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A Systematic Literature Review of Business Intelligence Technology,
Contribution and Application for Higher Education
Conference Paper · October 2018
DOI: 10.1109/ICITSI.2018.8696019
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Universitas Andalas
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2. 2018 International Conference on Information Technology Systems and Innovation (ICITSI)
Bandung - Padang. October 22-25,2018
ISBN: 978-1-5386-5692-1
A Systematic Literature Review of Business
Intelligence Technology, Contribution and
Application for Higher Education
Rahmatika Pratama Santi
Faculty of Information Technology
Andalas University
e-mail: rahmatikaps@fti.unand.ac.id
Abstract— Education is one of important program that
has always been the goal of the country's strategy to
advance the society. Technology is one of various aspect
that support the education sector to improve its quality,
such as business intelligence. Business intelligence is a
technology that is developing today and can help in the
decision-making process form large number of data or
known as big data analytics. This study identifies the
application of business intelligence to the education sector,
especially in terms of the technology, contribution, and
application using PRISMA. Technology of business
intelligence application (Ql) is categorized into two, that
are techniques and tools. For the first category, there are
four kind of techniques. The techniques are data mining,
viable system model (VSM), learning analytics, cloud
computing, and behavioural analytics. For the other
category, there are several tools that used to apply the
business intelligence. The tools are Hadoop, Gephi,
BigData by IBM, and web-based. Contributions of business
intelligence application (Q2) are knowledge transfer,
innovation, and evaluation. Domain application of business
intelligence (Q3) are the result of the general form of
applying business intelligence to various fields such as
research, curriculum, assessment, behaviour analysis,
student enrolment, and resource management
Keywords—business intelligence, higher education, big
data analytics, PRISMA
I. INTRODUCTION
Business intelligence is the ability to translate and
exploit the operational data that collected by the
company, agency, or organization to identify
opportunities, threats, performance and support to
decision making. The rapid development of technology
can facilitate the collection, storage, and management of
large amounts of data to generate new insights.
Business Intelligence developed to support the
decision-making process that usually used to the
accounting and financial operation sectors. The
application of this technology is usually for companies or
organizations with a wide range. It applied for purchases,
sales and production. Thera are many advantages that the
organization gains from utilizing business intelligence by
using reporting in decision-making.
The application and development of business
intelligence has been widely applied in various domains.
These applications include the tourism sector, health,
sales, production, or even in the education sector. Based
on related work, one of the development of business
Hasdi Putra
Faculty of Information Technology
Andalas University
e-mail: hasdiputra@fti.unand.ac.id
intelligence is its application to the health sector. In
research conducted by [1], business intelligence applied
to analyse the service process for the care of patients with
hip fracture problems.
The application of business intelligence in [1] is helps
to improve surgery time, makes it easier to communicate
with patients who have gone through rehabilitation, as
well as an increase in the length of the treatment process.
The use of business intelligence in the health sector
can help in cost efficiency in the decision-making process
in another related work [2]. Implementation of business
intelligence in general is in the economic field, one of
which is e-commerce, which allows to gain insight into
customer behaviour, patterns and market trends [3], Such
processing can help in the managerial decision making
process [4], Another domain from the application of
business intelligence is in the tourism sector, by utilizing
data history from unused website logs [5],
The applications of business intelligence on various
domain especially in the field of education are motivating
to review previous research. The application of business
intelligence from the field of education becomes an
interesting topic, so in this paper the writer presents the
application of business intelligence for better education.
One of the application of it is in educational institutions
that is universities and schools. In related work that
review about business intelligence on campus, the
application of business intelligence on campus is a trend
to improve the service and quality [6] of that. [6] do a
systematic literature review for keyword ("Smart
Campus" OR "Smart University" OR "Intelligent
university") AND ("concept" OR "model" OR
"technology").
Higher education is one of domain that used to
implement business intelligence, because it has many
subdomains. One of the potential data is the academic
and human resource management data. Institutions need
reporting to present important information within a
certain time. The data source used in order to find the fact
for decision-making process.
This paper is a systematically literature review using
PRISMA that focus on specific. PRISMA is a systematic
review that generate formulated question to identify,
select, apprised the relevant research, collect and analyse
data [7]. Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic
Reviews and Meta-analyses (PRISMA) has five
complete and detail steps to do the literature review. The
978-1-5386-5693-8/18/$31.00 ©2018 IEEE 404

3. steps are defining the criteria, defining the resources,
literature selection, data collection, and data item
selection. Some common reason to use this method are to
identify specific domain of research and create a
summary of result. This paper is made with the structure
is introduction, research methodology, research results,
and conclusions.
II. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
A. Identification
The first is to identify the resource. The journal that
filtered in the identification process is a journal that
obtained from several database journals that are very
commonly used and easily accessible. The database
journal are springer, ScienceDirect, ACM, and IEEE.
The second step is defining the resource by search on
journal database. To define the resource, keyword is
important to limit the topic of the literature. The
keywords used to obtain related publications are
"Business Intelligence" AND ("Higher Education" OR
"Institution" OR "Campus" OR 'University").
B. Screening & Eligibility
Screening and Eligibility done after identifying the
resources and keywords that searched. The next step is
to screen the results obtained. Based on search results
using keywords, there are several relevant articles with
keywords contained in Table I.
TABLE I RESULT OF SEARCH KEYWORD ON JOURNAL
DATABASE
Database Journal Total Article
IEEE 19
ScienceDirect 273
Springer 615
ACM 12
Total 919
The article that obtained was 919 before through
screening. All articles that obtained through a screening
process to eliminate duplication and at the same time
through the eligibility stages. These stages are in
accordance with the criteria to eliminate the articles
contained in Table II. Applying include and exclude in
Table II reduce the number of article.
TABLE N INCLUDING AND EXLUDING CRITERIA
Criteria
Include Article, Journal, Proceeding
The topic is Business Intelligence for Higher
Education
Article in English
Open Access
Exclude Books, Chapter, Thesis, Magazine
White Paper
Abstract, less than 4 pages
C. Included
After going through the elimination process, the
number of articles included in the relevant topic criteria
is 12 articles. Articles from ACM is 100% reduce,
because all of the result is not open access. Springer only
1,3% of records that have related result based on
keyword. After through the process screening on the
topic, none of the articles included. ScienceDirect give
the highest number forrelevant article based on keyword
search. The result of this database journal is 4,76% of
records that relevant and open access. IEEE is give the
exactly same result with Springer. Based on all of the
result, only 1,3% of records are include and we can
conclude that ScienceDirect is easy to access some
related article with the keyword "Business Intelligence"
AND ("Higher Education" OR "Institution" OR
"Campus" OR 'University").
Fig 1. Flow ofInformation
The research methodology that used was to survey
several literatures with the aim of answering the
formulation of research problems. The research question
used to facilitate the process of identifying answers to
the literature and defining the topic. The following is a
list of questions used in the research contained in Table
III.
TABLE PI LIST OF RESEARCH QUESTION
ID Research Question* Purpose
Ql What kind of technique or
technology that support
implementation of Business
Intelligence for higher
education?
To identify the technology for the
implementation of Business
Intelligence for higher education
Q2 What is the contribution of
business intelligence for
higher education?
To identify the contribution of
business intelligence for higher
education
Q3 What kind of application
implementation of business
intelligence for higher
education
To identify variety of application of
business intelligence for higher
education
The answer of the research questions obtained by
reviewing the literature. Based on these criteria, the
number of articles obtained was 20 articles. The third
step is selection of the literature that done by explore the
title, abstract, and keyword of the article. Beside
exploration, partial reading also used to eliminate the
article. The fourth step is more detail than the third step
that read partial the article. This step is collected the data
after partial reading and create the data extraction form.
After selection, the next step is to identify the
answers to the research questions in each article that
selected. The answer of research question contained in
the next section, namely section 3.
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4. III. RESEARCH RESULT
Business intelligence is a system that manages
business activities starting from marketing, operations,
and various aspects. Not only for business, but also in
the forwarding of organizations and institutions is very
helpful in making decisions. Business intelligence is the
ability of business people whether companies or
organizations to utilize available data and technology. BI
has the role to turn data into information that is useful
for businesses and build a knowledge [8]. The
development of the use of business intelligence enjoyed
from various sectors, including education.
The education sector can also utilize this technology
to optimize functions in the organization. Identification
carried out based on a research question of three
questions. The first question (Ql) aims to identify the
techniques used in implementing intelligence business
for higher education. The second question (Q2) aims to
identify what are the contributions of business
intelligence to higher education. The last one is to
answer the question (Q3) which aims to identify
applications from business intelligence for higher
education.
A. BIfor Higher Education Technology
Technology is one part of the architecture that used
as a reference in building business intelligence to meet
needs. The future of business intelligence requires
several technologies to realize the design. Based on the
results of the review carried out, in general the
technology of applying business intelligence divided
into two. First is the technique used and the second is the
tools or products from technology. The following are the
technologies used in implementing business intelligence
for higher education.
1) Technique: This section summarizes the
techniques used to implement business intelligence on
higher education. Broadly speaking, techniques that
identified from literatures made into five points in
general.
a) Data Mining: Data mining is a semi-
automatic process that analyses large databases into a
pattern [9]. The application of business intelligence to
higher education using technology, one of which is by
supervised learning and multivariate analysis.
Supervised learning techniques are used one of them is
the decision tree to classify data [10], The data in
question is data derived from students.
b) Viable System Model (VSM): This technique
is one of various technique that often used to explore the
complexity of an organization. The application of VSM
to the education sector is one of them is to understand
the case of causation and curriculum development [11].
In addition, VSM also used to assess the framework of
e-Learning and social interaction. This model has five
main functions, including:
• Operational Activity
• Coordination and Service System
• Management Control and Resource Allocation
• Audit
• Intelligence, analysing the internal and internal
trends and evaluating the implications for the
future.
• Policy and Ethos.
c) Learning Analytics: The technique that
analyses this learning process is used by [12] to analyse
the interaction of students with online educational
resources in supporting the learning process. Analysis
done by tracking log records. It used to discover
information on students' mind-set.
d) Cloud Computing: The e-Learning world
needs this technology to improve the quality of
education. Cloud computing technology is also a support
in implementing business intelligence. The large amount
of data causes consideration in dealing with problems in
hardware and software [13]. The use of cloud computing
and big data provides a solution to the collection,
analysis and presenting of data from multiple sources
and types. According to [13], cloud computing can be
used privately or publicly. The choice of using method
based on the need to manage internal data or external
data. Google, IBM, Sun, Amazon, Cisco, Intel, Oracle
are some of the vendors that provide cloud computing.
For the education sector, the type of cloud computing
that recommended is private clouds.
e) Behavioural Analytics: This technology is an
extension of the application of big data and datamining
technology to identify how and why [14], This
technology makes it possible to monitor and detect
anomalies from students with emerging issues.
2) Tools: The tools that used are support for the
application of technology applied to higher education.
Based on the identification results in the literature, the
following are the tools used for the application of
business intelligence.
a) Hadoop: This technology makes it possible to
implement big data technology with cloud environment
systems and support the distribution of big data. Besides
being powerful, this tool is a collaboration of Oracle and
IBM. Hadoop cluster like Yahoo, Facebook provides
contribution and addition value and is quite competitive
with cloud computing technology from Microsoft,
Amazon, and Google.
b) Gephi: A Powerful enough tools to use for
business intelligence application is Gephi. This software
provides facilities to represent data to the form of nodes
and paths. At higher education, this device helps to
describe information related to teachers or students.
c) BigData: Big Data is a technology that allows
to do share data, to analyse, and to build business
intelligence [9]. Based on a review of the relevant paper,
the big data technology that commonly used is oracle's
big data architecture and IBM. Business intelligence
makes the perspective that big data is a technology for
managing large amounts of data from various sources
combined with other technologies [14].
d) Web-Based: One simple technology is to
create web-based applications. Implementation of
business intelligence for higher education is done with a
web application that manages the resources that owned
by institutions [15]. The system built is for decision
support (DSS). This technology not purely used for
406

5. business intelligence. The integration stage or data
staging still requires the role of other devices.
TABLE IV. BI TECHNOLOGY
Type Items Reference Articles
Technique Data Mining [10] [16]
Technique
VSM [11]
Technique
Learning Analytics ri2i
Technique
Cloud Computing [13]
Technique
Behavioural Analytics [14]
Tools Hadoop [17] [18] [19]
Gephi [13]
BigData by IBM T141
Web-Based [15]
B. BIfor Higher Education Contributions
1) Resource Sharing: The exchange of ideas
between teachers and students is the best support for
knowing the knowledge of students.
2) Evolve Knowledge: Progress from students and
the inter-student communication process can accelerate
and improve the process of delivering and understanding
knowledge.
3) Quality Improvement for Managerial Decision:
Quality improvements to managerial decisions imply
services. Not only for institutional business needs, but
also for the needs of students and academic staff.
4) Innovation in Research and Development: An
increase in the development and application of
technology in educational institutions supports higher
education. This contribution derived from the existence
of knowledge transfers that allow institutional members
to make relevant and competitive outputs.
5) The Improvement of Educational Initiative:
Relevant information obtained helps institutional
members to obtain answers to the questions that arise.
Thus, it can support decision making in improving the
quality of education.
6) Prediction of Behaviour: Behaviour analytics
provides an opportunity to identify one's ideology,
behaviour, or thinking. The education sector requires
this system to identify the psychological side of students,
so they can make decisions to deal with problems that
arise.
7) Efficiency and Effectiveness of Resources:
Business intelligence developed to support the decision
making process for executives. It is important to decide
what emerges from executives from a system built from
existing data. Historical data gives executives an idea of
what happened and how to deal with it.
8) The Competitive Improvement: Educational data
used as material to support competitive enhancement
strategies. Competitive learning is the level of quality of
education for students, departments, and institutional
level.
9) The Consumption Trends: Interest in the
institutional environment can be identified, so to provide
an overview of the current trend as a reference for
institutions to improve the quality of education. The
graduates can be able to adjust to the emerging trends.
One way to find out is to know the data contained in
social media.
10) New Model of Assessment: The assessment
system for students developed by utilizing business
intelligence technology. One form of assessment
innovation is to use games without leaving traditional
assessment. This process will be more effective in
providing information from students who assessed.
TABLE V BI Contributions
Contributions Reference Articles
Resource Sharing [14]
Evolve Knowledge [17] [13] [10]
Quality Improvement for Managerial
Decision
[16] [17]
Innovation in Research and Development [14] [19]
The Improvement of Educational Initiative [11]
Prediction of Behaviour [18]
Efficiency and Effectiveness [15]
The Competitive Improvement [19] [22]
The Consumption Trends T201
New Model of Assessment [12]
C. BIfor Higher Education Application
1) Management Resource: One form of application
of BI is to manage resources both human resources,
technology, information, and curriculum. The BI
application can provide a strategy for planning,
budgeting, and allocating resources to higher education
[16]. The implementation of BI for resource
management, one of which is to build a report using tools
that depend on the completeness and integrity of the
system built. The existence of this system provides a
good development of information systems in an
institution [21].
2) Enrolment: BI has potential in the process of
student admission and management. This system will
provide the answers to the questions "what methods and
approaches can applied?" [16]. The selection process
carried out with all considerations to improve quality
and service. Students who are accepted are certainly
those who meet the admission requirements.
Nevertheless, to determine the best method of
acceptance, one of them based on the learning
performance of students who received and input from
students.
3) Postgraduate: Applications to this subject based
on activities in social media to identify skills needed for
postgraduate and trends [20]. The application of BI
developed by using this information to explore
information on graduate activities after completing
studies. Not infrequently on social media found
information from jobs and businesses of graduates.
4) Learning and Curriculum: The application of
business intelligence to support the learning process is
one of them is by managing it using the Learning
Management System or known as eLearning. This
eLearning system consists of a source of information for
courses, modules, or experiments and others made by the
teacher to accelerate the acquisition of knowledge for
students [13].
5) Research: Innovation in research and
development by utilizing business intelligence
technology is one form of application of this technology
in the education sector, namely the field of research.
Structured and unstructured data has the potential
407

6. extracted for the acquisition of relevant information.
This information can also influence findings and
research. One of them is forming new discoveries or
research [19]. The information obtained from a
scientific, a management or a business perspective to
overcome any problems in the organization.
6) Personal: Analysis of behaviour is one form of
expansion of the application of business intelligence
technology, data mining, and big data that focuses on
how and why the behaviour of an individual using data
[18]. Applications in this field are quite complex,
because the behaviour of the student depends on various
factors such as family, friends, habits, and interests.
Some possible data sources used are from institutional
databases that store student information, courses, test
scores. In addition to databases, personal data and web
digital trail used as data sources.
7) Assessment: Assessment is an important aspect
that can determine the success or not of learning
activities carried out [12]. The assessment presented in
the form of a report for the teacher that can be analysed.
The aim is to evaluate and assess how student's progress.
TABLE VIBI APPLICATION
Application Reference Article
Management Resource r i e i r 2 i i r i s i r i 7 i
Enrolment [ 1 6 ]
Postgraduate [ 2 0 ] [ 2 2 ]
Learning and Curriculum [ 1 1 ] [ 1 3 ] [ 1 4 ] [ 1 0 ] [22]
Research [15] [19] [14]
Personal [ 1 8 ]
Assessment [ 1 2 ]
IV. CONCLUSION
Business intelligence technology that manages data
into relevant information can influence the decision
making process. This study raised three aspects that
identified to find out the use of business intelligence for
better education. There are three aspects identified,
namely tools, contributions, and applications. The three
aspects after identified in the related article found and
summarized into important points. Business intelligence
applied to the education sector generally uses data
mining technology as a technology for analysing and
cloud computing as a data storage medium. The
technology requires the help of several devices applied.
Based on identification, the development of business
intelligence generally uses assistance from other parties
such as Hadoop, Gephi, and BigData IBM.
The application of business intelligence not only
used for business, but can also applied to improve the
management process for various fields in the education
sector. Among them are for assessment, behaviour,
research, curriculum and learning, postgraduate, and
resource management. The application can have an
influence on educational institutions in finding
innovations and hidden information that extracted
transferred to those who need the information in
decision-making.
We can see that, along with technological
developments, technology to build business intelligence
solutions will also develop. By building the BI system,
it broadly concluded that it really helps and supports
users in the decision-making process. By going through
several stages that vary from observed research, but in
general it can be seen that the development process of BI
is from the source data integrated into a data warehouse
which can then be carried out by reporting processes by
taking into account the insights that will be obtained
from the system to be built.
Based on the results of the analysis, it can be
concluded that the technology that used to BI application
that widely used is by using data mining. Contribution
from BI to the education sector is not only for
managerial, but can be used to improve human resource
performance and provide insight for innovation in
research. BI applications are generally found to manage
resources, learning, and curriculum. These two things
are found in several paper references obtained through
the prism process, however, there are areas that have the
potential to be further investigated. That is in the
application for research, enrolment, personal, and
assessment that can be used as a research topic for the
future.
V. ACKNOWLEDGMENT
This paper is supported by Faculty of Information
Technology, Andalas University for publication.
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