Automatic Active Phase Selector

Automatic Active phase selector
Abstract:
Phase absence is a very common and severe problem in any industry, home or office. Many times one or two phases may not be live in three phase
supply. Because of this, many times, some electrical appliances will be on in one room and OFF in another room. This creates a big disturbance to our
routine work.
This project is designed to check the availability of any live phase, and the load will be connected to the particular live phase only. Even a single
phase is available, and then also, the load will be in ON condition.
The aim of this project is to construct a single phasing monitor and prevention system using 8bit microcontroller. Anti–single phasing relays or single
phasing preventer are required for critical loads and ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It deals with the block diagram of the project and explains the purpose of each block. In the same chapter the explanation of microcontrollers, power
supplies, LCD and Relays are considered.
3. Presents the software description. It explains the implementation of the project using PIC C Compiler software.
4 . Presents the project description along with relay interfacing to microcontroller.
5. Presents the advantages, disadvantages and applications of the project.
6. Presents the results, conclusion and future scope of the project.
Automatic Phase Selection
Page 3
HARDWARE DESCRIPTION
Introduction:
The block diagram of the project and design aspect of independent modules is considered. Block diagram is shown in fig:
FIG1:

Block diagram of Automatic phase selector system
Page 4
The main blocks of this project are:
1. Micro controller (PIC16F72)
2. Crystal oscillator
3. Reset
4. Regulated power supply (RPS)
5. LED Indicator
6. Relay
7. LCD
PIC Microcontroller:
Fig2 :PIC Microcontrollers
Page 5
Introduction to PIC Microcontrollers:
PIC stands for Peripheral Interface Controller given by Microchip Technology to identify its single–chip microcontrollers. These devices have been
very successful in 8–bit microcontrollers. The main reason is that Microchip Technology has continuously upgraded the device architecture and added
needed peripherals to the microcontroller to suit customers' requirements.
... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...

Antidumping And Countervailing Measures Written By R.k. Gupta
In the book Antidumping and Countervailing measures written by R.K. Gupta , the author discusses with the salient features of GATT, details of all
antidumping cases investigated in India and procedure followed by India's major trading partners namely the United States and the European
Community.
SРѕme Рѕf the excellent bРѕРѕks, prРѕviding a richer histРѕry with regard to antidumping and countervailing are International Trade & Buisness Law &
Policy written by Gabriel Moens and Peter Gillies(1998), Antidumping and Countervailing Action: Limits imposed by Economic and Legal Theory
written by Philip Bentley, Aubrey Silberston(2007), Antidumping and Countervailing Handbook 14th Edition(2015).
The Antidumping and Countervailing duties have also been ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This has in this manner been corrected and added to in each consequent GATT round. The present code was generously updated as a component of the
Uruguay Round which was finished up in 1994 and is as of now the subject of arrangements inside the system of the Doha Round. Individuals from the
WTO are allowed to present their own particular laws for battling dumping and these laws must fit in with the WTO Code for hostile to dumping. Ought
to this not be the situation, another part state may bring an objection before the WTO, getting under way a mediation procedure inside the WTOIn the
1960s, as a component of the Kennedy Round of multilateral exchange transactions, an Anti–Dumping Code was consented to represent the utilization
of against dumping strategy. This has consequently been altered and added to in each resulting GATT round. The present code was considerably
updated as a feature of the Uruguay Round which was closed in 1994 and is as of now the subject of arrangements inside the structure of the Doha
Round. Individuals from the WTO are allowed to present their own laws for fighting dumping and these laws must comply with the WTO Code for
hostile to dumping. Ought to this not be the situation, another part state may bring a grumbling before the WTO, getting under way an arbitration
procedure inside the WTO.
Economic research on against dumping has taken after various ways. In the first place, some research has

Nt1110 Hard Drive
Hard Drive: A Hard Drive is a data storage device used for storing and retrieving data from the drive. It is also a permanent device. Hard drive is
considered as internal storage. Hard drive is electromagnetic device.
If power of the computer turned off suddenly, the stored data will be saved.
If the hard drive moved to another computer then also the data will not be erased.
RAM: Random Access Memory is a memory that can be accessed randomly. It is used for accessing the current requests from operating system and
application programs so that they can reach the processor easily and quickly.
RAM is faster to read and write compared to another storage device.
RAM does not save the data if the computer is turned off
RAM will be accessed only ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It is also known as Graphic card. Video Card is a printed circuit board and it contains processing unit and memory. The processing unit is GPU
(Graphics Processing Unit) It is mainly used for playing 3D games and movies.
Network Card: Network Interface Card is a n electronic device which connects network to the computer using LAN. It is also known as Ethernet Card.
and uses RJ–45 connector. It is mostly build in motherboard.
CPU: Central Processing Unit process the basic instructions from the computer. Processor is heart of the computer because it tells the computer what to
do and when to do. The priority of the instructions is given by the processor to computer.
CD–ROM: Compact disk read only memory contains audio or data which is read only memory. It stores 650 MB of data.
DVD–ROM:Digital Versatile disk read only memory is used for storing large software applications. It permanently stores the data which is not erased
or over written. It stores more than 4GB of data.
Cache: Cache is a software or hardware component that stores the requests from the processor which are accessed quickly. It accesses RAM. The
cache memory is directly integrated with CPU; it provides the instructions to the processor. It reduces

The Founding Of The Information Age
One of the most important people in the founding of the Information Age would probably be Gordon Moore. From his work at Shockley
Semiconductor to his founding of Intel, Moore has probably done more for the Information Age than anyone else: his contributions include
mass–producing the transistor, making integrated circuits viable, and founding Intel to create these ICs. Throughout it all, he maintained an optimism
and can–do attitude that allowed him to shape our world into what it is today.
While he was a child, Moore liked math and chemistry, but while he was in high school he was preoccupied with sports more than studies. Moore
graduated from Sequoia High School and spent two years at San Jose State college. After that, he transferred ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
He became convinced that transistors would have a place in the electronics market, but his accomplishments led him to frequently disagree with
Shockley. Moore and seven other of his colleagues became tired of Shockley's management style, so they left Shockley Semiconductor and formed
their own enterprise known as Fairchild Camera and Instrument. For this reason, the founders of Fairchild became known as the "Traitorous Eight"
(Thackray and Brock 22).
When the Traitorous Eight needed to choose a location for the Fairchild offices in 1957, they picked an area in California that would later become
known as Silicon Valley ("Gordon E. Moore", Business Leader Profiles for Students). Moore was given the option to choose his position at the new
company; while most of his colleagues opted for management jobs, he chose to work as the head of research and development ("Gordon E. Moore",
Business Leader Profiles for Students). At this job, he used his experience in chemistry to form critical junctions on transistor prototypes during his
time at Fairchild Semiconductor (Thackray and Brock 177). When asked about his research with junctions during his time at Fairchild, Moore recalled
"Until that time nobody had any idea at all one metal could be used to make contact with [two transistor terminals]. I remember struggling with all
kinds of metals to try to do this, and one day [Robert Noyce] said, 'Why don 't you try aluminum?' From everything we knew, aluminum

Driverless Car
Accident Detection System and Vehicle Overtaking System Using Wireless Technology
By
Sub n jadav
[Type the author name] |
Accident Detection System and Vehicle Overtaking System Using Wireless Technology
* Introduction:– Accidents are one of the most dreaded situations in one`s life, on an average atleast one vehicular accident occur everyday around
the world. It has also been observed that the most number of people die as they do not get to the hospital in time after such road accidents in
highways or remote locations such as rural villages. This causes unintended loss of life. Therefore to overcome such haphazard's we propose to
development a wireless system which will reduce this problem ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Then communication module which was until in standby reception mode will transmit this information by the microcontroller to the other device
present in that area. On receiving the data by the second circuit, which is on standby reception mode, it will process the signal information and display
the information on the LCD display and if necessary even sound a buzzer.
Similarly, when the user gives the signal for overtaking, the microcontroller will give a signal to cc2500 stating the information source and data. This
will then be relayed to the module in the proceeding vehicle. As in above, the forward vehicle will get this information and display the number of the
preceding vehicle which sent the data and alert the vehicle that the vehicle wants to overtake it.
* Component Details : –The list of components used in this project is given as follows: –1) Micro controller 2) Communication module3) LCD
display4) Switches5) 7805 regulator6) Resistors and capacitors.
Of all the components listed above, microcontroller card or IC is the heart of the circuit and its cost is high as well. The costliest part of this circuit is
the communication module on which this particular project is to be implemented.
* Advantages and Disadvantages

Advantage And Objectives Of Arduino
1.1 Introduction
In this fast growing society, people are constantly in a rush and go about their daily life activities under a lot of pressure and stress. As a result,
unpleasant situation happened due to careless intention parents who leave their children in an enclosed vehicle for long periods of time. This
forgetfulness attitude would bring harmful and dangerous to their children due to lack of oxygen supply to the brain. Some of the children would
become unconscious and would eventually die if not getting attention by anyone. Besides, society problem getting serious as days pass by especially
car theft crime increasing every year. Thus, regards to the incidents happened, safety device for guarantee people's safety shall come with ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
It can be programmed with the instructions to interact with diversify forms of input and output. Besides, it also can develop stand–alone interactive
objects or can be connected to software on the computer such as Flash, Processing and MaxMSP [1]. Arduino has its own programming software
which is Arduino software. This software is published as open–source tool, a lot of coding examples provided in the software for the convenience of
the beginners. Arduino language is created based on C++ programming language, which is easier compared to others. Figure 2.2: Arduino products [2]
In order to bring more convenience for all users, Aduino and several third party companies developed numerous types of modules with additional
functions that can be attached to the main board. There are several modules such as a GSM module, LCD display and USB port.
2.1.2 Microchip PIC
Microchip developed many types of electronic devices, the most popular is PIC. It initially referred to Peripheral Interface Controller. A standard PIC
consists of Input/Output, Timing, CPU, Interrupt Circuitry, and memory where this entire element was connected through system bus. PIC conducts
the logical data to process the input signal and produce the output signal. PIC 18 is the most popular and common among all the PIC

Advantages And Disadvantages Of Microcontroller
A Microcontroller is a single–chip microcomputer that contains all the components such as the CPU, RAM, some form of ROM, I/O ports, and timers.
Unlike a general purpose computer, which also includes all of these components, a micro controller is designed for a very specific task – to control a
particular system. Micro controllers are sometimes called embedded microcontrollers, which just means that they are part of an embedded system. A
microprocessor is a general–purpose digital computer with central processing unit (CPU), which contains arithmetic and logic unit (ALU), a program
counter (PC), a stack pointer (SP), some working registers, a clock timing circuit, and interrupts circuits.
The main disadvantage of microprocessor is that it has no on–chip memory. So we are going for micro controller since it has on–board programmable
ROM and I/O that can be programmed for ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The series of diodes used is IN4007.
ii) Filters:
The output of a rectifier contain d.c component as well as a.c component. Filters are used to minimize the undesirable a.c., i.e. ripple leaving only the
d.c.an inexpensive filter for light load in the capacitor filter, which is connected directly across the load for high pass filter resistance should be
connected in parallel with capacitor and output is taken across capacitor. When low pass filter is required output is taken across the resistance.
iii)Voltage regulators:
In an unregulated power supply, the output voltage changes whenever. The input voltage or load changes. A voltage regulator is an electronic
component that provides a stable d.c voltage independent of the load current, temperature and a.c. line voltage variations. Component series used as
voltage regulator is 78xx and 79xx. Since it is required to connect capacitor before the voltage regulator in order to block a.c current totally. For 12v
output, operating range of capacitor should around of 25v, which is quite sufficient to drive

Syste Heart Rate
IMPLEMENTATION OF EXTERNAL PACEMAKER FOR ELDERLY AND HEART PATIENTS USING PIC
P.Vignesh1, M.Karkodan2, B.Lakshadeep3, M.MadhanKumar4
1Assistant Professor/ECE, 2, 3, 4 UG Students/ECE
SELVAM COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY, NAMAKKAL
Abstract–An increase in world population along with a significant aging portion is forcing rapid rises in healthcare costs. The healthcare system is
going through a transformation in which continuous monitoring of inhabitants is possible even without hospitalization. Now we are using advanced
sensing systems to monitor the heart patients and provide first–aid to them in case of emergency. We now demonstrate the real time application inheart
rate beat analysing by heart rate monitor and ensure proper working of heart. This paper reviews the latest ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Normally heart beat is measured in beats per minute "bpm". Heart beat is the number of contractions (heart beats) of heart in one minute.
Heart beat varies for everyone as listed follows :
Childhood : 120 bpm
`Adult male: 70 bpm
Adult female: 75 bpm
But the reference range is between 60 bpm (bradycardia) – 100 bpm (tachycardia) for aged people.
Pulse rate is the direct way to measure heart rate, but it can vary when some heart beats do not have much cardiac output. At that time heart rate may be
higher than the pulse rate.
3.PACEMAKER
An external pacemaker that has a pulse generator to generate an extrinsic electrical impulse, causing the heart muscle to depolarise and then contract ;
its rate is preset regardless of the heart's intrinsic activity. It can be temporary or implanted
An artificial pacemaker located outside the body, the primary types are transcutaneous and transvenous.
V.CONCLUSION
The progress in science & technology is a non–stop process. New things and new technology are being invented. As the technology grows day by day,
we can imagine about the future in which thing we may occupy every

Nt1110 Memory Lab Report
In computer organization and architecture, memory is the most important part of a computer. Every computer must have its own memory. Memory
represents two stable or semi–stable states that are representing 1 and 0. It is capable of being written to at least once and read multiple times. In this
lab, we will learn briefly on two parts of memory only, which are RAM and ROM. As we know that a memory can either be non–volatile (as seen in a
read–only memory) or volatile (used in random access memory).
There are several types of semiconductor memory, such as Random Access Memory (RAM), Read Only Memory (ROM), Programmable Read Only
Memory (PROM), Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory (EPROM), Electronically Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory (EEPROM) and
Flash Memory. There are many types of RAM, such as Static RAM (SRAM), Dynamic RAM (DRAM), Synchronous DRAM (SDRAM) and
Double–Data Rate SDRAM (DDR SDRAM). In order to catch up with the increasing speed of processors, the RAM is needed to be ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
ROM is a form of semiconductor that can be written to. It was used to store the programs called firmware that a computer executes when switched on.
ROM is still used in systems with constant functionalities. PROM is similar to ROM but allows the users to write their own programs and data.
However, it needs a special PROM writing equipment. For EPROM, we can erase the data of the chips and rewrite with new information. It is
normally used to store the boot program of a computer (firmware), which is known as Basic I/O System (BIOS). EEPROM supports updates to
individual bytes whereas EPROM updates the whole memory. FLASH memory is a cheaper type of EEPROM where updates can only be carried
out on the blocks of memory but not on individual bytes. It is found in USB sticks, flash cards and typically range from 1 GB to 32

Arm Processor Project Report Using Rfid
CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION Under considerations to regional surroundings, laws and regulations, communication efficiency, interference and
transmission cost, this study proposes a wireless ARM–based automatic meter reading and control system (WAMRCS). The WAMRCS uses sampling
circuits and A/D convertor to transfer analog signal of voltage and current into digital data. The digital data then send to embedded system to compute
power parameters. This embedded system will send power parameters to regional monitoring and control center of utility company via wireless module
connected with it. This WAMRCS applied on distribution automation can save personnel expense of hiring reading–meter workers and can be free
from human involvement; more... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
CHAPTER 4 89C51 MICROCONTROLLER 4.1 FEATURES: вћў Compatible with MCS–51 Products вћў 4 Kbytes of In–System Reprogrammable
Flash Memory. Endurance 1,000 Write/Erase Cycles вћў Fully Static Operation: 0 Hz to 24 MHz вћў Three–Level Program Memory Lock вћў 128 x
8–Bit Internal RAM вћў 32 Programmable I/O Lines вћў Two 16–Bit Timer/Counters вћў Six Interrupt Sources вћў Programmable Serial Channel вћў
Low Power Idle and Power Down Modes 4.2 DESCRIPTION: The AT89C51 is a low–power, high–performance CMOS 8–bit microcomputer with 4
Kbytes of Flash Programmable and Erasable Read Only Memory (PEROM). The device is manufactured using Atmel's high density nonvolatile
memory technology and is compatible with the industry standard MCS–51 instruction set and pin out. The on–chip Flash allows the program memory
to be reprogrammed in–system or by a conventional nonvolatile memory programmer. By combining a versatile 8–bit CPU with Flash on a monolithic
chip, the Atmel AT89C51 is a powerful microcomputer which provides a highly flexible and cost effective solution to many embedded control
applications. The AT89C51 provides the following standard features: 4Kbytes of Flash, 128 bytes of RAM, 32 I/O lines, two 16–bit timer/counters, five

Junior Hardware Technician Job Analysis
As a contender for the job I applied as a Junior Hardware Technician and as part of the selection process I have been asked to undertake a number
of varies task such as explaining the functions of some internal hardware components and afterword I will be talking about different Software as
well. Input & Output Devices Input devices is mainly refereed to devices which are used to t provide data to the computer system in order for the
computer to process. Without input devices, a computer user would not be able to feed instructions to, or send and store information in, a computer.
Some of the example of Input Devices are as following: Keyboard Mouse Digital camera Webcam Microphones And Output Devices are the devices
which are used... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
At the top of the list, it is stated that Windows is used by 1.5 billion people. Software Application software allows a use to perform specific tasks.
Applications runs inside the operating system, Application software. can be divided into two general classes: systems software and applications
software. System Software Systems software includes the programs that are dedicated to managing the computer itself, such as the operating system,
file management utilities, and disk operating system. Application Software Applications software (also called end–user programs) include such things
as database programs, word processors, Web browsers and spreadsheets. Device Drivers A device driver is a program that controls a particular type of
device that is attached to your computer. There are device drivers for printers, displays, CD–ROM readers, diskette drives, and so on. When you buy
an operating system, many device drivers are built into the product. However, if you later buy a new type of device that the operating system didn't
anticipate, you'll have to install the new device driver. A device driver essentially converts the more general input/output instructions of the operating
system to messages that the device type can understand. In Windows operating systems, a device driver file usually has a file name suffix of DLL or
EXE. A virtual device driver usually has the suffix of

Ambulance System Design Essay
Table of Contents 1.Introduction 2. Literature survey 3.Formation of the Problem 4.System specification 5.Design of solution 6.Implementation
7.Results and Discussions 8.System testing 9.Conclusion and future scope 10.References INTELLIGENT AMBULANCE FOR CITY TRAFFIC
AND GSM TO SENT THE STATUS OF THE PATIENT TO THE HOSPITAL ABSTRACT: The main aim of this project is develop an intelligent
ambulance which will reach the hospitals without any problem in heavy traffics. INTRODUCTION: This particular project is designed for the cities
with heavy traffic. Eg: In Bangalore the roads are full jammed every time. Most of the time the traffic will at least for 100meters .In this distance the
traffics police canВ¶t hear the siren form the ambulance... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This hardware also contains memory chips onto which the software is loaded. The software residing on the memory chip is also called the
ВµfirmwareВ¶. The embedded system architecture can be represented as a layered architecture as shown in Fig. The operating system runs above
the hardware, and the application software runs above the operating system. The same architecture is applicable to any computer including a desktop
computer. However, there are significant differences. It is not compulsory to have an operating system in every embedded system. For small
appliances such as remote control units, air conditioners, toys etc., there is no need for an operating system and you can write only the software
specific to that application. For applications involving complex processing, it is advisable to have an operating system. In such a case, you need to
integrate the application software with the operating system and then transfer the entire software on to the memory chip. Once the software is
transferred to the memory chip, the software will continue to run for a long time you donВ¶t need to reload new software. 2.2 Characteristics 1.
Embedded systems are designed to do some specific task, rather than be a general–purpose computer for multiple tasks. Some also have real–time
performance constraints that must be met, for reasons such as safety and usability; others may have low or no performance requirements, allowing the
system hardware to be simplified to reduce

Isaac Asimov's Three Laws Of Robotics
1.1Introduction to Robotics
Robotics is a branch of engineering that involves the conception, design, manufacture, and operation of robot s. This field overlaps with electronics,
computer science, artificial intelligence, mechatronics, nanotechnology, and bioengineering.
Science–fiction author Isaac Asimov is often given credit for being the first person to use the term robotics in a short story composed in the 1940s. In
the story, Asimov suggested three principles to guide the behavior of robots and smart machines. Asimov's Three Laws of Robotics, as they are called,
have survived to the present:
1. Robots must never harm human beings.
2. Robots must follow instructions from humans without violating rule 1.
3. Robots must protect themselves without violating the other rules.
Robot is defined as a mechanical design that is capable of performing human tasks or behaving in a human–like manner. Building a robot requires
expertise and complex programming. It's about building systems and putting together motors, flame sensors and wires, among other important
components. A fire... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Further it can also change the direction and angle of its motor pump through servo motors and it will also have a wireless camera through which All
the process can be monitored on the system/laptop through wireless camera which is placed at the robot and living person (moving object) can be
detected and monitored on the system/laptop. So, that if a person is alive in the effective area rescue team can be sent there. It can be done by using
embedded technology microcontroller and wireless communication is done by Dual Tone Multiple Frequency (DTMF) technology. So, basically it is
rescue robot which can extinguish fire manually operated through cell phone (DTMF) and display signal for rescue operation through image

Nt1310 Unit 5 Components
Question 1
The five components found inside a system unit are as follows:
Hard drive
Definition– is a data storage device used for storing and retrieving digital information.
Function– responsible for storing all documents and data, including files, the operating system and more.
Central Processing Unit
Definition– piece of hardware that carries out the instructions of a computer program.
Function– performs the basic arithmetical, logical, and input/ output operations.
Power Supply
Definition– computers need power to function.
Function– is to convert the outlet voltage to voltages that are used by components in the computer.
Fan
Definition– a large fan is often placed on top of the Central Processing Unit.
Function– it avoids overheating. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Some operating systems for desktop computers and mobile/ handheld devices include:
Desktop computersMobile/ handheld devices
Microsoft Windows
Apple Mac OS X
Linux
Google Android
Windows Phone
Apple iOS
Question 3
Wired network uses cables to connect devices to the internet, however, wireless network uses radio waves to devices to connect internet. The major
differences between wired network and wireless network are as follows:

The media and devices involved in setting up such networks:
Wireless setup Wired setup Question 4
A computer without a memory is of no use since memory plans an important role in saving and retrieving data. There are two types of memory:
Primary memory– is internal memory of the computer. It provides main working space to the computer.
Random Access Memory (RAM) – the storage of data and instructions inside the primary storage is temporary. It disappears from the RAM as soon as
the power to the computer is

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Power factor monitor & control 63. PROCURE SYSTEM FOR VEHICLE USING CAN PROTOCOL 64. TCP/IP BASED STUDENT

ATTENDANCE LOGGING SYSTEM 65. SECURE SYSTEM FOR DOMESTIC PURPOSE 66. CARGO MANAGEMENT SYSTEM 67.
Temperature Data Logger 68. SMS Enabled Industrial Networking 69. Digital Anemometer 70. Mobile car Security System 71. ETHERNET
BASED PATIENT MONITORING SYSTEM 72. Electricity theft Identification using RF Modems 73. Security Integrated System Based On WAP
For Remote Monitoring and Control of Industrial Process 74. Railway Gate Management using GPS and GSM 75. Priority for Emergency
Vehicles in Traffic Signals 76. WIRELESS SENSORY BASED ENERGY CONSERVATION SYSTEM 77. Programmable Hopper Controller 78.
TCP/IP BASED ENERGY MONITORING SYSTEM FOR ELECTRICITY BOARD 79. Wireless Temperature Monitoring and Controlling Using
Embedded System 80. GPS GSM based patient monitoring 81. Security System for Remote Access using Telephone Line 82. I2C EPROM
Programmers 83. Multi>channel Temperature Monitor & controller 84. RF Based Embedded Virtual Highway Patrol 85. Mail Transfer System 86.
Lift control System 87. Tyre pressure monitoring system 88. WIRELESS SECURE POLLING SYSTEM USING GPRS 89. Accident identification
system 90. Pc to Microcontroller communication Through USART. 91. Wireless Water Level Controller 92. Traffic Priority for Ambulance 93.
Telephone interface security system 94. VOICE BASED AUTO RECEPTIONIST FOR EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTION

Professional Engineer Summary Statement Competency
PROFESSIONAL ENGINEER Summary Statement Competency ElementA brief summary of how you have applied the elementParagraph in the
career episode(s) where the element is addressedPE1 KNOWLEDGE AND SKILL BASE PE1.1 Comprehensive, theory–based understanding of the
underpinning natural and physical sciences and the engineering fundamentals applicable to the engineering discipline I selected the project as this
allows me to experiment and upgrade my knowledge in the field of my interest. My studies in the days prior to commencing the project helped me
in gaining this project. My experience during this project was described in this career episode, "AUTOMATED GUIDED VEHICLE". During my
term in the organization as an Engineering student, I was responsible to control the vehicle by sensing the obstacles that come across using the IR
Sensors. In this report I have mentioned each and every measure and details about my experience though out the project. The project "FPGA
implementation of programmable Digital frequency synthesizer for digital Communication applications" was done as part of my Bachelor's
education. I selected the project as this allows me to experiment and upgrade my knowledge in the field of my interest. My studies in the days prior to
commencing the project helped me in gaining this project. I attended basic classes about VHDL Tool and learnt

Automatic Railway Gate Control
An Industrial training report
On
AUTOMATIC RAILWAY GATE CONTROL
Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirement of the degree of
BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING
In
ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING
By
M.SHALINI
ANIL NEERUKONDA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY AND SCIENCES Sangivalasa–531162, Bheemunipatnam (mandal)
Visakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh
2009–2013
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Our sincere thanks and gratitude to Roshan sir for all the support and kindness he has bestowed upon us and without whose help, the project would not
have been remarkable at all. The strong theoretical foundation that he has laid and his innovative ideas and timely help helped us a lot for completion
of the project. Our sincere thanks to all ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In this project, LCD is used in order to display the status of train arrival or departure. In that way, it will indicate the motorists that gate is going to be
closed.
The program logic is written in embedded c program by using Kiel micro vision environment. The program written is then converted in the hex code
after simulation and burned onto the microcontroller using FLASH micro vision.
This project can also be developed further to have a buzzer sound in order to alert the public while the gate is closing. A control room can also be
provided at the railway crossings for constant monitoring of the equipment to reduce the chances of errors and to make this user friendly.

CHAPTER 2
SYSTEM REQUIREMENTS
HARDWARE REQUIREMENTS:
MICROCONTROLLER:
The hardware practical will be carried on the development Board which is having P89V51RD2 Microcontroller from Phillips Semiconductors. It
supports ISP programming Mode. The tool used for this purpose is flash magic for ISP Programming.
LCD:
We are using Hitachi LCD with dot matrix type which supports 16x2= 32 characters. IR SENSORS: The sensor used is a PIR (Passive Infra–Red)
Sensor. It is a pyroelectric device that detects motion by measuring changes in the infrared levels emitted by surrounding objects. This motion can be
detected by checking for a high signal on a single I/O pin.
STEPPER MOTOR: We are using stepper

Radar Is An Electromagnetic System For Detection And...
Chapter–1
Introduction
1.1 Introduction
1.1.1 RADAR: Radar is an electromagnetic system for the detection and location of reflecting objects such as aircraft, ships, space craft, vehicles,
people, and the natural environment. It operates by radiating energy into space and detecting the echo signal reflected from an object, or target. The
reflected energy that is returned to the radar not only indicates the presence of a target, but by comparing the received echo signal that was transmitted,
its location can be determined along with the target–related information. In RADAR the transmitter generates an electromagnetic signal that is radiated
into space by an antenna. A portion of the transmitted energy is intercepted by the target and... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
1.1.2 ESM Systems:
Sanket is an Electronic Support Measures (ESM) system is used to intercepts, analyses and identifies radar signals operating in the frequency range and
displays the radar parameters along with Direction of arrival on the display. The information displayed includes Frequency, Pulse Width, Pulse
Repetition Frequency, Direction of Arrival, Antenna Scan Period, Amplitude etc, The system is configured to suit the different Indian Ships. The main
function of Sanket system is to measure bearing accuracy with the highest accuracy which is very critical. The system uses amplitude comparison
technique to measure bearing accuracy at any frequency in the operating frequency range. DF receiver subsystem is used to measure bearing of the
received signal.
The DF measurement is based on amplitude comparison technique. The intercepted pulse amplitude is compared among the adjacent DF channels after
the channel mismatch is computed and corrected and the DOA is computed. The technique essentially consists of finding the first and second
maximums over the channels and the ratio of these two provides the required DF value. The pattern difference between the two adjacent channels is
computed at the bore–sight and the crossover angles from which the DOA values are computed. The antenna pattern and channel matching is key
parameters for calculating the final DOA. The DF accuracy depends on the channel mismatch and antenna patterns.
The channel mismatch can be reduced

System Software ( Os )
System software (systems software) is computer software designed to operate and control the computer hardware and to provide a platform for running
application software. System software can be separated into two different categories, operating systems and utility software. The operating system (OS)
is the best–known example of system software. The OS manages all the other programs in a computer.
An operating system (sometimes abbreviated as "OS") is the program that, after being initially loaded into the computer by a boot program, manages
all the other programs in a computer. The other programs are called applications or application programs. The application programs make use of the
operating system by making requests for services through a defined application program interface (API). In addition, users can interact directly with the
operating system through a user interface such as a command language or a graphical user interface (GUI).
The operating system 's most important job is managing the CPU: If there are multiple programs that must execute, then it is a disaster if one
program uses the processor and "loops". The OS must ensure that all programs have fair use of the processor 's time so that all programs make
progress at execution.
The CPU executes each process a bit at a time. The CPU 's clock times the execution of a process, and when a time limit is reached, then the clock
signals the CPU that it is time to switch to another process. The CPU executes just one

Informatics In Pain Management Essay
Use of Informatics in Pain Management
Name of the Student
Institutional Affiliation
Use of Informatics in Pain Management Pain Management is a specialty in modern medicine, which focuses on treating all categories of pain such as
spinal, neuropathic, sickle cell, and musculoskeletal pain disorders. According to Johnson, Collett, and Castro–Lopes (2013) pain management cases
constitute about a third of PCPs (Primary Care Physicians) appointments. However, only sixty–percent or less of patients treated for chronic pain in
routine practice setting achieves adequate pain relief. Some of the issues attributed to low success rate in chronic pain management can be associated
with information management. In that regard, the process ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
According to Aiyegbusi et al. (2017), a sickle cell crisis is associated with episodes acute pain, which is the leading cause of hospitalization for the
victims of the disease. A single hospitalization, for a sickle cell crisis case, may last from two weeks to over a month; hence, a patient encounters an
immense challenge of keeping a job. In addition, Careful medication is required to treat sickle cell pain due to the frequent need to change drugs and
the addictive nature of some substances used to reduce pain. Therefore, managing such a condition in the current pain management environment can be
highly tasking to physicians and patients.
Methodology
A qualitative method was used to conduct the study on informatics due to the need of secondary data about the topic. The approach was considered
the best for that research due to time constraints and the existence and easy accessibility of immense information on the study topic. Therefore, the
study began with an online search of secondary materials in digital libraries using a set of key words and phrases. Some of the key words and phrases
used include 'Informatics in healthcare', 'informatics in pain management', 'pain management', 'sickle cell pain management', 'Informatics', EPRON,
advantages of Using EPRON in medical practice, and 'challenges in sickle cell management',. Digital libraries considered include google scholar,

Speed Control Of Dc Motor
SPEED CONTROL OF DC MOTOR USING PIC MICRO CONTROLLER USING ELECTRONIC LOCK
D.Sudhakar Rao1,K.Mayur2, Anoop K.J3
1, 2B.E(EEE), Saveetha School of Engineering, Saveetha University, Chennai.
3Assistant Professor, Saveetha School of Engineering, Saveetha University, Chennai.
ABSTRACT:
In this paper we want to operate the dc motor by electronic lock based by using pic microcontroller (PIC16K877A) Microcontroller. The speed of the
Dc motor is controlled by PIC microcontroller. Authorized persons are allowed to lock and unlock the system. Giving protection to the DC motor by
setting password .For each password we can vary the speed. DC Motors can be used in various applications and can be used as various sizes and
rates as per our applications. In this project we have control the actual speed of dc motor as per ours requirement. The modelling and simulation of this
project is done through MP–LAB software.
KEY WORDS:
DC Motor, PIC Microcontroller, motor driver Circuit, MP lab software
INTRODUCTION:
In this project firstly it is giving the supply to PIC16F8774 microcontroller. Then controller generates the pulse generally 5VDC.The generated pulse is
nothing but PWM signal, which is given to the driver circuit. The function of this driver circuit is to generate 12V DC pulse. These applications may
demand high–speed control accuracy and good dynamic responses.
DC motors are suitable for belt–driven applications and the applications where great amount of torque is required. In Train

Energy Crises in Pakistan
Energy crises is one of the major issues in our country pakistan. According to a survey 8% of the total revenue generated by a telecom company is
lost due to outage of power supplied to BTS. Although the BTS has back up systems installed which are uninterrupted power supply and generator.
When the main power supply of the BTS fails, it shifts to UPS, if the failure presists for longer time the BTS shifts to generator. With all the
equipments installed to avoid power failure the BTS power outage is very high. When the BTS power dies out that particular cell is out of the
global communication network. In urban areas this phase is for a short period of time but in rural far off areas this problem is for long time unless
someone comes to fix it. On observing, the power outage occurs due to lack of power monitoring systems. The system demands for a continuous
monitoring of the power of the BTS so that when any one of the source dies out the service providers should fix it as soon as possible. In urban areas
the revneue generated is very high and a particular company can afford alot of man power to monitor the BTS continuously but in rural areas the
revenue generated is low and continuous monitoring by man power isnt possile all of the time. This project BTS power monitoring and alarm system
based on GSM module is an attempt to minimize the issues permanently with least man power for monitoring the BTS. This system collects the signals
from the power sources, step down the

A Management System For The Warehouses And Stores
1Abstract
This project proposes a complete asset management system for the warehouses and stores to efficiently record, manage and track the products kept in
the store. This unified solution can help the company record appropriate need, security, and statistical data, which can be used to create more efficient
asset management protocols. This system employs multiple technologies: An RFID reader, RS–232 communication, UART, LCD Interface, a
microcontroller, EPROM, and GSM communication; all of these technologies are described in details. When the RFID tag is in the range of reader,
asset data is read by the RFID reader and transmitted to the microcontroller via RS–232 communication. The microcontroller takes this data and asks to
store ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
2Acknowledgments
I would like to thank my supervisor for this project Dr. Anastasios Chassiakos, who directed me through this project from the start. My father, Awad AL
Neyadi, the head engineering department in the government of Abu Dhabi, proofread my thesis. Finally, I would like to thank my friends for their help
and support.
3Introduction
3.1Problem Statement
The warehouses and stores with enormous amount of packages and product management has a need of an autonomous system that tracks and manages
the inventory of the asset present in the store along with providing security of theft and stealing. Imagine someone whose primary job function is to
ensure the products from a store successfully make their ways out to the respective consumers. Part of this involves keeping accurate records that
verify the products when they are brought to the store or when they are taken out. The difficulty for an individual to follow every package and record
the relevant data. That person cannot possibly track each individual product manually, as they may not be able to remember and memorize huge
amount of assets kept in the store. It's a tedious job to make inventory on paper for huge amount of assets present in the store also the probability of
error increases a lot. To better illustrate the magnitude of this

Computer
COMPUTER HARDWARE AND COMPONENTS
COMPUTER HARDWARE AND COMPONENTS
Computer Basics Equipment (Hardware) COMPUTER| A machine that processes information and performs computations.| Tower or
Desktop| The "box" or case that holds the parts that make up a computer: CPU, hard disk drive, floppy drive, memory chips, power supply, interface
cards, etc. Click here to learn more.| | CPU| Central Processing Unit, or "brains" of the computer| Monitor| An output display device (looks similar to a
TV) in a computer system. You see information on the monitor's screen.| | Screen| The viewing area on a monitor or the information or image
displayed.| | | | Disk Drive| A device that reads data from (input)... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The printer on the left is an INK JET PRINTER, and the other is a LASER PRINTER.| .| .| Hub| | |
–––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––
Hubs are devices that have many ports into which network cables are plugged. A hub takes the signal from each computer and sends it to all of the
other computers through the network. Hubs come in different sizes and colors. The hub must be plugged in and turned on for the network to work – be
sure you see green lights| Modem| A device that allows computers to communicate with each other over telephone lines (Internet). At school we do not
use modems, we have a direct connection to the Internet called a T–1 line.| Keyboard| Input device – choose letters, symbols, and actions by pressing
keys
| Key| Any of the buttons on a keyboard that the user presses to input data (information) or to type commands| Escape| Usually pressed while you are
working in a software application to stop the current activity, back out of a menu (or screen), or return to a previous screen.| Enter| Used to move the
cursor to the beginning of a new line. It may also be called the return key. In some applications, pressing Enter tells the computer to stop waiting for
more input and begin processing. Notice the arrow symbol on the Enter key; it is sometimes used in instructions and means to press the enter key.|
Backspace| Moves the

Microcontroller Based Dc Motor Conditioning and Monitoring...
Microcontroller based DC motor Speed Conditioning and Monitoring System Abstract: The proposed system is based on concept of monitoring
and control of the various speed of a DC motor. The speed of DC is monitor by optical decoder sensor and which is being collcted on a
microcontroller which will subsequently control the DC motor through a motor driver circuit. The values of the speed also displayed on an LCD.
The DC motor speed can be set controlled manually using a keypad.(3) The proposed project is based on the concept of measuring and displaying the
speed of motor. The system uses a hall sensor for sensing and optical encoder unit for speed (RPM) measurement. A magnet attached on the shaft of the
motor... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The current flow through the motor drops as the rotational speed increases, and a free–spinning motor has very little current flow. It is only when a
load is applied to the motor that slows the rotor that the current draw through the motor increases. "In an experiment of this kind made on a motor
with separately excited magnets, the following figures were obtained: |Revolutions per minute |0 |50 |100 |160 |180 |195 | |Amperes |20 |16.2 |12.2
|7.8 |6.1 |5.1 | Apparantly, if the motor had been helped on to run at 261.5 revolutions per minute, the current would have been reduced to zero. In the
last result obtained, the current of 5.1 amperes was absorbed in driving the armature against its own friction at the speed of 195 revolutions per
minute."(6) D.C. Motors: Direct current motors are used in many applications that require adjustable speed. In uses requiring quick stops, a dc motor
can minimize the size of a mechanical brake or make it unnecessary. This is done by dynamic braking (motor–generated energy fed to a resistor grid),
or by regenerative braking (motor–generated energy returned to the ac supply). DC motor speed can be controlled smoothly down to zero, followed
immediately by acceleration

Pepsi Feasibility Study
________________ ____________
(Head of the department, ECE) (Assistant Professor)
EXTERNAL EXAMINER
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The satisfaction and euphoria that accompany the successful completion of any task would be incomplete without the mentioning of the people whose
constant guidance and encouragement made it possible. We take pleasure in presenting before you, our project, which is result of studied blend of both
research and knowledge.
We express our earnest gratitude to our internal guide, Assistant Professor K.SRINIVAS RAO, Department of ECE, our project guide, for his constant
support, encouragement and ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
ABSTRACT
This project deals with the calculation of the energy meter billing with prepaid facility by using Smartcard based on the load consumption with GSM
communication . The microcontroller calculates the rupees that will be consumed by the loads as per the amount inserted in prepaid recharge card
,which acts as input and displays it on the 16X2 LCD interfaced with the microcontroller. This project thesis is also covers the recharge option on
every insert of card in smart module and the power is continued to process. This project is powered by an on–board power supply takes the ac power
and converts it into dc power that is fed to on–board devices and integrated circuits.
2. INTRODUCTION TO EMBEDDED SYSTEMS
What is Embedded system?
An Embedded System is a combination of computer hardware and software, and perhaps additional mechanical or other parts, designed to perform a
specific function. An embedded system is a microcontroller–based, software driven, reliable, real–time control system, autonomous, or human or
network interactive, operating on diverse physical variables and in diverse environments and sold into a competitive and cost conscious market.

An embedded system is not a computer system that is used primarily for processing, not a software system on PC or UNIX, not a traditional business
or scientific application. High–end embedded & lower end embedded systems. High–end embedded system –

Gun Control Research Paper
TIME OPERATED ELECTRICAL APPLIANCES CONTROL CONTENTS 1. Abbreviations 2. Introduction 3. Block Diagram 4. Block Diagram
Description 5. Schematic 6. Schematic Description 7. Hardware Components ? Microcontroller ? Power supply ? Relays ? Lcd ? RTC ? devices 8.
Circuit Description 9. Software 10. Conclusion (or) Synopsis 11. Future Aspects. 12. Bibliography ABBREVIATIONS SYMBOL NAME ACC
Accumulator B B register PSW Program status word SP Stack pointer DPTR Data pointer 2 bytes DPL Low byte DPH High byte P0 Port0 P1 Port1
P2 Port2 P3 Port3 IP Interrupt priority control IE Interrupt enable control TMOD Timer/counter mode control TCON Timer/counter control T2CON
Timer/counter 2 control T2MOD... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Ripples can be removed by one of the following methods of filtering. (a) A capacitor, in parallel to the load, provides an easier by ?pass for the
ripples voltage though it due to low impedance. At ripple frequency and leave the d.c.to appears the load. (b) An inductor, in series with the load,
prevents the passage of the ripple current (due to high impedance at ripple frequency) while allowing the d.c (due to low resistance to d.c) (c) Various
combinations of capacitor and inductor, such as L–section filter section filter, multiple section filter etc. which make use of both the properties
mentioned in (a) and (b) above. Two cases of capacitor filter, one applied on half wave rectifier and another with full wave

Big Firms And Small Firms
Progressively, to an increasing extent, professionals in the financial world are beginning to recruit smaller firms as opposed to the conventional
recruitment of large firm with monetary benefits, tax deductions and other motivations (Gort et al, 1982). This approach has two features: Firstly,
developing and supporting entrepreneurs and small businesses, secondly, expanding/ improving infrastructure and to recruit a highly experienced and
educated workforce (Gruber, 1995). These efforts depend on improving the quality of life in the community and generating an attractive business
climate. Studies from economic development strategies aimed at attracting large firms are likely to be successful only at high cost (Grabowski, 1968).
The... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Large firms enjoy cost advantage under economies of scale; here they are able to reduce their average cost (AC) per unit as they increase total
output. This basically means there is an increase in the cost of production for the large firm and an increase in output, promoting growth. As a
result of cost advantage the large firms also enjoy managerial economies (Besanko et al, 2013). Under managerial economies, the firms can afford
to hire specialists in different departments such as: human resource, marketing and finance within the firm. Additionally, large firms may benefit
from market power, since they will have more control over their suppliers and customers. It is mostly assumed that economies of scale cannot be
applied to small businesses since they are less likely to be involved in mass production. Certain studies show that it can be applied to small
businesses in some cases. Small firms could benefit from economies of scale through buying of services. For instance, if a small firm hires an
accountant to go through its account, the accountant uses only a small portion of his/her time and the firm pays only a small part of his or her time
(Begg et al, 2013). On the other hand, large businesses suffer from diseconomies of scale. These are inadequacies that occur as a result of a firm
operating on a large scale. In large businesses, the workers may feel unappreciated as individuals. This could make

Fabrication Of Pcb And Pcb
FABRICATION OF PCB The Printed Circuit Board (PCB) provides the electrical interconnections between various components and as well
provides mechanical support to the components. The components are soldered to the PCB. The quality of the soldering directly affects the
reliability of the circuit. The procedure for fabricating the PCB for any general project is described below. 7.1 PCB MAKING Making of PCBs
is as much as an art as a technique. The making of PCB essentially involves two steps. Preparing the PCB drawing Fabricating the PCB itself from
the drawing. 7.2 PCB DRAWING Making of PCB drawing involves some preliminary considerations such as placement of components, locating
holes, deciding the diameters of various holes, the optimum area that each component should occupy, the shape and size of pads for the
components, track size and spacing, full space utilization and prevention of overcrowding of components at a particular area etc. There is no other
way to arrive the conclusion than by trial and error. With these details the sketch of the PCB is made. 7.3 PCB FABRICATION The fabrication of
the PCB starts with transferring the PCB drawing onto a copper clad sheet. For small number of PCBs, a direct photographic transfer of the PCB
drawing from a negative image of the drawing to a photo sensitized copper clad sheet is carried out. The copper from the unexposed area is latter
etched away. For large quantity production, screen printing method is

Electronic Voting Machine Using 8051 Microcontroller
GOKARAJU RANGARAJU INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh.
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING
ELECTRONIC VOTING MACHINE USING 8051 MICROCONTROLLER
By: G.CHAKRADHAR REDDY (07241A0263) R S R GAUTAM (07241A0268) P. KIRAN KUMAR REDDY (07241A0274) B. NAGA TULASI
RAM (07241A0280)
1
List of Contents
Abstract 1. Background 2. Microcontroller 2.1 Introduction 2.2 History 2.3 Definition of a Microcontroller 2.4 Microcontrollers vs Microprocessors
2.5 Memory Unit 2.6 Central Processing Unit 2.7 Bus 2.8 Input Output Unit 2.9 Serial Communication 2.10 Timer Unit 2.11 Watch Dog 2.12 Analog
to Digital Converter 3. Introduction to 16X2 LCD Display 3.1 Pin description 3.2 DDRAM – Display Data RAM 3.3 BF – ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
What forms the basis of such vast and complex system of governance? One needs not to be an Einstein to guess the answer. It is fundamental right to
vote or simply voting in elections. Indian constitution provide every adult above the age of 18 years irrespective of his/her religion, region, caste,
creed, color, economic status, education and sex the essential right to vote and elect her/his candidate to represent her/him. Hence voting can be
termed as backbone of not just democracy in India but all around the world. Voting can be done in various ways. In early Roman Empire voting used
to be done by raising hands in favor or against. In board rooms voting is done in similar way, some write their vote down, some choose to speak, some
choose to cast vote using latest technology.
Voting Techniques In India all earlier elections be it state elections or centre elections a voter used to cast his/her vote to his/her favorite candidate by
putting the stamp against his/her name and then folding the ballot paper as per a prescribed method before putting it in the Ballot box. This is a long,
time–consuming process and very much prone to errors. This method wanted voters to be skilled voters to know how to put a stamp, and methodical
folding of ballot paper. Millions of paper would be printed and heavy ballot boxes would be loaded and unloaded to and from ballot office to polling

station. All this continued till election scene was completely changed by electronic voting

Accident Spot Identification Using Gsm & Gps
GPS and GSM for Accident Spot Identification ABSTRACT: The main intention of this project is to find the accident spot at any place and intimating
it to ambulance through the gps and gsm networks. Now–a–days, it became very difficult to know that an accident occurred and to locate the position
where it has happened. It's very difficult for the lives of victims until anyone noticed and informed it to the ambulance or to any hospital and if it
occurs in remote areas there will be no hope to survive. To overcome these, gps and gsm technologies are used. The gps based vehicle accident
identification module contains a vibrating sensor and a gps modem connected... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Microcontroller – A single chip used to control other devices.Any microcomputer system requires memory to store a sequence of instructions making
up a program, parallel port or serial port for communicating with an external system, timer / counter for control purposes like generating time delays,
Baud rate for the serial port, apart from the controlling unit called the Central Processing Unit. Micro controller (AT89C51) In this project work we are
using AT89C51 micro–controller. This micro–controller plays a major role. Micro–controllers were originally used as components in complicated
process–control systems. However, because of their small size and low price, Micro–controllers are now also being used in regulators for individual
control loops. In several areas Micro–controllers are now outperforming their analog counterparts and are cheaper as well. A Micro controller consists
of a powerful CPU tightly coupled with memory RAM, ROM or EPROM), various I / O features such as Serial ports, Parallel Ports, Timer/Counters,
Interrupt Controller, Data Acquisition interfaces–Analog to Digital Converter (ADC), Digital to Analog Converter (ADC), everything integrated onto a
single Silicon Chip. It does not mean that any micro controller should have all the above said features on chip, Depending on the need and area of
application for which it is designed, The ON–CHIP features present in it may or

Executive Summary
Professional Report Michael Jameson Kaplan University October 16, 2015 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY System software (systems software) is
computer software designed to operate and control the computer hardware and to provide a platform for running application software. System software
can be separated into two different categories, operating systems and utility software. The operating system (OS) is the best–known example of system
software. The OS manages all the other programs in a computer. TABLE OF CONTENTS EXECUTIVE SUMMARY TABLE OF CONTENTS 1.
OPERATING SYSTEMS 1.1 HOW DOES THE OS MANAGE THE PROCESSOR? 1.2 WHAT ACTIVITIES ARE COORDINATED BY THE OS?
1.3 HOW DOES THE OS MANAGE THE COMPUTER'S MEMORY? 1.4 WHAT IS VIRTUAL MEMORY AND HOW DOES IT WORK? 1.5 HOW
DOES THE OS MANAGE PERIPHERAL DEVICES? 1.5.1 WHAT ARE DEVICE DRIVERS? 1.5.2 WHAT IS PNP? 2. WHAT IS THE BIOS 2.1
WHAT DOES THE BIOS DO? 2.2 WHAT IS POST? 2.2.1 WHAT ARE BEEP CODES? 2.3 WHAT IS THE KERNEL? 3. WHAT ARE THREE
DIFFERENT OPERATING SYSTEMS? 3.1 MICROSOFT WINDOWS 8.1 3.2 APPLE OS X YOSEMITE 3.3 LINUX OS 4.
RECOMMENDATION 1.OPERATING SYSTEMS An operating system (sometimes abbreviated as "OS") is the program that, after being initially
loaded into the computer by a boot program, manages all the other programs in a computer. The other programs are called applications or application
programs. The

Essay on Intel's Strategy for the 1990s
Case II–13: Intel Corporation В– Strategy for the 1990s Is Intel still a technology leader? How well do the three corporate macro strategies outlined
in the case serve to guide Intel through the 1990s? INTEL'S STRATEGY Intel's strategy in 1990 is to be the architectural leader in microprocessors, a
proprietary, high profit margin business. This implies an emphasis on design skills and the ability to implement design architectures. They also want to
continue as the leader in transistor density. This implies the continued importance of process technology skills associated with "line width reduction".
Intel wants to be a world class manufacturer. This is particularly important because their corporate strategy is to be the sole... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
In his view, high volume semiconductor manufacturers learn more quickly than low volume producers. Part of this learning capability is due to the
close linkages they have with equipment vendors. The implication of Parker's view is that Intel is now a technology follower because of relatively
weak linkages with equipment supplier. To improve Intel's technology leadership, they must improve these linkages. Barrett believes that Intel is a
technology leader and that manufacturing improvements have accelerated since the exit from the DRAM business. He attributes this to improved
engineering techniques, not advances in process equipment. He agrees with Chou that high volume manufacturing is not critical to success. This view
is somewhat contradicted by selectively staying in the EPROM business В– a high volume, commodity business. Upon further examination, however,
his belief is that EPROMS are not critical because they provide advantages for learning, but because they provide a critical link between Intel and its
competitive environment. Staying in a commodity business allows Intel to learn how to lower unit costs and to use this knowledge across all of its
products. These three senior managers have different views of Intel's position and the changing nature of the industry. Parker's view suggests that a
volume product such as

Essential Parts of Computer and How It Works
Contents II.Introduction2 III.Computers2 A.CPU2 B.Memory storage3 1.Primary storage3 2.Secondary storage4 C.Peripherals8 1.Ink–jets
(bubble–jets) printers8 2.Laserjet printers9 IV.Connecting To Internet10 V.Conclusion12 VI.Reference List13
*
Introduction
Nowadays, running business in 20th century means that you got to be clever about technology. When companies are striving for higher achievements
and more–efficient workability, innovation is what everyone craving for. That's the spot where technology shoots.
Computer is one essential breed of our modern technology. However, while the majority of people know how to use computer, they don't know how the
machine works; the technical stuff. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Cache
Cache located between CPU and RAM. It is a high–speed memory that accelerates CPU to exchange information from RAM (Shelly, et al, 2008).
Cache works in a frequently accessible files and programs in the computer so it can be processed in shorter time. For example, a secretary's computer
which used for typing a lot will have its word–processing program opened faster than the other staffs' computer.
Secondary storage * Stokes (2008) states that secondary storage is used for saving files and information in the matter of capacity. When programs are
installed into the computer or files are inserted, secondary memory is the place where all the stuffs are put into. It gives information about how much
computer can store data in its system. Files, programs, and other stuffs that put in secondary storage are saved permanently in the system. So, when the
computer is off, the stuffs will stay at the same state and condition without having any lost parts.
Picture 2.1 Secondary storage works like cloth drawers for computers. As long as there is a space, it is fine to put more things. Image source: http:/
/corriehaffly.wordpress.com
There are various forms of secondary storage. Some attached in CPU and some is separated from computer. These are the kinds of it.
Hard Disk
Picture 2.2 Physical appearance of a hard disk. Image source:

Unmanned Railway Gate
INDEX 1. INTRODUCTION 2. EMBEDDED SYSTEM 2.1 Definitions 2. Examples Of Embedded Systems 3. Microprocessor and Microcontroller 4.
Microprocessor verses Microcontroller 3. BLOCK DIAGRAM 3.1.1 Block Diagram Description 3.1.2 555 Timers 3.1.3 Infrared Sensor 3.1.4
Microcontroller (89S52) 3.1.5 Power Supply 4. CIRCUIT DIAGRAM 4.1.1 555 Timers 4.1.2 Infrared Emitted Diode(TSAL 6200) 4.1.3 IR
Receiver(TSOP) 4. DTMF generator
5. COMPONENTS & THEIR 5.1.1Microcontroller 5.1.2 Description Of 8952 Microcontroller 5.1.3 Features Of Microcontroller 5.1.4 Block Diagram
Of Microcontroller 5.1.5 Pin Configurations 5.1.6 ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The project is simple to implement and subject to further improvement.
[pic]
[pic]
2 EMBEDDED SYSTEMS:
2.1 DEFINITIONS: Embedded system is a combination of hardware and software, it is also named as "Firm ware". An embedded system is a special
purpose computer system, which is completely encapsulated by the device it controls. It is a computer–controlled system. An embedded system is a
specialized system that is a part of a larger system or machine. As a part of a larger system it largely determines its functionality. Embedded systems are
electronic devices that incorporate microprocessors with in their implementations. The main purpose of the microprocessors are simplify the system
design and improve flexibility. In the embedded systems, the software is often stored in a read only memory (RAM) chip. Embedded systems provide
several major functions including monitoring of the analog environment by reading data from sensors and controlling actuators.
2.2 EXAMPLES OF EMBEDDED SYSTEMS: Embedded systems are found in wide range of application areas. Originally they were used only for
expensive industrial control applications, but as technology brought down the cost of dedicated processors, they began to appear in moderately
expensive applications such as automobiles, communication and office equipments and television Today's embedded systems are so inexpensive that
they

Sample Resume : Food Spoilage Detector
Food Spoilage Detector Ayush Varshney, Harshit Singhal, Ameer Faisal1 av.rockon7@gmail.com, singhal592@gmail.com, ameerfaisal12@gmail.com
Krishna Institute of Engineering and Technology, Muradnagar, Ghaziabad I. INTRODUCTION Microbial spoilage is a major problem in bakery
products since it can induce nutritional losses, off–flavours, and formation of mycotoxins or potentially allergenic spores we have to store food (like
fruits, vegetables etc.) in cold storage for future use. If suitable environment (proper temperature, humidity etc) is not maintained in the storage area,
after some time due to growth of micro–organisms, chemical reactions and various other factors, food get spoiled. Due to the presence of enzymes in
food and growth of bacteria, some chemical changes occur in food. Due to these chemical changes, some gases produce like Carbon dioxide (CO2),
Ammonia (NH3), Methane (CH4), Hydrogen sulphide (H2S). As the time passes, the decomposition goes ahead and the concentration of these gases
increases in the storage environment. By using different gas sensors, detection of concentration of these gases in air can be done. By monitoring the
concentration of these gases, we can estimate the quality of food kept in store. This detector detects the amount of some specific gases present in the
air of storage area in which food is stored and alarms us about the changes in the ratios of these gases. II. LITERATURE REVIEW As time passes
during the storage of food, due to the

Big Firms And Small Firms
Progressively, to an increasing extent, professionals in the financial world are beginning to recruit smaller firms as opposed to the conventional
recruitment of large firm with monetary benefits, tax deductions and other motivations (Gort et al, 1982). This approach has two features: Firstly,
developing and supporting entrepreneurs and small businesses, secondly, expanding/ improving infrastructure and to recruit a highly experienced
and educated workforce (Gruber, 1995). These efforts depend on improving the quality of life in the community and generating an attractive
business climate. Studies from economic development strategies aimed at attracting large firms are likely to be successful only at high cost
(Grabowski, 1968). The idea is not primarily for new businesses to create jobs on a small scale but to enhance maximum growth in such businesses
through creation of ideas that may enable them grow into larger firms thus, creating more jobs on a larger scale and leading in the industrial world
(Grabowski, 1968). This essay is going to compare big firms and small firms in terms of their innovation; the comparison will be based on their
economies of scale, scope and spillovers, research and development. Whether or not large firms are more innovative than the small firms is
debatable. A firm's innovative efficiency is affected by its size, large or small. Large firms are sometimes more efficient because they possess
economies of scale. Economies of scale is an increase

Fpgas Advantages And Disadvantages
I.INTRODUCTIONWith the advent of modern controls theory and in the semiconductor technology, the use of high sophisticated technologies,
advance digital controllers and embedded systems which include microprocessors, DSPs (digital signal processors), ASICs (application–specific
integrated circuits), and FPGAs (field–programmable gate arrays).in the area of AC power control have become global challenges nowadays[1].
Recently FPGAs have become a good alternative answer and have been generally accepted as a tool for the controller`s platform in high performance
embedded control system[2]. This device completely give inventors the ad–liberty to use their design customs adapted to their area of applications, by
allowing both hardware and software to be customized at very low cost[3], it has a key impact on hardware or software co–design and they are used as
devices for rapid pro–to typing, and for final products[4]. This find application in sophisticated motor drive systems, such as fully integrated
controllers, sensor less control, sensor less control with an extended Kalman filter algorithms, and adaptive fuzzy based controller[5]. Also in some
application like Intelligent maximum power point trackers for photovoltaic applications, Realization of active power filter based on indirect... Show
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Indeed, these devices belong to the so called semi–custom Application Specific Integer Circuits (ASICs). The latter low cost devices consist of
predesigned (by the manufacturer) elementary cells and interconnections that can be programmed and interconnected by the user. This has the credit to
allow rapid–prototyping solutions and make the design process more flexible and cheaper. This is not the case for full–custom ASICs, which are
manufactured for a specific application and cannot be user

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