The Descriptive and Symbolic Conceptions in Social Studies: An Analysis of Key Concepts

The Descriptive and Symbolic Conceptions in Social Studies
1) Symbolic forms are of vital importance in the social studies not only as an object and/or
occurrence, whether naturally occurring or not, but it is also of significance in the socio–contextual
situation in which it is received. These symbolic forms can appear as actions and expressions,
conversations, a variety of artifacts– artifact being defined as an object made by a human being,
typically holds cultural or historical significance – and texts. (Thompson, 1990, pg. 122)
(http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/artefact) Everyone makes use of these
symbolic forms on a daily basis to express themselves and their emotions in any variety of ways,
while conforming to commonly accepted means of expression within that individuals' society. By
interpreting the reaction they evoke, they develop an understanding of the connotations associated
with the symbols. Once they have learned the social context of the symbols they further their
knowledge of each social background and its construct. For example the symbol of a crucifix and of
a red rose are both simple items, with individual associations under different contextual situations
which determine what relevance that item holds. The crucifix is an artifact holding religious
significance, whereas a red rose is a naturally occurring object which has been assigned its
association with love within specific societies. The associations attached to symbols is entirely
dependent on its socio–cultural context in which it is
... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...

Stuart Hall
Stuart Hall
Four intellectuals established Cultural Studies, namely, Richard Hoggart, Raymond Williams, E.P.
Thompson, and Stuart Hall. Hall (b. 1932) has had the lion's share of publicity. Scholars working in
this tradition often take their cue from his articles.
Hall tells us that he grew up in Jamaica, the "blackest son" (in his words) of a middle–class,
conservative family; from an early age, Hall says, he rejected his father's attempt to assimilate into
white, English–speaking society (his father worked his way up through the United Fruit Company).
In 1951, he won a scholarship to Oxford (he was a Rhodes scholar)––and (as they say) the rest is
history. As a student at Oxford, he sensed that his color as well as his economic ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
During the 1980s, Hall wrote about "Marxism without guarantees." Despite his ambiguous
relationship with Marxism, he never accepted the view that the class struggle explains/determines
everything. Nevertheless, he insists that cultural studies can have a practical impact on reality. He
challenges intellectuals by asking: "What effect are you having on the world?" Since 1979, Hall has
been professor of sociology at the Open University, the distance–learning institution.
During the late 1970s, Hall produced at least two papers on the COMS paradigm he called
"encoding/decoding," in which he builds on the work of Roland Barthes. What follows is a synthesis
of two of these papers, offered in the interest of capturing the nuances he gave his presentations. The
numbers in brackets identify the two papers (the bibliographic details are provided at the end).
ENCODING AND DECODING
1. introduction
2. research project
research question
3. approach taken
theoretical framework

analytical technique
4. findings
5. works cited
I. Introduction
Traditionally, mass–communication theorists and researchers have conceptualized the process of
communication in terms of a circuit: production, distribution, and consumption (p. 51). Since the
late 1940s, they have represented communication as a linear process: SENDER–MESSAGE–
RECEIVER. I propose to re–think this model,

Mapping Of Semantic Web Ontology
Mapping of Semantic Web Ontology in User Query System
Rupali khune
Department of Computer Engineering, MMCOE Pune, University of Pune, India
rupalikhune@mmcoe.edu.in
ABSTRACT
The vision of the Semantic Web promises a kind Machine Intelligence, which can support a verity of
user tasks like improved search engine or Question Answering (QA). Ontologies are needed for
realization of the semantic web, which in turn depends on the ability of system to identify and take
advantage of relationships that exist between and within ontologies. There are huge numbers of
ontologies present on the web they need to be integrated for data integration. These ontologies are
having different in representation, quality of data and larger sizes of ontologies, this lead to be
problem during ontology mapping, on analyzing these problems and to introduce Multiagent
mapping system. Main aim is to achieve heterogeneous data integration through semantic mapping
of ontologies. this paper provide a mapping framework for Multiagent ontology having
heterogeneous data in Semantic web and develop a question answering system from developed
framework of ontology's and improve performance by adding semantic relation interpreter which
improves response time.
General Terms
Ontology, Semantic Web, Similarity.
Keywords
Automated question answering system, Multiagent System, Ontology Mapping, Semantic relation
interpreter, semantic web.
1. INTRODUCTION
Web mining [1] uses data mining techniques to

Questions On The And Football
E.g.:– Gagan plays football. In this sentence, Gagan is object, plays is his property and football is
resource.
Football plays Gagan
Ontology: – Ontology is abbreviated as FESC which means Formal, Explicit, specification of shared
conceptualization. [11].
Formal specifies that it should be machine understandable. Explicit defines the type of constraints
used in model. Shared defines that ontology is not for individual, it is for group. Conceptualization
means model of some phenomenon that identifies relevant concept of that phenomenon.
Inference: – It is defined as producing new data from existing one or to reach some conclusion. E.g.:
Adios is a French word which is replaced by Good bye that is understandable by user.
Figure3:"SW Architecture"
3.3 Semantic Web Technologies
SW technologies are listed below:–
 XML: – XML is extensible language that allows users to create their own tags to documents. It
provides syntax for content structure within documents. XML Schema: – It is language for defining
XML documents. XML document is a tree.
 RDF: – It stands for Resource Description Framework. It is simple language to express data
models which refers to objects and their relationships. These models are called RDF Models.
Both XML and RDF deal with Metadata which is data about other data. Raw data is stored in some
repository called as Database Storage. Then Information Extraction techniques like KM solutions
generate metadata. But in

Semantic Web And The Web
another day, right now we are sticking to the Semantic Web. We should first wait until the Semantic
Web is completed before we jump to the next thing on the list. (Aghaei, Nematbakhsh and Farsani)
(Frauenfelder)
The million dollar question is: what is the Semantic Web? The Semantic Web is not a completely
new web that is going to replace the current web, it is simply and extension from the present web.
The idea of Web 3.0 is for the information in the web to be understood and recognized by the
computer. Today the web is a big global storage that stores files for humans to read, not computers,
humans. This in what the Semantic Web is going to change by allowing computers to read and
understand the information and data stored in the web. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
A better way to help understand the Semantic Web would be a scenario placed by the Tim Berners–
Lee. First, imagine that you are registering for an online conference. The website of the conference
contains not only the event date, time and location, but also information from the closest hotel and
airport. In real and regular life a you would have to make sure you have a time in your schedule that
is compatible with the online conference for you to be able to attend. Next you would have to make
arrangements for the flight by buying a ticket and for the hotel by reserving a room that meets your
needs. According to Berners–Lee right now there is no way you can simply say "I want to go to the
event" because you have to make plans by making arrangements. However, with the semantic web
this scenario of simply wanting to go without making previous arrangements is possible because
with the Semantic Web the airport and hotel arrangements can be done by simply pressing a button.
The SM would book your flight and it will reserve your room as well, without you having the need
to pick up the phone to call a reservation desk, or you having to visit the hotel's or airport's website.
As you can see Web 3.0 can facilitate our tasks tremendously.(Frauenfelder) (Dumbill) (Hendler,
Berners–Lee and Miller)
After reading about what the Semantic Web is it might seem like there is

Autism Model Design
design. The design offers the flexibility to relate an ontology to changing user perspectives when
assessing and selecting an ontology. It also provides for feedback to enable users determine
requirements for improving on existing models. The framework shall help to elicit new requirements
for iteratively and incrementally extending and modifying existing biomedical ontologies to suit
changing user needs and accommodate new types of data. This shall facilitate extending and
modifying existing ontology for reuse and avoid the huge effort of starting or building entirely new
ontologies in terms of time, effort and domain specific knowledge. The model design is flexible,
generic and can be applied to evaluations in other domains with dynamic environments. ... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
andNoy NF. Biomedical ontologies: a functional perspective. Brief Bioinform 2007. [3] NCBO
BioPortal. bioportal.bioontology.org/. (accessedJul 2013). [4] A. Budanitsky and G. Hirst,
"Evaluating WordNet–based measures of semantic distance," Comput. Linguistics, vol. 32, no. 1,
pp. 13–47, 2006. [5] J. E. Caviedes and J. J. Cimino, "Towards the development of a conceptual
distance metric for the UMLS," J. Biomed. Inf., vol. 37, no. 2, pp. 77–85,2004. [6] A. Hliaoutakis,
"Semantic similarity measures in MeSH ontology and their application to information retrieval on
Medline," Master's thesis, Tech. Univ. Crete, Chaniá, Crete, 2005. [7] Caviedesa, J.E., Cimino, J.J.:
Towards the development of a conceptual distance metric for the UMLS. Biomedical Informatics
37(2), 77–85 (2004). [8] Ashburner, M., Sim, I., Hute, C.G., Solbrig, H., Storey, M.A., Smith, B.,
Day–Richter, J., Noy, N.F., Musen, M.A.: National Center for Biomedical Ontology: Advancing
Biomedicine through Structured Organization of Scientific Knowledge. OMICS A Journal of
Integrative Biology 10(2), 185–198 (2006) Ontology–based Queries over Cancer Data Alejandra
González–Beltrán1,2, Ben Tagger1, and Anthony

The Basic Achievements Of The Human Race
The language is one of the fundamental achievements of the human race. Its role in the
appropriation of culture and incorporation of the individual to society, is a key instrument of the
educational process. Its essence is to express ideas, needs, experiences and feelings through the
written and spoken word, gestures, attitudes and behaviors. It is precisely through language that the
child is inserted in the world and they are different from it. As in development go by an individual
and affective function to fulfil an eminently social and cognitive function. Through both oral and
written language, the children can express their feelings and explain their reactions to others, know
different points of view and learn values and norms. They can also direct and reorganize their
thoughts, control their behavior. Thus, favoring an increasingly conscious learning.
If we stop to observe young children, we will realize that their behavior is guided by curiosity. They
want to discover everything that surrounds them. Children are like sponges that absorbing all the
information that they receive and will accompany them for the rest of their life. As teachers, a
strategy that can be used to promote the skills that will help them to build a good foundation for the
communication and language, is to be aware of items that capture their curiosity, attention, and to
syntonize with them (Promote the language according to the interests of the child). Both parents and
teachers can take advantage

Objectification Is A Word That Has Many Negative Connotations
Objectification is a word that has many negative connotations. Nussbaum identifies objectification
"as a pejorative term, connoting a way of speaking, thinking, and acting that the speaker finds
morally or socially objectionable, usually, though not always, in the sexual realm." Nussbaum's
definition is vague, like many of her other works, and places the connotation of the word itself into
the "speaker's" own hands. While it is good to allow wiggle room for concepts, an act which allows
them to be more universal for the general public as a whole, because of the long–standing
connotations associated with objectification, I believe that the word itself already implies something
"morally or socially objectionable," and the speaker's own ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
I am not trying to make Nussbaum seem like a villain, I completely agree with the overarching
subject of her paper, but claims such as "women are depicted as beings made for sexual pleasure,"
are fruitless when one realizes that sexual pleasure is extremely different for women and men across
the world.
According to Nussbaum, objectification "can be used... in a more positive spirit [and] it is not only a
slippery, but also a multiple, concept." While I do not disagree with either of these claims directly, I
believe that in an effort to make her understanding of the concept universal to all, Nussbaum's ideas
regarding objectification come off as somewhat robotic and lack the emotion needed when
attempting to understand those who have been objectified. Her entire seven–step system that is used
to outline what is and is not objectification, seems to echo her previous work regarding the ten
capabilities, another approach I found to be too generalized and too deeply engrained in Western
culture. Furthermore, much like Nussbaum's capabilities approach, all of the examples she uses

Annotated Bibliography On The World Wide Web
The World Wide Web (WWW or W3) is an interlinked system of information documents that is
accessed via internet. The Web is maintained by World Wide Web Consortium (W3C), an
international community that along with its affiliated organizations and other members work
together to develop the standards of the Web. These W3C standards define an Open Web Platform to
enable developers build interactive experiences, powered by vast data stores. In addition to the
classic "Web of documents" W3C is helping to develop a technology to support a "Web of data" and
that is Semantic Web.
The term "Semantic Web" was coined by Tim Berners–Lee, it refers to W3C's vision of the web of
linked data. It is an add–on of World Wide Web through standards by W3C that ... Show more
It is also known as read–write web. The technologies of Web 2.0 allow assembling and managing
large global crowds with common interests in social interactions. The added advantage of Web 2.0
over its previous generation is to support collaborations and to help gather collective intelligence.
The main technologies and services of Web 2.0 includes Really Simple Syndication (RSS), blogs,
Wikis, mashups, web services, tags, and etc. In this era of Web, several technologies like JavaScript,
AJAX, XML and JSON were emerged. Though there are significant advantages, Web 2.0 has its
own limitations. Some of the notable issues are:–
1) Lack of quality control – Web 2.0 promotes sloppy and invaluable content generated by several
anonymous users. The results that do not always adhere to what is asked, thus leads to a low quality
of actual content.
2) Lack of privacy – User profiles and personal information accessible to people that shouldn't be
able to public.
3) Lack of security – The ease of personal data such as e–mail address to transpire and become
known to spams and other virus threats.
4) Breach of copyright – A way of helping music or movie piracy, in conjunction with free data
sharing that can be easily found on the internet.
Web 3.0 (2010 – onward), the third generation of the web and what we know as The Semantic Web
has emerged to define structure data and link them in order to more effective, automate,

Language Is A Method Of Human Communication
Language is a method of human communication, one of the most important things all humans have
in common. In Dillon's Grammar Repair textbook, she mentions that language is power and those
who can exercise its power "possess a greater share of life's privileges across the board" (1).
Language greatly defines the person and how they are deceived by others. In the essays "Mother
Tongue," "The Meanings of a Word," and "But What Do You Mean?" language is depicted as a
controller of our lives in the workplace and our community. The individual's communication
methods dominated their impressions on society. In Tan's essay, "Mother Tongue," she explains her
use of mother tongue, not only as the language her mother speaks but the language she grew up with
and still uses even with her husband. Amy writes how her mother's limited English has not only
limited her mother but the way the world sees and judges her. In her essay she states that she has
described her mother's language as "'broken' or 'fractured English" (Tan 264). Labeling one's
English as broken can often label the speaker as incoherent and uneducated. Just like Tan's mother,
many who speak an imperfect language are often overlooked and ignored in our society. Language,
although its purpose is to unite us, can very much as well as be used to alienate an individual. It is
key to establish and define our identity and our place in the world but if we are constantly excluding
people with limited English skills than we are

Analysis On Silver Linings Playbook Essay
Ailleene Mendoza
Interpersonal Communications–Section
Intercultural Film Analysis Paper
Dec. 10, 2016
Analysis on Silver Linings Playbook
The film I chose to analyze is Silver Linings Playbook because I was interested in the story when I
read the synopsis of the movie. I thought that this would be a simple movie where the main
characters would help each other because they had something in common. Reading the synopsis, I
also thought that Pat would be back together with his wife, but at the end he found another love. In
the next paragraphs I will show my knowledge on what I have learned this semester. On my analysis
of Silver Linings, I will give examples that has the concept of language, nonverbal communication,
listening, emotions, conflict, and close relationships.
The first concept is language (a system comprised of vocabulary and rules of grammar that allows
us to engage in verbal communication, Ch. 4, pg 72). The whole movie it was in English, so
everyone understood each other. When watching, everyone understood what each other were saying
but sometimes they don't because they are using words that the other side wouldn't understand.
There was this scene where Pat and Tiffany were talking about what medication they use to have
during dinner. The wife and husband who invited them didn't really look at their perspective in a
deeper level. People who surrounded Pat and Tiffany sometimes wouldn't "acknowledge their
viewpoint" and this is called perspective taking (Ch. 4,

Semantic Search And Applications For The Online Vehicle...
Kevin Heberle Semantic search and applications for the online vehicle marketplace. ABSTRACT:
Recent developments in semantic ontologies are fueling a potential early trigger to the second wave
of semantic search technology. With specific applications in e–commerce and internet marketing,
high search engine rankings and accurate query results enabled by RDFa metadata may prompt a
new revolution starting in online auto marketplaces. The enabling technology of semantic search has
the opportunity to level the playing field for smaller online merchants as well as shift buying power
directly to consumers. TABLE OF CONTENTS: I. Introduction II. The Current State of Search III.
Issues with Conventional Search Engines IV. Linked Data: The Next ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Information now populates the web on a global scale but remains trapped in myriad silos of varying
metadata and tags. The search engine marketing and optimization industry continuosly struggles to
unlock the formula to being found first online through a system of ever evolving strategies,
standards and tactics. Search has become integrated into the fabric of our society. On average more
than 4,500 searches are performed every single second of every day. (Eric Enge, 2008) Information
which may have previously required hours to acquire is now at the fingertips of people in a matter of
seconds. Search engines are at the center of this disruptive event, and Kevin Heberle Semantic
search and applications for the online vehicle marketplace. 3 having a business rank well in the
search engines when people are looking for the service, product, or resource it provides is critical to
the survival of that business. (Eric Enge, 2008) pg.1 Issues with conventional search engines The
current search environment is equivalent to customers finding your business based on a system of
highway billboards and jumbled street signs (banner and text ads), position in the phonebook (page
rank), while driving on a road filled with 6 billion stores and a guide who barely understands

Managing And Securing Unstructured Data
With a massive growth in Internet, there has been an enormous increase in the amount of
information generated and shared in social networking sites and across various industries. This has
led to storing and access issues with regards to unstructured data.
Firstly understanding what unstructured data is of primary importance before trying to handle it. In
simple terms unstructured data can be understood as data that can't be stored in the form of rows and
columns. It can be anything including email files, text documents, presentations, image and video
files.
Studies carried out by IDC and EMC forecasts that data will grow to 40 zettabyes (1 ZB = 1 billion
TB). As of now more than 80% of all stored data in organizations is unstructured and ... Show more
Also backup and restore will take a lesser time
Major disadvantage is that storing unstructured data will significantly increase the size of databases
which will lead to more time for backup and restore of these databases and can cause performance
issues with I/O subsystems
The big disadvantage of this approach is that we have to create and maintain manual links between
database and external file system files which can potentially go out of sync. Also since data is stored
outside the system the backups are not consistent and unstructured data is not a part of the
transaction.
Hybrid Approach: To overcome the disadvantages of the methods discussed above, another method
was the Hybrid Approach, which proposes Database engine to support a new data type "filestream".
Filestram help consolidates the profit of getting to BLOBs specifically from the NTFS document
framework with the referential integrity and simple entry offered by the conventional social database
engine. In SQL Server, BLOBs can be standard varbinary (max) information that stores the
information in tables, or filestream varbinary (max) protests that store the information in the
document framework. The major advantage of this approach is BLOB's are under database
transactional consistency. By carrying out research with different datasets, it was clearly observed
that hybrid and filestream data type approach is faster

Essay On SEO Optimization
Achieving a good web positioning requires a perfect SEO of your website We know that the theory
of SEO positioning is relatively easy to understand, however, achieve SEO optimization of your
website good enough to see results is not an easy task. There are many factors involved in this long
road of positioning, some are the order of the day while others are still a mystery to be solved.
Although SEO has some very technical components, today we are going to talk about 10 factors that
you may not be implementing and are necessary for SEO optimization of your website. Keywords
This is the great step to achieve results in SEO. If you do not carry out an in–depth study of
keywords, you will not be able to position yourself for your target ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Speaking in silver, with a sitemap you can tell the search engine: "Google, read this page and try to
position it". Robots.txt Let's say that this file is just the opposite of the sitemap. The robots.txt
allows Google to indicate which pages you do not want to take into account, either because you do
not want them to appear in the results, because they are internal pages of your content manager or
CMS or because they are simply not relevant for the user, as privacy policies or conditions of use.
Social SEO Your activity in social networks is very important for the search engine, especially in
Google+ . If you generate content that is attractive enough, you viralize it and get yourself a
community of followers that interact and share your content, you will achieve better results in the
SEO optimization of your website. Linkbuilding For Google this would translate into "How much of
you are famous in the network and especially in your sector". It is not enough to have a perfect
website, if nobody talks about you and nobody links you to other pages with a similar theme,
Google considers that you do not have enough popularity to become relevant to the user. Therefore
try to develop a strategy of external links that point to your website. Structure of the site Nobody
can enter a website and everything is out of place, messy or confusing. Google supports it even less.
Therefore, you must get a usable website, in which it is easy to navigate and that follows a logical

Semantic Change: How Gay Became Homosexual
Semantic Change
Through back up questions I learnt that such semantic change was becoming more popular through
the school; people see that if homosexuality has become more accepted into today's society they
have no need to put a label on homosexuality. Therefore the word gay is losing its original meaning
and connection to the word homosexuality. School also plays another part in this because it is
teenagers (school pupils) who have changed the meaning of the word gay, it was first seen as an
insult. But the word has been so overused that it has lost its original meaning. In the majority of
schools where pupils aged 15–18 and possibly even younger call each other gay it was here that the
word gay was popularised with students first using it as an insult. Being gay was seen as being bad,
so it picked up this derogative term but as time processed and the semantic change also, it
transformed into having an overall meaning that something is stupid. An example of this would be
that in my questionnaire I was given "school" as something which is gay. If we used the definition of
a homosexual man this would make no sense but because of the semantic change this definition has
completely changed meaning anything this person didn't like could be gay.
It is not just in school that the word gay had been used. Radio and television shows although rarely
are using the word gay to define something which is lame or rubbish. One example is Chris Moyles,
a former DJ on BBC Radio 1, he

Semantic Web : How The Machine Can Be More Intelligent...
Summary:
The paper Semantic Web talks about how the machine can be more intelligent when accessing web
data. It involves making a machine understand the semantics of the data present on the web and also
making them understand the human perspective. The research first tries the basic requirement
outlines for the semantic web. Like the creation of ontologies and different relationship using which
a machine can learn the context. The paper then discusses the creation of agents which takes
advantage of the semantic web technology and gives a more personalized output to the user. In the
paper the author has taken few real life examples is setting the benchmark requirements of the
semantic web.
The paper Semantic Web Revisited elaborates on the topic mentioned by the paper Semantic Web.
The paper starts off with current research development in semantic web field and the challenges
being faced. The paper describes the creation of basic language, framework, and protocols for the
development of ontologies and logical connections. It elaborates on how other research fields like
biology, medicine, environmental science etc. are helping in creating standardize ontologies. The
paper also describes working and limitations of various technologies that are being used in the field
of the semantic webs like XML, RDF, OWL, and Rules. The paper then focuses on the development
aspect of ontologies and various challenges faced while creating a large community.
The Semantic Web Paper has not

Andrew Blue: Learning Disabled or Genius?
Yolanda's Genius is the story of Andrew Blue, along with his mother and sister. The Blues family is
previously from Chicago, Illinois and they just recently moved to Grand River, Michigan. Andrew is
seven years old and does not communicate very often with his surroundings and does not know how
to read; instead he uses a harmonica to convey language and to express his feelings. One could
argue that Andrew has a learning disability from his lack of language abilities and reading
capabilities, it could also be argued that Andrew (as his sister Yolanda states) is a musical genius.
Which end of the spectrum is Andrew? Is he learning disabled, normal for his age or actually a
genius? From the evidence in Yolanda's Genius and the readings from the textbook, Child
Development I have come to the premises that Andrew is in fact a genius with music but at the same
time learning disabled due to his problems with semantics, grammar, and pragmatics.
It is stated in Yolanda's Genius that Andrew took a while to talk (Fenner, 1995, p. 38) and now at
seven years old tends to speak very infrequently. Andrew might have had a delay in speech because
of his family upbringing. Andrew was babysat until he was old enough to go to school and since his
father died when Andrew was a baby his mother works to support the family. Although it is not
stated in the book, the babysitter could have had no interaction with Andrew. According to Berk
(2013) the social interactionist perspective involves, "native

Language for Teachers Task 4: Focus on the Teacher's Language
ICELT
2012–2013
The Anglo Antonio Caso
Language for Teachers Task 4:
Focus on the teacher's language
Name: Eduardo García Acevedo
Candidate number: 004
Centre Number: MX005
Date of submission: August, 30th 2013
In this paper, I analyze my language in the classroom in terms of its accuracy and appropriacy for
teaching. I quote six utterances from an Elementary level (A1) with twelve adult students who work
at an investigation institute. This lesson starts with a conversation about a woman's vacation to
Aspen in order to introduce the Idiomatic Future.
1. When checking a dialog from students' book assignments, I asked a comprehension question to
the whole class.
Accurate and appropriate: "What is the reason to buy two ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
5. During the grammar and semantic explanation of the target structure on the board, a student asked
about the difference between Idiomatic Future and Simple Future. I talked about the certainty or
resolution that auxiliaries such as will and won't convey.
Accurate but inappropriate: "You will die."
Eventually, I conjugated this verb in the first person singular, both in Simple and Idiomatic Future.
For each sentence, I provided a context illustrating their possible function. I wanted everybody to
relate to this explanation and to remember it by providing enhanced input, not by presenting the
language in a special form, but rather by providing a remarkable meaning. However relatable or
remarkable these examples might be, now I think my discourse might have seemed a little disturbing
for some people. Therefore, I could have used a different subject for such contrasting sentences,
such as: "That tree will die, but it is not going to die soon."

6. I sneezed, so some students said "Salud". I modeled and wrote on the board "bless you!", then I
explained the difference with "God bless you!"
Inaccurate and inappropriate: "Using the name of the Lord in vain is a sin."
Obviously, it was not my intention to preach to the students. Actually, I meant to portray the puritan
heritage of English in

Is Noncognitivism Defeated by the Frege-Geach Problem?
''Is noncognitivism defeated by the Frege–Geach problem?''
Value and Normativity Introduction
The Frege–Geach problem is one the most important objections to expressivism, or noncognitivism
more generally, and has proven to be a formidable obstacle to this metaethical theory. In this paper I
will first outline expressivism and the Frege–Geach problem. Then I will proceed to discuss
traditional expressivist solutions to this problem. Unfortunately, these attempted solutions prove to
be unsatisfactory as they cannot provide a solution to the problem plaguing expressivism.
Expressivism
Expressivism is a non–descriptive (it does not use beliefs or truth–conditions to characterise the
meaning of moral terms) semantic theory which holds that ''to make a normative judgement is to
express a non–cognitive attitude'' (Gibbard, 1990, 84). The distinctive expressivist claim is that we
can give an adequate semantics for moral terms using non–cognitive, desire–like attitudes. This
contrasts with cognitivism which holds that normative judgements are entirely descriptive, and that
to make a normative judgement is to express a belief. Expressivists are typically seen as following
in the footsteps of the emotivist analysis of moral terms offered by A.J. Ayer (1936). Ayer claims
that moral language is not literally significant at all. Instead, when we utter a sentence like 'You
acted wrongly in stealing that money' we have not literally asserted anything beyond 'You stole that
money'.

Tim Berners Lee 's The World Wide Web
Introduction
In 1990, Tim Berners–Lee who invented the World Wide Web and gave theoretical and
technological background for a new hypertext based linked information system, pointed out the
problem of keywords. Searching for a particular information, document or webpage is a far more
complex and longer process then it should be, mainly because two people never seem to choose the
same keyword for the same concept. (Berners–Lee, 1990) This problem becomes more and more
acute as we enter the age of the Social Web characterized by collaborative and continuous creation,
adaptation and alteration of content. The first generation of web tools, between 1990 and 2003,
allowed users to publish information on a static page which could be read using ... Show more
However, the problem with keyword selection has remained largely unsolved, although social
tagging was a big step forward.
When users are searching for information on the web, they evaluate results tertieved before planning
the next search procedure. When evaluating, users are able to make connections between
information pieces from text, image or video based content and make associations between words.
The goal of the third generation of the web is to make more data available online readable and
analyzable for machines as well. The Semantic Web will bring structure to the meaningful content of
Web pages by using metadata and ontology, creating an environment where software agents can
rapidly answer complex queries of users. (Berners–Lee et al. 2001) The source of this environment
is already there: we have huge amount of data available online. Three components help to transform
existing data and store them as semantic data (Herman, 2006, 2008):
Universal Resource Identifier (URI) which is a subject or an object;
Resource Description Framework (RDF) triples (s,p,o) which means a labeled connection between
two resources, where "s", "p" and "o" stand for subject, property/predicate and object;
Ontology, a common metadata vocabulary that defines the concepts and relationships used to
describe and represent an area of knowledge. It is used for property characterization, term
equivalence analysis and reasoning

Using Keyword Search For Searching Large Corpuses
Abstract – Keyword search is a useful tool for searching large corpuses whose structure is either
unknown or constantly changing.RDF is the first W3C standard for enriching information resources
of the web with detailed meta data. RDF can be modeled as a directed graph, where nodes are
subjects/objects, and edge labels are predicates. The keyword search against an RDF graph looks for
a sub graph that has minimum length to connect all the keywords from the common node. The
existing approaches for searching is, keywords are mapped to nodes in the graph and their
neighborhoods are explored to extract sub graph .Sometimes it lead to zero or less number of
subgraphs.To address this issue, we propose a reverse method for searching. The experiment on
RDF data shows that proposed method is more efficient.
Keywords– RDF,subgraph,metadata
I. Introduction
The Semantic Web can be seen as an ever growing web of structured and interlinked data. Examples
for large repositories of such data available in RDF are DBpedia, TAP and DBLP. Resource
Description Framework (RDF) is a W3C standard to capture resource information in real–world
applications such as social networks, biological databases, and the data analysis in the semantic
Web. RDF graphs constitute the backbone of the semantic Web, and feature billions of
interconnected facts (or RDF triples) that are published on the Web. Thus, it is very useful and
important to study efficient answering of various queries over such RDF graphs.

Evaluation of a Website Essay
Evaluation of a Website
What has a hippo in common with a feather?" "What is the longest place name in the world?" "Can
green ideas sleep furiously?" "Rim ember us poke in cent tense all mow stall ways con deigns word
snot in then did." These are just a few of the topics you will find under A Web of Linguistic Fun.
Phantom Linguist, Bucknell University Professor Robert Beard, provides a unique collection of
"fundamental subdisciplines of linguistics"(1).
The website introduces linguistic terminology such as grammar, morphology, phonology, semantics,
and syntax. If this does not sound like much fun, keep going! There are also pages and pages of
wordplays, games, puzzles, dictionaries, and even a fun poem about the orthography ... Show more
Each page has at least one additional link to it and in the case of the "Morphology" page, forty–three
links in all. What a vast amount of information!
So what exactly does a hippo have in common with a feather? If you click on the "Historical
Linguistics" page you will soon find out. The Phantom Linguist explains the origin of each word,
tracing all the way back to the Indo–European language. With careful reading you will find that the
pot– of hippopotamus and the feath– of feather share a common origin.
What in the world does "Rim ember us poke in cent tense all mow stall ways con deigns word snot
in ten did" mean? Click on the "Syntax" page, and find out that phrase structure plays a big part in
successful communication.
"Can green ideas sleep furiously?" (1). According to the Phantom Linguist, and the rules of
semantics, probably not. He proves that the structure of sentences and their meaning are two distinct
things, representing two different levels of language processing.
Linguistic Fun is definitely not for someone who does not have time to waste. Once you click on to
one of these links, you will be entranced for hours. Find the original meaning of your first name in
"Etymology of Names." This pages also provides links to related pages such as "Baby Names,"
"Hall of Names," and "Name Games." Interactive games, puzzles, and word searches can trap you
into spending hours

Semantic Search Based On Web Search Essay
The upcoming section will address the some of the architectural concepts put forth by the scholars in
semantic search and the prime concern of the paper; how the semantic searching process will help in
augmenting the result of web search. Further, the paper will also put light on a proposal to build a
semantic search based on previous keyword search engine but with the added capability of Natural
Language Processing.
3. SEMANTIC SEARCH TECHNIQUES
This section describes different semantic methodologies being forwarded by the scholars. Currently,
various types of search engines are being deployed to access the information required. Each search
engine has its own features and uses different algorithms to index, rank and present web documents.
Hence the result put forth on information retrieval by the search engines are different from one
another. And there is not a definite and unique single technology or architecture that leads to a
logical and meaningful search engine. In fact there can be various ways to achieve this.
G. Madhu, Dr. A. Govardhan, and Dr. TV Rajinikanth in their survey of intelligent semantic web
search engines have addressed the two types of research problems in creating semantic search
engine. The first problem of matching a query to the concerned documents with related information
in an intelligent and meaningful way can be solved with semantic annotations to produce intelligent
and meaningful information by using query interface mechanism and

The Hierarchy Network Model For The Organization Of...
Experiment 1
Experiment 1 is a partial–conceptual replication of Collins and Quillian's (1969) study on the
hierarchy network model for the organization of semantic memory. The purpose of experiment 1
was to test Collins and Quillian's hypothesis stating that response time for category searching should
be slower as a function of an increasing number of levels separating a category subject and it's
predicate term on the semantic hierarchy model. We use the same basic procedure as Collins and
Quillian's experiment, except that we utilize a single category for predicate terms as opposed to
multiple categories at level 2 of the semantic hierarchy model.
Method
Participants and Apparatus. 23 NYU students, taking lab in human cognition, received course credit
for their participation in the experiment. The experiment was administered on standard PC's or
Macintosh computers over a single class period.
Design and Stimuli. The experiment was run using a within–subject design, and consisted of one
independent variable. The independent variable is the number of levels in the hierarchy separating
the subject and predicate terms. There are three levels of the independent variable – 0 levels of
separation, 1 level of separation, and 2 levels of separation. The type of sentence stimulus presented
to subjects, whether it was defined by a "property" or a "superset", was an additional factor taken
into account when analyzing the data. Stimuli consisted of 144 TRUE and FALSE sentences

Spatial Data Infrastructure (SDI) is an information...
Spatial Data Infrastructure (SDI) is an information infrastructure providing access and enabling
interoperability among spatial information based on standards, policies, regulations and coordination
mechanisms (Groot R, 1997). The methods for creating SDI undergone radical changes in the recent
years like the shift from the product–led model or data–producer–led model to process–led model or
data–user model, etc. However, there are some limitations challenging the SDI growth like the lack
of standards to handle linked geospatial data, etc. The goal of this essay is to detail the concepts for
the creation of an improved SDI in the year 2019. The intended SDI integrates the existing
developments in the field to the relevant emerging trends ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
For example, services like WFS will now be Software as a Service (SaaS) as they offer functionality,
such as spatio–temporal query. Similarly, processing services like WPS (Web processing Services)
where the computation resources are provided via PaaS (Platform as a Service) and IaaS
(Infrastructure as a Service). The benefits of using a cloud computing infrastructure from a
networking perspective are standardized service interfaces between different clouds; the existing
publish–find–bind pattern for service interaction can be reused. The SDI can incorporate data
mining techniques that would help in creation of geospatial or aspatial relationships between data
based on the ontology or geographic information. This would help recognize patterns in data and
help us to find auxiliary information. People The future SDI would encourage the participation of
public sector like government agencies, private sector like companies and citizens (Internet users).
To increase the awareness of this SDI, there is some functionality in the SDI that benefits directly
the end user and increases the ease of participation, like providing a set of applications related to
day–to–day life. Willingness to share data should be cultivated with the help of public sector
agencies, by giving them the confidence and belief. Policies and Institutional Arrangements The
infrastructure supports a number of standards related to

Nature vs Nurture Physical Development
Decoding is the process translating a written word into a spoken word ("cracking the code"). An
individual who has developed adequate decoding skills can begin to acquire fluency when reading
no longer requires a conscious, deliberate effort. When fluent, reading becomes automatic and
consists of word recognition rather than sounding out and combining syllables necessary to decode
words.
Teaching decoding provides students with the keys to unlock new words. Teaching the regular
phonetic patterns of English can do this. These rules can be applied to words with which the student
is already familiar. New words are then introduced beginning with simple words and working
through more complex words. Finally, irregular phonemic patterns can be ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Semantics is an important part of reading decoding skills because the broader your child's
vocabulary, the better he will be able to understand and remember new words and their meanings.
Directly teaching vocabulary is the best way to increase your child's vocabulary, or semantics, skills.
Interestingly, the more new words your child learns, the more new words he is capable of learning.
Furthermore, there is a direct correlation between vocabulary and reading comprehension. In other
words, the more words your child knows and understands, the better he will be able to comprehend
new words and comprehend the things that he reads.How Does Syntax Relate To Reading Decoding
Skills?Syntax is the function, or part of speech, a word represents. In order to understand a sentence,
your child needs to understand the relationships between words.After your child reads a sentence
and determines the grammatical purpose of the word, as well as the semantic meaning of the word,
she can comprehend the meaning of the sentence as a whole. In this way, your child might not
remember each word of the sentence, but she retains the general meaning or purpose of the sentence.
This is not to say that your child's reading decoding skills have to be so aptly honed that he is
capable of identifying and labeling the grammatical purpose of every word in a sentence. Research
has shown, however, that training in labeling of sentences does help

Construction Education Essay
In the construction domain, the semantic web has been used in the field of construction education,
supply chain, project and construction management, material storage, project design, architecture
and graphic designs, etc.
In the field of construction education, repositories have been developed in managing objects as well
as metadata using ontologies that offers a set of services such as storing, retrieving and searching of
learning objects using semantic web technologies(Ahmed et al. 2007; Pathmeswaran and Ahmed
2009; Argüello et al. 2006a; Argüello et al. 2006b). In the domain of supply chain, great use of
semantic repositories about information from different partners on a common or different projects
have been undertaken (Zou and ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In the material technology domain, XML technologies have been developed for interchange of
materials information. It addresses the problems of interpretation and interoperability for materials
property data exchanged via the WWW (MatML 2003). In project design information generated
from the pre–planning stage can be processed and retained in the format which all the project
participants can share. This has been achieved using object–oriented attributes and meta–data in
Building Information Modelling and implemented in OWL ontologies (Lee et al. 2008). In
architecture and graphic designs, standards have been developed by the International Alliance for
Interoperability for data representation and file format (ifcXML) for defining architectural and
constructional CAD graphic data based on XML technologies. This aims at facilitating the transfer
of design data by architectural CAD to and fro between rival products (IAI 2006). Similar projects
based on XML technologies such as bcXML (Frits et al. 2001) and aecXML (IAI 2002) have been
used in establishing meta–data–based collaboration system model in order to substitute web–based
collaboration in construction project management (Leung et al. 2003). In Edum–Fotwe and Price
(2009) ontologies in appraising sustainability of construction projects and development from the
social

Tim Berners Lee : The World Wide Web
When the internet is mentioned, it is hard not to think of the World Wide Web. The Web has become
such a staple in our everyday lives that it is hard for us to think of life without it. For most of us,
losing the web would be the equivalent of going back to the Stone Age. How could our species go
back to a time in which everything we know isn't stored online? We couldn't. That's why we must
give a little thanks to the man behind the curtain, Tim Berners–Lee. Tim Berners–Lee was born on
June 8, 1955 in London, United Kingdom. He grew up under the British nationality making toy
computers out of cardboard and other materials. This was most likely because both of his parents
helped design the first commercially available computer, Mark 1. Lee remembers how his parents
were more likely to talk about mathematics than gossip about others around the block at the dinner
table. These factors helped influence Tim Berners–Lee to go into the information technology field.
Tim grew older, and he finally decided to study physics at Queen's College, University of Oxford.
At the age of 21, he had graduated with honors. Before graduating, he assembled his very own
computer out of spare parts and an old TV set. This was just the beginning of Lee's superior
innovative genius that would soon boost him to the top of information technology forever.
Soon after college, Tim Berners–Lee worked at Plessey Telecommunications Ltd., but it wasn't until
after Lee left the company and started working

An Introduction To Social Web Mining And Big Data?
"Torture data long enough and it will confess. . . but may not tell the truth" (Turbin, Volonino, &
Woods, 2015, p. 88). In the world of Big Data Analytics (BDA), companies who successfully
harness the potential of big data are rewarded with valuable insight that could lead to a competitive
advantage in their market sector. Consequently, it is imperative to successfully extract data from all
relevant data sources that can provide answers to questions that companies set out to answer with
BDA. One such source is data generated by social media (Schatten, Ševa, & Đurić, 2015). As such,
this paper will review the findings of Schatten, Ševa, & Đurić's(2015) article on how social web
mining and big data can be utilized within the social ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
90) (ETL) to prepare the data for analysis. Also, context, time and space (location) are essential to
provide meaningful data for analysis.
Moreover, it is critical to use the correct analytical tools and understand the drawbacks of each to
provide the accurate results. In the article, the authors demonstrated how a combination of tools
could be used to extract, transform, and analyze data using social semantic web techniques and big
data analytics such as social web mining, social and conceptual network analytics (SNA), speech
recognition and mission vision, natural language processing (NLP), sentiment analysis,
recommender systems and user profiling, and semantic wiki systems to address various research
questions. As the authors aimed to analyze the Croatian political landscape, analytical tools like
NLP were less effective as there was a limited database for the Croatian language. Thus, the authors
had to use a combination of tools to overcome the shortcomings of the NLT to create a true picture
of the landscape. Also, from personal experience, standard speech recognition, for example Siri, has
trouble understanding accents. Thus, words spoken in outlier accents are not processed correctly and
could produce a skewed analysis based on inaccurate speech recognition patterns.
As such, understanding the requirements of the predication goal, selecting a combination of relevant
tools, analyzing and producing effective models predicting

Evaluation And Workflow Design And Quality Assessment
Although crowdsourcing has been successfully applied in many fields in the past decades,
challenges still exist especially in task/workflow design and quality assessment. We take a deeper
look at crowdsourcing classification tasks, and explore how task and workflow design can impact
the answer quality. Our research is intended to use large knowledge base and citizen science projects
as examples and investigate the workflow design considerations and its impact on worker
performance as well as overall quality outcome based on statistical, probabilistic, or machine
learning models for quality answer prediction, such that optimal workflow design principles can be
recommended and applied in other citizen science projects or other human–computer ... Show more
However, challenges still remain no matter it is via volunteered activities
(cite{Lease2011,Newman2012}) or paid–microtask platforms
(cite{Kittur2013a,Demartini2015,Bernaschina2015}). Some of the most important challenges
include: task and workflow design, and quality assessment. As cite{Kittur2013a} point out, though
there are some initial research in complex workflow, we have little knowledge of the broader design
space of workflow and it is impossible to simply aggregate multiple independent judgements for
complex tasks which may have dependencies between microtasks. Task and workflow design
(cite{little2010turkit,Kittur2011,demartini2012zencrowd}) are crucial in ensuring question is
properly understood, mitigating the chance of spam and keeping user engaged. They are essential to
obtain high quality and quantity of answers. Quality assessment on the fly

The Description Theory of Meaning Essay
The description theory of meaning was proposed independently by Bertrand Russell and Gottlob
Frege as a response to some of the fallacies of the reference theory. Description theorists propose
that instead of being a simple 'word – world relationship', meaning is derived from descriptions
associated with certain objects and stored in our mind (or senses in Frege's case). Frege and
Russell's accounts of the theory differ subtly in how they view descriptions. Several objections have
been made against the theory, but only the most important objections will be raised. These include
Strawson's objection to the attributive use. Also, the problems of ignorance and error raised by
Kripke tarnish the description theory's attractiveness. The ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
This allows him to extend the Description Theory to almost every meaning. The extension of the
theory to names seems natural as when one refers to someone, they often add a description. For
example, 'The fat slob of a father on the Simpsons' explains just who Homer Simpson is. This
analysis helps the Description theorist to overcome some of the problems which plagued the
Reference Theorist. This theory is an improvement on the reference theory, as it is much better at
explaining some of the features of language, such as why we explain proper names with descriptions
if asked.
Comparing Frege and Russell's Theories
While having essentially a similar message, there are some key differences between the two original
Description theorist's hypotheses. Both the theories can pick out a specific referent indirectly with
something like a description. However, while the emphasis is the same, Russell's analysis appealed
to the description as being something within a competent user's mind, whereas Frege saw these
descriptions as senses. He described these as being platonic entities, thus objective, whereas the
referents they picked out as being subjective. These abstract objects are used to determine how
reference can be made in the concrete world. Russell argues that there are not 'two levels of
semantic significance' in his theory, so that when his theory is logically formulated, it has a 'general
nature',

Evaluation Of The Research And Creative Work
UROP Application Spring 2016
Christopher Jones
Mentor: Trafton Drew
Department of Psychology Statement of the Problem/Topic of the Research or Creative Work Visual
Search is important in our everyday lives, and search relies on cues from the environment and uses
object similarity to guide search. While much research has been done to see how visual similarity
between objects affects visual search (Duncan and Humphreys 1989), very little research has been
done to see how different types of similarity between objects compare in their effects on visual
search. Specifically the proposed project would investigate how semantic similarity and visual
similarity influence visual search using real world objects. The usage of real world objects is
important because many laboratory visual search tasks are not reflective of visual search in a real
world setting. Neural measures gathered from EEG (Electroencephalogram) data in the form of ERP
(Event–Related Potential) components can be used to measure onset of attentional processing, as
well as how distracting certain objects may or may not be. Specifically the N2PC reflects a shift in
attention to a visual target. Using this ERP component, the neural differences between visual and
semantic similarity in objects can be evaluated and compared between participants. While research
shows there is a behavioral effect between visual and semantic similarity among distractors in visual
search (De Groot, Huettig, and Olivers 2016),

The Llinked Data Cloud
A. Functionality The system has two levels of views, a high level view at the namespace level and a
lower level view at the class level. By selecting a particular ontology users can move from
namespace level to class level. To make the maps more easily readable shorthand prefixes are used
rather than displaying full URIs. B. Namespace level At the finest level view, the most intermittently
occurring namespaces are displayed, with edges linking that are ordinarily connected. Each
namespace is shown as a nodule and labeled with its shorthand URI and a number indicts the
number of times that an instance is defined as belonging to a class of this namespace. Between two
namespaces the user can have the mouse pointer over the arrowhead of an edge to view the number
of links between occurrences belonging to classes of relevant namespaces. In order to view the
corresponding class level map the user can click on the shorthand URI of a namespace C. Class
level Most frequently occurring classes belonging to a particular namespace is shown in this class
level view and even classes from other namespaces that they are directly connected to. Generally
that are commonly connected are linked with an edge. We can have the mouse pointer over the
arrowhead connecting two classes to view the usage of the properties and a there will be a box
which shows a ranked list of properties that most commonly link instances of these classes. To
lookup a class or property in SWSE and retrieve

Essay on Knowledge Representation Using Semantic Web...
The emergence of the World Wide Web (WWW) has brought exciting new possibilities in
information access and electronic business. The WWW has grown to be the largest distributed
repository of information ever created. Current estimates reveal that the Web currently contains
about 3 billion static documents and being accessed by over 500 million users from around the
world [6]. Web content consists largely of distributed hypertext and hypermedia, accessible via
keyword–based search and link navigation. Simplicity is one of the Web's major strengths and an
important feature in its popularity and growth. It is this simplicity that has fuelled its wide uptake
and exponential growth. However, it is this very simplicity that is hampering further ... Show more
The vision of the Semantic Web is very ambitious and will require solving long–standing research
problems in knowledge representation and reasoning, natural language computing, computer vision
and agent systems [8]. However, considerable progress is being made in the infrastructure required
to support the Semantic Web, particularly in the development of languages and tools for content
annotation and design and deployment of ontologies. Although the realization of the Semantic Web
is still a long way into the future, our aim in the work presented in this paper is to explore the extent
to which we can apply emerging developments in this area in order to provide decision support and
recommendations of appropriate innovations in sustainable building technologies for use in a
particular situation. Nonetheless, based on this exploration study, some existing essential Semantic
Web components have been implemented in developing a prototype ontology in the domain of
photovoltaic system technology. The development of the prototype ontology was facilitated by the
protégé–OWL editor. To demonstrate the usefulness of ontologies, some exemplar queries have been
formulated, executed and results presented. This was undertaken through the use of Description
Logics. A key to the Semantic Web technology is an ontology language

Search Engine Optimization Of A Business On E Business
1. CHALLENGES
As each other association needs to expand its venture on e–business and altogether improve its
immediate exchange, the key necessities for most associations in actualizing a conclusion to–end e–
trade incorporate the accompanying:
Enhanced security while offering more products and flexibility in pricing.
Integration with other systems and plug–ins
Search Engine Optimization
Intelligent web analytics
Customization to business requirements and local needs
Marketing integration for unified branding
Shorter time–to–implementation
Lower support cost for customer issues on products returns, rebates, coupon redemption and others.
2. OVERVIEW
This exploration bargains fundamentally with half and half recommender frameworks that join
synergistic sifting and look based recommender approaches for prescribing rarely bought items. In
this part, recommender frameworks are firstly inspected. This is trailed by a survey of information
mining and web mining that spotlights on systems that will be utilized as a part of this examination,
to be specific affiliation guideline mining and web utilization mining. At last an audit about the
inquiry development in data recovery will be given.[4]
4.1 Personalized Ranking
The task of personalized ranking is to provide a user with a ranked list of items. This is also called
item recommendation. An example is an online shop that wants to recommend a personalized
ranked list of items that the user might want to buy.

A Closer Look At I.a. Richards
A Closer Look at I.A. Richards' and Semantic Triangle Theory
I.A. Richards said, "Language, if it is to be used, must be a ready instrument" (Russo, 2015). He
thrived off of his need to understand the use of language and it is a common and recurring theme
throughout his work. Richards was a teacher, philosopher, poet, prolific speaker, lover of books and
words themselves (Russo, 2015). A complex man who led a complicated life, Richards ultimately
facilitated a way to better understand the intricate process of how words gain meaning (Golden,
Berquist, Coleman, Sproule, 2010). Through examining the semantic triangle theory, a student can
understand how to become an efficient communicator. Discussed below is a basic introduction to
Richards, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Richards") In 1939, he began teaching English at Harvard and stayed taught there for a quarter of a
century ("I.A. Richards). He died in 1979, but he will never be forgotten, for he has made an
everlasting impact on the studies of linguistics and rhetoric ("I.A. Richards).
What is the Semantic Triangle? According to The Theory of Western Thought, "The best known
rhetorical device developed in The Meaning of Meaning is perhaps the 'semantic triangle'" (Golden,
Berquist, Coleman, Sproule, 2010, pg. 265). Ogden and Richards determined that people generally
see words as "things in reality" therefore "we confuse the symbol or word with the 'thing' or object
in reality'" (Golden, Berquist, Coleman, Sproule, 2010). For example, the word FAN would literally
be perpetually twirling propellers to produce wind. Of course, one intellectually understands that the
object and the word are not the same thing, however, while humans communicate, as Ogden and
Richards argue, we tend to make a "necessary connection" between the word and the reality of the
object, which they refer to as the referent (Golden, Berquist, Coleman, Sproule, 2010). Simply put,
our experience with a word or object, is parallel to our basic understanding of the object we use the
word to refer to.

Analysis Of Gloria Naylor ' Being A Chink By Christine Leong
Barber, Patrick 2
APEL III
14 November 2014
Mommy What Does Nigger Mean by Gloria Naylor
Being a Chink by Christine Leong
Questions on Meaning
1. Naylor believes that written language is inferior to spoken language because it cannot capture the
essence of life. For example Naylor writes "I consider the written word inferior to the spoken, and
much of the frustration experienced by novelists is the awareness that whatever we manage to
capture even in the most transcendent passages falls far short of the richness of life." Naylor
continues on to comment on the dynamics of dialogue and the senses experienced in each moment
to express the idea that writing can never capture all the thoughts, senses, and environment
occurring when someone is speaking.
2. Naylor never heard the word nigger before until she heard it in the tone that the white third–
grader used. She had heard the word before but only when it was used a compliment or for grouping
a group of people. While the white third–grader used the negative connotation of it as a derogatory
term to insult her simply based on her race.
3. Naylor means that word nigger was changed from derogatory term used by racist whites to
subject African Americans based on their previous mistreatment to a term used by the African
Americans to each other to compliment one's actions. For example "In the singular, the word was
always applied to a man who had distinguished himself in some situation that brought their approval

Language, And A Better Understanding
Kevin Yousif
Mr. Brown
AP English Language and Composition
17 November 2015
Language, and a Better Understanding
Language is a topic that will never cease to adapt, from slang being developed in suburbs of urban
cities, to new additions to the Oxford dictionary. We, students of English, use different concepts of
language almost everyday and most of the time we don't even realize it. To get a better
understanding of the English language and concepts developed within it, one would turn to look at
the arguments of scholars including George Orwell, Nancy Mairs, S.I. Hayakawa, Nicholas Carr,
and the dispute of the Sunlight Foundation and Senator Mike Quigley. All of these authors have an
argument for how language is being developed and molded into this day and age, and for the
modern English student, our questions and curiosities will be looked into furthermore as the topics
presented by these scholars are formulated. One recurring concept presented by George Orwell in
Politics and the English Language is how language corrupts thought and how thought can also
corrupt language. Or well states "The English language becomes ugly and inaccurate because our
thoughts are foolish, but the slovenliness of our language makes it easier for us to have foolish
thoughts" (Politics and the English Language, Orwell). I truly believe that this is the case. The
repetitive process is often difficult to break because bad habits provide us with convenient and
tasteful sentence structure. However

Language Development : An Example Of Telegraphic Speech
Language development is a huge step in a child's life. For parents it's a build block that shows
growth within their child. When language begins to develop it allows us to finally "get to know" the
child. Before language development, parents had to guess or find ways of knowing what their child
wanted or needed. However, during and after language development the child is able to express
what they need, and attention. For my field project I collected data by walking around my family's
farm with my nephews and my niece. The ages of my nephews and my niece are 3, 4, 5, 5, 9, and
12. During this walk I picked up telegraphic speech, holophrases, referential style, pragmatics and
expressive style. Telegraphic speech is when simple words are forgotten in a phrase (Feldman 162).
Telegraphic speech is often compared to writing a telegram because you payed for each word in the
telegram. Since the word amount was limited for most they took out simple words. An example of
telegraphic speech that I found was "I'm not going!" which was said by my 3 year old niece. It
makes sense that she would using telegraphic speech during her age because she is still figuring out
how to form sentences and building her vocabulary. I would expect her to us telegraphic speech
because she is in the age range that children begin to use telegraphic speech. The next I found was
holophrases. Holophrases are when a child uses one word for a whole phrase (Feldman 161). My
niece used holophrases when she was

The Descriptive and Symbolic Conceptions in Social Studies: An Analysis of Key Concepts

Recommended

Recommended

More Related Content

Similar to The Descriptive and Symbolic Conceptions in Social Studies: An Analysis of Key Concepts

Similar to The Descriptive and Symbolic Conceptions in Social Studies: An Analysis of Key Concepts (15)

More from Karen Oliver

More from Karen Oliver (20)

Recently uploaded

Recently uploaded (20)

The Descriptive and Symbolic Conceptions in Social Studies: An Analysis of Key Concepts