Introduction and Theoretical Framework

1. I.INTRODUCTION
By definitions, stress is said to be a physical, mental, or emotional response to events
that causes physical or mental tension. In simple words, stress is an outer force that has
a command over inner feelings. The term "stress" was coined by Hans Selye in 1936,on
of the pioneers of stress research, who defined it as "the non-specific response of the
body to any demand for change” in attempting to extrapolate his animal studies to
humans so that people would understand what he meant. He redefined stress as "The
rate of wear and tear on the body”. He then aforesaid that stress was not something that
necessarily had to be avoided. It is an everyday fact of life. If a person has no stress in
life, it would be very dull. He might as well become a couch potato. Not all stress is
caused by negative events. Planning for vacations, new relationships, promotions, or
buying a new home can be very stressful. Stress is any change we have to adjust to.
Richard S. Lazarus states, “Stress is a condition or feeling experienced when a person
perceives that demands exceed the personal and social resources the individual is able
to mobilize.” Stress produces numerous physical and mental symptoms which vary
according to each individual's situational factors. These can include physical health
decline as well as depression. Stress is a self developed pain by thoughts. When a
person expects more than what he actually deserves for his work, or when a person
thinks it is beyond his capability, and still continues to do, he gets a mental illness. This
illness could be stated as stress. There are chances for this stress to break a person,
both, internally and externally, and so, it is wise to adapt the ways to handle it, at the
right time. The Hospitality industry aside from being considered as an all time in demand
field of work for the past years, it’s short and easy to assess application process also

2. adheres to entice numerous individuals to fringe into it. Restaurant workers face the
dual stressors of work adjustment and managing personal responsibilities. Walter
Cannon and Hans Selye used animal studies to establish the earliest scientific basis for
the study of stress. They measured the physiological responses of animals to external
pressures, such as heat and cold, prolonged restraint, and surgical procedures, then
extrapolated from these studies to human beings. Subsequent studies of stress in
humans by Richard Rahe and others established the view that stress is caused by
distinct, measureable life stressors, and further, that these life stressors can be ranked
by the median degree of stress they produce .Thus, stress was traditionally
conceptualized to be a result of external insults beyond the control of those
experiencing the stress. More recently, however, it has been argued that external
circumstances do not have any intrinsic capacity to produce stress, but instead their
effect is mediated by the individual's perceptions, capacities, and understanding.
Among the many stressors mentioned by restaurant employees, the most common are
the way employees are treated by their bosses/supervisors or company,lack of job
security,company policies,coworkers who don't do their fair share,unclear
expectations,poor communication,not enough control over assignments,inadequate pay
or benefits,urgent deadlines,too much work,long hours,uncomfortable physical
conditions,relationship conflicts,coworkers making careless mistakes,dealing with rude
customers, and lack of team work or cooperation. Stress management or managing
stress refers to the wide spectrum of techniques and psychotherapies aimed at
controlling a person's levels of stress, especially chronic stress, usually for the purpose
of improving everyday functioning.

3. In this context, the term 'stress' refers only to a stress with significant negative
consequences, or distress in the terminology advocated by Hans Selye, rather than
what he calls eustress, a stress whose consequences are helpful or otherwise positive.
Stress produces numerous physical and mental symptoms which vary according to
each individual's situational factors. These can include physical health decline as well
as depression. The process of stress management is named as one of the keys to a
happy and successful life in modern society. Although life provides numerous demands
that can prove difficult to handle, stress management provides a number of ways to
manage anxiety and maintain overall well-being.
Despite stress often being thought of as a subjective experience, levels of stress are
readily measurable, using various physiological tests, similar to those used in
polygraphs.
Many practical stress management techniques are available, some for use by health
professionals and others, for self-help, which may help an individual reduce their levels
of stress, provide positive feelings of control over one's life and promote general well-
being.
Evaluating the effectiveness of various stress management techniques can be difficult,
as limited research currently exists. Consequently, the amount and quality of evidence
for the various techniques varies widely. Some are accepted as effective treatments for
use in psychotherapy, while others with less evidence favoring them are considered

4. alternative therapies. Many professional organizations exist to promote and provide
training in conventional or alternative therapies.
This research assess a new psychosocial/health promotion advices designed to reduce
stressors in the context of any work under the hospitality industry which focuses and
aims to give a sigh of relief to employees, to break free from the stressful working
environment and benefit the stress management . There are several models of stress
management, each with distinctive explanations of mechanisms for controlling stress.
Much more research is necessary to provide a better understanding of which
mechanisms actually operate and are effective in practice.

5. II. THEORITICAL FRAMEWORK
Holmes and Rahe Stress Scale
In 1967, psychiatrists Thomas Holmes and Richard Rahe examined the medical records
of over 5,000 medical patients as a way to determine whether stressful events might
cause illnesses. Patients were asked to tally a list of 43 life events based on a relative
score. A positive correlation of 0.118 was found between their life events and their
illnesses.
Their results were published as the Social Readjustment Rating Scale (SRRS), known
more commonly as the Holmes and Rahe Stress Scale. Subsequent validation has
supported the links between stress and illness.
General Adaptation Syndrome
In 1936 Hans Selye created the stress model "General Adaptation Syndrome", which
thoroughly explains the stress response and how aging and disease are caused by
chronic exposure to stress.
“Every stress leaves an indelible scar, and the organism pays for its survival after a
stressful situation by becoming a little older.”
Hans Selye (1907-1982)
This quotation clearly summarizes his belief on how stress affects the human body
through aging and other natural body processes that occur as we encounter various
stressors in our daily lives.

6. Cannon–Bard Theory
The main percepts of the Cannon–Bard theory are that emotional expression results
from the function of hypothalamic structures, and emotional feeling results from
stimulations of the dorsal thalamus. The physiological changes and subjective feeling of
an emotion in response to a stimulus are separate and independent; arousal does not
have to occur before the emotion. Thus, the thalamic region is attributed a major role in
this theory of emotion.
James-Lange: Theory of Emotion
In 1884 and in 1885, theorists William James and Carl Lange might have separately
proposed their respective theories on the correlation of stress and emotion, but they had
a unified idea on this relationship - emotions do not immediately succeed the perception
of the stressor or the stressful event; they become present after the body’s response to
the stress. For instance, when you see a growling dog, your heart starts to race, your
breath begins to go faster, then your eyes become wide open. According to James and
Lange, the feeling of fear or any other emotion only begins after you experience these
bodily changes. This means that the emotional behavior is not possible to occur unless
it is connected to one’s brain.
Cannon-Bard: The Emergency Theory
This theory is quite the opposite of what James and Lange proposed. According to
theorist Walter Cannon, emotion in response to stress can actually occur even when the
bodily changes are not present. Cannon said that the visceral or internal physiologic
response of one’s body is more slowly recognized by the brain as compared with its

7. function to release emotional response. He attempted to prove his theory by means of
creating the so-called “decorticated cats”, wherein the neural connections of the body
are separated from the cortex in the brain of the cats. When faced with a stressful
response, the decorticated cats showed emotional behavior which meant feelings of
aggression and rage. This emotion was then manifested by bodily changes such as
baring of teeth, growling and erect hair.
To further enhance Cannon’s theory, theorist Philip Bard expanded the ideals of
Cannon by arguing that a lower brain stem structure called the thalamus is important in
the production of emotional responses. According to Bard, the emotional response is
released first, and then sent as signals by the thalamus to the brain cortex for the
interpretation alongside with the sending of signals to the sympathetic nervous system
or SNS to begin the physiologic response to stress. Therefore, this theory argues that
emotional response to stress is not a product of the physiologic response; rather, they
occur simultaneously.
The Schachter-Singer Theory
Theorists Stanley Schachter and Jerome Singer argued that the appropriate
identification of the emotion requires both cognitive activity and emotional arousal in
order to experience an emotion. Attribution, or the process wherein the brain can
identify the stress stimulus producing an emotion is also proposed by Schachter and
Singer. The theory explains that we become aware of the reason behind the emotional
response, and when we the reason is not obvious, we start to look for environmental
clues for the proper interpretation of the emotion to occur.

8. III. CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK

9. http://www.iaeng.org/publication/WCE2011/WCE2011_pp593-595.pdf
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stress_management#Historical_foundations
http://www.simmalieberman.com/articles/whatisstress.htm
http://www.simmalieberman.com/articles/highstress.html
https://explorable.com/general-adaptation-syndrome