The Political System Of Scotland Essay Example

The Political System of Scotland Essay example
The Political System of Scotland Unlike Wales, which was subdued by conquest in the thirteenth
century, Scotland was never permanently incorporated into the United Kingdom by force of arms. In
1603 the succession of James I to the throne of England united the crowns of England and Scotland.
However, the union was only a personal one and Scotland retained its own political and legal system
and its own church. In this essay I will explain the distinctive features of the Scottish political
system, describe the voting ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Within the Treaty of Union the different national institutions would remain within the Scottish
political system. The Church of Scotland, which is Presbyterian, would remain as the national
Church, along with the Scottish legal system. In addition Scotland would maintain a separate
education system and a different system of local government from that obtaining in England and
Wales.
The Scottish legal system is the single most important factor explaining why Scotland has been
accorded separate governmental treatment since the Act of Union. Unlike the English legal system,
the Scottish system has depended more on the principles of continental jurisprudence derived from
Roman law than on indigenous common law. Whenever a piece of legislation has been intended to
apply to Scotland as well as to England and Wales this has had to be achieved either by a separate
appendix to the measure of by a distinct Act for Scotland. In addition Scotland has a separate system
of courts and its own legal profession. The independent legal system of Scotland is one of the
strongest clues to the existence of a Scottish Political system. The Scottish people are subject to
Laws exclusive to Scotland. Scottish national institutions are strong and constitutionally protected.
The political culture of Scotland has always been strong on its emphasis on democratic organisation
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The Doctrine Of Parliamentary Sovereignty
For the sake of clarification, the term 'parliamentary supremacy ' should be defined and elaborated
upon before discussing how the doctrine of Parliamentary Sovereignty could be said to be out of
place in the modern United Kingdom.
The Doctrine Of Parliamentary Sovereignty Explained
The 'basic principle ' of the English constitution can be summed up simply: A statute, that is, a piece
of legislation produced and passed by the Parliament, is generally regarded as the highest form of
law within the constitutional structure. The Parliament is said to be a sovereign law–maker. This
concept is derived from a legal theory articulated by an Oxford law professor from the nineteenth
century, A.V Dicey in the book, 'An Introduction To The Study Of The Law Of Constitution '.
The doctrine of parliamentary supremacy can be summarised in three points:
The Parliament can make laws concerning anything.
No Parliament can bind a future Parliament (it cannot pass a law that cannot be reversed by a future
Parliament)
For the sake of clarification, the term 'parliamentary supremacy ' should be defined and elaborated
upon before discussing how the doctrine of Parliamentary Sovereignty could be said to be out of
place in the modern United Kingdom.
The Doctrine Of Parliamentary Sovereignty Explained
The 'basic principle ' of the English constitution can be summed up simply: A statute, that is, a piece
of legislation produced and passed by the Parliament, is generally regarded as the highest

Human Rights Act
The Human Right Act 1998 is an act of Parliament of the United Kingdom which received Royal
Assent on 9 November 1998, and mostly came into force on 2 October 2000.It's aim is to "give
further effect" in UK law to the right contained in the European Convention on Human Right. The
Act makes available in UK courts a remedy for breach of a Convention right, without the need to go
to the European Court of Human Right in Strasbourg. It also totally abolished the death penalty in
UK law although this was not required by the Convention in force for the UK at that time. In
particular, the Act makes it unlawful for any public body to act in a way which is incompatible with
the Convention, unless the wording of an Act of Parliament means they have ... Show more content
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Such a Dectaration has no direct impact upon the continuing force of the legislation but it is likely to
produce public pressure upon the government to remove the incompatibility. It also strengthens the
case of a claimant armed with such a decision from the demostic courts in any subsequent appeal to
Strasbourg. In order to provide swift compliance with the convention the Act allows Ministers to
take remedial action to amend even offending primary legislation via subordinate legislation.
Campbell V MGN ltd (2002) EWCA civ 1373,Naomi Campbell and Sara cox both sought to assert
their right to privacy under the Act. Both cases were successful for the complainant (Campbell's on
the second attempt ;cox's attempt was not judicially decided but an out of court settlement was
reached before the issue could be tested in court) and an amendment to British law to incorporate a
provision for prixacy is expected to be introduced. Venables and Thompson v News Group
Newspapers (2001) 1 April ER908, the James Bulger murder case tested whether the Article
8(privacy) rights of Venables and Thomson, and the convicted murderers of Bulgers,applied when
four newspapers sought to public their new identities and whereabouts, using their Article 10 rights
of freedom of expression. Dame Butler–sloss granted permanent global injunction not to public the
material because of the disastrous consequences such disclosure might have for the former convicts,
not least the

Why The Scottish Referendum Was The Right Of The People?
Throughout history, there has been a constant cycle of colonization by large and powerful
governments and the ensuing struggle for independence. From the early empires of the Greeks and
Roman colonizing the Mediterranean region during the classical period, to the colonization of the
Americas, Africa and Asia by England, France, Spain and Portugal, to the Soviet Union,
colonization has been a theme throughout history. In some cases, those being colonized have
benefitted from the protection and resources of their powerful colonizer but in many cases it has led
to suffering and despair. As John Locke once said, "Revolt is the right of the people." Revolt can
come in many forms and for Scotland, attempted revolt has come in the ... Show more content on
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Scotland and England united to form the Kingdom of Great Britain in 1707, factors in favor of union
being, on the Scottish side, the economic problems caused by the failure of the Darien scheme,
which was Scotland's failed attempt to colonize (Keay, J. & Keay J.). The Labour Party was
committed to home rule for Scotland in the 1920s, but it slipped down its agenda in the following
years. The Scottish National Party (SNP) was formed in 1934, but did not achieve significant
electoral success until the 1960s. A document calling for home rule, the Scottish Covenant, was
signed by 2 million people, out of a population of 5 million, in the late 1940s ("Devolution's swings
and roundabouts"). Home rule, now known as Scottish devolution, did not become a serious
proposal until the late 1970s. A proposal for a devolved Scottish Assembly was put to a referendum
in 1979. A narrow majority of votes were cast in favor of change, but this had no effect due to a
requirement that the number voting 'Yes ' had to exceed 40% of the total electorate. No further
constitutional reform was proposed until the Labor Party returned to power in 1997, when a second
Scottish devolution referendum was held. However, the number of people voting 'Yes' once again
did not exceed 40% of the total electorate so the vote was thus invalid ("The 1979 Referendums"). A

Separation Of Power In The Uk Essay
It is well established within the UK constitution that parliament has unlimited legislative powers.
This power is exercised through the uncodified British constitution, uncodified meaning that it is not
written in a single document. The constitution is portrayed as a set of the most important rules and
principles with the primary purpose of outlining how the country should be run, which the uk is
governed under. These rules are set out in the common law, Acts of parliament and constitutional
conventions. Parliament is the supreme source of English law also known as 'queen in parliament'
and is a bicameral parliament, consisting of the House of Commons, the House of Lords and the
Monarch (the Queen). This essay will be specifically exploring the extent of power that is granted to
Parliament by the UK constitution. Fundamentally the legitimacy of the concept of parliamentary
sovereignty and how parliament does have unlimited legislative power by examining the separation
of powers. However, there is a school of thought that parliamentary sovereignty can be undermined
by notably the devolution of power thwarting the flexibility and functionality of parliament.
Dicey stated that the doctrine of Parliamentary sovereignty is 'the very keystone of the law of the
constitution', indicating that parliamentary sovereignty is the most important feature of the present
and future British constitution. The basic rules of Parliamentary sovereignty are, at present applied
by the courts

Thomas Hardy's The Son's Veto, Graham Greene's The...
Thomas Hardy's The Son's Veto, Graham Greene's The Basement Room and alan Sillitoe's Uncle
Ernest
In each of the three stories, 'The Son's Veto' by Thomas Hardy, 'The
Basement Room' by Graham Green and 'Uncle Ernest' by Alan Silitoe, the respective writer conveys
a sense of isolation regarding the central character. There are numerous similarities between the
characters based on their common plight, but each story differs in the portrayal of these characters.
The writer's effectively present the characters using a varying range of literary styles. In 'The Son's
Veto' the disabled Sophy is denied happiness from not fitting in to a higher social class. Graham
Green in 'The Basement Room' employs a surreal situation to ... Show more content on
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However in 'The Basement Room' by Graham Greene
Philip's opening description doesn't bring attention to his appearance but to his current situation.
Philip has been left alone with his keepers, yet his "seven nursery years" meant that he was master
of the house due to his wealthy parents. Philips age is already a problem and the reader becomes
aware of the starting point of the story.
Sophy's and Ernest's isolation is a result of experiences in their lives. Ernest in 'Uncle Ernest' is
scared mentally from the war, which still holds a negative grip over his life. Years on and he still
cant break away from the "nightmare hours of gunfire". The use of the word
'nightmare' has connotations of terror and fear, which are as vivid as ever leaving him wondering
why he didn't die "with the rest of them in
France". Perhaps Ernest has grown to resent not dying that day making he believe that it was his
destiny and is now merely awaiting death.
The reader in a modern society is provided with a larger understanding of loneliness through
television and other mass media, which enables the reader to better sympathise with the plight of the
character.
Sophy in "The Son's Veto" is in a similar situation to Ernest. Sophy's lameness meant that she "must
never walk much again" thus limiting her life significantly. Thomas Hardy quickly advances with
the story at this point leading up to a rushed and perhaps unwanted wedding. This is in contrast to
the rest of the story

To What Extent Does Multi-Level Government Increase...
To what extent does multi–level government increase democracy and bring government closer to the
people?
The United Kingdom consists of four countries; England, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland. As
the UK is a unitary state, the main power is centralised at Westminster. However, since 1997, power
has been devolved to five different areas; the Scottish Parliament, the Welsh Assembly, the Northern
Ireland Assembly, the Greater London Assembly and elected mayors in a number of cities, such as
London. There are also several levels of local government, such as county and district councils and
unitary authorities.
Devolution is the transfer of power from Westminster to regional bodies, such as the Scottish
Parliament and the Welsh ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This therefore brings power closer to the Scottish people, through the Scottish Parliament, but in
hand it takes power away from the English people. This may be because there is no purely English
devolved body in comparison to the Scottish Parliament, Welsh Assembly and Northern Ireland
Assembly. Power is also brought closer to the people as devolved bodies can hold referendums;
however, on the other hand, they are limited on what they can hold referendums about.
On the other hand, devolution had failed to resolve the problem of voter apathy, for example, barely
1 in 4 of the electorate voted in favour of the Welsh Assembly. The use of PR in the devolved
assemblies has weakened the link between elected representatives and their constituents. The
Conservatives argue that devolution has undermined the unity of the UK, and some argue that the
Barnett formula is too generous towards the Scottish. Also, most importantly, it is argued that
devolution raised the problematic West Lothian question.
Devolution has not brought power closer to the people in that regional councils only have limited
power and are 'tokenistic'. The Scottish Parliament and Welsh Assembly are merely symbols of
national identity, for example. Also, councils have fixed

The Better Together Campaign
Independence is something being fought for in many countries today. Hen autonomy is no longer
enough to preserve and protect countries seek to separate themselves. Both Catalonia and Scotland
have some rights to have autonomy, but are seeking to separate from their larger nations to better
serve the needs of their people and preserve their culture. "Catalonia has been granted a great deal of
control over its own affairs, including transportation, commerce, culture and safety" (Knowledge).
Although this may be the case Catalonia is financially dependent on Spain and does not have the
legal right to completely self–govern, set their own taxes, etc. Similarly, Scotland is also dependent
on the United Kingdom. With both nations having thier own ... Show more content on
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"It was instead offered continued union with the UK, but with another name. It was offered the same
shoddy, unicameral devolved Parliament. The same bankrupt political parties. The same Head of
State; the same currency; the same ongoing treaties; the same rotten banking & economic system"
(Raeburn). Raeburn believes the status quo needs to be shaken and continuing the same practices are
not truly change. Many Scottish people understood this. Voting "No" as not truly a gage of whether
Scotland anted independence rather a rejection of continuing the same practices under a different
name. That is not true separation. For this reason Raeburn and other critics believe that the
independence vote will continue to fail until true change is sought after in order to create a thriving
separate country. There quite a few similarities between Scotland's failed attempt and Catalonia's
filed attempt at independence. The key factor for the both failing is economic hardship. "Scotland
accounts for 8.4 percent of the UK population and 8.3 percent of the UK's total output. Under the
current spending formula Scotland receives about £31000 ($5000) more per capita than England. By
one calculation even if Scotland were to receive 90 percent of the North Sea oil revenue, something
the UK would never allow,

Journey's End Journey
20th Century Drama – The name of this play is Journey's End, written by R. C. Sherriff.
Introduction
The name of this play is Journey's End, written by R. C. Sherriff. The play was first preformed on a
Sunday night in December 1928. By 1929 it was being shown at the Savoy Theatre where it ran for
two years.
Later I will be studying the characters of Stanhope and Osborne, and how they link in with the title
"Journey's End", and I will also examine the idea of journeys. I will also study the impact the play
had, why it was so successful and journeys of the minor characters,
Hibbert, Raleigh and Trotter.
Journeys
The subtext of the play is about journeys, mental, physical and emotional. Each character in the play
goes ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It starts at the beginning of the play, with him complaining of neuralgia. Stanhope doesn't believe
that Hibbert really has neuralgia, but thinks he is using it as an excuse to get out of the front line.
Later, Hibbert tries to leave, to go see the doctor so he can go home, but Stanhope confronts
Hibbert who still tries to leave. Stanhope threatens to shoot Hibbert, who stands there and shows
courage by telling Stanhope to shoot him.
This is a turning point in Hibbert's journey. Stanhope has realized that Hibbert may not actually have
neuralgia, but may just be terrified of what may happen in the war. Stanhope tells Hibbert that he is
terrified of what may happen, and in that moment, Hibbert decides to stay, and to fight on. That is
the major event in Hibbert's journey. Hibbert's journey went from being scared to showing courage
and bravery by staying. His journey ends in the big German attack at the end of the play.
Trotter's journey is simpler, and mostly revolves around food, and where his next meal is coming
from. Back home trotter is a keen gardener, and has grown a prize Hollyhock. His journey ends in
the big
German attack at the end of the play.
Raleigh's journey is, and has been, strongly influenced by Stanhope, and his presence in Raleigh's
life. Stanhope knew Raleigh before the war, as their fathers were friends. When he first arrives in the

trenches, at the beginning of the play, he is very enthusiastic about
being

The Structure Of The Westminster Government
Although a basic understanding of the history of the union is important in approaching the
piecemeal advent of devolution, the relative economic decline of the state in the post–war era is not.
Within the UK this era was one of a rise of a sense of 'British' identity following victory in war and
the creation of the welfare state. It is in my opinion that the appreciation of the nature of its
governance from 1979 is the only area of study with any real substance and as such this essay will
focus on it alone. Within this area of study, the perceived wisdom that devolution was a response to
a civic rejection of Tory monetarist economic polices does hold some ground. However, it fails to
comprehend the underlying problems of the structure of the Westminster government. This essay
will argue that the nature of governance from 1979 simply highlighted an already existing problem
of representation and so increased support for an already existing movement toward devolution. It
was the failure of Westminster to accommodate the voices of all four regions that led to growing
frustration with representation. Thus, a desire for representation was the primary driver of UK
regional devolution. To name the economic policies of the Tory party as the primary driver for the
devolution movement is to trivialise the fight for a more representative system of government. To
explain why, we must first look at why some argue that the nature of Tory governance was the driver
of devolution. Following

Compare and Contrast the Westminster Political System in...
A comparison of political systems is done to deepen our understanding of our own institutions, as
well as to expand our awareness and views on other political alternatives. But what is a political
system. David Easton (A System Analysis of Political Life, 1965) defined a political system as that
"behavior or set of interactions through which authoritative allocations are made and implemented
for society". Simply put it's a set of institutions and agencies that implement goals of a society. The
Westminster system derives its name from the Palace of Westminster, the home of the British House
of Parliament. It is a adversarial two party system that utilizes a single member plurality system. The
plurality system is easy to ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The House of Lords processes and revises legislation and acts as a check on the government and the
House of Commons through oral and written questions and policy debates. The Peers' expertise
allows them to deal with broad issues related to science, economy, and the constitution.
The House of Commons
The House of Commons is made up of 650 Members of Parliament (MPs), all of whom are elected
by voters to represent them and their interests. No special training or background is necessary to
become an MP, though any person running for a seat in the House of Commons must be at least 21
years old.
The Executive
The executive branch consists of the head of state, the head of Government known as the Prime
Minister and the Cabinet. The Cabinet is composed of approximately 20 Members who are chosen
by the Prime Minister from the House of Commons. It is this element that creates a fusion of power
of the legislative and the executive. The functions of the Cabinet are to initiate and decide on policy,
the supreme control of government and the co–ordination of government departments. The exercise
of these functions is vitally affected since Cabinet depends upon majority support in the House of
Commons. Majority governments based on a single party are typically stable, as long as

Journey's End by RC Sheriff Essay
Journey's End R.C Sherriff uses the characters in his play Journey's End to create tension and drama.
In the opening scene Sherriff uses Osborne, an elderly man who is second in command of the
company that's coming on duty, and Hardy, the captain of the company that is coming off duty, to set
the scene. Hardy starts to do this when pointing out features on a map of the front line, "Here we
are, we hold two hundred yards of front line. We have a lewis gun here and one in this little sap here
and sentry posts where the crosses are". Sherriff also uses Hardy and Osborne to give an insight into
the character, Stanhope's, personality and to describe the living conditions in the front line. He first
does this by using the stage ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
"How is the dear old boy still drinking like a fish... It must be pretty rotten for you, being his second
in command and you such a quiet old thing." Osborne then quickly jumps in and defends Stanhope "
He's a long way the best company commander we've ever got." and eventually Hardy backs down
"Oh, I know ; he's a splendid chap!" From that you can determine that Hardy thinks Stanhope is a
drunk and that he is a joke to the company, whereas Osborne tries to be loyal to Stanhope by
protecting him from Hardy's verbal abuse. In scene two, the relationship between Osborne and
Raleigh help us to understand more about Stanhope and why Osborne is so protective of him. They
give us more infomation on what life in the trenches is like. When Raleigh first enters he acts like he
is inexperienced because Osborne has to tell him "Sit down, won't you?" and "I should take your
pack off." Osborne then starts to act as a fatherly figure by saying to Raleigh "My name's Osborne.
I'm second in command of the company. You only call me 'sir' in front of the men... You'll find the
other officers call me 'Uncle'." After then talking about just arriving in the trenches Osborne
mentions Stanhope "Captain Stanhope is in charge of this company." and to Osborne's suprise
Raleigh says "I know. It's a frightful bit of luck." Osborne and Raleigh then go into deeper depth on
how Raleigh knows

British Culture
Summary of 'Britain'
The country and its people: an introduction for learners of English
Revised and Updated
Author: James O'Driscoll
Oxford
The chapters which you need to study for the exam are as follows: Chapters 1 – 5, 10, 11, 13, 14, 16,
20 – 23 plus reader 07 2538 SCC UK: Government and Monarchy
Chapter 1. Country and People
The British Isles lie off the north–west coast of Europe. It consists of two great isles and several
much smaller ones.
– Great Britain is the largest Island.
– Ireland is the other large one.
There are two states:
– The Republic of Ireland
– The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
The last state mentioned above is more familiar known as:
– 'the United Kingdom' or ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Britain was brought into the mainstream of western European culture. This was the beginning of the
English class system. The Normans introduced a strong system of government. During this time
Scotland remained independent.
Culturally speaking there were several aspects:
– Middle English and NOT the Norman French had become the dominant language in all classes.
– The Anglo–Saxon concept of common law NOT Roman law formed the basis of the legal system.
– Wales was never settled in great numbers by Saxon or Norman, thus (Celtic) Welsh language
remained strong.
– Scotland gradually switched to English language and customs in the lowland.
– In this period Parliament began its gradual evolution into the democratic body which it is today.

Sixteenth century
The power of the English monarch increased in this period. The strength of the great barons had
been greatly weakened by the Wars of the Roses:
The Wars of the Roses = During the 15th century the throne of England was claimed by
representatives of 2 rival groups.
Tudor dynasty (1485–1603) – Established a system of government departments. Because of this, the
feudal barons were no longer needed.
Parliament consists of:
– House of Lords (feudal aristocracy and the leaders of the Church)
– House of Commons (representatives from the towns and the less important landowners in rural
areas)
Reasons for the rise of

The Scottish Referendum For Independence
Abstract
The question I seek to answer in this essay is whether the Scottish Referendum for Independence
from 18th September 2014 (hereafter referred as "the 2014 Referendum") was indeed a process that
can give account to legitimacy. This essay will look at legitimacy as being a moral claim set by our
own culture. It will also explore the meaning of "overall legitimacy" of the 2014 Referendum and if
individual claims of citizens are in conflict with it. Furthermore, it will argued that the political
discourse of Alex Salmond and of the Scottish National Party as a whole, was detrimental to the
Scottish civil society as it facilitated its division.
Scope of the question and its delimitation
This essay will solely give an account of the relatively of the 2014 Referendum's legitimacy and will
show that through non relative arguments coming from the SNP political discourse, the overall
legitimacy of the 2014 Referendum provides a prescriptive account on the devolution in so far. A
notion that will not be addressed by this essay is represented by the impact of the Scottish
referendum for independence on countries such as Spain and the states from the former Republic of
Yugoslavia.
Disposition of the essay
In what follows a background of the referendum will be presented. Afterwards, it shall be argued
that the entire process for establishing the 2014 Referendum cannot be seen as a democratic one, as
it is was induced by the Yes Campaign consequently is logically flawed.

Wine Consumption Essay examples
Southern Peninsula Wines
Content
1. Organisation overview
a. The organisations mission or vision
b. Strategic goals of the organisation
c. Capabilities of the organisation
d. Product/s of the organisation under consideration for entry into an international market
2. Global Business Environment
a. A brief overview of the current global business environment.
a–1. Figure 1&2 wine consumption a–2. Top 10 wine consumers a–3. Changing in total wine
consumption
b. Discuss any market trends or developments that are relevant or may impact on the organisation
1–a. The organisations mission or vision ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Over that period, per capita wine consumption fell 3% per annum, while total world wine
consumption fell 1.4% per annum from 29.4 million tonnes to 22.0 million tonnes.
The decline in global wine consumption from 1980 to 2000 is the consequence of global population
growth being biased towards non–wine–consuming regions (i.e. Africa, Middle East and Asia) and a
changing alcohol consumption pattern in traditional wine consuming regions.
For example, total alcohol consumption in Europe has declined over the past few decades while beer
and spirits have increased market penetration.
a–1. Wine consumption

[pic]
a–2. Top 10 wine consumers
Unsurprisingly, the Europeans dominate global wine consumption. The French consumed nearly
54L/person in 2006, followed by the Italian's with 47.2L/person/year. In total, the French consume
3.3 billion litres of wine per year, or 14% of the world total, followed by Italy with 2.7 billion litres.
[pic]
a–3. Changing of the guard
Despite dominating world league–tables, wine consumption in the traditional old–world countries is
falling, both in total and per capita terms. For example, in the 11 years to 2006, French wine
consumption fell by over 9L/person/year, and total French wine consumption fell nearly 400 million
litres. Italian wine consumption fell 461 million litres over the period.
There is somewhat of a changing of the guard in the world of wine. New–world consumers

Human Rights Act
The Human Right Act 1998 is an act of Parliament of the United Kingdom which received Royal
Assent on 9 November 1998, and mostly came into force on 2 October 2000.It's aim is to "give
further effect" in UK law to the right contained in the European Convention on Human Right. The
Act makes available in UK courts a remedy for breach of a Convention right, without the need to go
to the European Court of Human Right in Strasbourg. It also totally abolished the death penalty in
UK law although this was not required by the Convention in force for the UK at that time.
In particular, the Act makes it unlawful for any public body to act in a way which is incompatible
with the Convention, unless the wording of an Act of Parliament means they ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
This is because section 6(1) of the Human Rights Act defines court and tribunals as public bodies
meaning their judgments must comply with human rights obligations except in cases of declarations
of compatibility. Therefore judges have a duty to act in compatibility with the convention even when
an action is a private one between two citizens.
Even thought the Act's interpretative instruction to interpret legislation as compatible with
Convention right as so far as is possible in section 3(1) applies only to statute and not common law
it has been argued that section 6 of the Act shows that the only law which should not be subject to
human rights obligations is incompatible legislation. Therefore the common law could be developed
in a way which in compatible with the Convention in an incremental fashion.However,the Human
Rights Act cannot be used to create new courses of action in private law.
The Act provides that it is unlawful for a public authority to act in such a way as to contravene
convention rights. For those purpose public authority includes any other person "whose functions
are functions of a public

Devolution In Uk
Even though Conservatives in particular believe it may lead to the break–up of the UK because
demands for independence will be fuelled by devolution. It was argued that demand for devolution
was over–exaggerated, especially in Wales, so it was unnecessary. It creates an extra layer of
government which will lead to confusion and increase costs to the taxpayer. In Scotland it was
feared that taxes there would inevitably rise because Scotland is less prosperous than the UK as a
whole. Nationalists have argued that devolution does not go far enough. British government has
retained all the important powers for itself. Nationalists also argue they should have a separate voice
in Europe, but devolution does not give them this. The West Lothian Question. ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
Constitution, Defence, Foreign Policy Welsh Assembly – The Welsh Assembly (restricted powers)
Administrative Powers Oversees Quangos because Democratic government, by local people and
politicians who know local conditions and circumstances, and have a stake in the outcome, is also
more efficient government. Centralised government is overloaded, leading to delays and is unable to
focus on the problems facing specific regions. An article in the Economist in November 1995 made
this point strongly, 'Experts' in Whitehall, rather like central planners in the former Soviet Union,
simply do not have the information or knowledge to make the right decisions for every part of
Britain. Mistakes made by central government are big, harder to reverse, and so more costly. The
argument for strengthening local government is simple. 'It is that solutions to local
problems.......ought instead to be made more often by local people and politicians, who know more
about particular local issues and have more of a stake in the final outcome.Devolution adds to
democracy by providing a check on central

Scottish Devolution Essay examples
Devolution is the transfer of powers from a central body to subordinate regional bodies. In Scotland,
Devolution was set up to restore legitimacy to a system of government that reflected Scottish
preferences. The reason behind the demand for Scottish self–government is that Scotland had the
historic status of nationhood before the Union of 1707 and within the Union, has a different set of
legal, educational and religious institutions that reinforce a Scottish identity.
The Scottish National Party (SNP) was founded In 1934 and In 1960 was found oil in the North Sea,
what changed the Scottish public opinion about the Union as the main cause to join it was
economical; having oil would suppose economical independence from England.
In 1967 ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In October 1974 is was held another elections and the SNP representation in the Parliament raised to
11 seats. The Labour Government became weaker and started to prepare the legal situation for the
incoming Referendum. The Government failed in amend a bill for Scotland and Wales Devolution,
but it was introduced a separate amendment which made necessary the 40% of the eligible Scottish
electorate to vote "yes" for the effective devolution of powers, that was known as the Cunningham
Amendment. The 1st of March of 1979 it was held a referendum and "Yes" won but with not enough
representation to reach the 40% needed to start the Scottish devolution.
Scottish devolution was defeated in the referendum and the two biggest parties campaigned for
"No". The SNP considered the results as a victory for devolution but was against the referendum as
they were campaigning about the complete independence.
In 1977 a Labour Member of Parliament introduced a important issue, a question that was called
"The West Lothian Question" later on and referred to the ability to vote on matters that only afected
people living in England by Members of Parliament from constituencies in Northern Ireland,
Scotland and Wales, as a consequence of the devolution of power from Westminster and Scottish
parliament, Welsh and Northern Irish Assemblies.
In 1979 it was a motion of no confidence against the Labour Government, that had as a direct
consequence the celebration

Why Scottish Law Should Be Recognised By International Law
At some point the question arrises as to why Scottish law should in fact be recognised by
International law? International law is commonly believed to only concern itself with international
situations. Additionally what comes to mind is the fact that at present day, Scotland is still a part of
UK, hence the assumption arises that this is an issue much suited if it were to be determined by UK
national law.
However, it seems odd as to why a referendum for independence issue in Crimea is of the interest of
international law, while similarly in Scotland a referendum is said to be governed to the confines of
the jurisdiction of national law? Is it because of the fact that the state of affairs in Crimeria is one of
conflict and the other (Scotland) has thus far remained peaceful? Or is it as a result of the fact that
the need for a referendum in Crimea was the produce of an interceder of a third–party state when
right up till this very moment; it was regarded as a Ukranian matter to be dealt with internally? Is
there a systematic legal criterion that needs to be satisfied in order for an issue to fall under the
jurisdiction of international law?
The modern view on international law is that it concerns itself substantially with international
situations as well as internal situations such as one kept within the borders of a singular state: as per
this modern view, the scope of international law is prospectively infinite. An example is where
international law lays down certain

Analyze the reasons for separatism with and/or across...
Analyze the reasons for separatism with and/or across national boundaries and discuss its
consequences [40 marks]
Separatism is the advocacy of a state of cultural, ethnic, tribal, religious, racial, governmental or
gender partition from the larger group. While it often refers to full political secession, separatist
groups may seek nothing more than greater autonomy. There are four main types of separatist
groups – religious, ethnic, racial and gender. Separatism "with national boundaries" refers to an
event concerning only one country. Separatism "across national boundaries" refers to an event
concerning more than one country.
The general motivations for separatism are: emotional resentment of rival communities; protection
from ethnic ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
They believe that with the gain of independence and new ministers, Scotland's concerns can be
resolved, thus improving standards of living. Secondly, the Additional Member System employed
for elections to the Scottish Parliament is arguably more democratic than the electoral system used
for the House of Commons, so the Scottish electorate would be empowered. Thirdly, control over
defence and foreign policy means Scotland can choose, for example, to no longer have nuclear
weapons in its seas or no longer be part of NATO. This is important factor for Scots, because
Scotland has been against UK's involvement in the Iran–Iraq war. Furthermore, access to North Sea
oil and "vast offshore renewable energy" revenue means greater funding for the Scottish
Government. In addition, Scotland wants to deter a "cultural dawn" for its country (this has been
emphasized by creative pro–independence groups like National Collective). Examples of Scottish
heritage which Scots stand very protective about includes Robert Burns, castles and tartan skirts.
Besides, if Scotland became an independent nation it will mean that it will be able to cut the amount
of taxes that business pay. Similar change has taken place in Ireland, which lead to an increase in the
amount of local independent business. Scottish economist propose that independence will be a
massive benefit do to the downturn which we seem to be in at the moment and something that we
want to come out of. Lastly,

Should Scotland Be An Independent Country
For decades the political relationship between the sovereign nation of England and the slightly
independent country of Scotland has caused much discourse for some Scot citizens. For almost 300
years the decisions that directly affected Scotland were decided from the Parliament at Westminster
Palace in London. This was not changed until rather recently when Scotland voted on its own
Parliament held in the capital of Edinburgh. But for some political parties and special interest groups
this act of recourse is not enough and they called for a national vote to answer the question "should
Scotland be an independent country?" The deciding referendum that was voted upon on September
18 of this year was the climax of the political buildup between ... Show more content on
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An analysis of the three most recent Scottish referendums from the years 1979, 1997, and 2014
show that the political atmosphere has become increasingly more receptive to Scottish independence
and shifting ideologies regarding nationalism are shaping global democracies.
Geographically England and Scotland both share land on the small island northeast of continental
Europe, but the two countries did not share a government until 1707 when the legislation titled The
Union Treaty unified the nation. The death of Queen Elizabeth I in 1603 ended the Tudor line of
dynasty for the Kingdom of England resulting in James VI of Scotland (a Stuart) to become King of
England. His throne became known as the Union of the Crowns because never before had both
England and Scotland been ruled by the same monarch. For almost a hundred years the two
countries were ruled in this manner until King William's death when the throne was passed to his
sister–in–law Queen Anne who called for an integration of unions. Neil Oliver, historian and author
of the BBC's History of Scotland argues that Queen Anne's crown appointees that drafted the
original version of the Union Treaty that was sent before Scottish Parliament was "nothing more or
less than a suicide note awaiting a signature." Essentially it was doing just that, Scottish Parliament

UK
COUNTRY ANALYSIS REPORT United Kingdom In–depth PESTLE Insights Publication Date:
May 2010 OVERVIEW Catalyst This profile analyzes the political, economic, social, technological,
legal and environmental structure in the United Kingdom. Each of the PESTLE factors is explored
on four parameters: current strengths, current challenges, future prospects and future risks.
Summary Key findings Strong democratic system, but the threat from terrorism continues to be high
The UK adheres to a democratic, parliamentary system of governance known as the Westminster
system. The structure of the administration ensures that there is an adequate separation of powers
between the executive branch, led by the prime minister, the bicameral ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
A recent study ranked the UK in the top three locations worldwide for eight scientific areas,
including biological sciences, environmental research, and clinical, pre–clinical and health research.
The UK is also renowned for the quality of its research and development (R&D), and persistently
builds on its strengths in science and innovation. The country has traditionally been keen to
encourage R&D in both the public and private sectors. However, the authorities face the unenviable
challenge of striking a balance between keeping the distribution of indigenous technology profitable
and maintaining a competitive advantage. Business legislation encourages commercial activity;
however, traditional liberties are affecting changes to legislation The legislation that affects the
business environment in the UK has been created and amended in such a way that the interests of
investors are generally given priority. This is evident from the fact that domestic and foreign players
have shown a continuous commitment to investing in the country. The majority of multinational
corporations that are based outside of Europe but have a presence on the continent establish their
European operations in the UK. However, the government faces the challenge of maintaining
traditional liberality of the country 's society while at the

The reform of the British constitution remains unfinished...
In this essay, I would like to analyse why the reform of the British constitution is seen as unfinished
business. Constitutional reform is when the system of government and how government institutions
interact is changed. This has also meant the codification of some components of the constitution in
the UK. Between 1997 and 2007, there were a considerable number of constitutional reforms
introduced by the Blair governments. These reforms included devolution in Scotland, Wales and
Northern Ireland, decentralisation, reform of the House of Lords and Commons, creations of new
legislation granting greater freedom and rights within the UK, and so on. However, some of them
are yet to be accomplished or in progress related to the electoral and ... Show more content on
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Until now, the content of the constitutional reform has not covered any electoral reform yet as the
constitution was prone to manipulation by single–party governments.
The reform of the Human Rights Act can illustrate that the constitutional reform did not go far
enough. In 1998, the Blair government announced that the citizens ' rights would be safeguarded and
strengthened through incorporating the European Convention on Human Rights into UK law.
However, this created a problem as the UK now has two sets of rights – those built up under
Common Law and those in the Human Rights Act. These two sets of rights may conflict and, in
addition, cases can be taken using these rights to both the UK Supreme Court and the European
Court of Human Rights (which is the supreme court for the European Convention on Human
Rights). The UK judiciary is divided on how to resolve this issue.
The centrepiece of Labour 's programme of constitutional reform was undoubtedly devolution. This
was achieved with remarkably few problems. There now seems no likelihood that the new
arrangements could be reversed, even by a Conservative administration. The election on 6 May
1999 of a Parliament in Scotland, with extensive powers of primary legislation as well as tax–
raising, and an Assembly in Wales, with powers of secondary legislation only, will have a profound
impact on governance within the UK. In

Unit 1 Gov P1 M1 D1 Essay
2013 – 2014
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|Activity Booklet – Assignment 1 | Student: Jordan Stephens |
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LO1.1 – Know the different levels of government in the UK
P1 – Describe the following bodies involved in governance.
Levels of government and their responsibilities: ▪ European Parliament, The European Parliament
handles decisions, which would affect the countries, which are members of the EU; these issues
include the environment, equal opportunities, transport, consumer rights, movement of the workers
and goods, etc. Currently there are 72 members of the UK that get directly elected to become part of
... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In the UK there are three main regional assemblies in the country that have developed power: the
Scottish Parliament, the Welsh Assembly and the Northern Ireland Assembly.
▪ Local authorities,
There are many different forms of local government, such as county councils, the metropolitan
councils, and parish and district councils. Many of the roles and responsibilities they preform and
deal with sometimes overlap, but they all mainly focus on the services and facilities needed in local
areas across the country
▪ Regional governments,
There are currently eight regional assemblies in England, which were produced by the regional
development agency act of 1998. There is the East of England Regional Assembly, the North East
Assembly, the South East England Regional Assembly, the West Midlands Assembly, the East

Midlands Assembly, the South West Regional Assembly, the North West Assembly, and the
Yorkshire and Humber Assembly.
London has its own regional system that is separate from the rest of England; they work differently
than

Gordon Brown's Silent No More, Questions And Answers
Silent No More Research Paper
Scotland held its independence referendum on September 18th, 2014. The Scottish Nationalist Party
wanted to hold this vote in order to give the people of Scotland a say in whether or not their country
would stay in the UK. In his speech, "Silent No More", Gordon Brown urges his audience to have
the confidence in saying "no" to Scotland's independence.
Since the Act of Union in 1707, Scotland has been a part of the UK. Until 1997, all important
decisions regarding Scotland and the rest of the UK were made by the Westminster Parliament in
London. However, Scotland has always maintained its own education system, law and justice
system, church, and sports teams (the Guardian). In 1979, a referendum was held ... Show more
He begins with saying that the vote is "not about whether or not Scotland is nation; we are,
yesterday, today, and tomorrow." ("Silent No More"). Brown says this in order to exaggerate the fact
that Scotland has always been its own standing nation and the vote will not change anything. This
pushes patriotic audience members to vote "no" since Brown has confirmed that Scotland is already
an independent nation. Gordon Brown repeats the phrase "It's not about" to clarify to the people who
are not sure which side to vote on that either way the vote will not change any aspects of Scotland
that he mentions. He then changes the pattern to say that the vote is about "whether [they] want to
break and sever every link" between Scotland and the UK. This powerful line both defines what he
believes independence will do to the union as well as delivering that statement using negative
language. To conclude this section of the speech, Brown suggests that his audience tell "the
undecided, the waverers, [and] those not sure how to vote" what Scotland and the UK have achieved
together. Brown's intention is to unite and widen his audience of people who believe voting for
independence is the wrong

Discuss the View That the Uk Parliament Is No Longer...
Before evaluating whether or not Parliament is sovereign, it's important to define what sovereignty
means. Sovereignty can be split into two; political and legal. Legal sovereignty is the ultimate power
to make laws which will be enforced within the state. Members of Parliament and the Prime
Minister have ultimate legal power because they propose and enforce legislation. Citizens have no
legal sovereignty because they don't play a role in the legislative function even though pressure
group activity may influence decisions. Political sovereignty is where real political power lies, and
depending on the situation political sovereignty doesn't always lie within Parliament. Critics have
argued that due to recent changes, Parliament is no longer ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
Parliament took away their power and returned it when they believed it was necessary. As with all
delegated sovereignty, Parliament are able to return that sovereignty because they have the ultimate
political power. Referring back to the membership of the EU, certain factors of membership indicate
that the UK has lost a lot of its sovereignty. For example, in the UK apart from the House of Lords
recently known as the Supreme Court the High Court is the highest court in the English Legal
System. Due to the membership of the EU, the ECJ formally known as the European Court Of
Justice remains at the top of the hierarchy. Any national laws that conflict with EU regulations are
dealt in the ECJ where they can overrule a decision of any supreme UK courts. We witness this in
the case of Re Tachographs where EU regulations to have tachographs fitted in certain vehicles were
not enforced. Parliament had to implement the law and companies were forced to install tachographs
into vehicles. Another example that confirmed the supremacy of European Union Law over national
low over areas where the EU has competence is the case of Factortame. Spanish fishing merchants
appealed against restrictions imposed by on them by the UK government – Merchant Shipping Act
1988 and the House of Lords consequently were obliged to rule in favour of Factortame meaning
that in effect it struck down the Act, this indicates that sovereignty has been eroded. In contrast to
this, sovereignty is gained

Essay Questions On Disobedience And Rebellion
Jimmy Chen
Mrs. Meador
Honor's English II
1 Dec. 2014
Rough Draft for Argumentative Essay Thoughts of disobedience and rebellion have existed for
almost as long as the first law or rule that could be broken. These thoughts come naturally to us,
being humans we are curious and we wonder, what would happen if we were to do something
different, something off the beaten path. This curiosity has fueled, our evolution, our development to
the beings that we are now. It has spawned the thoughts of morality and justice that caused the
subject of this essay, civil disobedience. People, when they are dissatisfied, naturally become pent
up and temperamental, a prelude to actions taken to resolve the dissatisfaction. Throughout history
this element of human nature surfaced to be witnessed numerous times: riots, revolts, rebellions,
civil wars, revolutions, and movements. Previously, we devolved to using violence and brute force
to accomplish what we wanted but as time passed we evolved to be more civilized. Civil
Disobedience, a way of expressing our dissatisfaction of the current situation by peacefully going
against the status quo, has proven an effective and efficient agent of change because of the moral
implication it imposes and the attention it garners. The spirit that drove civil disobedience by no
means is something new. Some martyrs and saints from the past have expressed this spirit of
nonviolence in accomplishing their goals. Jesus Christ, for example, is an excellent

Assess the Most Important Constitutional Changes...
New Labour came into power on May 1st 1997 and pledged to undertake the most radical shift in
constitutional arrangements which would reform British constitution. Majority agree that this was a
momentous period of constitutional change, arguably the most important period of constitutional
change in Britain since the introduction of universal suffrage. However others think that it was too
radical, too unplanned and too unfinished. By the end of its first term (1997–2001), the Balir
government had enacted a substantial reform programme.
One reform introudced after 1997 was devolution. The centrepiece of Labour's programme of
constitutional reform was undoubtedly this. Referendums had been held in Scotland, Wales and
Northern Ireland ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Another reason as to why it can be seen as unsuccessful is that for the Scottish, they are not allowed
to interfere with English laws apart from those that concern them, for example agriculture and
education. This can be seen as unfair because the British can make amendments to Scottish laws,
this may lead to another reason why the Scottish should have their independence. Overall it can be
seen as a success for parts of England as they were entitled to independence. In a 1997 poll, people
in Scotland were asked whether they felt they were Scottish or British. They answered as followed
that 63% indicated that they felt that they were Scottish or more Scottish than British. This would fit
in with the Marshall model – those who felt that they were Scots would wish for their own
Parliament. So it accomplished the wishes of the Scots making it a success for the Scottish
population.
Another reform introduced after 1997 was the Human Rights Act (1998). The Human Rights Act
was implemented in 2000 but was the basic rights that each human being is entitled to, for example,
fundamental rights, procedural rights and qualified rights. Some people may find this unnecessary as
it is common sense to know what rights you are entitled to and that having it printed as an act could
debatably have been a waste of time and the act could have just been uncodified.

Devolution : The Law And Policy
1a: Devolution is the statutory delegation of authorised responsibilities from the core state
centralised government to a regional/ local subsidy or acting arm of said government, such a district
or local town within the same country, devolved territories have the power and statutory will to
apply uniquely apply legislation to their specific area, allowing the principle of such legislation
more relevant and practical to their own local communities. (Devolution: The law and policy – the
law society, no date)
.B. Legislative competence is the capacity, powers and authority to give, enact or make rules that are
statutory binding for that particular jurisdiction and therefore to whomever enters such. An example
of legislative competence is the 'Legislative competence order' (LCO) is statutory legislation from
the Order in Council that transferred and delegated legislative power and responsibility from the UK
parliament within England to the National Assembly for Wales. Legislation (2016) Available at:
http://www.assembly.wales/en/bus–home/bus–legislation/Pages/bus–legislation.aspx (Accessed: 11
October 2016).
2a:
Imperial Tobacco argued that the 2010 Act was situated far beyond the competence of the Scottish
Parliament as it majorly reduced the ability of those whom sell tobacco to display for sale, also
believing that the measures in the Scottish legislation referenced matters under the responsibility of
the Westminster parliament.
They produced two recommendations to which

The Economic Climate Of The Age
Civ Final Paper Group 1 (Prompt 1): Labor
In the 1800s, there was to prevalent strategy a society could agree upon as the strategy that would
produce the most efficient and fairest way to oversee the economy. This is seen through the eyes of
individuals on both sides of this issues as they make appeals for why their system is the best. The
most effective way to run an economy is thusly rather difficult to uncover; for every zealot of one
position, there is another with the opposite point of view. In this paper, I illustrate the economic
climate of the age by examining the numerous views voice by ardent advocates with varying
positions in order to determine both the most popular and the most logical solutions to the complex
issue of labor.
The first document worth considering is the "1846–47 Factory Legislation Debates." It contains
several different viewpoints regarding labor which are defended by different supporters as the
debate of the proposed 10 Hours Bill which took place in the House of Commons. The debate
begins with John Fielden's claim that women and children are working far too many hours a week. It
is important to consider that Fielden is among the top cotton producers in England, so his position
for more regulation is surprising. More regulation would surely mean fewer profits, but Fielden
considers the risks to workers so immense that it is worth the cost. He goes on to propose a new
twelve–hour workday that includes two hours set aside for meals (Fielden,

George Alexander Louis Of England
The most recent George was born Prince George Alexander Louis of Cambridge on July 22, 2013 to
Prince William of Wales and Duchess Catherine of Cambridge. His birth placed him third in line to
the throne behind his father, Prince William, and grandfather, Prince Charles . Prince George joined
a royal family tree shaken by Georges, and the new prince's name called back to the Hanoverian
times when four Georges headed the throne successively. This period was one where men of foreign
descent reigned over Britain and, oddly enough, ushered in one of the greatest eras of British unity
and dominance . The Georges maintained the throne from 1714 to 1830; although some were
unorthodox and rude and others stubbornly absolutist, their reign is revered today as distinguished –
enough so that the current prince and duchess imparted the name upon their first–born son. An act
passed during Queen Anne's reign, the 1701 Act of Succession, prohibited Catholics from the
throne. The next Protestant heir to the throne, George, Elector of Hanover, was 52nd in line. The
German heir found little celebrity in Britain, except amongst London's Hanover Square residents in
the West End who celebrated the new king's arrival. Because of his inability to speak English,
mainly due to his unwillingness to learn the language, George I refused to attend Cabinet meetings
where he could not understand what was being discussed. Instead, the obstinate George I selected a
specific person whom would chair his seat

Rise of Parliament
In the seventeenth century, the political power of the Parliament in England, and the Monarchy in
France increased greatly. These conditions were inspired by three major changes: the aftermath
ofthe reformation, the need for an increased governmental financing, andthe reorganizing of central
governments. These three points were eachresolved in a different way in both England and in
France. The first major point which eventually increased political power wasthe aftermath of the
Protestant reformation. In England, after the establishmentof the separate Anglican church of
England there were manyprotestant groups left in England still in conflict. These groups alltried to
push and pull parliament in their favor ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
{text:bookmark–start} {text:bookmark–end} [change] Union: the Parliament of Great Britain
Following the Treaty of Union in 1707 twin Acts of Parliament passed in, respectively, the
Parliament of England and the Parliament of Scotland created a new Kingdom of Great Britain and
dissolved both parliaments, replacing them with a new Parliament of Great Britain based in the
former home of the English parliament. Over the centuries, the English Parliament progressively
limited the power of the English monarchy which arguably culminated in the English Civil War and
the trial and execution of Charles I in 1649. After the restoration of the monarchy under Charles II,
the supremacy of parliament was a settled principle and all future English and later British
sovereigns were restricted to the role of constitutional monarchs with limited executive authority.
The Act of Union 1707 merged the English Parliament with the Parliament of Scotland to form the
Parliament of Great Britain. When the Parliament of Ireland was abolished in 1801, its former
members were merged into what was now called the Parliament of the United Kingdom. This makes
the current Parliament of the United Kingdom one of the oldest legislative bodies in the world. Due
to the history and influence of the British Empire, the British parliament has become a model for
many other national legislatures. This model is referred to as the Westminster system because the
UK Parliament

Devolution And The Scottish Parliament Essay
Within the United Kingdom, a recurring issue has been raised regarding the political position of
Scotland and how the Scottish Parliament could better govern the country. To establish whether the
quality of life could be improved for the Scottish people, key events, devolution, and the Scottish
Parliament must be evaluated and analysed. The argument for greater power in decision making and
the ability to implement change for the citizens of Scotland, has been central to Scottish politics for
some time.
The process of establishing devolution for Scotland began with the Scotland Act 1978, which made
way for a referendum on devolution and attempted to gain more power and legislature abilities for
Scotland. The rise of the SNP forced the Labour Government of James Callaghan to react. The terms
of this Act stated 40% of the entire electorate had to vote "yes" for devolution and the establishment
of a Scottish Assembly, this included those who did not vote which were counted as a "no" vote. The
1979 Referendum, on 1st March, saw a majority of 52% in favour of devolution, to 48% against. At
first glance it appears Scotland was successful in its referendum, however only 32.9% of the
electorate had joined the majority, meaning the 40% required to achieve devolution was not met.
With this failure to achieve devolution, the SNP backed a Tory motion of no confidence in the
Labour government which saw the 1979 election being called by just one vote. The 1979 election
saw the rise of

The Issue Of Parliamentary Sovereignty
H
Introduction
The concept of parliamentary sovereignty is one of the imperative components of the supreme legal
authority in UK constitution. The parliamentary supremacy is the key legislative authority body to
all governmental establishment in the country. Which implies the parliament can charge power to
the local authorities, professional bodies and statutory instruments to enact legislation.
Practically, the Parliament has the power to make and dissolve any law which means any law passed
by the parliament cannot be overruled by any court rules. No parliament, on the other hand can
enact law that a future parliament cannot amend Which means that, they are the only figure that can
change or reverse laws passed by the them.
The UK is ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The expansion of freedom of information has been a fundamental principle of UK constitutional
structures which Parliament should not be a subject to judicial review (Corporate Officer of the
House of Commons v The Information Commissioner). As in the case of (Pickin v British Railways
Board) the Crown has no common–law authority to review Acts.
The Bill has passed through stages before it receives a Royal Assent which is given to the Queen's
committee, the Lord Chancellor and two other peers. It then becomes an Act of Parliament. But will
not come into operation until a commencement date is announced by the statutory instrument. The
Parliament Acts 1911 and 1949 weaken the rule as Bills may receive Royal Assent without consent
of the House of Lords. In Pickin v British Railways Board case the Lord Denning challenged that
the courts should be mindful when checking procedure to avoid abused of power.
The Limitation of Parliamentary Sovereignty
The supremacy of European Union is not the only development that has undermined the UK
supremacy of parliamentary sovereignty. There are recent developments of Human Right Law and
the devolution of Scottish and Wales Assembly which has greatly weaken the traditional notion of
parliament being supreme in UK. Seemingly, the supremacy of European Union is the pillar of all
members of the union

Are We Witnessing the Demise of the "Westminster Model" in...
One of the most celebrated forms of democracy, the "Westminster model" has been a defining
feature of the British political system for the past century. Coined after the location where the
Houses of Parliament stand, the system is also sometimes referred to as the majoritarian model, in
that majority rule is a central attribute of the model. The characterising factors of the model have
been present throughout modern British political history, but more apparent in some years than
others. The years 1945–1970 symbolise a strong alignment with the main features of the model, in
which bare majority cabinets and the concentration of executive power in one party delineated the
British political system. The 1970s on the other hand saw a deviation ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
An important factor in the decline for Labour support was the Iraq war of 2003, and yet the only one
of the three main parties to have been totally opposed to the war, the Liberal Democrats, still could
not get enough seats to become the official opposition. Despite earning 22.1% of the national vote,
the Liberal Democrats won only 62 seats. All the elections since 1979, and particularly the 2005
election, all re–enforce the argument that the UK is still very much a majoritarian model construct –
large parliamentary majorities are achieved with under half the popular vote. Despite pledges by
New Labour in the run up to the 1997 elections to seriously think about reforming the electoral
system, which would have been a significant step away from the Westminster model, this has failed
to materialise, and in practice is very unlikely to. The party in power often owe the plurality method
in some part for granting them more power than their share of votes would have constituted under a
PR system, and so, with their majority in parliament, a change to the constitution in the form of
electoral system change is unthinkable. As Graham Wilson rightly states: "they (party in power)
back away from changes such as electoral reform which would work to their disadvantage". The
highly disproportional results during UK general elections are proof that as long as the UK
continues to use

The English Enlightenment And The Glorious Revolution
The English Enlightenment: In 1649, English Civil War overthrows Charles I, installs Cromwell. In
1651, Hobbes publishes Leviathan. In 1688, Glorious Revolution unseats James II, installs William
and Mary. 1689, English Bill of Rights was drafted. In 1690, Locke publishes Essay Concerning
Human Understanding and Two Treatises of Government. Thomas Hobbes was a Pessimistic
English political philosopher; argued that man in his natural state is selfish and savage and therefore
a single absolute ruler is the best form of government. John Locke Optimistic English political
philosopher; argued for man's essentially good nature; advocated representative government as an
ideal formal. The English Civil War: Seventeenth–century England endured a pair of tense struggles
for political power that had a profound impact on the philosophers of the English Enlightenment.
The first power struggle came in 1649, when the English Civil War resulted in the execution of King
Charles I and the establishment of a commonwealth under Oliver Cromwell. Although this republic
endured for a decade, it also essentially devolved into dictatorship, and England ended up reverting
to monarchy with the restoration of Charles II to the throne. The Glorious Revolution: The
reestablished monarchy had clear limits placed on its absolute power, however, as was made clear in
the bloodless Glorious Revolution of 1688, in which the English people overthrew a king they
deemed unacceptable and basically chose their next

Discuss How Sherriff Presents Human Weakness and Frailty...
Discuss how Sherriff presents human weakness and frailty in Journeys End
Journeys End was written with the intention of "letting the war speak". The lives of the officers on
the front line during 1917 are examined. A key theme that is explored throughout the play is the
reactions of the mind and body, under the stress of the war. Each character represents the weakness
of the human being in an individual way, but the character on which frailty is mainly focussed is
Stanhope.
Stanhope is the topic of many conversations within the dugout and the first conversation we see,
Stanhope is mentioned. The conversation is between Osborne, the second in command, and the
commanding officer of the company being relieved. The commander inquires as to ... Show more
Sherriff shows this to the audience by having Raleigh describe the war like a game at school, using
words such as "cricket" and "rugger", which show the youth, innocence and naivety of Raleigh.
When the reality becomes clear, Raleigh's attitude towards the war changes dramatically.
The death of Raleigh at the end of the play sums up his characteristics in the best possible way, his
innocence is shown until his final moments when he compares the wound in his back to be "just the
same" as getting "kicked" in a game of "rugger". His death signifies much more than the passing of
one soldier, added with Raleigh passing, the candle flame extinguishing, shows the death of society
in 1917 and of innocence, showing how nothing could return to the way it was in the years previous
to the war.
After the raid which occurs near the end of the play, Raleigh's view on the war has changed after he
witnesses the first deaths of people he knew. He questions as to how Stanhope can stay drinking
"champagne" whilst Osborne's body is "lying–out there". Again this shows the audience just how
naïve Raleigh is, as he has never experienced the loss of someone close to him and the effect that the
war has on people.
Despite Raleigh's innocence and weakness, he is determined to fight until the end, showing that his
character (although naïve) has

The Magna Carta And English Bill Of Rights
The U.S. Constitution, drafted by the founding fathers at the constitutional convention, drew from
several historical documents, ideas, and figures in order to "form a more perfect union." Among
these influences were the Magna Carta and English Bill of Rights, originating in England. However,
the U.S. sought to differentiate from England, in order to be better than what they had recently
gained independence from. In order to do so, the founding fathers referenced The Mayflower
Compact, The Articles of Confederation, Social Contract Theory, Classical history, and
Montesquieu. Through the inclusion of these ideas, the United States Constitution made
improvements to Great Britain's government system. The Magna Carta and the English Bill of
Rights defined large parts of Great Britain's constitution. The United States originally being English
colonies, the U.S. Constitution draws multiple ideas from the two documents. In the year of 1225,
King Henry III issued the final version of the Magna Carta for the purpose of keeping the monarch's
powers in check after King John's unpopular, tyrannical rule. The Magna Carta brought about
parliament, as well as the right to a fair judicial system, and granted freedoms and rights to citizens
and barons. Many of the rights granted in the U.S. Bill of Rights originate from Magna Carta, such
as the right to a jury of one's peers. The English Bill of Rights adds onto the Magna Carta, written in
1689 under William and Mary in response to King

The Political System Of Scotland Essay Example

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