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ì	
  
Insertion	
  Sort	
  
Ing.	
  Juan	
  Ignacio	
  Zamora	
  M.	
  MSc.	
  |	
  Universidad	
  La8noamericana	
  de	
  Ciencia	
  y	
  Tecnología	
  	
  
La	
  leyenda	
  de	
  Gauss	
  
ì  Érase	
  una	
  vez	
  un	
  niño	
  alemán	
  llamado	
  Carl	
  Friedrich	
  
Gauss.	
  Cuando	
  tenía	
  diez	
  años,	
  en	
  1787,	
  su	
  profesor	
  de	
  
la	
  escuela,	
  enfadado	
  porque	
  sus	
  alumnos	
  se	
  portaban	
  
mal,	
  le	
  puso	
  un	
  problema	
  matemá8co	
  al	
  pequeño	
  Carl	
  y	
  
a	
  sus	
  compañeros.	
  
ì  Los	
  niños	
  debían	
  sumar	
  todos	
  los	
  números	
  del	
  1	
  al	
  100;	
  
es	
  decir,	
  1+2=3+3=6+4=10+5=15+6=21	
  y	
  así	
  
sucesivamente	
  hasta	
  sumar	
  los	
  100	
  
ì  El	
  profesor	
  se	
  sentó	
  en	
  su	
  silla	
  a	
  leer	
  el	
  periódico,	
  
confiaba	
  en	
  que	
  tendría	
  horas	
  hasta	
  que	
  los	
  niños	
  
sumaran	
  todos	
  los	
  números….	
  
ì	
  
Gauss	
  lo	
  resolvió	
  en	
  5	
  minutos…	
  
Como	
  lo	
  hizo?	
  	
  
ì  Sea	
  la	
  progresión	
  S	
  =	
  a……m…….p…….u	
  cuya	
  razón	
  esta	
  
definida	
  por	
  r.	
  
ì  Entonces	
  S	
  =	
  a+b+c………….+l+m+u	
  
ì  También	
  S	
  =	
  u+m+l………….+c+b+a	
  
ì  Entonces	
  2S	
  =	
  (a+u)	
  +	
  (b+m)	
  +	
  (c+l)	
  +	
  (l+c)	
  +	
  (m+b)	
  +	
  (u+a).	
  
ì  Todos	
  los	
  binomios	
  anteriores	
  son	
  iguales	
  a	
  (a+u).	
  Recuerde	
  
que	
  a	
  es	
  el	
  primer	
  termino	
  y	
  u	
  el	
  ul8mo.	
  
ì  Esto	
  quiere	
  decir	
  que	
  la	
  la	
  suma	
  de	
  la	
  progresión	
  es	
  (a+u)	
  “n”	
  
veces.	
  Ósea,	
  	
  (a+u)n	
  y	
  esto	
  se	
  divide	
  entre	
  2	
  ya	
  que	
  todos	
  los	
  
términos	
  se	
  cuentan	
  2	
  veces	
  por	
  tanto:	
  
S =
(a +u)n
2
Probemos	
  el	
  Teorema	
  
S =1+ 2 +3.......+ 98+ 99 +100
S =100 + 99 + 98.......+3+ 2 +1
2S =101+101+101.......+101+101+101
S =
(a +u)n
2
S =
(1+100)100
2
=
(101)100
2
= 5050
Progresiones	
  Aritméticas	
  
ì  Es	
  toda	
  serie	
  es	
  la	
  cual	
  cada	
  termino	
  después	
  del	
  
primero	
  se	
  ob8ene	
  sumándole	
  al	
  termino	
  anterior	
  
una	
  can8dad	
  constante.	
  
ì  S	
  =1,	
  3,	
  5,	
  7	
  ….	
  Donde	
  la	
  razón	
  r	
  o	
  diferencia	
  d	
  es	
  2,	
  
ya	
  que	
  3-­‐1=	
  2	
  à	
  esto	
  implica	
  que	
  la	
  razón	
  (r)	
  es	
  la	
  
diferencia	
  entre	
  un	
  termino	
  cualquiera	
  menos	
  el	
  
anterior.	
  
Deducción	
  de	
  la	
  formula	
  del	
  enésimo	
  termino	
  
ì  Sea	
  la	
  progresión	
  S	
  =	
  a,	
  b,	
  c	
  ,d……….u,	
  en	
  donde	
  “u”	
  es	
  el	
  
enésimo	
  termino	
  y	
  cuya	
  razón	
  es	
  “r”	
  
ì  Entonces	
  tenemos	
  que	
  	
  
ì  b	
  =	
  a	
  +	
  r	
  
ì  c	
  =	
  b	
  +	
  r	
  à	
  (a	
  +	
  r)	
  +	
  r	
  =	
  a	
  +	
  2r	
  
ì  d	
  =	
  c	
  +	
  r	
  à	
  (a	
  +	
  2r)	
  +	
  r	
  =	
  a	
  +	
  3r	
  
ì  Entonces	
  cada	
  termino	
  es	
  igual	
  al	
  primer	
  termino	
  de	
  la	
  
progresión	
  mas	
  la	
  razón	
  como	
  términos	
  le	
  preceden.	
  
ì  Sabemos	
  que	
  el	
  primer	
  termino	
  es	
  “a”	
  y	
  le	
  preceden	
  
(n-­‐1)	
  términos	
  donde	
  la	
  razón	
  esta	
  dada	
  por	
  “r”,	
  
entonces	
  podemos	
  concluir	
  que	
  
u = a +(n −1)r
Deducción	
  de	
  la	
  formula	
  del	
  enésimo	
  termino	
  
ì  Volviendo	
  al	
  ejemplo	
  del	
  pequeño	
  Gauss,	
  tenemos	
  que	
  S	
  
=	
  5050,	
  el	
  primer	
  termino	
  “a”	
  es	
  1	
  y	
  que	
  la	
  razón	
  “r”	
  es	
  1	
  
ya	
  que	
  se	
  suma	
  de	
  uno	
  en	
  uno	
  y	
  que	
  la	
  can8dad	
  (n)	
  de	
  
términos	
  es	
  100.	
  
	
  	
  
ì  Con	
  esto	
  respaldamos	
  el	
  teorema	
  de	
  Gauss.	
  
ì  Inténtelo	
  Ud:	
  
ì  Hallar	
  el	
  15vo	
  termino	
  de	
  la	
  sucesión	
  4,	
  7,	
  10…..	
  
ì  El	
  15vo	
  termino	
  es	
  no	
  representa	
  la	
  suma	
  de	
  los	
  
términos,	
  solamente	
  representa	
  su	
  valor.	
  
u = a +(n −1)r u =1+(100 −1)1=100
Algoritmo	
  1	
  :	
  Insertion	
  Sort	
  
2.1 Insertion sort
2
♣
♣
♣ 2
♣
4
♣♣ ♣
♣♣ 4
♣
5
♣♣ ♣
♣♣ 5
♣
♣
7
♣
♣
♣ ♣
♣ ♣
♣♣
7
♣
10
♣
♣
♣ ♣
♣ ♣
♣
♣♣
♣♣
10
♣
Pseudo-­‐Codigo	
  ::	
  InsertionSort	
  
1 2 3 4 5 6
2 4 5 6 1 3(d)
1 2 3 4 5 6
2 4 5 61 3(e)
1 2 3 4 5 6
2 4 5 61 3(f)
Figure 2.2 The operation of INSERTION-SORT on the array A D h5; 2; 4; 6; 1; 3i. Array indi
appear above the rectangles, and values stored in the array positions appear within the rectang
(a)–(e) The iterations of the for loop of lines 1–8. In each iteration, the black rectangle holds
key taken from AŒj, which is compared with the values in shaded rectangles to its left in the tes
line 5. Shaded arrows show array values moved one position to the right in line 6, and black arro
indicate where the key moves to in line 8. (f) The final sorted array.
INSERTION-SORT.A/
1 for j D 2 to A:length
2 key D AŒj 
3 // Insert AŒj  into the sorted sequence AŒ1 : : j 1.
4 i D j 1
5 while i > 0 and AŒi > key
6 AŒi C 1 D AŒi
7 i D i 1
8 AŒi C 1 D key
18 Chapter 2 Getting Started
1 2 3 4 5 6
5 2 4 6 1 3(a)
1 2 3 4 5 6
2 5 4 6 1 3(b)
1 2 3 4 5 6
2 4 5 6 1 3(c)
1 2 3 4 5 6
2 4 5 6 1 3(d)
1 2 3 4 5 6
2 4 5 61 3(e)
1 2 3 4 5 6
2 4 5 61 3(f)
Figure 2.2 The operation of INSERTION-SORT on the array A D h5; 2; 4; 6; 1; 3i. Array indices
appear above the rectangles, and values stored in the array positions appear within the rectangles.
(a)–(e) The iterations of the for loop of lines 1–8. In each iteration, the black rectangle holds the
key taken from AŒj, which is compared with the values in shaded rectangles to its left in the test of
line 5. Shaded arrows show array values moved one position to the right in line 6, and black arrows
indicate where the key moves to in line 8. (f) The final sorted array.
INSERTION-SORT.A/
1 for j D 2 to A:length
2 key D AŒj 
3 // Insert AŒj  into the sorted sequence AŒ1 : : j 1.
4 i D j 1
5 while i > 0 and AŒi > key
MIT	
  Chapter	
  2	
  –	
  pag	
  18	
  
Tiempo	
  de	
  Ejecución	
  de	
  InsertionSort	
  26 Chapter 2 Getting Started
INSERTION-SORT.A/ cost times
1 for j D 2 to A:length c1 n
2 key D AŒj  c2 n 1
3 // Insert AŒj  into the sorted
sequence AŒ1 : : j 1. 0 n 1
4 i D j 1 c4 n 1
5 while i > 0 and AŒi > key c5
Pn
jD2 tj
6 AŒi C 1 D AŒi c6
Pn
jD2.tj 1/
7 i D i 1 c7
Pn
jD2.tj 1/
8 AŒi C 1 D key c8 n 1
The running time of the algorithm is the sum of running times for each state-
ment executed; a statement that takes ci steps to execute and executes n times will
contribute ci n to the total running time.6
To compute T .n/, the running time of
INSERTION-SORT on an input of n values, we sum the products of the cost and
times columns, obtaining
T .n/ D c1n C c2.n 1/ C c4.n 1/ C c5
nX
tj C c6
nX
.tj 1/
26 Chapter 2 Getting Started
INSERTION-SORT.A/ cost times
1 for j D 2 to A:length c1 n
2 key D AŒj  c2 n 1
3 // Insert AŒj  into the sorted
sequence AŒ1 : : j 1. 0 n 1
4 i D j 1 c4 n 1
5 while i > 0 and AŒi > key c5
Pn
jD2 tj
6 AŒi C 1 D AŒi c6
Pn
jD2.tj 1/
7 i D i 1 c7
Pn
jD2.tj 1/
8 AŒi C 1 D key c8 n 1
The running time of the algorithm is the sum of running times for each state-
ment executed; a statement that takes ci steps to execute and executes n times will
contribute ci n to the total running time.6
To compute T .n/, the running time of
INSERTION-SORT on an input of n values, we sum the products of the cost and
times columns, obtaining
T .n/ D c1n C c2.n 1/ C c4.n 1/ C c5
nX
jD2
tj C c6
nX
jD2
.tj 1/
C c7
nX
jD2
.tj 1/ C c8.n 1/ :
Donde	
  el	
  Tiempo	
  T	
  para	
  una	
  progresión	
  n	
  esta	
  dado	
  por:	
  
Tiempo	
  de	
  Ejecución	
  de	
  InsertionSort	
  
ì  El	
  Mejor	
  Tiempo	
  de	
  Ejecución	
  
ì  Por	
  tanto	
  y	
  en	
  resumen	
  esta	
  ecuación	
  se	
  comporta	
  
como	
  una	
  función	
  lineal	
  de	
  n.	
  	
  
	
  
T .n/ D c1n C c2.n 1/ C c4.n 1/ C c5
jD2
tj C c6
jD2
.tj 1/
C c7
nX
jD2
.tj 1/ C c8.n 1/ :
Even for inputs of a given size, an algorithm’s running time may depend
which input of that size is given. For example, in INSERTION-SORT, the
case occurs if the array is already sorted. For each j D 2; 3; : : : ; n, we then
that AŒi Ä key in line 5 when i has its initial value of j 1. Thus tj D 1
j D 2; 3; : : : ; n, and the best-case running time is
T .n/ D c1n C c2.n 1/ C c4.n 1/ C c5.n 1/ C c8.n 1/
D .c1 C c2 C c4 C c5 C c8/n .c2 C c4 C c5 C c8/ :
We can express this running time as an C b for constants a and b that depend
the statement costs ci ; it is thus a linear function of n.
If the array is in reverse sorted order—that is, in decreasing order—the w
case results. We must compare each element AŒj  with each element in the en
sorted subarray AŒ1 : : j 1, and so tj D j for j D 2; 3; : : : ; n. Noting that
6This characteristic does not necessarily hold for a resource such as memory. A statement
references m words of memory and is executed n times does not necessarily reference mn dis
words of memory.
T(n) = an + b
Ω(n) = an + b
Tiempo	
  de	
  Ejecución	
  de	
  InsertionSort	
  
ì  El	
  Peor	
  Tiempo	
  de	
  Ejecución	
  
ì  Esta	
  función	
  se	
  comporta	
  de	
  forma	
  cuadrá8ca	
  de	
  n	
  
	
  
2.2 Analyzing algorithms 27
nX
jD2
j D
n.n C 1/
2
1
and
nX
jD2
.j 1/ D
n.n 1/
2
(see Appendix A for a review of how to solve these summations), we find that in
the worst case, the running time of INSERTION-SORT is
T .n/ D c1n C c2.n 1/ C c4.n 1/ C c5
Â
n.n C 1/
2
1
Ã
C c6
Â
n.n 1/
2
Ã
C c7
Â
n.n 1/
2
Ã
C c8.n 1/
D
c5
2
C
c6
2
C
c7
2
Á
n2
C c1 C c2 C c4 C
c5
2
c6
2
c7
2
C c8
Á
n
.c2 C c4 C c5 C c8/ :
We can express this worst-case running time as an2
C bn C c for constants a, b,
and c that again depend on the statement costs ci ; it is thus a quadratic function
of n.
Typically, as in insertion sort, the running time of an algorithm is fixed for a
given input, although in later chapters we shall see some interesting “randomized”
algorithms whose behavior can vary even for a fixed input.
Worst-case and average-case analysis
In our analysis of insertion sort, we looked at both the best case, in which the input
2.2 Analyzing algorithms 27
nX
j D2
j D
n.n C 1/
2
1
and
nX
j D2
.j 1/ D
n.n 1/
2
(see Appendix A for a review of how to solve these summations), we find that in
the worst case, the running time of INSERTION-SORT is
T .n/ D c1n C c2.n 1/ C c4.n 1/ C c5
Â
n.n C 1/
2
1
Ã
C c6
Â
n.n 1/
2
Ã
C c7
Â
n.n 1/
2
Ã
C c8.n 1/
D
c5
2
C
c6
2
C
c7
2
Á
n2
C c1 C c2 C c4 C
c5
2
c6
2
c7
2
C c8
Á
n
.c2 C c4 C c5 C c8/ :
We can express this worst-case running time as an2
C bn C c for constants a, b,
and c that again depend on the statement costs ci ; it is thus a quadratic function
of n.
Typically, as in insertion sort, the running time of an algorithm is fixed for a
given input, although in later chapters we shall see some interesting “randomized”
algorithms whose behavior can vary even for a fixed input.
Ο(n) = an2
+ bn +cT(n) = an2
+ bn +c
Mejor	
  vs	
  Peor	
  

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C1 - Insertion Sort

  • 1. ì   Insertion  Sort   Ing.  Juan  Ignacio  Zamora  M.  MSc.  |  Universidad  La8noamericana  de  Ciencia  y  Tecnología    
  • 2. La  leyenda  de  Gauss   ì  Érase  una  vez  un  niño  alemán  llamado  Carl  Friedrich   Gauss.  Cuando  tenía  diez  años,  en  1787,  su  profesor  de   la  escuela,  enfadado  porque  sus  alumnos  se  portaban   mal,  le  puso  un  problema  matemá8co  al  pequeño  Carl  y   a  sus  compañeros.   ì  Los  niños  debían  sumar  todos  los  números  del  1  al  100;   es  decir,  1+2=3+3=6+4=10+5=15+6=21  y  así   sucesivamente  hasta  sumar  los  100   ì  El  profesor  se  sentó  en  su  silla  a  leer  el  periódico,   confiaba  en  que  tendría  horas  hasta  que  los  niños   sumaran  todos  los  números….  
  • 3. ì   Gauss  lo  resolvió  en  5  minutos…  
  • 4. Como  lo  hizo?     ì  Sea  la  progresión  S  =  a……m…….p…….u  cuya  razón  esta   definida  por  r.   ì  Entonces  S  =  a+b+c………….+l+m+u   ì  También  S  =  u+m+l………….+c+b+a   ì  Entonces  2S  =  (a+u)  +  (b+m)  +  (c+l)  +  (l+c)  +  (m+b)  +  (u+a).   ì  Todos  los  binomios  anteriores  son  iguales  a  (a+u).  Recuerde   que  a  es  el  primer  termino  y  u  el  ul8mo.   ì  Esto  quiere  decir  que  la  la  suma  de  la  progresión  es  (a+u)  “n”   veces.  Ósea,    (a+u)n  y  esto  se  divide  entre  2  ya  que  todos  los   términos  se  cuentan  2  veces  por  tanto:   S = (a +u)n 2
  • 5. Probemos  el  Teorema   S =1+ 2 +3.......+ 98+ 99 +100 S =100 + 99 + 98.......+3+ 2 +1 2S =101+101+101.......+101+101+101 S = (a +u)n 2 S = (1+100)100 2 = (101)100 2 = 5050
  • 6. Progresiones  Aritméticas   ì  Es  toda  serie  es  la  cual  cada  termino  después  del   primero  se  ob8ene  sumándole  al  termino  anterior   una  can8dad  constante.   ì  S  =1,  3,  5,  7  ….  Donde  la  razón  r  o  diferencia  d  es  2,   ya  que  3-­‐1=  2  à  esto  implica  que  la  razón  (r)  es  la   diferencia  entre  un  termino  cualquiera  menos  el   anterior.  
  • 7. Deducción  de  la  formula  del  enésimo  termino   ì  Sea  la  progresión  S  =  a,  b,  c  ,d……….u,  en  donde  “u”  es  el   enésimo  termino  y  cuya  razón  es  “r”   ì  Entonces  tenemos  que     ì  b  =  a  +  r   ì  c  =  b  +  r  à  (a  +  r)  +  r  =  a  +  2r   ì  d  =  c  +  r  à  (a  +  2r)  +  r  =  a  +  3r   ì  Entonces  cada  termino  es  igual  al  primer  termino  de  la   progresión  mas  la  razón  como  términos  le  preceden.   ì  Sabemos  que  el  primer  termino  es  “a”  y  le  preceden   (n-­‐1)  términos  donde  la  razón  esta  dada  por  “r”,   entonces  podemos  concluir  que   u = a +(n −1)r
  • 8. Deducción  de  la  formula  del  enésimo  termino   ì  Volviendo  al  ejemplo  del  pequeño  Gauss,  tenemos  que  S   =  5050,  el  primer  termino  “a”  es  1  y  que  la  razón  “r”  es  1   ya  que  se  suma  de  uno  en  uno  y  que  la  can8dad  (n)  de   términos  es  100.       ì  Con  esto  respaldamos  el  teorema  de  Gauss.   ì  Inténtelo  Ud:   ì  Hallar  el  15vo  termino  de  la  sucesión  4,  7,  10…..   ì  El  15vo  termino  es  no  representa  la  suma  de  los   términos,  solamente  representa  su  valor.   u = a +(n −1)r u =1+(100 −1)1=100
  • 9. Algoritmo  1  :  Insertion  Sort   2.1 Insertion sort 2 ♣ ♣ ♣ 2 ♣ 4 ♣♣ ♣ ♣♣ 4 ♣ 5 ♣♣ ♣ ♣♣ 5 ♣ ♣ 7 ♣ ♣ ♣ ♣ ♣ ♣ ♣♣ 7 ♣ 10 ♣ ♣ ♣ ♣ ♣ ♣ ♣ ♣♣ ♣♣ 10 ♣
  • 10. Pseudo-­‐Codigo  ::  InsertionSort   1 2 3 4 5 6 2 4 5 6 1 3(d) 1 2 3 4 5 6 2 4 5 61 3(e) 1 2 3 4 5 6 2 4 5 61 3(f) Figure 2.2 The operation of INSERTION-SORT on the array A D h5; 2; 4; 6; 1; 3i. Array indi appear above the rectangles, and values stored in the array positions appear within the rectang (a)–(e) The iterations of the for loop of lines 1–8. In each iteration, the black rectangle holds key taken from AŒj, which is compared with the values in shaded rectangles to its left in the tes line 5. Shaded arrows show array values moved one position to the right in line 6, and black arro indicate where the key moves to in line 8. (f) The final sorted array. INSERTION-SORT.A/ 1 for j D 2 to A:length 2 key D AŒj  3 // Insert AŒj  into the sorted sequence AŒ1 : : j 1. 4 i D j 1 5 while i > 0 and AŒi > key 6 AŒi C 1 D AŒi 7 i D i 1 8 AŒi C 1 D key 18 Chapter 2 Getting Started 1 2 3 4 5 6 5 2 4 6 1 3(a) 1 2 3 4 5 6 2 5 4 6 1 3(b) 1 2 3 4 5 6 2 4 5 6 1 3(c) 1 2 3 4 5 6 2 4 5 6 1 3(d) 1 2 3 4 5 6 2 4 5 61 3(e) 1 2 3 4 5 6 2 4 5 61 3(f) Figure 2.2 The operation of INSERTION-SORT on the array A D h5; 2; 4; 6; 1; 3i. Array indices appear above the rectangles, and values stored in the array positions appear within the rectangles. (a)–(e) The iterations of the for loop of lines 1–8. In each iteration, the black rectangle holds the key taken from AŒj, which is compared with the values in shaded rectangles to its left in the test of line 5. Shaded arrows show array values moved one position to the right in line 6, and black arrows indicate where the key moves to in line 8. (f) The final sorted array. INSERTION-SORT.A/ 1 for j D 2 to A:length 2 key D AŒj  3 // Insert AŒj  into the sorted sequence AŒ1 : : j 1. 4 i D j 1 5 while i > 0 and AŒi > key MIT  Chapter  2  –  pag  18  
  • 11. Tiempo  de  Ejecución  de  InsertionSort  26 Chapter 2 Getting Started INSERTION-SORT.A/ cost times 1 for j D 2 to A:length c1 n 2 key D AŒj  c2 n 1 3 // Insert AŒj  into the sorted sequence AŒ1 : : j 1. 0 n 1 4 i D j 1 c4 n 1 5 while i > 0 and AŒi > key c5 Pn jD2 tj 6 AŒi C 1 D AŒi c6 Pn jD2.tj 1/ 7 i D i 1 c7 Pn jD2.tj 1/ 8 AŒi C 1 D key c8 n 1 The running time of the algorithm is the sum of running times for each state- ment executed; a statement that takes ci steps to execute and executes n times will contribute ci n to the total running time.6 To compute T .n/, the running time of INSERTION-SORT on an input of n values, we sum the products of the cost and times columns, obtaining T .n/ D c1n C c2.n 1/ C c4.n 1/ C c5 nX tj C c6 nX .tj 1/ 26 Chapter 2 Getting Started INSERTION-SORT.A/ cost times 1 for j D 2 to A:length c1 n 2 key D AŒj  c2 n 1 3 // Insert AŒj  into the sorted sequence AŒ1 : : j 1. 0 n 1 4 i D j 1 c4 n 1 5 while i > 0 and AŒi > key c5 Pn jD2 tj 6 AŒi C 1 D AŒi c6 Pn jD2.tj 1/ 7 i D i 1 c7 Pn jD2.tj 1/ 8 AŒi C 1 D key c8 n 1 The running time of the algorithm is the sum of running times for each state- ment executed; a statement that takes ci steps to execute and executes n times will contribute ci n to the total running time.6 To compute T .n/, the running time of INSERTION-SORT on an input of n values, we sum the products of the cost and times columns, obtaining T .n/ D c1n C c2.n 1/ C c4.n 1/ C c5 nX jD2 tj C c6 nX jD2 .tj 1/ C c7 nX jD2 .tj 1/ C c8.n 1/ : Donde  el  Tiempo  T  para  una  progresión  n  esta  dado  por:  
  • 12. Tiempo  de  Ejecución  de  InsertionSort   ì  El  Mejor  Tiempo  de  Ejecución   ì  Por  tanto  y  en  resumen  esta  ecuación  se  comporta   como  una  función  lineal  de  n.       T .n/ D c1n C c2.n 1/ C c4.n 1/ C c5 jD2 tj C c6 jD2 .tj 1/ C c7 nX jD2 .tj 1/ C c8.n 1/ : Even for inputs of a given size, an algorithm’s running time may depend which input of that size is given. For example, in INSERTION-SORT, the case occurs if the array is already sorted. For each j D 2; 3; : : : ; n, we then that AŒi Ä key in line 5 when i has its initial value of j 1. Thus tj D 1 j D 2; 3; : : : ; n, and the best-case running time is T .n/ D c1n C c2.n 1/ C c4.n 1/ C c5.n 1/ C c8.n 1/ D .c1 C c2 C c4 C c5 C c8/n .c2 C c4 C c5 C c8/ : We can express this running time as an C b for constants a and b that depend the statement costs ci ; it is thus a linear function of n. If the array is in reverse sorted order—that is, in decreasing order—the w case results. We must compare each element AŒj  with each element in the en sorted subarray AŒ1 : : j 1, and so tj D j for j D 2; 3; : : : ; n. Noting that 6This characteristic does not necessarily hold for a resource such as memory. A statement references m words of memory and is executed n times does not necessarily reference mn dis words of memory. T(n) = an + b Ω(n) = an + b
  • 13. Tiempo  de  Ejecución  de  InsertionSort   ì  El  Peor  Tiempo  de  Ejecución   ì  Esta  función  se  comporta  de  forma  cuadrá8ca  de  n     2.2 Analyzing algorithms 27 nX jD2 j D n.n C 1/ 2 1 and nX jD2 .j 1/ D n.n 1/ 2 (see Appendix A for a review of how to solve these summations), we find that in the worst case, the running time of INSERTION-SORT is T .n/ D c1n C c2.n 1/ C c4.n 1/ C c5 Â n.n C 1/ 2 1 Ã C c6 Â n.n 1/ 2 Ã C c7 Â n.n 1/ 2 Ã C c8.n 1/ D c5 2 C c6 2 C c7 2 Á n2 C c1 C c2 C c4 C c5 2 c6 2 c7 2 C c8 Á n .c2 C c4 C c5 C c8/ : We can express this worst-case running time as an2 C bn C c for constants a, b, and c that again depend on the statement costs ci ; it is thus a quadratic function of n. Typically, as in insertion sort, the running time of an algorithm is fixed for a given input, although in later chapters we shall see some interesting “randomized” algorithms whose behavior can vary even for a fixed input. Worst-case and average-case analysis In our analysis of insertion sort, we looked at both the best case, in which the input 2.2 Analyzing algorithms 27 nX j D2 j D n.n C 1/ 2 1 and nX j D2 .j 1/ D n.n 1/ 2 (see Appendix A for a review of how to solve these summations), we find that in the worst case, the running time of INSERTION-SORT is T .n/ D c1n C c2.n 1/ C c4.n 1/ C c5 Â n.n C 1/ 2 1 Ã C c6 Â n.n 1/ 2 Ã C c7 Â n.n 1/ 2 Ã C c8.n 1/ D c5 2 C c6 2 C c7 2 Á n2 C c1 C c2 C c4 C c5 2 c6 2 c7 2 C c8 Á n .c2 C c4 C c5 C c8/ : We can express this worst-case running time as an2 C bn C c for constants a, b, and c that again depend on the statement costs ci ; it is thus a quadratic function of n. Typically, as in insertion sort, the running time of an algorithm is fixed for a given input, although in later chapters we shall see some interesting “randomized” algorithms whose behavior can vary even for a fixed input. Ο(n) = an2 + bn +cT(n) = an2 + bn +c Mejor  vs  Peor