Effects of Stress Provide a 1-page description of a stressful event currently occurring in your life. Discuss I am married work a full time job as an occupational therapy assistant am taking two courses Have to take care of a home feed the animals attend to laundry Think of my pateitns worry about their well being and what I can do for them ( I bring home my patients issues) Constantly doing paper work for work such as documentation for billing I feel like I have no free time for me some days I don’t even eat dinner or lunch because I don’t have time to make anything or am just too tired to cook On top of this I am married and married ppl do argue and my husband am I have been bunting heads on finances. Then, referring to information you learned throughout this course, address the following: · What physiological changes occur in the brain due to the stress response? · What emotional and cognitive effects might occur due to this stressful situation? · Would the above changes (physiological, cognitive, or emotional) be any different if the same stress were being experienced by a person of the opposite sex or someone much older or younger than you? · If the situation continues, how might your physical health be affected? · What three behavioral strategies would you implement to reduce the effects of this stressor? Describe each strategy. Explain how each behavior could cause changes in brain physiology (e.g., exercise can raise serotonin levels). · If you were encouraging an adult client to make the above changes, what ethical considerations would you have to keep in mind? How would you address those ethical considerations? In addition to citing the online course and the text, you are also required to cite a minimum of four scholarly sources. For reputable web sources, look for .gov or .edu sites as opposed to .com sites. Please do not use Wikipedia. Your paper should be double-spaced, in 12-point Times New Roman font, and with normal 1-inch margins; written in APA style; and free of typographical and grammatical errors. It should include a title page with a running head, an abstract, and a reference page. The body of the paper should be at least 6 pages in length total not including the reference or title page Assignment 1 Grading Criteria Maximum Points Described a stressful event. 20 Explained the physiological changes that occur in the brain due to the stress response. 36 Explained the emotional and cognitive effects that may occur due to this stressful situation. 32 Analyzed potential differences in physiological, cognitive, and emotional responses in someone of a different age or sex. 32 Discussed the physical health risks. 28 Provided three behavioral strategies to reduce the effects of the stressor and explained how each could cause changes in brain physiology. 40 Analyzed ethical considerations in implementing behavioral strategies and offered suggestions for addressing these. 40 Integrated at least two scholarly references .

1. Effects of Stress
Provide a 1-page description of a stressful event currently
occurring in your life.
Discuss I am married work a full time job as an occupational
therapy assistant am taking two courses
Have to take care of a home feed the animals attend to laundry
Think of my pateitns worry about their well being and what I
can do for them ( I bring home my patients issues)
Constantly doing paper work for work such as documentation
for billing
I feel like I have no free time for me some days I don’t even eat
dinner or lunch because I don’t have time to make anything or
am just too tired to cook
On top of this I am married and married ppl do argue and my
husband am I have been bunting heads on finances.
Then, referring to information you learned throughout this
course, address the following:
· What physiological changes occur in the brain due to the
stress response?
· What emotional and cognitive effects might occur due to this
stressful situation?
· Would the above changes (physiological, cognitive, or
emotional) be any different if the same stress were being
experienced by a person of the opposite sex or someone much
older or younger than you?
· If the situation continues, how might your physical health be
affected?
· What three behavioral strategies would you implement to
reduce the effects of this stressor? Describe each strategy.
Explain how each behavior could cause changes in brain
physiology (e.g., exercise can raise serotonin levels).
· If you were encouraging an adult client to make the above

2. changes, what ethical considerations would you have to keep in
mind? How would you address those ethical considerations?
In addition to citing the online course and the text, you are also
required to cite a minimum of four scholarly sources. For
reputable web sources, look for .gov or .edu sites as opposed to
.com sites. Please do not use Wikipedia.
Your paper should be double-spaced, in 12-point Times New
Roman font, and with normal 1-inch margins; written in APA
style; and free of typographical and grammatical errors. It
should include a title page with a running head, an abstract, and
a reference page.
The body of the paper should be at least 6 pages in length total
not including the reference or title page
Assignment 1 Grading Criteria
Maximum Points
Described a stressful event.
20
Explained the physiological changes that occur in the brain due
to the stress response.
36
Explained the emotional and cognitive effects that may occur
due to this stressful situation.
32
Analyzed potential differences in physiological, cognitive, and
emotional responses in someone of a different age or sex.
32
Discussed the physical health risks.
28
Provided three behavioral strategies to reduce the effects of the
stressor and explained how each could cause changes in brain
physiology.
40
Analyzed ethical considerations in implementing behavioral
strategies and offered suggestions for addressing these.
40

3. Integrated at least two scholarly references to support ideas.
8
Organization (16 points): Introduction, transitions, and
conclusion.
Style (8 points): Tone, audience, and word choice.
Usage and Mechanics (16 points): Grammar, spelling, and
sentence structure.
APA Elements (24 points): In-text citations and references,
paraphrasing, and appropriate use of quotations and other
elements of style.
64
Total:
300
You must use the bottom info to cite in the paper to cite the
following as UNIVERISTY 2014
Also there are links in the bottom try and click on those and use
those as references please
And USE THE BOOK ATTACHMENT THROUGHOUT THE
PAPER!!
Charles Darwin's Perspective
We talked about Charles Darwin when discussing evolution and
natural selection. Darwin was also very interested in emotions.
One of his books published in 1872,The Expression of Emotions
in Man and Animals, was devoted to this topic.
Darwin believed that emotions play an important role in the
survival of the species and result from evolutionary processes in
the same way as other behaviors and psychological functions.
Darwin's writing on this topic also prompted psychologists to
study animal behavior as a way to better understand human
behavior.

4. James–Lange Theory of Emotions
Modern theories of emotion can be traced to William James and
Carl Lange (Pinel, 2011). William James was a renowned
Harvard psychologist who is sometimes called the father of
American psychology. Carl Lange was a Danish physician.
James and Lange formulated the same theory of emotions
independently at about the same time (1884). As a result, it is
called the James–Lange theory of emotions. This theory
reversed the commonsensical notion that emotions are automatic
responses to events around us. Instead, it proposes that
emotions are the brain's interpretation of physiological
responses to emotionally provocative stimuli.
Cannon–Bard Theory of Emotions
In 1915, Harvard physiologist Walter B. Cannon argued for an
alternative theory of emotionality, in which the experience of
emotions and the triggering of physiological effects occur at the
same time. Phillip Bard later elaborated this theory, which was
then called the Cannon–Bard theory of emotions.
Modern Biopsychological Theory of Emotions
Because neither the James–Lange theory nor the Cannon–Bard
theory fully explained all emotional situations, the modern
biopsychological theory of emotions was developed. This theory
proposes that all three factors (perception of emotionally
provocative stimuli, physiological effects, and experience of
emotion) are capable of influencing each other, in both
directions. In other words, the perception of the stimulus can
influence the physiological reaction and the emotional
experience, the emotional experience can also influence the
physiological reaction and the perception of the stimulus, and
the physiological reaction can influence the emotional
experience and the perception of the stimulus.
The exact way that the brain processes various emotions is not
fully understood although the amygdala seems to be an
important structure, especially in relation to fearful responses.
The amygdala is a structure located in the interior of temporal
lobes.

5. In the video, “The Emotional Brain,” the brain areas involved in
emotional processing are discussed. As you watch, focus on the
specific brain areas involved in emotional processing and think
about what other psychological processes those brain areas are
also involved in. Also notice the use of some of the research
methods that we discussed early in the course.
Emotions can lead to stress. Stress can, in turn, affect health
negatively. Let's examine the effect of stress on health in more
detail.
Hans Selye's Perspective on Stress
The concept that emotions can affect health is commonly
presented in the popular media. Hans Selye was an important
contributor to this point of view. Selye proposed the concept of
the general adaptation syndrome to account for the effect of
stress on the body.
Stress can also affect our body negatively. When we are
continually bombarded by stress, our body might suffer the
effects. Stress hormones increase blood pressure and have
various other effects on the body that might not be adaptive
over long periods. However, the exact mechanism of this
process is still being researched.
Coping Effects of Stress and Health
The video “All in the Mind?” explores coping strategies for
stress to improve both psychological and physiological health.
As you watch, consider the changes in the brain that result from
the use of coping strategies.
Let's now discuss the classification of psychological disorders
in detail
Psychological Disorders
Classification of Psychological Disorders
Currently, there are two primary systems for the classification
of psychological disorders—The Diagnostic and Statistical
Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition (DSM-5) (American

6. Psychiatric Association, 2013), and The International Statistical
Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems (ICD)
(World Health Organization, 1992). Though in the past, the two
classification systems have had different approaches toward
classification, recently, the classification criteria have become
more and more synchronized, with both classification systems
using similar criteria and terminology. This synchronization
will help the diagnoses of psychological disorders to be similar
internationally.
Read more about the synchronization here.
Physiological mechanisms
We need to remember that both trauma and learning may result
in altered neurofunctioning. However, our focus in this lecture
will be on physiological mechanisms while recognizing that
other factors might always be present.
Although the complete and precise physiological mechanisms
underlying these disorders are not fully understood, bits and
pieces of this puzzle are.
Let's discuss the physiological factors associated with some
disorders, such as major depressive disorder, bipolar disorder,
anxiety disorders, obsessive–compulsive disorder, and
schizophrenia.
Major Depressive and Bipolar Disorders
Major Depressive Disorder
Major depressive disorder is characterized by a lowering of
mood, energy, and activity that results in significant distress or
impairment in life. There is much research focusing on
imbalances in the monoamine neurotransmitters (dopamine,
norepinephrine, and serotonin) in people suffering from
depressive disorders. There seems to be significant evidence
that there are genetic factors that contribute to the development
of depressive disorders. In the brain, the amygdala and the

7. anterior cingulate cortex show structural and functional
abnormalities in people with depression.
Bipolar Disorder
Bipolar disorder is characterized by an extremely elevated mood
with increases in activity and energy (manic phase) followed by
an equally low mood with decreases in activity and energy
(depressive phase), resulting in significant distress or
impairment. Typically, in people with bipolar disorder, the
higher their manic phase, the lower the successive depressive
phase will be. Similar to major depressive disorder, bipolar
disorder seems to have genetic factors that contribute to its
development, possibly disrupting the normal functioning of the
monoamine neurotransmitters.
Anxiety Disorders
Anxiety Disorders
Anxiety disorders such as panic disorder, specific phobias, and
social anxiety disorder feature a heightened autonomic nervous
system response that is above and beyond what would be
considered normal when faced with the object or situation that
the person reacts to. For example, a person with a specific
phobia of spiders (called arachnophobia) experiences a
heightened autonomic response when confronted with a spider
(or even an image of a spider). This anxiety response must
result in significant distress or impairment. In general, anxiety
disorders have been linked to underactive gamma-aminobutyric
acid (GABA) in the brain, resulting in overexcitability of the
amygdala and the anterior cingulate cortex. Additionally,
genetic research shows that anxiety disorders demonstrate a
clear pattern of genetic predisposition.
Obsessive–Compulsive Disorder

8. Obsessive–Compulsive Disorder
Obsessive compulsive disorder is characterized by repetitive
thoughts and behaviors that result in significant distress or
impairment in life. Common obsession and compulsion pairings
include contamination/washing, harm/checking, and
perfectionism/ordering and hoarding. There is much research
demonstrating the genetic inheritance of obsessive–compulsive
disorder. While early research showed that dopamine and
serotonin are involved in obsessive–compulsive disorder, recent
research suggests that glutamate may also play an important
role in the disorder. Obsessive–compulsive disorder seems to be
mediated by overactivity in the orbitofrontal cortex.
In the video, “It's Not Me, It's My O.C.D.,” you hear some
actual clients discuss their symptoms and the effects that
obsessive–compulsive disorder has on their lives. Pay attention
to the neurological research and how that research is being used
to help treat people with obsessive–compulsive disorder.
Schizophrenia
Schizophrenia
Schizophrenia describes a cluster of symptoms, including
"positive symptoms," such as hallucinations, delusions,
disturbed thinking, and odd behaviors, and "negative
symptoms," such as lack of emotional expression, inability to
experience pleasure, and absence of motivation. Schizophrenia
shows a distinct pattern of genetic inheritance that increases the
predisposition toward developing the disorder. Additionally,
those with schizophrenia, particularly those who demonstrate
the positive symptoms, show abnormally high levels of
dopamine activity in the brain. Finally, there are some brain
abnormalities associated with schizophrenia, including enlarged
lateral ventricles and widespread neuron loss throughout the

9. brain. These brain abnormalities are often associated with the
severity of negative symptoms.
Pharmacotherapy
Pharmacotherapy
Most often, medication is used to treat psychological disorders.
This is called pharmacotherapy. Let's now discuss
pharmacotherapy in more detail.
In the previous lecture on physiological mechanisms for
underlying disorders, we briefly discussed some ways in which
medication responses help us understand some major
psychological disorders. However, this understanding is far
from complete.
Although the use of medications to treat psychological disorders
is not new, this topic is frequently mentioned in popular media.
There is a lively debate about children who have attention-
deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and who are treated with
stimulant medication. Some people believe that this diagnosis is
valid, while others disagree. People also debate the extent to
which children should be medicated for this problem. On the
other hand, some research and clinical findings report success
by treatment with medication and there are testimonials by some
parents and teachers to this effect.
Medications for psychological disorders are often categorized
by function:
· Some medications tend to decrease psychotic experiences,
such as hearing voices and delusional thinking. These
medications are calledantipsychotics, and we discussed them in
the earlier modules' lectures.
· Antidepressants are medications that reduce depression.
· Mood stabilizers are also frequently used for patients who
experience depression and periodic emotional highs.
· Antianxiety drugs reduce panic and anxiety. These

10. medications are used together with psychotherapy or
counseling. But, sometimes, these drugs are used by themselves.
Counseling is also recommended as a treatment for most
psychological disorders, either alone or in conjunction with
pharmacotherapy. While access to mental health care has been
limited in the past, the Mental Health Parity and Addiction
Equity Act, which went into effect in January 2010, has reduced
barriers for those covered by group health insurance plans (US
Department of Health and Human Services, 2010). Still,
treatment funding can be difficult for those without health
insurance or who fall under the exemptions to the act.
Click here to learn more details on this act.
Careers in Physiological Psychology
There are many career options for those interested in
physiological psychology. Some of those career options
include:
Licensed Mental Health Counselor (LMHC): Minimum of
master’s degree required; license required; provides
psychotherapy services to clients, typically works in outpatient
clinic setting or private practice settings. Best suited for those
who want to function independently as a counselor with a
master’s degree, primarily providing individual, group, couples,
or family therapy services.*
Counseling Psychologist: Doctoral degree required (Ph.D.,
Psy.D., Ed.D.); license required; performs psychological
assessment and psychotherapy as well as consultation and
supervision of master’s level counselors. Best suited for those
with very strong grades and high standardized test scores, as
well as work experience or internship/field experience in
psychology who want to work independently, supervise
counselors, or teach master’s or doctoral level students at

11. university.*
Clinical Psychologist: Doctoral degree required (Ph.D., Psy.D.,
Ed.D.); license required; performs diagnosis and treatment of
more complex human problems such as more severe forms of
psychological dysfunction and distress. Best suited for those
with very strong grades and high standardized test scores, as
well as work experience or internship/field experience in
psychology, particularly with severely mentally ill populations,
who want to work independently, supervise counselors, or teach
master’s or doctoral level students at university. *
Psychiatrist: Both a doctoral degree (Ph.D., Psy.D., Ed.D.) and
medical degree (M.D.) are required; license required; performs
diagnosis and treatment of mental health clients as well as
prescription of psychotherapeutic medications. Best suited for
those with very strong grades and high standardized test scores,
as well as a strong interest in biological and medical sciences.
Neuropsychologist: Doctoral degree in neuroscience required
(Ph.D., Psy.D.); license required; performs research and
assessment of psychological disorders related to brain
dysfunction. Best suited for those with very strong grades and
high standardized test scores, as well as coursework in the
biological sciences; interest in performing neuropsychological
assessments and working with multidisciplinary team in medial
or psychiatric clinic setting.
University Instructor: Minimum of master’s degree required
(doctorate preferred); license not typically required (varies
based on school and program); teaches university-level courses
in physiological psychology and related disciplines and
conducts research in the field of physiological psychology.
Best suited for those with strong interpersonal skills, public
speaking skills, writing and statistics skills, and who enjoy
teaching.

12. Research Assistant or Associate: minimum of bachelor’s degree
required (though some positions require a master’s degree); no
license required; assist with selection of subjects,
administration of experiments or studies, may write reports or
assist with writing, may present findings or assist with
development of presentations. Jobs often located in
universities, research firms, and drug companies. Best suited
for those with strong skills in research methods and statistics,
those who are detail-oriented and enjoy working with numbers
and/or computers, strong writing and presentation skills may be
necessary as well.
*At this time, Counseling Psychologists and Clinical
Psychologists do not have the ability to write prescriptions for
psychotherapeutic medications for their mental health clients in
most states. Licensed Mental Health Counselors, Counseling
Psychologists and Clinical Psychologists need to refer their
clients to a Psychiatrist or other physician if medication is
needed to help treat the condition. Doctoral-level psychologists
are seeking the ability to write prescriptions in several states.
This would necessitate additional training on the part of the
psychologist to be qualified to have prescription privileges.
You can read more about prescription privileges for
psychologists here.