The Malleus Witchcraft

The Malleus Witchcraft
The Malleus Maleficarum also showed a belief in women being more susceptible to witchcraft due to their physical state. The Malleus was
published in Germany in 1487 and was written by two monks, Kramer and Sprenger. This text helped to spark witch trials in Cologne in 1487 and
1491 and Trier in 1497 and 1501 . The Malleus showed very misogynistic views and until its publication men had been accused of witchcraft just as
much as women . This suggests that the Malleus was a contributing factor to the number of women prosecuted as witches. However, was the Malleus a
reflection of early modern views towards witchcraft, or was the text seen as extremist? The Malleus was divided into three separate parts describing the
nature of witches, what they ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Levack has been criticised by Barstow because he fails to mention gender throughout his book , and therefore Levack as a historian may have taken an
inaccurate approach to witchcraft as he avoided discussing gender as a factor. Thurston suggests that although the Malleus represented an 'important
strain in male attitudes towards women', it doesn't point to misogyny as a factor behind the witch–hunts . The extent of the Malleus' influence is
unclear due to the fact that it was printed in 1486–1520 and then 1574–1621, however the book was not reprinted during a 50 year span which included
an increase in the number of witch–trials carried out. Hence, it could be argued that the Malleus wasn't of extreme importance, due to the fact that there
was an increase in witch–trials whilst the book wasn't being printed. On the other hand, it could also be argued that the authors identified the increase
in witch–trials as a reason to print the Malleus again. The Malleus Maleficarum included the papal bull 'Summis Desiderantes Affectibus' issued by
Pope Innocent VIII in 1484 in the preface of the book, and, as Thurston suggests, that the knowledge in the Malleus was
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Traditional Witchcraft, And Their Practices In Traditional...
In Traditional witchcraft one may lay a compass/compass round, as this is kind of similar to the Wiccan casting of a circle , but with much more
different meaning .I will occasionally lay one depending on what I am doing , it's not for sacred space , it isn't for protection ,it is for awakening the
powers of the spirits of the earth , the seen and un seen world , as a meeting place , we are the centers of our world and this can be considered as the
cross roads , it makes us aware ,and everything comes together , where we respect and honor one another and these powers are brought together .
Depending on the tradition of the witch, there are many different ways of performing a Laying of a compass . When a witch lays a compass the
compass is laid as the same compass , the compass never leaves the witch ,The compass is the witches tool in itself .Each Time the compass is
manifested , it is the same compass as the first compass we manifested , it is just reborn , over and over . It holds all the witches data , her/his soul ,
her/his spirit ,her/his manifestations .A never ending cycle
We are the centers of our world no matter where we go (physically), we are always in the center of the world .When the compass round is made it's
with the heart, the heart is at the center of our bodies , the center..again .everything in drawn inward , to pull it in . When making the compass round
we make it with all our qualities , it's made with our inner core , while making the compass we

Witchcraft Essay
Black magic, voodoo, witchery and Satanism are all various meanings, or supernatural practices or beliefs that refer to the term witchcraft. There are
many different definitions referring to the term witchcraft, but the most commonly accepted definition was provided by Evans–Pritchard 1937.
(Oxford 2017) He distinguishes between witchcraft and sorcery by their technique, and defines witchcraft as an inherited ability to cause misfortune or
death. The user of witchcraft is considered to be evil or dangerous. Prior to the Enlightenment witchcraft was used as a way for people to explain the
unexplainable.
In the early 1900's the difference between two types of human mystical evil was acknowledged, amplifications on these two types, and ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
The medieval European witch, who was the most intricate manifestation, is virtually identical to those witches that resided in Oceania, Africa, Asia and
the Americas. In witchcraft uncertainties worldwide, women prevail, but it is commonly available to men and women equally. (InSearch 2017) It took
anthropology some time to recognize its circulation and its significance since the idea of a witch is so strange. Ethnographies and explanatory studies
amplified exponentially once anthropology grasped on to the idea. Witchcraft's anthropological and historical literature today is massive.
The term uncertainty in anthropology is used in an undefined manner to indicate random outcomes, often the negative kind, rendering life risky. It
commonly refers to accidents, the addition of bad fortune, severe illness, sudden death or other liable event, which are expected but do not exist within
ones bubble of control. (OMICS 2017) Witchcraft surpassed scientific theories of cause and effect, thus providing explanations for otherwise
unexplainable happenings. Systems such as witchcraft provide explanations for everything leaving no space for uncertainty. Anthropologists have
noted that the feelings of uncertainty, insecurity, and anxiety deriving from the dangerous volatility disorder, and opaqueness of the market are
frequently articulated through the medium of popular religion, shamanism, witchcraft, and spirit possession. (OMICS 2017)
Death rates went up

Negatives Of Witchcraft
Ordinary people see witchcraft as way for people to gain power and influence as well as being helpful to society, by making potions and fixing curses.
Although some people feared witches because of curses, for the most part they were accepted in society. Intellectuals on the other hand thought that
witchcraft was either power from the devil, or not real. The people that use these types of things are seen as "simple–minded", "stained and perverted"
by sin and the devil (Peters and Kors, p. 154). The witches were thought to bring misfortune by "destroy men, beasts, and fields, to spread great
scandal, and to induce grievous errors" (Peters and Kors, p. 229). However, Thomas Aquinas' view ofmagic was that "those who practice works of this
kind, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Political instability and civil war made it difficult for the central government to control areas, so instead local governments were in control of
everything (Wood April 3, 2018). Around the time the witchcraze ends religion starts to be divided by geographical alignments (Wood, April 10,
2018). This helps to end civil war and the difficulties related to the population having different religions. Bureaucracy is also developed it helps to bring
continuity to the government and organization (Wood, April 10, 2018). National government gains strength and control over local areas making courts
and legislation consistent (Wood, April 10, 2018). This helps to end the witchcraze through having a political

Witchcraft In The Crucible
Within Macbeth, there are three witches which are supposed sisters. These witches are very symbolic of demonic thoughts and actions. They
consistently lurk among the side lines and implant a sense of negativity among the characters throughout the entire play. The use of their couplets
displayed within the play also contributes to the whole idea of witchcraft. The most famous line within the play from the witches would "Double,
double, toil and trouble, / Fire burn and cauldron bubble". As the witches speak of a cauldron and fire burning, it is as if they are mentally preparing
potions to perhaps bring disaster upon certain characters. Within The Crucible, there were a series of events that stricken the whole town of Salem in
fear. Beginning

Witchcraft Reflection
As the semester comes to an end It is that time again to reflect upon what I have learned through the last half of Witchcraft and Heresy in Europe
Religion course. I really enjoyed taking this course because of the diverse material that me and my classmates were all exposed to. It really helped
me stay interested in the course. The only thing that I would have like to see different, If I was able to take this course again, is an implementation of
more videos because I am more of a visual learner.
Starting from module eight of this semester I would like to start off my describing the similarities and differences between Scandinavian, Celtic, and
Cunning folk cultures of magic. While there were many differences between all these types of cultural magic, there were also some similarities. To
start out, the similarities between these three cultures of magic is that they practiced the use of magic in order to chase something that an average
person lacked in terms of their capability to succeed. Another similarity that I saw was between Scandinavian and Celtic magic. This can be seen
from the societies in these cultures. These societies believed in multiple different gods before they were exposed to the religion of Christianity. The
beliefs in these gods or entities were quite similar, which goes to show how there was a mutual belief in the existence of witchcraft and magic. However,
the difference the resides between the Celtics and the Scandinavians is that the Celtics believed

Dbq Witchcraft
By the mid–seventeenth century, the process of witchcraft in England had already subsided. The persecution on such a scale as they occurred in
England and Scotland can be explained by the crises of England during the Civil War. All controls failed because the state and its judiciary were not
working properly. Under extreme conditions, some extreme behavior occurred.
1.3. Witchcraft and society: Witchcraft and women, The Salem Trials
In the early period (16th–18th centuries), the mentality and way of thinking of people living there and their vision of the world was largely based on
a strong belief in supernatural phenomena that directly affected their lives. It was widely believed both: in Divine Providence, the care of the angels,
and in the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Witchcraft women often distinguished themselves by, for example, physical disability, poverty, old age, and onerous greediness– in the eyes of people
accusing them; it was an extra justification for their actions. The authors of "Malleus maleficarum" wrote in it about "the witches' heroes, not the
wizards, they do not mean much." According to the authors, witchcraft was supposed to be used primarily by women who are naturally more
reckless and more prone to body temptation than men, and they are characterized by "less faith." In their belief, the lesser faith was indicated by the
etymology of the word woman, or "femina". The word was divided into "fe" and "mina", where "fe" was "fides" and "mina" was "minus".
Hunting for witches has been going on for more than four centuries (from the 14th to the 17th century) and was a deeply rooted social phenomenon. It
was born in feudalism and lasted until the "age of reason". It took different forms at different times and places, but never lost the essential character of
the terrorist campaign of the ruling class against the female population. The witches were perceived as a political, religious and sexual threat to both
Protestant and Catholic churches, and to the

Witchcraft
The concept of witchcraft and the belief in its existence has existed since the dawn of human history. It has been present or central at various times, and
in many diverse forms, among cultures and religions worldwide, including both "primitive" and "highly advanced" cultures, and continues to have an
important role in many cultures today.
Historically, the predominant concept of witchcraft in the Western world derives from Old Testament laws against witchcraft, and entered the
mainstream when belief in witchcraft gained Church approval in the Early Modern Period. It posits a theosophical conflict between good and evil,
where witchcraft was generally evil and often associated with the Devil and Devil worship. This culminated in ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
The Malleus Maleficarum, (Latin for "Hammer of The Witches) was a witch–hunting manual written in 1486 by two German monks, Heinrich Kramer
and Jacob Sprenger. It was used by both Catholics and Protestants[26] for several hundred years, outlining how to identify a witch, what makes a
woman more likely than a man to be a witch, how to put a witch on trial, and how to punish a witch. The book defines a witch as evil and typically
female. The book became the handbook for secular courts throughout Renaissance Europe, but was not used by the Inquisition, which even cautioned
against relying on the work,[27] and was later officially condemned by the Catholic Church in 1490. * White witches
Folk magicians throughout Europe were often viewed ambivalently by communities, and were considered as capable of harming as of healing,[30]
which could lead to their being accused as "witches" in the negative sense. Many English "witches" convicted of consorting with demons seem to have
been cunning folk whose fairy familiars had been demonised;[31] many French devins–guerisseurs("diviner–healers") were accused of witchcraft,[32]
and over one half the accused witches in Hungary seem to have been healers.[33]Some of the healers and diviners historically accused of witchcraft
have considered themselves mediators between the mundane and spiritual worlds, roughly equivalent to shamans.[34] Such people described their
contacts with fairies, spirits often

Witchcraft, Germany : Margaretha Horber 's Tale Of Witchcraft
Witchcraft Narratives in Germany: Rothenburg, 1561–1652, is a collection of witchcraft narrative literature that took place in Rothenburg, Germany by
Alison Rowlands. Margaretha Horber's Tale of Witchcraft written in 1627 serves as an example of one account of a person who would be accused
of being a witch due to her deviance against social as well as religious norms. Already we see this theme of individuals in society changing their
attitudes towards another for minor infractions. As the story goes, "Margaretha did not make the progress in religious instructions her guardians had
hoped for. On the contrary, she seemed incapable of fulfilling her pious obligations adequately." As one may learn from this statement alone,
individuals in a Rothenburg, and many other societies for that matter, were to meet a certain standard in term of religious knowledge. Deviating from
the norm would perhaps have influenced her accusers greatly. However, as this source will illustrate, perhaps another factor influencing her accusers
was the fact that this particular society may have in fact been experiencing turmoil. As history has often illustrated, when a society is experiencing
difficult times, it may look to a scapegoat to take out pent up frustration, or possibly to explain the difficult circumstances. According to this source,
during the Thirty Years' War between 1621 and 1631 it is likely that Margaretha Horber's parents, who died in early 1626, fell victim to an outbreak of
plague

Wicca Or The Witchcraft
Wicca is a one of the 300 plus religions in the world today . Wiccan is also known as the Witchcraft. Wiccan is a belief that thousands of people
practice and this paper is going to explain all of Wicca that you may not know. The ancient Celts did create Wicca and/or crated it then Gerald
gardener had brought it back into the world . Wicca is type of Neopaganism. Wiccans do not worship Satan. The do use and preform witchcraft. "This is
a widely believed "fact" , and it isn't true. Wicca does include some elements of Celtic culture to varying degrees depending on the tradition. However,
the ancient Celts were not Wiccan." Some Wiccans believe that there they only one

After eight births and only one child to survive, the Putnam's cannot bare the fact that their babies have died for no obvious cause. The only resort is to
blame witchcraft for the killing of their babies. The gossip is hot in Salem, and no one wants to be boiling in it. The "witchcraft" in this town is causing
everyone to turn against each other. To get the spotlight off of them, they take turns continuously throwing each other under the bus. Throughout Act
One, many characters undergo chaos, while others experience relief to the idea of witchcraft. Mr. and Mrs. Putnam should be blamed for the chaos of
this witchcraft, owing to the fact that Mr. and Mrs. Putnam can not overcome their own status. When Mrs.Putnam first makes an appearance in this
play Miller describes her coming in as, shiny eyed, and full of breath. She seems uplifted of the gossip of witchcraft and states, "It is a marvel. It is
surely a stroke of hell upon you" (Miller 12). This shows that Mrs.Putnam is wanting to condone the fact that her daughter Ruth, and Reverend's
daughter Betty, are in a case of witchcraft. Mrs.Putnam cries out, "I'd not call it sick; the Devil's touch is heavier than sick" (Miller 13). This shows
the reader that Mrs.Putnam is convinced that witchcraft is real. Due to the reputation of the Putnam's for not being able to carry a baby, this would be a
... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Putnam sees her opportunity to get out of the bad gossip of Salem, that of which her being unable to carry babies. Mrs.Putnam cries out, "I take it on
my soul, but who else may surely tell us what person murdered our babies?" (Miller 15) This shows the reader that Mrs.Putnam believes that a witch
must have killed her babies because she cannot accept her flaws. Mrs.Putnam demanded Ruth to ask Tituba to conjure up the dead, and ask solve the
mystery killed her seven other babies. Therefore, Mrs.Putnam got Ruth tangled in witchcraft by awakening the

Witchcraft As A Religion
Witchcraft
What is witchcraft? Witchcraft is the practice of magic, black magic and the use of supernatural beings.Though witchcraft is associated with demons
and Satan it's just misunderstood. And though it has some downsides to it, as a whole, it's just praising and praying to different gods and most witches
use it as a way of work to make money, medicine, and healing. People have wondered about whether witchcraft is a religion and have asked the
question "Is witchcraft considered a religion?" Witchcraft is part of the religion "Wicca, which is a modern form of paganism mainly found in the
20th century England."(Wigington) Many assume witchcraft to be a religion but the fact is that different people have different answers because
it all depends on who you ask. Though it really does not matter to the Pagans or Wiccans. Wondering how witchcraft came about? Well, Raymond
says "witchcraft started as a way for people in ancient times to gain more food. They would carve a bison from the wood being killed by a spear,
then pray to the god of hunting and the brave warriors that went out would come back with their kill, with a spear in the same place as the wooden
bison. Back during their time there was also a large mortality rate so people would pray to the goddess of fertility and cast spells by doing the same
thing as when they would go out to kill bison, but they would carve the animals mating so that the birth rate could help balance out the high deaths"
(Buckland 12).

People change when the word of witchcraft is tossed around. They turn on one another
accusing those they know, and people that shouldn't have power gain it and abuse it. Arthur
Miller shows this in his play "The Crusible" where a group of girls start a witch hunt to gain
power in the town. They used this power to get anyone they didn't like to hanged and they acted
to convince an entire village they saw witches. These girls became feared in the small town of
Salem they would accuse anyone and everyone until they went to far. The witch hunt empowered
more then just the girls in the play. It gave power to Thomas Putnam, a landowner who snatched
the land of anyone that was tried and hanged. He quickly became more and more powerful as he ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
After a short time Abigail accuses Elizabeth Proctor of being a witch.
Abigail was in love with John Proctor which is why she wants Elizabeth dead. Elizabeth gets
arrested and John begins to speak out against the girls. He tells the court of how they are acting
and all this is untrue but they do not listen. They then bring in abigail and the other girls into the
courtroom. They begin to question them but as soon as they can no longer lie they put on the act
once again. They exclaims with a fearful look on her face "You will not! Begone! Begone, I

say!" she is trying to convince the court she is seeing a yellow bird which is a spirit of Mary
Warren also one of the girls. Mary was trying to tell the court about the lies but Abigail accused
her of witchcraft and because of this Mary has no choice but to give in and continue the act.
Once this charade was finished several others were once again put in jail on the account of
being a "witch". This shows even more that the girls gained so much power in the town that even
the most ridiculous act is believed. After many hanging and many other admitting to being

The Causes Of Witchcraft
The human mind has always tried to grapple with inconsistencies, misfortunes, and differences. Without true success, humans have pinpointed possible
influences and causes of misfortunes or tragedies within their communities. For many people in the 1600's, witchcraft was a possible answer to a lack
of success in pinpointing the cause of tragedies. Gossip was the the primary root in all such instances of witchcraft, weaving stories and accusations in
private. These accusations of witchcraft did not end in the 17th century, but now hide under pseudonyms such as "different" or "outsider" in this day
and age. The Lisbon sisters and Janie from The Virgin Suicides and Their Eyes Were Watching God, respectively, are modern day examples of how
gossip can catalyze witch–hunts to persecute and incite violence upon women who differ from the status quo. Janie and the Lisbon sisters possess
many characteristics often attributed to witches: sexual deviance, religious discord, and they are each outsiders in their community. Witch craft is
heavily influenced by rumor and gossip in the sense that witchcraft would not exist without rumor and gossip to be fear leaders in witch–hunts. The
fear that gossip and rumor bring about in a community often snowballs into acts of irrevocable violence and sometimes death, as is the case in The
Virgin Suicides. Women have always been the targets of witch hunts for two main reasons: one being that men were perceived as stronger than women,
and therefore,

Witchcraft In The 1600s
During the 1600's there were many opinions and lifestyle changes because of witches, this time period is slightly before and during the Salem
Witch Trials. In any group of people with large numbers, there are always going to be outcast, whether it's just a birthmark or a personality tweak.
That's just life. Well in the 1600's if you were born with red hair and freckles and both ur parents were brunette and brown eyes, then you were
considered and outcast and possibly even referred to as a witch. If you were socially awkward in any way or any kind of a social outcast then you
would fall into the category of a witchcraft person. If accused of being a with many things were possible to happen, killed banished. Neither are very
good alternatives but it is a choice. Most people think of a witch as an older women with a huge wart, tall black hat, and riding on a broom. However
this is not ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Religious, I am a very religious person, I go to church as much as possible and know a lot about the bible, I believe at one time when jesus walked the
earth there was miracles or some may call magic taken place. He performed these miracles to show everyone who he was and the power he had
through his father God. He raised people from the dead, fed thousands of people with five loaves of bread and two fish, gave blind people sight.
However once he went back to heaven he said "It is written" which means he was done performing miracles, I think at that point the power to do
things like that were over. Non religiously, well witchcraft is considered to be spiritual as its self, so there is no ways to describe it but other than
explain it as close to a religion which is the belief in yourself as being the one with the god like powers and performing these magic miracles.
However I personally do not believe in these or that they couldn't even be

Witchcraft And The Inquisition
A common Basque saying goes, "before God was God and boulders were boulders, Basques were already Basques." This saying highlights the Basque's
enduring inhabitance in the mountains between Spain and France. The existence in the Pyrenees is remarkable considering the population's repeated
persecution. The bombing of Guernica is one of the most notorious instances of Basque persecution, which was Pablo Picasso's inspiration for arguably
his most recognizable painting, Guernica. Another period of persecution in the Basque region was the Inquisition during the early seventeenth century.
Pierre de Lancre initiated the Inquisition on the French side in 1609, which swiftly spread to LogroГ±o, a region on the Spanish side, by 1610. The
Inquisition ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
For example, in 1631 Friedrich Spee, published criticism of the persecution in Germany after being confessor of the witches sentenced to death.
Spee wrote about a woman named Gaia who was accused of witchcraft and subject to torture. "For not only is there in general no door for her
escape, but she (Gaia) is also compelled to accuse others, of who she knows no ill, and whose names are not seldom suggested to her by her
examiners or by the executioner, or of whom she has heard as suspected or accused or already once arrested and released. These in their turn are
forced to accuse others, and these still others, and so it goes on: who can help seeing that it must go on without end." Spee's account echoed the idea
associated with communal witchcraft of being the accused and then the accuser; the concern was not specific to the Basque

The Causes Of Witchcraft
Through the sixteenth and seventeenth century, witchcraft persecutions were widespread throughout various areas of the world. Behind these
persecutions, there were many different ideas about what a witch was, and what they were capable of doing. In many children's books, witches are
seen travelling by broomstick, cooking forest animals in stew, or casting spells–– spells which may have been for evil or for good. In such books, the
capabilities of witches appear to be endless. Therefore, this magic certainly appears to be fictional. However, long ago, there was widespread belief of
witches who were able to perform such magic. This leads us to the importance of thinking about what type of people would believe in this unusual
idea. In Chapter 2 in The Methods of the Devil by Heinrich Kramer and Jacob Sprenger, both of whom are inquisitors of witch trials, the ideologies
of witch persecutors are well represented. Witches may be defined as those who make an "open pact of fidelity to devils" and "forsake the holy
Christian religion." Knowing the Devil comes up in Christian thinking, there is enough evidence that it was indeed Christians who would accuse or
persecute witches for their evil magic. Witches, or non–Christians, may have been real, but how accurate could accusations against them be? What
motivations may cause such accusations to take place? Some crimes witches were accused of include raising "hailstorms and hurtful tempests" that
damaged crops or "devouring children." Thinking about this today, how many people can tell an effective story about a person creating a storm? Or
about a human eating a child? Today, we are aware that weather cannot be directly affected by humans. It is evident that Christians in the past lacked
scientific knowledge to determine a cause of weather. With no explanation for the Christians behind their damaged food supply, they had
understandable choices to blame a group of people–– in this case, witches. Although cannibalizing on children is unusual, we yet to have an
explanation against this accusation toward witches. This case is similar to one between the Nazis and Jews, where Jews were to blame for missing
children. Jews were used as a scapegoat, as the Nazis criminalized

Witchcraft Thesis
Thesis statement: Witchcraft was most prominent in the British Isles during the 15th– 16th centuries.
Paragraph explanation: Witchcraft can be found all over Europe during the 15th and 16th centuries, so I decided to narrow the scope and focus on the
British Isles as I believe it was most prominent in that location (this obviously being my thesis as many people could argue it was much more
prominent in other European countries.) Evidence for this can be found in how many documented executions there were (many in the Isles during
these specific time– periods) and the fact that laws were even put into place surrounding witchcraft proving that it was a big 'problem'/ thing in society
(even having a list of 'witch characteristics' for people to

Witchcraft Hysteria
There were many significant factors that came into play at the time of the Salem witchcraft hysteria. Of the numerable amount of factors that
contributed to the hysteria the most influential were religion, superstition, politics, economics, and concepts of gender during this time period. People
during the 1600's lacked a basic understanding of how things around them worked compared to what is known and generally accepted in today's
world of science. For this sole reason the concept of magic and witchcraft was widely and generally accepted by a large majority of the population
during this time period. People often used false accusations of witchcraft against their neighbors because it gave them a simple way to steal another
person's land. Women were also not trustworthy sources.
Religion played the most crucial role in the development of the witch hysteria. Residents in the town of Salem were Puritans, which meant they were
very immoderate in their beliefs.
Puritans believed their life purpose was to serve God, which meant vanquishing evil even if there was no evil present. The average lifestyle of a
Puritan was monotonous and dull; they believed life was meant to be simple, and any spare time should have been spent serving God. Puritans
strived to exterminate any presence of the Devil or evil they could find so they could pursue their quest of being worthy of being saved by their God.
Puritans looked down to people that did not serve God the same way that they did, and they

Wicca Witchcraft
Witchcraft has been a controversial belief for many centuries, dating back to the 1400's. It was a time of many deaths, fear, and paranoia. Today it is
a widely known religion known as Wicca, the Craft, or the Craft of the Wise. Wicca is an earth–centered belief, and it has a long history of persecution.
Wicca followers are known as Wiccan, Pagan, or they can recognize themselves as witches. Most followers worship in a small group, known as a
Coven or they worship alone. This religion is based on the belief that all things revolve around the Earth and before its creation the All existed. The
All consists of the Goddess, a female spirit created before the Earth and because she was alone she created her other half, known as the God, which
became ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In this small town two young girls, Elizabeth Parris and Abigail Williams, started to behave differently; screaming, hallucinating, throwing objects,
and withering in pain. They accused three women, Tituba, an Indian slave who spoke of witches in her folklore stories to the girls, Sarah Good, who
was a homeless woman, and Sarah Osborn, an elder of the town. These accusations prompted the beginning of the witch trails. Along with the 200
townspeople that were accused of using witchcraft 20 townsmen and women were hung at the gallows between the year 1692 and 1693. Once the
hysteria faded away the court realized that the trials and executions were a horrendous mistake, and made good with the families of the deceased.
(Blumberg, Jess. "A Brief History of the Salem Witch Trials. One Town's Strange Journey from Paranoia to

Witchcraft Article
The First article was published by The New York Times by Mitch Horowitz on July 4th, 2014. Second article used was published by The New York
Times by Nick Cumming–Bruce on February 8th, 2013 These articles gives an example of how in modern times witch craze remains. In the article, it
discusses an event that took place in Papua New Guinea. It discusses an event when a mob of people buried a 20–year–old mother alive who they
suspected of partaking in witchcraft to murder her young neighbor. The young neighbor lived right across from the young mother when he suddenly
became ill, he was taken to MT. Hagan where he would later die. The family of the young neighbor suspected witchcraft was to blame for his sudden
illness. They questioned a pair of women who stated it was the 20–year mother for causing this because she practiced witchcraft. The authorities tried ...
Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
An example shown of power being used is by the legal system. The law in New Guinea indorsed violent behavior towards another individual. With the
law being revoked it is a difficult transition for individuals in this country to not seek justice in their own hands and village. The violence that has
related to witchcraft human rights and United refugee's states that there are thousands of murders committed each year condemning individuals of
witchcraft. In Papua New Guinean a human rights institute, calculates witchcraft associated violence is 5 to 1 against women, signifying that
witchcraft allegations are used to cover domestic violence. This article revels that the witchcraft hunt that began in Salm in 1690 remains in full effect.
It is not just in history books, but globally it could be fueled by superstition, environment or seeking harm on another. Nonetheless, on how this behavior
began it raises the question will the witch hunt

Witchcraft Dbq
Witches have been feared by man since the 14th century in Europe when they believed women were given evil powers for loyalty to the devil.
Although some others believed it was the result of consuming the fungus "Ergot" which was found in rye, wheat and other cereals. According to Jess
Blumberg multiple people were caught using witchcraft as he mentions in her post "More than 200 people were accused of witchcraft and twenty
were executed". Later in colonial times there was a widespread of witchcraft throughout the new pioneer villages. People believe that it became worse
from all the anxiety from the fear of death from disease, savages, smallpox and the after war effects of the British war with France. All this anxiety was
driving the Puritans

Witchcraft In Macbeth
"Look not like the inhabitants of the earth, and yet are on it." From the beginning of the play Macbeth, readers are able to identify the witches as ugly,
creepy, and very unique characters. Although they are presented in a disturbing way, the witches play a prominent role throughout the play and act as a
catalyst of the action, propelling Macbeth to commit horrible deeds.
Shakespeare was famous for using unusual characters in his plays. In "A Midsummer Night's Dream," Shakespeare used Nick Bottom and turned him
into a donkey! That is fairly strange and a bit random. However, Shakespeare clearly thought about the major issues during the early 1600's in England
when forming his special characters in Macbeth. King James, the king during the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
When the witches foresaw Macbeth as king, Macbeth started to think if he was king and told his wife, Lady Macbeth. Many readers believed that
Lady Macbeth was one of the driving forces of Macbeth's destruction. However, Lady Macbeth was motivated as well due to the witches' prophesy. In
addition, Lady Macbeth aided Macbeth with the murder of King Duncan. Anyhow, Macbeth was the one who ordered Banquo, his son, and Macduff's
family to be put to death. Banquo was also a general and Macbeth's friend. It was heartbreaking when this so–called friendship crumpled due to power
hunger. Furthermore, it was disturbing when Macbeth ordered Macduff's family to be executed. Macduff's family did not directly provoke Macbeth but
he eventually kills the entire family. Although the witches merely predicted the future, it was all of Macbeth's actions that caused his downfall. In
addition, it caused Lady Macbeth's downfall as

Witches And Witchcraft
Witches and witchcraft have been witnessed in several regions throughout the early stretches of both time and civilization. In the beginning,
witches were derived from the root word 'Wicca'. This translates to the phrase 'wise person' or 'the wise one', a person who practices only the
holiest of rituals for the goddesses. However, not only were these women trained to preform specialized rituals but they were also trained in the
sacred arts of the priestess. These priestesses became known as the wise women. They would make house calls, delivered babies, and dealt with not
only infertility but impotence as well. This was the essence of a 'wise woman'. Carole Fontaine, an American biblical scholar states within her
interview, "What's interesting about them is that they are so clearly understood to be positive figures in their society. No king could be without their
counsel, no army could recover from a defeat without their ritual activity, no baby could be born without their presence". This illustrates to us that
without the presence of the revered wise woman society would break down and cease to function. This is due to so many actions in society requiring
their expertise that even the king would become lost without them. These 'wise women' could be traced to the early days of human history in the
middle east. Besides the wise woman version of witchcraft, there were many other forms of religion involving the supernatural. For instance,
Shamanism among Africans to the Shinto

How do the characters respond to the accusation of witchcraft? Why do you think they act this way? Does their religion have anything to do with
their reaction? Characters in the novel respond to witchcraft with angst and abhorrence. The town of Salem are strict Puritans, everyday life follows
the Bible strictly. One of the verses of the Bible states, "Thou shalt not suffer a witch to live." That is why the citizens of Salem feel the need to kill or
imprison those accused of witchcraft. The mention of witchcraft is taken seriously, "The accusation of witchcraft is not to be taken lightly." (Rinaldi
72) Puritans took witchcraft very seriously because witchcraft was the presence of the devil. "The community felt that it was their duty to rid ... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Tituba wants to escape her owner at all costs. He constantly beats her and gives her hard work. "Is this what the good reverend did to you... She
looked at my throughout good eye. The other was swollen and closed." (Rinaldi 115) If anything, Tituba is going to agree with the accusation to
escape Reverend Parris. She hates her life living with the Reverend, and sees no point to it. "Tituba is already in prison. Where they put me, the
Reverend can't be me no more." (Rinaldi 117) Tituba predicts that William's arrival will be soon. Tituba predicts there will be a pirate ship made of
clouds in the sky, I believe this prediction will be correct, based off the Tituba's other predictions. Tituba and the other women accused of witchcraft are
taken to Boston, and Tituba is freed of the

Witchcraft In Macbeth
"When shall we three meet again? In thunder, lightning, or in rain?" (I.i.1) This famous quote is from "The Tragedy of Macbeth", said by a witch, it
opens and sets the mood for the play. The play characterized the weird sisters, three witches,as evil, mad women that told Macbeth, the main character,
his flourishing but doomed fate. During the renaissance period people feared, ostracized, and killed what they thought were witches; but most of all
they misunderstood what true witches were. Witchcraft is one of the oldest religions in the world, and was practiced by wise people who followed
nature and were in tune with its forces. A bible verse and the fear of the unknown changed the whole perspective of witches.
Witchcraft is one of the oldest religions in the world, it predates thousand of years before christianity and dates back 40,000 years to the paleolithic
period. "The witches prayed to the higher powers or the spirits for help and guidance in resolving the problem by performing certain rituals and the
whole process was called witchcraft." (Origin of Witchcraft) In the witchcraft religion, witches would pray to their higher powers, spirits, and perform
rituals, such as singing and dancing and calling upon their Gods. Although it was a ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
How did you dare To trade and traffic withMacbeth In riddles and affairs of death; And I the mistress of your charms, The close contriver of all harms
Was never called to bear my part, Or show the glory of our art?" (III.v.2)
Hecate was mad at the witches for not calling upon her for guidance or asking for her opinion when they were meeting with Macbeth at the beginning of
the play. Hecate calls herself the mistress of their charms because she is their higher power. Since the weird sisters asked Hecate for guidance it was
out of the natural order because people of the christian faith called upon God for guidance, and God only because he was their higher

Witchcraft Sexism
Early modern Europe was plagued by a number of woman accused of witchcraft, resulting in thousands being hanged. This is a large piece of history
that is usually kept in the dark. Most know of the witch trials that happened in Salem, but even then, it is met with an almost humorous attitude. Is the
fact there were hardly any male victims and that the event isn't taken seriously due to sexism? Or is just a coincidence?
It is difficult to pin point when and where witchcraft originated, but there are multiple claims that it has been around since 500B.C and is said to
have been in Europe. Attitudes towards this 'magic' changes depending on era and area, but in ancient Egypt where some of the earliest examples
originated, magic was something that only gods and kings possessed, therefore civilians had a great respect for the practice. This is different to early
modern Europe. Christianity was a large part of their society and witchcraft was often seen as 'the devil's work' thus meaning those who practiced
witchcraft were 'Satanists.'
Witchcraft was mainly used for healing. Elixirs made form herbs and flowers were said to help with disease and pain, as well as spoken spells; which
often had a religious element.
Here is a spell from Europe;
"She taketh upon her to cure diseases by prayer, and therefore hath recourse of people to her farre and nighe. She confesses that she useth a prayer to
God, and then the paternoster the creed and another prayer devised, and before

Witchcraft And Religion
Witchcraft and worshipping is frowned up by society but why? Where are the standards held to it? According to the Bible, Witchcraft and worshipping
Satan is condemned and deems no entry into heaven. Witchcraft is the practice of black magic, the use of spells and invocation of spirits. Witchcraft,
Fortune tellers, and necromancy (communication with the dead) are all Satan's counterfeits to holy spirituality. Deuteronomy 18:9–12 says "Let no one
be found among you who sacrifices their son or daughter in the fire, who practices divination or sorcery, interprets omens, engages in witchcraft or casts
spells or who is a medium or spiritists or who consults the dead. Anyone who does these things is detestable to the lord." The word sorcery is
translated from the Greek word pharmakeia meaning pharmacy. Witchcraft and spiritsm involves ritualistic use ofmagic potions and ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
Satan is only as powerful as God allows him to be but that is still pretty substantial. First Samuel 15:23 says, "For rebellion is as the sin of
witchcraft and stubbornness is as iniquity and idolatry." Witchcraft is the most powerful way for Satan to excel in counterfeiting what God does.
Satan was created by God to be the most powerful of angelic beings. He soon later rebelled and took one third of the angels (or demons) with him
in his rebellion. Satan was created to be a perfect being however pride caused him to fall since he wanted the praise and worship reserved for God
alone. Satan's ultimate goal is to oppose God in any and every way possible which makes Witchcraft such a sinister crime, because you are
denouncing God and accepting Satan as your spiritual guide. God loves all his children as a spiritual father, so worshipping a being whose one drive
is hatred is frowned upon to society. The bible is very direct on its stance on Witchcraft and Satan and that is why it is so scandalous and stigma is so
stinging in

Witchcraft
Druga gimnazija Sarajevo
IB World School
Middle Years Programme
HISTORY
Reformation in Europe in 16th century
–––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––
Witchcraft
WORD COUNT 1138
Sarajevo, October 2012
Action Plan
For this essay I choose to write about witchcraft in the 16th and 17th century since I find the topic extremely interesting the write about. Given that
we only have a paragraph about it in out History textbooks, I will have to look into other books and also search the internet to find what I need for
the essay. * Read about the topic from my History textbook * Find information from other books such as the book People that Changed the World * Go
online and research about witchcraft, but ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This period was a very bad one for women in Europe as they were mostly accused for practicing witchcraft.
As I mentioned above, the hysteria over witchcraft affected mostly women, but also other people. More than 100000 people all around Europe were
accused of witchcraft while 75% women. Most of the accused were common people, usually those without property and usually women – servant girls,
peasant women and milkmaids. It is interesting to mention that most of the women indicted were single or widowed, and many of them over fifty
years old. To understand why mostly women were accused one must understand what it meant to be a witch. People who preformed witchcraft
were seen as devil worshipers and were believed to have a connection with Satan. It was believed that witches had some sort of sexual relationship
with Lucifer and therefore women were mostly accused. Also, there were other reasons why someone was considered a witch; if a woman was
extremely beautiful and caught attention of married men, she was accused of practicing witchcraft, of if a widow lived in a distant area and was
unsociable or had untidy hair or some sort of animal, she would as well be considered a witch. As women were always regarded as healers, and if one

knew some sort of medicine or was able to deliver a child, she would be convicted. Some other reasons were

Motivation For Witchcraft
Throughout the sixteenth and seventeenth century, witchcraft was widespread throughout various areas of the world. Today, witchcraft may be subtly
displayed in children's books, where a witch–– often an elderly woman–– is shown travelling by broomstick or casting evil spells. Back then, people
held allegations against others for using this "black magic," and, in turn, some societies conducted persecutions against such individuals. These
persecuted, and often executed individuals, were often said to be using their evil in worship of the Devil. Now that we see these ideas of black magic
in children's books, it may appear that these witch panics were extreme. Before we make assumptions about the accusers of witches, we must consider
further details in attempt to understand their underlying motivations to accept witchcraft beliefs. As Darren Oldridge argues, there may be multiple
factors for this acceptance of witchcraft beliefs. One motivation that is evident is the absorption of power among the persecutors. Through time, since
the start of witchcraft, witches became responsible for more and more issues, reflecting the span of influence persecutors held. It is important to
consider the beginning of witchcraft prevalence. Since witchcraft allegations were often associated with the Devil, it must have been a Christian
phenomenon. In Europe, where many witch trials took place, Christianity was extremely prevalent in the late Middle Ages and the early modern
period. Therefore,

The Witch And Witchcraft
For many centuries, witches have been around. The meaning of the word witch has changed over time. Before, it was a gender–neutral term but it is
now associated with women. There are different types of witches and they each had different powers. The word witch came from the word Wicca
which is an old English word and slowly, it was changed to wicked by the Catholic Church. For as long as it was around, witches and witchcraft were
looked at negatively and those who practiced witchcraft were poorly treated. Despite the time difference and geographical areas, there were similarities
in how women, witches, and those who were accused were treated. Treatment towards witches was influenced by oral stories, experiences, and pop
culture.
The word "Wicca" means wisdom. The witches were turned to when one needed help. Witches of different types used spells, magic, and potions.
Many had feared witches, especially the Catholic church. Slowly the meaning was changed to wicked. Some types of witches included witch
doctors, Halloween witch, seductress or sire, Wiccan, voodoo witch, satanist, and many more. A witch doctor and voodoo witch are someone who
uses power to heal and protect against other's magic. A Halloween witch is is a stereotypical witch that is portrayed as the complete opposite of
what a woman should be, and is represented as an ugly, old, evil, hag. A seducing woman who uses her looks as a mean to lure one in is a seductress
or sire. A Wiccan is one who practices the old religion and believes in the power of the Earth. One who worships the Devil is a satanist. Harmless or
not, witches and those accused of witches were poorly treated. In different places, treatment was similar. Treatment included beatings, imprisonment,
and death. Many were accused, outed, interrogated, shamed, arrested, tortured, segregated, or killed. Anyone and everyone could be accused but the
major targets were women, widows, the poor, the elderly, those who used herbal remedies, and those with knowledge in medicine and astrology.
In Africa, specifically Northern Ghana, women were terrorized when accused of witchcraft ("Witches In Exile"). Women who were accused were cast
from their family, sent to witch camps, and were abused or even

Witchcraft Beliefs
Witchcraft beliefs were, and still are very popular in many societies. Each period had its superstitions as well as their specific attitudes. This reiterates
that people have always believed in ghosts, spirits, demons, and witches as well as in individuals with abnormal powers and abilities. This paper is
going to explain and compare the powers, abilities and background behind both witches and demons within the 15th, 16th and 17th century Christianity
in England and Scotland and the actual beliefs followed while also examining the credulity of historic literature of the time.
Demons throughout all the material covered have varied in both in tone, shape and character but they all remain loyal to the fallen angel: Lucifer; also
known as The ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In response, two German Dominican Inquisitors named Sprenger and Kramer wrote The Malleus Maleficarum. The book prepared strategies for the use
of torture to uncover lies while also informing and alerting the public to the presence of witches and how to identify one. Like demons, witches possess
tremendous power, but these powers can easily be explained away as natural events, however, during the 15th and 16th centuries these powers were
very real and often included events such as: stealing infants, perceptions of future events, illusions, killing people by sight or touch, cause disease, kill
crops, influence judges or magistrates, summoning storms or foul weather, impede procreation and carnal acts with incubi to produce more witches.
Sixteenth and seventeenth century discussions of witchcraft always insisted that a pact with the devil lay behind witchcraft, although this pact was
sometimes only tacit or implied. These pacts were created through a pact with the devil himself, through a ceremony called a Sabbath or using the
powers yourself to inflict harm on

Witchcraft as Misogyny
The society during the 14th–16th century viewed women as unimportant compared to men, which led to the belief that women were witches.
Act of oblivion "Women and Explanations for European Witchcraft Beliefs in the 16th and 17th Century." (2003) The journal "Women and
Explanations for European Witchcraft Beliefs in the 16th and 17th Century," debates whether witchcraft was a tradition or part of everyday culture.
James Sharpe believed that witchcraft was a part of everyday culture during that period. People targeted others for revenge or said they were a witch
because they were an outcast. Anne Laurence argues that Christian and secular prosecution developed common tradition of witchcraft by popularizing
a belief neither of Sharpes ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Many of the sources I've read talk about women giving up their religion for the devil. This source talks about men being involved and I can relate that
to how witchcraft isn't always seen as misogyny.
Katz, Steven. "The European Witch–Hunts, c. 1450–1750." www.gendercide.org. "The European Witch–Hunts, c. 1450–1750" by Steven Katz
describes witch–hunts and how females played a huge role as victims. This journal proves that not only were most women accused of being women
but they were also the victims. The author of this journal brings up data and information to back up his theory that women were the victims because
people were afraid of women having to much power. This journal is a good article for anyone researching witch hunts and the impact it had on females
and why.
"Medieval Sourcebook: Witchcraft Documents (15th Century)" N.P., N.D. Web. 29 January 2013. The "Extracts from the Hammer of Witches"
discusses the methods people used to torture witches. First, the jailors prepared torture. Second, they stripped the witches of their clothing because they
believed that witchcraft was sewed into their clothing. After that they tortured them if they didn't confess. When they were done torturing they pulled
the witch aside to see if they would confess yet. They would make them believe that if they confessed they would not be put to death. This source is
important because I've read a few things about "The Hammer of

The Truth Of Witchcraft And Witchcraft
Many question as to why so many women would eventually admit to witchcraft. However, it is quite understandable why these women accepted the
guilt when analyzing the process of proving witchcraft and what these women had to endure. Not only would these women continue to be rejected
from their community, even more than before, they would be subject harsh sociological and psychological procedures. Those accused would often
have to go through harsh psychosomatic dealings, such as a process know as "watching, in the course of which the suspect was kept awake,
sometimes for two or three nights at a stretch, in the hopes that she would be betrayed by her familiars visiting her." A "familiar", was an
interchangeable spirit that would perform the witch's evil magic for her. Familiars were often considered a spirit, an animal, or a fairy. "More
importantly, the familiar was the witch's second 'self',' acting for her and embodying her power; harming a familiar would injure the witch it served."
The sleep deprivation that was the by–product of this process, along with general rough handling and psychological pressure, allied to leading
questions, helps explain why witches were so prone to confess." The physiological battering of these women from their communities often led to their
eventual "confession", as a desperate way to just stop the tormenting. An immense amount of accusations were actually introduced by women against
other women; men were only introduced later to

Witchcraft And Fire
The first quote that I got is from 'Here follows some verses upon the burning of the house' is "that fearful sound of 'fire' and 'fire'/ let no man know is
my desire/ I starting up, the light did spy/ And to my heart did cry/ To straighten me in my Distress/"(5–9). The reason why I chose this quote is
because it talks about how stuff got burnt by fire, and how fearful fire is, and that's how the woman used to get burnt from being accused that they are
witches. It is also specifying how they were crying their hearts out to their God.
The second quote that I got is from 'Poem Analysis: Dickinson and Witchcraft'. The quote is "Witchcraft was hung, in History,/ But History and I/ Find
all the Witchcraft that we need/ Around us every Day–"(1–4).

Witchcraft Essay
Witchcraft
For nearly two centuries, witchcraft seemed to have disappeared. Although it was driven underground for a time, it is now the fastest growing religion
in the United States. There are several reasons for its disappearance and now, for its return.
Until the fifteenth century, witchcraft was not considered an "evil" practice. It was about that time that the Catholic church started labeling witches as
heretics and sinners because of their belief in social rebellion. The idea of social rebellion was also a rebellion against the church, which taught that "It
was the duty of the common people to endure the tyranny of authority, no matter how oppressive." (Donovan 118) There were also the other acts in the
rituals of ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Some tortures included strapping the accused's feet in a pair of metal boots and then filling the boots with boiling hot oil. The accused were often
whipped for their purification, sometimes they were left out in the open for hours after having been whipped while the torturers went out to lunch.
They had to hang there and wait until they returned and often they received additional torture after their wait just to be certain they had been purified.
Tortures were so extreme that many people took their practices underground to avoid the Inquisition. Tyagi stated on his website on witchcraft that up
to 90% of the people executed probably were not witches. They were innocents who happened to be at the wrong place at the wrong time, or have
some abnormal traits or habits, or even just being the wrong person could be a sufficient reason. It was not until after the Salem witch trials that people
really started to see how foolish the entire witch–hunt was. By then, the entire witchcraft population had been either killed or scared off by the hunters.
But, even after the trials, people still practiced the rituals and beliefs. It became a family religion, passed down from generation to generation. It also
stayed alive in small isolated areas where it was practiced in folk customs and in their celebrations and festivals. It just

Witches And Witchcraft
The idea of witches and witchcraft has always been a frightening one to past cultures and can still be today. The change that took place after
religion was introduced implying that witches are possessed by demons and have made pacts with the devil and do his bidding proceeded to make
witchcraft even more frightening. It didn't take long for the people to become extremely paranoid and for their fear to escalate to an uncontrollable
level. This heightened level of fear caused the church and state alike to begin preforming witch hunts and executions. The styles of trial and execution
were ones that were extremely unfair and one sided. In a sense, if you were a witch it was good that they killed you, if not and you died in the
sentencing,

Witchcraft For Sale
3 Messages from No Witchcraft for Sale No Witchcraft for Sale is yet another story dealing with the troubles of British Imperialism. A small
British family lives in Zimbabwe where they own a farm. On the farm they have black servants, one of which they hold a special relationship with.
One day the white family's son is poisoned by a snake and is in danger of going blind. The black servant uses a traditional healing method of his
people to save the boy's sight. Later, the servant, Gideon, is questioned by the family and a scientist about his practices. Gideon refuses to reveal his
secrets. Doris Lessing's No Witchcraft for Sale offers several explanations for Gideon's secretiveness. The first conclusion one could jump to to
explain Gideon's lack of cooperation in No Witchcraft for Sale is racism. Gideon shares a friendly relationship with Teddy's family and is highly
affectionate of Teddy himself. Knowing this, it's not so much of a violent racism depicted in ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Gideon's father was a famous medicine man with his own people and in turn passed these skills to Gideon. Not all natives knew the tricks of
medicine men so they were a revered part of the population. They took their duties seriously and considered them sacred. By revealing the plant
root that healed Teddy's snake bite to the white doctor the sanctity of traditional healing methods would be crushed. The news would be spread
across the world to be used and abused. The plant that healed Teddy was common and seen everyday however Gideon acted as if it were difficult to
find. He took them on a six mile walk and then suddenly stopped and, "Picked up, without an attempt at looking anything but casual, a handful of blue
flowers from the grass, flowers that had been growing plentifully all down the paths they had come." Clearly, Gideon had a contempt for revealing the
sacred

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