but recent advances in manufacturing,
natural resources, and energy production have catapulted the expansive country to the forefront of
international trade. Currently the world's fastest growing major economy, China is set to eclipse the
United States as the world's largest economy by 2016. Among various domestic and international
plays, one of China's most fascinating uses of its ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
China does not hesitate to work with corrupt or authoritarian governments if it's in the country's
economic interest. Thus, China's investment is bad for the world's long–term political climate.
China's inroads into Africa come at the expense of Africa's citizens. Says Bremmer, "The Chinese
quid pro quo typically involves lots of Chinese content, lots of Chinese labor that they're sending
over to these countries to work, which hurts local unemployment issues. And of course, the
availability of commodities, including food, to be exported to China. There's sometimes a Faustian
bargain in these countries." You Decide: Should Africa be wary of China's continued investment
across the continent? Who stands to benefit from this arrangement, and who stands to suffer? When
engaging in international trade, China focuses on the business arrangement, not its political
implications. Do you think the United States should act more like China, strengthening its economy
by fostering mutually beneficial partnerships with foreign countries that do not promote democracy
or fair labor practices? China is set to overtake the United States as the world's largest economy by
2016–a date that is fast approaching. How do you think this monumental economic shift will affect
your life in the short term? How will it affect

A Study of Cotton Trade and Trade in Africa Essays
A Study of Cotton Trade and Trade in Africa
History of Cotton
The word cotton is derived from the Arabic word 'qutun' or 'kutun' which is used to describe any
textile that is very fine. Cotton is one of the oldest known fibers in the world, which has been found
by archeologists during the course of excavating ancient civilizations. Traces of cotton fiber were
found to exist over 5000 years ago, when archeologists were excavating a cite in Mohenjo Daro,
which lies in the Indus Valley in West Pakistan. Alexander the great and his army brought cotton
goods and material to Europe around 300BC. However, the price of these cotton goods was so
expensive that only the rich could afford it.
The southern states of America started growing ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Water requirements for the cotton plant depend on the weather conditions, though a successful
harvest requires at least 75 centimeters of rain or irrigation water on average.
More about cotton
Cotton is the shortest commercial textile fiber. The cotton plant that is grown commercially grows to
a height of about 1.2 meters. The cotton plant is fairly drought tolerant, though it requires a regular
and adequate moisture supply to produce profitable yields. Cotton is grown in over 90 countries
over the world, out of this 90 countries, 75 of them are developing countries. Although cotton is
grown in both hemispheres, a higher percentage of cotton is cultivated in the Northern hemisphere.
The times for harvesting and planting cotton are reversed in both hemispheres i.e. when it is the time
of planting cotton in the Northern hemisphere, it is time to harvest cotton in the Southern
hemisphere. Cotton is mostly cultivated between 37º N and 32 º S; however, its cultivation has been
extended to 45 º N in China. US paper currency isn't paper at all; it is a blend of 75% cotton lint and
25% linen.
Cotton in the United States and Government subsidies.
The state of Texas has the highest production of cotton in the United States. Cotton has been the
leading cash crop in the United States for very many years and is still currently the leading cash crop
in the United States. Every year, the state of

The Tumultuous Past of South Sudan
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY:
South Sudan has had a tumultuous past, with two civil wars since before the region's independence;
these resulted in the serious neglect, lack of development – infrastructure – and major destruction of
property and displacement of peoples. It seceded from Sudan on 30th January 2011. The new state
was plagued by farther rebellions, tribal clashes and border conflict with the Sudan – this conflict
was resolved through mediation supported by the African union.
The current conflict broke out on 15th December, 2013. The purpose of this brief is to analyze the
ongoing conflict in South Sudan and the position of Ethiopia in this conflict. We begin by examining
the possible interest of Ethiopia and our capability or option to respond. South Sudan and Ethiopia
have shared interest in the Nile and the geographic proximity of our states means that the conflict in
South Sudan affects us directly. We will highlight the possible policy options that Ethiopia can
impart in the current situation. It would not be in our best interests for the conflict to escalate
beyond this. Finally we suggest possible steps that the state can take in reeling in the situation.
STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM:
Long periods of violence throughout the history of the conflict in Sudan caused thousands of
refugees from Sudan and South to flee across the border into Ethiopia. Ethiopia being one of the
poorest countries in Africa and listed as a highly indebted poor country (HIPC), we do not have

What Is The Economic And Financial Impact From China On...
Intro
What is the economic and financial impact from China on the economies of African Nations? I am
curious to evaluate whether these economies are worse or better off then they may have been when
the United States was the continents primary financer. I understand, for reason of social policy and
Geopolitical shift from west, namely the United States of America but also post–colonial powers, to
Asia as economic benefactor... Obama comment of 'Looking out East" China is now a major market
financier, investor, contractor, builder and donor. has been the political playground for emerging
powers in the west, Europe and the Americas, for centuries. Chinese companies are mining oil in
Angola and Sudan, building roads in Ethiopia, generating ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
Last two decades, China has now become largest economic benefactor in the past two decades. The
Chinese firms in Africa have not enjoyed dealing with local democratic institutions, with labor
unions, independent media, or oppositional political parties, all of which oppose local Chinese
abuses. On a national level it would appear that African authoritarian governments are suitable for
the Chinese invest agenda.
Closed economies are economies that have 40 percent average tariff on imported goods, at least 20
percent premium on shadow markets, or an otherwise pervasive governmental control.
Data shows that China does have a proclivity to assist countries with poor governance records,
giving three of four times more in financial assistance to the home regions of African presidents than
other regions. This gives critiques reason to accuse China of patronage politics.
Chinese firms operate across many sectors of the African economy. Nearly a third are involved in
manufacturing, a quarter in services, and around a fifth each in trade and in construction and real
estate. In manufacturing, we estimate that 12 percent of Africa's industrial production–valued at
some $500 billion a year in total–is already handled by Chinese firms. In infrastructure, Chinese
firms' dominance is even more pronounced, and they claim nearly 50 percent of Africa's
internationally contracted construction market.
Contrary to some

African Leaders Established The Organisation Of African...
Introduction
In the 21st Century, the African continent leaders wanted to establish a more united continent. It is
for this reason that the African leaders established the Organisation of African Unity in 1963, with
the purpose of eradicating colonialism in Africa, and harmonize and deepen collaboration efforts of
member states to achieve a better life for its people. A number of problems emerged such as the
1975 Angolan civil war and the Somalia invasion of Ethiopia 1978, besides most African economies
were on the decline, these issues among others weakened the competence of the OAU. Beginning of
1999 certain leaders began to question why the OAU failed to prevail and resolve the social ills that
afflicted Africa (Bujra 2002) Therefore, the OAU was scrapped and the African Union was
established on 9th July 2002 with the key objective of upholding peace, security and stability on the
African continent. Ever since, the AU has launched military operations to help control clashes in
Burundi, Sudan, Somalia and the Comoros. This paper will discuss the Darfur Crisis which
militarily escalated in 2003. "The deployment of AMIS took place in a complex context representing
the first real test of the AU's peacekeeping capacity",( Ouguergouz & Yusufu 2012, p. 365).
Ouguergouz and Yusufu assert that although the conflict has generally being portrayed as a religious
conflict between the Muslim North and the Christian/Animist South, the conflict is driven mainly by
political and

Economic Commission ( Ec ) For Afric A Perspective Of...
Environmental scan
Economic commission (EC) for Africa: A perspective of foreign direct investment (FDI) to Africa
and intra–trade relations in Africa
Abraham Rukevwe Idogho
Summary of EC mandate
The Economic commission for Africa (EC) pursue an integrated economic agenda of a free trade
and a custom union agreement among the various trading blocs in Africa, and it also provides
platforms for global demand for African exports, attract inflows of foreign direct investments (FDI),
and negotiate favourable trade agreements with foreign equals. However, like most institutions, the
EC responds to internal and external forces that can positively or negatively affect its operations.
This paper attempts to evaluate and present some of these forces and their impact on the mandates
of the EC. The structure of this paper follows the guidelines of the performance branch of the
Saskatchewan ministry of finance. However, after each sub heading, analysis or impacts of events
will follow. A general conclusion/synopsis concludes the paper
1.1. Broad external trends affecting the EC and its partners in the African union
In today's world of investment, every country, every region, competes for foreign direct investment;
however, they do so disproportionately – one thing is for sure: The more FDI, the better. FDI flows
generally follow investor's choices, interests, and perceptions. The need to earn more creates new
opportunities for investors and nations alike. But

What Is The Current Financial Structure Of The African Union?
While those bodies of the African Union are essential to its daily functions, many other small
councils and committees have formed over the years. The Executive Council, which is composed of
ministers selected by states, decide on the matters of trade, food, and health. The council is also held
accountable by the Assembly of the African Union, and helps prepare anything that the Assembly
may need. In addition, the Peace and Security Council helps maintain internal peace among member
nations. Overall, these are just a few of the councils and committees that make up the structure of
the AU. When examining the current financial situation of the African Union, one may question if
whether or not the AU can really exist for much longer. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Even more so, she Badejo goes onto state, "Poverty is wide and very deep" (62). Therefore, by
examining just this region of Africa, one can easily tell how the AU is having trouble seeking its
funding needs. Yet, the AU tries to improve African economics. By encouraging economic
integration and the lowering of trade tariffs and barriers, the AU hopes to allow their economy to
thrive. This in turn will allow members to pay the needed membership dues to the AU. While the
African Union primarily works with its member states, they also interact with other International
Organizations. Such organizations include the United Nations. The AU, along with the collaboration
of the United Nations, founded the African Union's Agenda 2063. This agenda, much like the goals
the United Nations has set years before, is a pledge that Africa hopes to see economic and political
prosperity in the years leading up to 2063. In addition, the AU works closely with Amnesty
International, assuring that human rights are being followed in Africa. Another key international
organization that the AU works closely with is the International Criminal Court, or the ICC.
However, the relationship between the AU and ICC has become weary over the last few years.
South Africa, a member of the AU, withdrew from the Rome Statue recently. In response, the ICC
found this upsetting, for

The Integration Of The European Union
The Americans did it – uniting almost the entire continent into a United States of America, and the
Europeans did it too – creating the European Union with a single currency and governing principles.
However, unifying large swathes of political territories is not as easy as it would seem and Africa's
diverse cultural, ethnic, economic and political interests may not allow the transition into a union to
be smooth or even viable. The unification of countries, such as that in the European Union has its set
of problems – especially with the more developed countries suffering huge immigration from the
less developed countries in the union. Political developments like these threaten the stability of the
entire region – and with African nations poised at varying degrees of development – from the
highest end of the spectrum with South Africa, to the lowest end with Ethiopia and Congo an
African Union may never be possible. This paper explores the pitfalls of the unionization of African
countries, and argues that Africa should refrain from taking such a politically, economically and
culturally disastrous step.
The Dream of a United States of Africa
The dream of a United States of Africa is not new. In fact, a number of Black visionaries and leaders
have argued for the construction of a united Africa in the past. Marcus Garvey, a Black Nationalist
leader and journalist had passionately protested for the creation of such a union (Clarke, 1974). A
number of artists, including

Problems Associated with Drought in Africa, and Proposed...
Africa is a continent that suffers from many problems in many areas. The name of the continent has
become synonymous with poverty, hunger and disease. These problems are connected with each
other significantly. Many observers believe that the successive African crises are because of some
reasons such as violence in most African countries, corruption that is rooted in the majority of
African governments and stagflation which puts the continent in the mouth of hunger and
unemployment(Stewart, 2004). However, there are other factors which are responsible for Africa's
crises such as unstable environment, the growing population and agricultural difficulties (African
ecology, 1990). In fact, climate change leads to drought in many parts of ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Drought, which is a clear manifestation of global warming, has severe effects on the African arena.
Large parts in Africa has turned into deserts in a short period; for example, within two decades,
around 6700 hectares of forest, which contained different animals such as monkeys, deer and
buffalo, have become a barren area (Ogodo, 2006, p2). Indeed, More than 300000 people died
because of drought in the Sahel in the seventies (Scott, 2005, p2). The fact that 40% of African
income depends on agriculture, and 70% of the African workers are engaged in agriculture means
that the drought is certain death to the continent (Scott, 2005, p2). In the future, some believe that
around 66% of African space could be dry because of deforestation and grazing (African ecology,
1990). In addition, many observers believe that the drought is the origin of all the African crises
(Brown, 2006). Over the history of the continent, different tribes and races have fought over water
sources , which lead some times to genocides (Scott, 2005, p5) For example, the conflict in Darfur
between the Sudanese government–backed militia and rebels, which has left more than 300000 dead
is mainly due to drought. This problem can be solved partly or even totally by the provision of water
(Block, 2010). Global warming is mainly produced by the industrial countries. There is growing
evidence that shows the steady

The Purpose of the African Union Mission in Somalia...
The African Union Mission in Somalia (AMISOM) on the surface is an effective fighting force in
Somalia; however, the success of AMISOM is contingent upon Ugandan participation. The
existence of AMISOM is due to a long Somali history of political / economic instability and the
current struggle against the Somalia based terrorist organization, Al–Shabaab. The overall objective
within Somalia is to eliminate or at a minimum contain the Al–Shabaab threat. The creation of
AMISOM assists the Somalian Transitional Federal Government (TFG) and its allies to effectively
target Al–Shabaab while using the United Nations (UN), European Union (EU), and African Union
(AU) backed AMISOM as an umbrella organization.
From the UN standpoint, Somalia has ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Next, the EU, like the UN, is assisting with the famine issue plaguing Somalia, as well as paying the
total of AMISOM troop salaries. Currently, members of the EU are considering the amount to which
that financial backing can be increased, given that the Union is already financially burdened with
several projects in the region, and the funds initially reserved for AMISOM will not be enough to
cover the costs sustained by the increasing troop ceiling. The new EU Resolution 2036 (2012) states,
"It is therefore vital, as stated in the resolution, that new contributors pledge to join the European
Union in providing financial support." The EU is active with the UN on international initiatives set
out by the UN Security Council Resolutions on eliminating piracy off the coast of Somalia. Piracy
acts have been occurring simultaneously with the instability in Somalia, further strengthening the
motives for a stable Somalia.
The AU operates AMISOM with the approval of the UN and is headquartered in Ethiopia. They face
many tasks which include health issues (AIDS/HIV epidemic), famine, intermediating in civil wars;
and improving the standard of living. According to their website, one of the objectives of the AU is
to promote peace, security, and stability on the continent. This objective directly aligns with
eliminating the threat posed by Al–Shabaab.
Due to these instabilities within Somalia, it was essential for the UN, EU, and AU to combine their
efforts and form an

Ndi. In Sharp Contrast To South Africa, Burundi Officially
NDI
In sharp contrast to South Africa, Burundi officially holds the ICC as a 'Western tool to target
African governments'. This allegation of institutional political bias is not a new one but has gained
ground in recent times with nine out of ten situations being currently investigated by the office of
the prosecutor being in Africa (Mali, Cote D' Ivoire, Central African Republic, Libya, Kenya,
Sudan, Uganda, Democratic Republic of Congo). Georgia is the only country outside Africa facing
such an investigation.
The ICC's inability to try heads of state of any of the P5 countries or even launch preliminary
investigations against them for acts of impunity has bolstered the notion of substantial unfairness
and geopolitical prejudice in the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Since 1994, The Gambia has been under the rule of President Yahya Jammeh, who exercises full
control over the military and those critical of government policies have been at the receiving end of
state excesses. With its questionable human rights track record, including the crackdown on political
opponents, The Gambia sooner than later faced the prospect of emerging as a contender for an ICC
investigation (Joseph, 2016).
While efforts have been made to portray the withdrawal of South Africa, Burundi and The Gambia
from the ICC as a response to ingrained geopolitical prejudice against the African continent, a closer
examination reveals that domestic considerations, including the possibility of imminent prosecution,
play a key role in ICC pull–outs.
The African continent is not a monolithic entity with many different nations appreciating the role of
the ICC as a defender and a safeguard in the fight against impunity. Also, closer coordination with
the ICC is viewed as a desirable value to be pursued. However, the perception of a bias against
Africa is a strong one with robust justifications as well and the ball is in the ICC's court to weed out
any trace of geo–institutional prejudice which would be fatal in the struggle against global impunity
(Miyandazi et al 2016). RECOMMENDATIONS
1. The international criminal court needs to show that it is open and impartial in its role in the fight
against impunity in the world not only in

Advancement in Science and Technology
ADVANCEMENT IN SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
The Bahá'í Faith has, since its inception over 100 years ago, considered science and technology
essential to the full development of the individual and of society. It has always regarded
development as an all–encompassing process –– including the physical, mental, and spiritual well–
being of all peoples –– and has considered that science and technology, channeled properly, can help
to achieve this goal for all nations. The Bahá'í world community has also stressed the importance of
education –– of training in the arts and sciences on a universal scale. The growth of the mind, the
breadth of human learning, and the person's ability to solve complex problems are a cause of
individual happiness, greatness, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It must be directed by the civilizing aims and values of the society it is intended to serve. Such a
foundation of values instilled in individual scientists can be a most effective way to eliminate
obstacles to the application of science and technology to development. These scientists will
immediately see the priority need for development and will want to apply their knowledge in service
of their fellow beings. So motivated, they will encourage the appropriate transfer of technology,
stimulate new scientific and technical advances in development problem areas, and bring about quite
naturally the integration of science into economic and social development. The Most Potent Forces
Much of the difficulty in applying science to development today has come from the failure to link
science with the basic spiritual and moral values upon which each society is built. Such values, the
basis for real progress in science and technology for development, are, in the Bahá'í view, derived
from religion. Religion has traditionally provided standards and goals for the individual and society,
but misunderstanding and distortion of its fundamental teachings have brought prejudice ––
dogmatism, superstition, fanaticism –– all major hindrances to human development. On the other
hand, scientific progress, without the religious values brought by the founders of the world's
revealed religions, has spawned materialism –– greed, selfishness, distrust,

The Au Projects And Policies For Sustainability
3.1 Introduction
This chapter seeks to assess the AU projects and policies for sustainability in light of the
achievements and challenges each of the projects and policies have encountered and suggest what
could bring about lasting economic growth which the Union seeking.
3.2 Agriculture and Food Security: using the CAADP Framework
3.3 CAADP Achievements:
Since 2003, at the inception of CAADP, Twenty five African countries have completed the four
stages of signing a CAADP compact. The four stages include signing of the compact, making a
national agricultural investment plan, technical review of the investment plan for harmony within
the RECs and conformity to the CAADP framework and the business meeting, at which individual
countries ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
As for the RECs, ECOWAS has a regional plan already being implemented; the business meeting
was held in June 2010. IGAD has signed a regional compact in October 2013. ECCAS has signed a
regional compact and has an investment plan in place. COMESA recently signed a regional compact
in November 2014.2
To date out of the twenty–five countries that have endorsed the compact nine have achieved an
annual growth rate of 6 percent: Angola, Republic of the Congo, Gambia, Guinea Bissau, Burkina
Faso, Nigeria, Senegal, Eritrea, Ethiopia and Tanzania. Eight are investing ten percent of the
national budget into Agriculture: Burkina Faso, Ethiopia, Malawi, Mali, Niger, Ghana, Guinea and
Senegal. Four countries have achieved growth rate of four to five percent.
It is worth noting that the CAADP framework has demonstrated that it is relevant to accelerate the
growth of agriculture in Africa and has made agriculture to be a top priority developmental agendum
for many countries across the region, unlike in the past. It has gained political and international
support for agriculture, CAADP has gained international financial support for Agriculture with the
creation of a U.S. 60 million–multi donor trust fund for the implementation of CAADP.3
CAADP principles and countries' agriculture strategies are converted to investments at the national
levels through the implementation of post–compact strategies.
In addition CAADP has recently launched a ten–year implementation

Can Democracy Remedy Africa 's Problem? Essay
Can democracy remedy Africa 's Problem?
Democracy the representation of people by leaders they elect to bring their problems for solving or
politics by discussion. What does this mean? This is a preamble that pushes for people to be awake
and bring out legislation that will favour them. The title then asks, can democracy remedy Africa 's
problems? No. Why do I say no it's because before we bring a theory not born of Africa to solve our
problems we end up facing a fragmentation of knowledge.
On one hand, the fracture of learning identifies with the hostility between the endogenous
intelligence and encounter and the information acquired from the pilgrim past. Then again, it
identifies with the separate effect of religions (specifically Christianity, Islam and animism) on the
ideological estimations of improvement. These diverse types of fracture have brought extraordinary
ideological disparity and an absence of social roots.
The ideological divergences between the African pioneers were especially affirmed amid the East–
West encounter, spinning around liberal and Marxist belief systems. The end of socialism
significantly constrained the degree of this fracture without, notwithstanding, disposing of it. The
divergences between African political figures now show up in two ways: the fight for authority, both
in the locale and with pilgrim powers, and the topic of majority rules system and the way of regular
citizen or military administrations. These disagreements were constantly

What Are The Advantages And Disadvantages Of The Ou?
INTRODUCTION:
The organization of the African union (OAU) was established in May 1963 in Addis Ababa on the
signature of the OAU Charter by representatives of 32 governments. A further 21 states have joined
gradually over the years, with South Africa becoming the 53rd member on 23 May 1994.
The OAU aims to promote the unity and solidarity of African States; co–ordinate and intensify their
co–operation and efforts to achieve a better life for the peoples of Africa; defend their sovereignty,
territorial integrity and independence; eradicate all forms of colonialism from Africa; promote
international co–operation, giving due regard to the Charter of the United Nations and the Universal
Declaration of Human Rights; and co–ordinate and harmonise ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Poverty in Africa still remains a huge challenge. The 2009 – 2012 Strategic Plan has not been
implemented with consistency and accountability. This has emanated from weak integration of the
African Union Commission and RECs as well as poor monitoring and evaluation systems. All these
problems are coming from faulty governance. So it will be difficult to meet the Millennium
Development Goals. Climate change again needs to be addressed and be adapted to as it deteriorates
standards of living. At the 19th Summit, the now ousted President Mohamed Morsi of Egypt
remarked that trade and investment cooperation will see Africa

Economic Commission For Afric A Perspective Of Foreign...
Environmental scan
Economic commission for Africa: A perspective of foreign direct investment (FDI) inflows and
intra–trade relations
Abraham Rukevwe Idogho
Summary of EC mandate
Primarily, the Economic commission for Africa (EC) pursue an "integrated economic agenda",
which calls for free trade and custom union agreements among the various trading blocs in Africa,
and it also provides platforms for global demand for African exports, attract inflows of foreign direct
investments (FDI), and negotiate favourable trade agreements with foreign equals. However, like
most institutions, the EC responds to internal and external forces that can positively or negatively
affect its operations. This paper attempts to present some of these ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
These events are highlighted below, and are discussed in the analysis and synopsis sections of the
following sub heading.
a) FDI outflows from developing Asia
b) Rising operational cost in China
c) Latin America and Caribbean becoming "hot spots"
Analysis:
FDI outflows from developing Asia
With globalization and technological advancements comes offshoring – the movement of services or
manufacturing to another country in an attempt to take advantage of favorable business conditions in
that country. As a result of offshoring, the last decade saw significant amount of capital flight to
developing Asia. Skilled work force, availability of labour, low–wages, and easy access to supplies,
were some of the factors influencing the move of FDI to the region. Although recent economic data
suggest that developing Asia holds 52% of global FDI (UNCTAD 2014), the region's FDI inflow has
been declining since 2011 (UN 2014). A significant cause of this FDI decline is from West Asia with
–20% from 2012 (Asia top the world in FDI 2014). So, the economic ill of developing Asia is whose
gain?
Rising operational cost in china: That said, recent reports suggest that China, the biggest economy
with 1/3rd of total FDI to developing Asia is facing an era of "outward capital flight", as major
companies are moving their manufacturing and service operations out of the country (economist
2014). Multinationals have seen their profits suffer as a result of high

Critical Analysis of the Challenges Faced by Au in...
The advent of the African Union (AU) can be described as an event of great magnitude in the
institutional evolution of the continent. On 09 September 1999, the Heads of State and Government
of the Organisation of African Unity (OAU) issued a Declaration (the Sirte Declaration) calling for
the establishment of an African Union, with a view, to accelerating the process of integration in the
continent to enable it play its rightful role in the global economy while addressing multifaceted
social, economic and political problems compounded as they are by certain negative aspects of
globalisation . AU was started under the auspicious of OAU objectives and a lot of its objectives
were advanced from that of OAU.
The main objectives of the OAU ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
African continent has been surrounded in many conflicts since the end of Second World War
(WW2), partly due to colonization, struggle for power, strive for self governance, wars of
liberations, abolition of apartheid among others. The Africans all along had been waiting for an
opportunity to air their views and fight back the colonial rule. There was a latent heat in Africa that
was waiting to ignite conflicts in those areas that Africans were being oppressed. It is important
therefore to think that latent conflict is ongoing in varying degrees of intensity, whether or not the
issues are clearly formulated. This approach best describe the African phenomenon where the causes
of conflicts are many and complex, including poor governance, poverty, drought, famine,
competition for scarce resources, and identity–based rivalries resulting to an adverse impact on
economic development in the region. The impact of violent conflict has manifested itself
psychologically, physically, and economically, going beyond the material and affecting the lives of
thousands of women, children, and men. AU therefore, came at a time when it was most desired.
The African continent needed a powerful organ that cans unit different regions, races, tribes and
people from different religious background and creed. AU has become the best hope that the African
continent is hanging

Multilateral Relations Between Africa And Africa
Introduction
Africa, once regarded as 'good for nothing but exploitation', however, the block has gradually gained
modest relations, and aspiring to cultivate a multifaceted partnership with major global political
players in all directions from Left–Right, East–West, North–South, and South–South. The two major
partners forged their own cooperation are Peoples Republic of China and United States of America
and the partnerships they created are known as Sino – Africa relations named 'Forum on China–
Africa Cooperation' (FOCAC), and US – Africa which is dubbed 'African Growth and Opportunity
Act' (AGOA) respectively.
Some other multilateral relations with Africa are: Japan–Africa is known as the Tokyo International
Conference on Africa's ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
For example, China follows a dualist approach, meaning it aspires to secure good economic and
political cooperation with African states as well as, try to emulate friendly relation with the African
Union as a block. However, US maintained more tie with African states, with relatively less
enthusiasm to strike meaningful cooperation with the Union (Nyang, 2005; Thrall, 2015). It is not to
say that America is affected for following more traditionalist approach towards Africa but hopefully,
African foreign policy makers and leaders make calculations how they are situated In US foreign
policy not only today but also how they were treated historically taken into consideration.
Apart from misinformation about Africa economic potential, the gap, especially between US and
Africa in terms of political ideology and of stage of development continue to be the main reasons
responsible for the kind policy priorities these partners pursue. However, despite scarce and
inaccurate information concerning African economic performance at first, China has consistently
involved in African investment venture, while US has been a distant player in real economic terms
of engagement as they have not developed the kind of challenge– proof– skin to the African realities
being limited to political sphere of influence. As a result of this, China

African Union Institutional Capacity For Deal With...
African Union Institutional Capacity to Deal with Intrastate Conflicts
2.1 Introduction
Since its formation in 2001, the constitutive act of the AU has taken normative and constitutional
steps towards the realization of a strong and effective political, economic and judicial organization
for the continent . The ideals that led to the creation of the AU 's predecessor, the OAU proceeded
from the notion that countries in Africa should unite to fight colonial subjugation as well as improve
the lives of their people. Despite these noble ideals, it took a few wars, these are; Western Sahara
(involving Algeria, Morocco, Mauritania, and France), the Shaba rebellions( the attempted invasions
of Zaire), the invasion of Benin, and the Ogaden war against Somalia to show the weaknesses and
disunited front of the OAU following its failure to respond to the emerging conflict situations.
The OAU emerged as a compromise solution to the ideological disputes and divisions which dogged
African states at the initial stages of systemic relations. There were two main conflicting ideas, the
"unionists" which advocated immediate political union of African states, and the "statists" which
denounced any precipitate union, preferring, instead, a loose form of association of independent
African states, based upon the principle of functional cooperation. These conflicting political ideas
and interests resulted in the formation of an organization whose principles amounted to a
compromise between unity

The First African American Union Regiment In The Film Glory
In the movie, Glory, Edward Zwick tells the story of the first African American Union regiment, the
Massachusetts 54th Regiment, while displaying the hardships they had to face. Colonel Robert
Shaw, the leader of the regiment, was faced with the task of training and leading the men into battle.
Throughout the movie, disunity is shown between the regiment and their superiors, other white
soldiers and even with themselves. Three scenes that depicted the change from disunity to unity was
when the officers tore up their paychecks, when Thomas saved Tripp and when all of the soldiers
cheered on the 54th Regiment as they were marching into battle. Although the regiment faced
adversity, the unity of the Union's army was shown in three scenes that ... Show more content on
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Along with receiving less pay, the African American soldiers also had to pay a $3.50 "clothing
allowance" and were mainly used for manual labor.(Textbook Pg 352) Also if these African
American soldiers were caught by the Confederacy, the soldiers would either be returned to slavery
or executed on the spot. As a result, the mortality rate for black soldiers was much higher than that
of white soldiers.(Textbook Pg 352) These themes of inequality and division were shown in the
movie, but were later reversed when the Union became unified. All in all, the experience of the war
for these soldiers was horrific and oppressive. However, unity finally triumphed when the regiment
showed their strong capabilities on the battlefield in the invasion of Fort Wagner, opening the ranks
to over 180,000 African American soldiers to fight for the Union in the Civil

Essay on Somali People and Djibouti
Djibouti, a small 9000 square miles Horn of Africa (HOA) enclave located at the convergence of the
Red Sea and Gulf of Aden, is strategically important to the U. S. Foreign policy. All instruments of
U.S National Power – diplomacy, information, military and economic – are exercised as part of a
deliberate and sustained 'whole of government' approach. The U. S. Ambassador to Djibouti, the
Honorable Geeta Pasi, leads a State Department and U.S. Agency for International Development
(USAID) Team in enabling U. S. Strategic policy vision in HOA, while enabling and collaborating
with Djibouti in strengthening government, social, economic and international capabilities.
Djibouti affects U.S Foreign policy in three major areas: Djibouti's ... Show more content on
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S Foreign policy within HOA. Djibouti supports African Union and U.S. Foreign Policy efforts to
eradicate the spread of Islamic extremists groups such as Al–Qaida affiliated al–Shabaab – this
commitment includes providing military forces to the African Union Mission in Somalia, supporting
the Transitional Federal Government in Mogadishu, Somalia. Additionally, the Djiboutian
government supports USAID efforts throughout Africa by providing warehousing for the only
stockpile of humanitarian aid on the African continent. (Diplomatic, Information IOP)
Djibouti supports the only U.S Military base on the continent of Africa– it also supports French and
Japanese military forces. The U. S Military installation, Camp Lemonnier, houses over 4000 Army,
Navy, Marine and Air Force personnel, which includes a robust contingency of Special Operations
personnel. Djibouti's support for a U.S Military presence enables the sustained training of East
African militaries, a key objective in the State Departments vision to enhance the effectiveness,
capability, credibility and status of East African militaries towards civilian populations they serve.
Additionally, having a U.S military presence supports and develops a wide range of military options
available to the Commander in Chief during emergent/contingent operations. Finally, the Djiboutian
government support of multi–national military forces

African Command Priorities Essay
The Command Priorities
The safety of African countries is at stake in the fight against terrorism. However, it is important to
note that the establishment of U.S. Africa Command did not mean the U.S. military was taking over
the security matter of African's countries away from Africa military forces. Rather, the command
operates as a central authority in coordinating and supporting African governments and standing
local organizations, such as the African Standby Force. The command enables African leaders to
have a greater capacity to provide security and respond in times of need. Thus, the command
priorities about this vision sum to five distinct missions as stipulated in the General David
Rodriguez's statement to the Congress. These missions ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
workers and facilities in Africa. Fifteen high–risk, high–threat diplomatic posts are located in the
Africa Command area of responsibility. AFRICOM reaction forces comprise of U.S. Army and Air
Force elements stationed in Djibouti and a Marine Corps Special Purpose Air Ground Task Force
and two Fleet Anti–Terrorism Security Teams based in Spain. Its Special Operations Crisis
Response Force elements are located in Germany and the United Kingdom. In 2014, U.S. Africa
Command and its apparatuses strengthened the security of U.S. Embassies in South Sudan and
Libya and facilitated the departure of U.S., Korean, French, and other Allied personnel from Libya.
AFRICOM provided security to enable the resumption of U.S. Embassy operations in the Central
African Republic to support French forces and African partners participating in the United Nations
Integrated Stabilization Mission in the Central African Republic. As a significance part of its
mission, AFRICOM will continue to "assist and develop additional expeditionary infrastructure in
host nations and work with the Department of State toward a shared understanding of decision
points for reinforcing embassies, prepositioning response forces, and executing military assisted

Brief On Evolution Of The African Union
Brief on evolution
The African union (AU) is a coalition encompassing of 54 African states. The merely all–African
state that is not a associate is Morocco.
Its origins are the Coalition of African States, an main confederation that was instituted by Kwame
Nkrumah in the 1960s, as well as consecutive endeavors to fuse Africa, encompassing the
Organisation of African Harmony (OAU), that was instituted on May 25, 1963, and the African
Commercial Area in 1981. Criticizers clashed that the OAU in particular did slight to protect the
entitlements and liberties of African residents from their own governmental heads, frequently
dubbing it the "Dictators ' Club".
The believed of crafting the AU was revived in the mid–1990s below the ... Show more content on
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On November 23, 1958, a Ghana–Guinea Coalition was industrialized alongside a ensign like that of
Ghana but alongside two black stars. In May 1959 it was proclaimed that the Coalition should be
renamed Coalition of African States alongside a ensign like that of Ghana "with as countless black
stars as there were members".In April 1961 Mali joined this coalition, so the ensign next had three
stars. The Coalition dropped separately in 1962, after Guinea commenced to grasp out to the United
States, opposing the acquaintance of their Socialist partner, the U.S.S.R
Products and Markets
The joined states of the African Union contain the world 's 17th biggest economy alongside a
nominal gross internal product(GDP) of US$500 billion, ranking afterward the Netherlands.By
computing GDP by purchasing power parity (PPP), the African Union 's economy totals US$1.515
billion, ranking it 11th afterward Russia. At the alike period, they have a joined finished liability of
US$200 billion.
The AU has merely 2% of the world 's global trade. Because above 90% of global transactions
consists of currency futures, Africa 's 2%, though, truly makes up the bulk of real commodity traded
worldwide, encompassing concerning 70% of the world 's crucial minerals, encompassing gold
andaluminium. Africa is additionally a colossal marketplace for American, European and Chinese
industry.

The Model Of Dependency Theory
The Model of Dependency Theory in Asia, Africa
Detailed outline of the structure of the final paper/project
What I intend to study
The preliminary hypotheses
1) Major Propositions of Dependency Theory
2) Win–win style
3) The Commonwealth as the present example
4) Dependency among Asia and Africa
5) The style of JICA
6) The comparison between the Commonwealth and JICA.
7) Adaptation of the Dependency Theory
8) From Given independence to Genuine independence
9) What has been missing for Genuine independence
10) Asian and African nations are Japan's partners for growth
–Address by Prime Minister Shinzo Abe at the Asian–African Summit 2015
Conclusion
What I intend to study
Dependency theory tries to explain the underdevelopment of countries ... Show more content on
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Then the Commonwealth Secretariat promotes democracy, rule of law, human rights, good
governance and social and economic development. It is a voice for small states and a champion for
youth empowerment. Furthermore, the Commonwealth Fund for Technical Co–operation (CFTC)
was set–up in 1971 and is the principal means for the Commonwealth Secretariat to provide
technical assistance to Commonwealth countries. Their approach emphasizes country ownership by
delivering technical assistance on a demand–driven basis. (Commonwealth Secretariat,Strategic
Plan,2013/14

Exam 2 Essay
Report on U.S. Strategy towards Somalia
Exam Question #3:
What are the ends and associated ways and means of the Report on U.S. Strategy towards Somalia?
Ends:
The International community such as the International Contact Group, the African Union and the
United Nations to assist with U.S. foreign policies in achieving a peaceful, stable and
comprehensive Somalia by eliminating terrorist threats, promote political stability and by supporting
the organization of a central government and provide humanitarian assistance to the Somali people.
Ways:
Somalia must develop a Political Dialogue between the Transitional Federal Government (TFG's)
which are known as the Transitional Federal Institutions (TFI's) for reconciliation to ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
The TFG to reconsider key groups inside Somalia not previously included in the political process,
such as, clan leaders, civil society women groups, business, religious leaders, to include, the
Mogadishu by doing so it promotes a more inclusive society. Uganda to deploy 1500 troops to
Somalia as well as the African Union Peace and Security Council to deploy stabilization mission is
one of the key element to bring the Somali people stability and an assurance of peace. The United
States will assist with training and equipping African contingents deploying to Somalia through the
African Contingency Operations Training and Assistance program (ACOT A). Also, the U.S. will
outreach to Somali Diaspora communities in the United States to urge additional financial and
political support for the TFI's. The State Department Bureau of African Affairs Public Diplomacy
office and the U.S. Ambassadors in Kenya and Ethiopia will communicate with domestic and
international audience by conducting a variety of press speeches and media interviews, publishing
information in newspapers and magazines about the integrated approach on Somalia The Somali
people must take responsibility for maintaining a security force at the local level by implementing a
civilian police force and a unified military presents of all Somalia's clan which provides a secure and

In “War and the State in Africa,” Jeffrey Herbst states...
Intro to Comparative Politics
In "War and the State in Africa," Jeffrey Herbst states that "...it should be recognized that there is
very little evidence that African countries, or many others in the Third World, will be able to find
peaceful ways to strengthen the state and develop national identities."
Do you agree with Herbst's argument? Why?
Lei Zhang
Professor Dickson
2/10/2011
�
Although African countries are facing many severe problems including weak national identities and
limited governmental capabilities, war might not be the only way to strengthen the state and develop
national identities. When we consider the intense globalization undertaken by the world,
collaboration by African unification provides another choice ... Show more content on
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Weak national identity in African states is one of the problems discussed by Herbst. If Africa is
united as a whole and becomes strong over time, national identities, or even ethnic identities
attached to each individual state or ethnic group will gradually erode, and "Africanness" will
become the new identity. The definition of national identity is "a group of people bound together by
a common set of political aspiration".� Since Africans share similar colonial history and face
equally impoverished situations, why can't African states collaborate and unite as a whole, like the
European Union has since 1952 and the existing African Union since 2002. This "Africanness" can
be the new "national identity" which holds Africans together. For example in the history of the
United States, during the early period after independence, citizens traveling abroad didn't recognize
themselves as the citizens of the U.S. as a whole, but rather identified themselves with the individual
state they originally resided from. As the country became stronger over time, the state identity was
replaced with the real national identity.�

Someone may argue the fact that "some confronting societies that are often fragmented and have
little orientation to the state as a whole".� Therefore, how is each state and ethnic group willing to

The Case Of Somaliland
The strain between the privilege to outer self–determination and regional respectability in Africa:
Somaliland as a case study
1. Research background : The case of Somaliland
The populace of Somaliland are enduring because of the inconsistencies of self–determination and
regional integrity. On 26 June 1960, Somaliland gained its independence from Britain following 80
years of colonization with the name, the 'British Protectorate of Somaliland.' After 5 days of
independence, Somaliland united with Somalia or the 'Italian Protectorate', which took her
independence from Italy on 1 July 1960.During these 5 days, Somaliland was perceived as a free
state. For reasons clarified beneath, Somaliland involved its sway and united with Somalia with the
condition that the two countries make a more suitable state based on equivalent equity of riches and
power sharing. This did not happen and the ambitions of the people of Somaliland got to be
unbeneficial. A wide range of human rights outrages were submitted in Somaliland by the military
administration that crumpled in 1991. Due to the mal–treatment, which they met because of the
unification with Somalia also, with the disappointment of Somalia ... Show more content on
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Accordingly, this study endeavours to investigate the purposes for the no recognition of Somaliland.
It explores the hindrances that keep the international group to concede Somaliland an official
recognition. The study assumes that the greater parts of these hindrances are political more than
legal. Therefore, the political components are blended with lawful contentions. Accordingly, there is
a requirement for elucidation about these issues. The study will be directed with a particular
reference to the standards of self–determination and regional trustworthiness inside of the African

African Standby Force : An Integral Component Of The...
2.4.4 African Standby Force The ASF is an integral component of the African Peace and Security
Architecture and will play a critical function in enabling the PSC to fulfill its mandate. The ASF is
organized into five regional standby forces, previously known as regional brigades. The formation
of the regional forces includes a full time Planning Element (PLANELM); a Logistics Depot (LD); a
Brigade Headquarters; and the Pledged Brigade Units. The various RECs and RMs are at various
stages of establishing the aforementioned structures, although some regions like SADC have opted
not to establish a standing Brigade Headquarters. The force consists of military, police and civilian
components and is composed of five sub–regional contingents, each composed of a maximum of
five thousand troops per sub–region making the overall number of 20–25,000 troops (Alemu 2008).
This structural organization of the ASF points to the suggestion that there are at least two entities
that have authority over the use and deployment of the ASF. These are the AU and the RECs
(Regional Economic Communities). However, this brigade is yet to make the expected progress.
According to the 2003 Policy Framework for the Establishment of the ASF and the Military Staff
Committee (MSC) and the 2005 Roadmap for the operationalisation of the ASF, subsequently
supplemented by Roadmap II, the ASF was to be developed in two phases and inaugurated in 2010.
At the end of Phase II in 2010, the ASF was supposed to be

Economic Development Of Africa And South America
Financial improvement is actualizing new innovations, move from farming based to industry–based
economy, and general change in living models. The current improvement circumstance of Africa is
dumbfounding. Despite the fact that it is the wealthiest mainland as far as common assets, Africa
remains the poorest and the slightest created district of the world., Africa is the last worldwide
outskirts that will take after the current developing forces. The economy of Africa of China, India
and South America Consists of the exchange, business, farming, and human assets of the
continent.the report, simply distributed, says this development has been determined basically by
enhanced monetary administration on the mainland and the private part.
Africa 's financial development coud not have happened without significant change in monetary
influence. In any case, Africa 's deficient base remains a significant obligation to the mainland 's
monetary development and improvement.. "African as of now contributes only four for every penny
of its aggregate GDP in base, contrasted and China 's 14 for every penny.
Africa 's aggregate horrible local item (GDP) arrived at US $953 while the quantity of center wage
nations on the mainland rose to 26, out of a sum of 54. Solid monetary development has made real
advances into pay neediness. Africa 's aggregate terrible local item (GDP) arrived at US $953 while
the quantity of center salary nations on the mainland rose to 26, out of a sum of 54.

The Trans Atlantic Slave Trade
CHAPTER ONE
RESEARCH DESIGN
1.1 Background to the Research Problem
For nearly five centuries – from the 15th century at the onset of the trans–Atlantic slave trade up to
the 1950s when African states began to win the struggle for independence, Africa was exploited as a
continent. The natural as well as the human resources were taken with no returns. This great pillage
led to a complete halt of trade in Africa. Trade implies an exchange, yet the human resources were
taken as slaves and the former colonial masters took the natural and mineral resources without the
consent of Africans through imperialism.
By the 1950s, several trade agreements were made to address the results of the pillage of Africa.
Two Yaoundé agreements and four Lome agreements brought about the Lome Partnership
Agreements between individual countries of Africa, Caribbean and Pacific Regions (ACP). These
regions were similarly exploited, with Africa being the worst devastated because of the slave trade.
The agreements assured the colonialists of continued access to the raw materials of Africa, which
they needed. These agreements have led to the current Economic Partnership Agreements (EPAs)
negotiations between regional blocs of the ACP and the European Union.
Currently, the world market determines the prices of African natural resources, the reason being that
Africa does not have enough industries to process its raw materials and use them on a large scale.
Africa's current participation in World

Cameroon Research Paper
Cameroon, a relatively economically stable country in central Africa, has often been often
discounted when searching to invest in Africa. Despite the rich opportunity for manufacturing and
new markets, Cameroon lacks infrastructure and is often overlooked in favor of its neighbor Nigeria.
Cameroon exists as a promising enterprise for foreign investment with a bit of time and assistance.
Cameroon sits on the border of Nigeria, Central African Republic, Chad, Congo, Gabon, and Guinea
while still having access to the Gulf of Guinea. According to the CIA's World Factbook, Cameroon'
terrain is very diverse which is favorable for agriculture, and has some volcanic activity. The CIA
also states that Cameroon has a large variety of ethnic groups; the largest being Cameroon
Highlands, followed by Bantu, Kirdi, Fulani, Nigritic and others. This ethnic diversity ... Show more
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Once colonized by the Germans, the natives of Cameroon were used on plantations to farm for
tropical produce. However, after World War I, Germany lost control of these colonies to the French
and British, who divided up the territories into mandates, which later became South and North
Cameroon respectively. By the 1950s, the French side of Cameroon became dissatisfied with
colonial rule, and created the Union des Populations du Cameroun (UPC) which pushed for
Cameroonian independence. After the UPC was outlawed by French officials in 1955 a bloody civil
war began that lasted years after the country gained independence, which could have resulted in
between tens of thousands to hundreds of thousands of deaths. In 1960, Cameroon finally gained
independence to become the Republic of Cameroon; shortly after, in 1961, Southern Cameroon
(previously under British rule) joined the Republic of Cameroon to become the Federal Republic of

The Pros And Cons Of The Organization Of African Union
Introduction
Africa is the second largest continent in the world in terms of area and population after Asia.
Because of European colonialism, the exploitation of its resources, the practice of apartheid and the
policy of prejudice, the Organization of the African Union was established and linked to all African
countries. The concept of the African Union is a special organization to resolve all African
problems, issues and crises. The African Union consists of 30 countries, established in 1936. In
1980, the membership rose to 53. The Organization of African Unity has been named .The
headquarters of the Organization of African Unity (OAU) is located in Addis Ababa, the capital of
Ethiopia So that the African continent can take international decisions and the elimination of
political, economic, technical and cultural problems. New African States have the right to organize
for the Organization, but subject to the approval of members, upon the withdrawal of any State from
the Organization, the request for ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Through this research, I found that there are pros and cons in the organization and its attempts to
create peace and security between the two countries it was considered necessary to intervene in
resolving internal issues in a proper manner. But because of the resolutions, the Charter and the laws
of the Organization that provide for non–interference in these problems. This has led to increased
chaos and problems throughout Africa. A negotiator should be able to deal with the worst
humanitarian crises and use a way to convince some countries Prevent the existence of poverty and
debt in Africa by quickly dissolving political corruption and the development of strict laws to
prevent the establishment of secret accounts for members of the Organization Strong entry into
European markets and opportunity to sell their agricultural

Kwame Nkrumah Primary Source Analysis
Primary Source Analysis
The need for the unification of Africa is the message that author Kwame Nkrumah is trying to
convey in his significant book "Africa Must Unite". All through this book, the author explains
different theories that were discussed in class and ways that the people back during that time could
do to bond together, and get Africa, and its people strong again, like creating a conventional
government and more. Through his elaborate syntax in this primary source, Nkrumah allows his
audience to fully see what he believes the people during that time, should go through, to get the
country of Africa to be great again. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The main problem with this book is the expectation for an entire continent to unite. This is utterly
ridiculous of him to think. He has failed to answer questions that erupt like: "Who will lead?" ,
"What policies will be in place?" , "What language will be considered the national language?" etc.
Do not be mislead, Nkrumah did speak a little on policy, but for his idea to work, he must be way
more detailed. He also believes all of Africa should cut all ties with outside nation. This is a terrible
and selfish idea. It is true some of the small nations may benefit if the more developed nations
would cut ties with countries outside of Africa. However, It is ignorant to ask a small developed
nation to cut its ties to a larger power to try to connect with its smaller underdeveloped sister
nations. It is reasonable to assume these wealthier nations, are receiving money, and security from
these powers. They have nothing to gain from dropping ties with powers, except risk of an economic
depression. Ironically, a better way for him to unite is to keep ties to large powers. Some of the
small under developed nations should definitely unite with developed sister nations; However,
instead of asking the developed nations to cease connections with the large powers, the under
developed nations should join the connection in hopes to soon be large to gain

The Roles And Nature Of African Agency
The role and nature of African agency has been debated, and is a contentious issue, especially with
regard to its role in shaping the contemporary international relations (IR) of the continent. The
nature of African agency is weak and inadequate, however the continent does have some influence
in aspects of political debate and the potential to become more prominent. African agency is a broad,
yet core concept which is; the 'ability of states as primary actors in the international system to
produce both hard and soft capabilities in pursuit of their national interests (Andreasson 2013). This
essay will first discuss the nature of African agency, and the viewpoints contributing to it, then will
discuss and analyse its role in shaping the contemporary IR of Africa, and the challenges it faces.
Agency, as argued by Danielle Beswick and Anne Hammerstad is relational and contextualised, and
limited by international politics, in particular those states who are not seen as great powers (Beswick
& Hammerstad 2013). Lesley Blaauw agrees with this point, although opposes the notion that Africa
is weak and asserts that it has potential for growth, but external factors such as Africa 's lack of
sovereignty and independence has hindered its advancement in international politics (Blaauw 2016).
It is difficult for Africa to be considered a serious contender in IR and take advantage of 'shifting
dynamics,' as its sense of agency is vulnerable and seen as inadequate, despite the improved

Comparative Similarities Of Zimbabwe And Kenya
Zimbabwe and Kenya: Comparative essay
Politics in African is one that is rich and complex in history. It is argued that the 19th century
marked the start of politics on the continent (Allen et al). By the start of the 20th century, African
rulers were increasingly interacting with European merchants, scholars and missionaries whereas in
the previous century, slavery was the main reason for contact (Allen et al). Emphasis now shifted to
developing markets for trade in minerals and raw materials. Whiles Europeans attempted to develop
a more effective colonial administration, African resentment towards colonial presence lead to a
period of political and intellectual change (Allen et al). Urban Africans began to demand a greater
say and by the 1930's, a small elite of Africans whom had attended western universities had emerged
(Allen et al).They debated critical ideas such as self determination (Allen et al). Key nationalist
included Jomo Kenyatta of Kenya, Leopold Senghor of Senegal and Kwame Nkrumah of Ghana
(Allen et al). These figures will go on and lead the fight for independence. By the 1960's this fight
for independence is successful and more than two thirds of African states have gained independence
as European nation ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The severity of the 2007 post election violence in the Kenya saw European Affairs Ministers appeal
to the United Nations Security Council to react "in the name of the responsibility to protect" before
Kenya plunged into a deadly ethnic conflict (crises in Kenya). Secretary–General Ban Ki–moon
issued a statement expressing concern for the ongoing violence, calling for the population to remain
calm and for restraint to be shown by Kenyan security forces. The United Nations High Commission
for Human Rights called on the Kenyan Government to abide by its international human rights
obligations (The crises in

Essay about Terrorism Threats to the African Continent
While the world focused its main effort on the war against terrorism to the Middle East, the African
continent is silently grows as a safe haven for terrorist groups. Although these terrorist groups
operate in different countries under different names, their connection to the most known
international terror organizations is noticeable. For decades, countries of East, North and West
Africa have been experiencing several heinous terrorist attacks that resulted into deaths of hundreds
of people. The African states through African Union regarded terrorism as one of their major
security concerns that needs collective action. African terror groups are taking opportunity of
unstable governments to spread their ideology in remote regions and carry ... Show more content on
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AQIM security threats include but not limited to suicide bombings, money laundering, smuggling,
kidnappings, as well as drug and human trafficking. AQIM have made millions of dollars especially
from kidnapping ransoms and drug/human trafficking. Terrorism security threats have covered the
whole continent; East Africa is another epicenter of terrorism on African continent. For two decades,
Somalia never had a national wide accepted leadership. The civil war in Somalia fueled by religious
extremism has captured the attention of the African Union and the international community in
general. The terror upsurge in Somalia greatly affected neighboring counties such as Kenya and
Ethiopia and eventually forced those states involve in conflict. Al Shabab, a Somalia based terrorist
organization not only undermined Somalia security but also terrorized the East African region. In
July 2010, Al Shabab suicide bombers killed 73 people in Uganda (BBC News, 2010 Jul 12). This
terror group with its Pilates, restricted freedom of movement in international waters of Indian Ocean
and claimed lives of many innocent travelers. The United States categorized Ugandan and Rwandan
armed rebel groups known as the Lord Resistance Army (LRA) and the Front Democratiqe pour
Liberation Rwandes (FDLR) respectively as terrorist organizations because of their role in
instability of the Great Lakes

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