2. Research Question:
How did the development of the cyclotron
influence and develop the scientific
environment in which we live today?
3. Cyclo:Circular What is a Cyclotron?
Tron:Across
Cyclotron Diagram
4. A cyclotron is…
• A particle accelerator
– Sends charged particles, which constantly
accelerate through a ‘Dee’, through a circular
path until they are (most likely) directed
towards a designated target for a specific
purpose
5. How it works…
• Electrons enter a vacuum in the device
– Vacuum is suspended between two magnetic poles
• High frequency, alternating voltage is
then applied to the ‘Dee’ electrodes
• The particles increase speed and energy as
they travel along a spiral path
• With each turn on the spiral path they
gain more speed, frequency, and energy
• Particles will continue on this path until
they reach their target
– This creates secondary particles
• These can be measured by instruments
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6.
7. Uses of the Cyclotron
• For decades best source of high
energy beams for physics
experiments
• Treatment for Cancer
– Proton Therapy
• PET imaging
8. Cyclotron Experiments
• Element 113 (Uut) recently discovered
• Element 115 (Uup) also recently discovered
• Dr. James Meadows used cyclotrons in an
experiment on radionuclide production
• Resonance in silicon and germanium
9. Advantages
• Utilizes a single, electrical
driver
– This saves energy and $
• High power due to continuous
stream of particles
• Compact design
10. Limitations
• Spiral beam of a cyclotron
means it will only be efficient
and work with Klystron type
voltage
11. Problems Solved
• Until the cyclotron, the linear
accelerator was the only way to
produce high-frequency radio
waves
– Pretty crappy
• The cyclotron has better waves
than the linear accelerator
<
12. Related Technology
• A magnetron is a accelerator
based off of the cyclotron
– You all know what a magnetron is,
you have one in your kitchen
• Magnetron = microwave
13. More Related Technology:
Cyclotron Radiation
What is it:
Electromagnetic radiation emitted
by charged particles
• Cyclotron radiation, found
around black holes, is an
excellent source of information
about distant magnetic fields
14. …
• Cyclotron radiation would
likely be produced in a high-
altitude nuclear explosion
• Gamma rays produced by this
explosion would ionize atoms in
the upper atmosphere
• These free electrons would
interact with Earth’s magnetic
feild
15.
• Produceing cyclotron radiation
in the form of a
electromagnetic pulse
• EMP is a current concern of the
military because it could
damage solid, state equipment
16. The History of the Cyclotron is not some easily untangled web…
17. Leo Lzilard
• Invented the Cyclotron
• Other inventions
– Nuclear Chain reaction
– Electron microscope
– Linear accelerator
18. Leo’s History
• Cyclotron: Szilard conceived this idea
somewhere in the 1900-1930
• Nuclear Chain Reaction:
– 1933 Ernest Rutherford gives a speech
proclaiming that atomic energy will
never be useful
– Shocked, Szilard comes up with N.C.R.
that very day
– Helped achieve atomic bomb with
collaboration from Einstein and various
other scientists
– Later in life he reported regretting
having created the atomic bomb and
hoped it wouldn’t be used on the public
19. Continued
• 1960, Szilard is diagnosed with
bladder cancer
• He is treated using his own
treatment regime (radiation
therapy (this therapy involves
the use of cyclotrons))
• Put into remission
20. Going On…
• 1960, after being ‘cured’, he
helped found Council for a
Livable World
• C.L.W.- organization dedicated
to protecting society from
everything radioactive and
atomic
21. Council for a Livable World
• Helps elect congressional
candidates who support them
– 120 U.S arms control advocates
– 203 House of Representatives
• Raised 1.3 million in 2010
22. Who Else did They
Endorse???
October 3, 2007 C.L.W. praised senator Obama for
his pledge to improve Russian relations
C.L.W. backed B. Obama in his presidential
23. What Specifically has
C.L.W. Done?
• Ratified Chemical Weapons
Convention
– Outlaws production/ stockpiling of
chemical weapons
• Ratified Intermediate-Range
Nuclear Forces treaty
– Eliminated nuclear and
conventional ground launched
ballistic and cruise missiles
between the USA and Soviet Union
24. Continuing On
• Ratified Strategic Arms Reduction
Treaty
– Barred the USA and Soviet Union from
deploying more than 6,000 nuclear
warheads
• Treaty expired 12-5-09, the New START was
signed by President Obama and went into
effect 1-26-11
• Banned biological weapons, and
eliminated chemical weapons programs
25. …
• Ensured limited deployment of
MX missile and B2 bomber
• Blocking deployment of National
Missile Defense
• Stopped funding for Bunker
Buster and Reliable Replacement
Warhead
26. It’s slightly ironic that
C.L.W. stands to ban basically
everything the cyclotron stands
for + without the cyclotron
C.L.W wouldn’t really exist
27. =ing It All Up
Leo Szilard created the cyclotron
He also invented N.C.R. Helped
create the atomic bomb Remorseful
Bladder Cancer Cured using
invented treatment C.L.W
Greatly influences the world we live
in today
* His remorsefulness of N.C.R., and his
invention of the cyclotron all helped fuel the
C.L.W insanity!!!
28. Ernest Lawrence
• August 8, 1901- August 27, 1958
• He built, utilized, and improved the
cyclotron
• 1939 Won Nobel Peace Prize in physics, for
the cyclotron
• Helped with Nuclear Fission
• Found a way to smash atoms and paved the
way for nuclear weapons
29. Going On…
• Lawrence Liberty Conventional
Library
• Founded Lawrence Berkley Lab
30. Continued :)
• 1958, the last year of his
life, Eisenhower sent Lawrence
to Geneva Switzerland
• Propose treaty
• Ban nuclear war testing with
the Soviet Union
• Chronic Colitis
31. Lawrence Berkley National
Laboratory
• Contributions:
– Manhattan Project: Develop first
atomic bomb in WW2
– Applied Physics Laboratory at John
Hopkins: Proximity Fuse
– MIT Radiation Laboratory: Radar
• 3 most useful war technologies
32. Princeton and the
Cyclotron
• 2-23-1950
• Oil fire destroyed Princeton’s
$400,000 cyclotron
– Cause of blaze unknown
– Smoldered for 11 hours
– Only magnets were salvageable
– Approx. 6 months to rebuild
• Built in 1936
• One of America’s first ‘atom
smashers’
33. …
• Device had been shipped to Los
Almos, New Mexico in WW2
• Had large role in creating the
atomic bomb
• Was currently being used for
research in Office of Naval
research
35. Radionuclide
• What is a radionuclide:
– Atom w/ unstable nucleus
– Also known as radioisotopes
– Undergo radio active decay
– Occur naturally or artificially
– Emit gamma rays
36. Radionuclide's and
Cyclotrons
• Cyclotrons accelerate atomic
particles to hit a target which
produce radionuclide's
• Cyclotrons accelerate protons
at a target to make positron
emitting radioisotopes
– Ex Fluorine 18
37. Nuclear Medicine
• Used for diagnoses, research, and
treatment
• Also used in single-proton emission
computed tomography and PET imaging
• In genetics, radioisotopes attach
themselves to molecules and allow
tracing. They can show DNA
replication and amino acid transport
38. …
• Can be used in food
preservation
• Industry and mining
• Geology, archaeology, and
paleontology
39. Why do I care about
radioisotopes???
• Because:
– Americium 241 is a radioisotope
found in smoke detectors
– Gadolinium 153 is a a radioisotope
used in X-ray fluorescence and
osteoporosis screening
40. Fluorine 18
• Radioisotope
• Important source of positrons (+)
• Generally they’re produced by
cyclotrons
• Used in the radiopharmaceutical
industry
• Synthesized into fluorodeoxyglucose
(FDG) for use in PET scans
41. PET imaging
• Positron Emission Tomography
– Nuclear Medicine
• Use trace amount of radioactive material
(radiopharmaceuticals or radiotracers) to
diagnose and depict a disease
– Cancer
– Heart Disease
– Gastrointestinal diseases
• Nuclear medicine accurately
pinpoints molecular activity within
the body
42. How it Works
• Radiotracers are injected,
swallowed, or inhaled as a gas
• Accumulate in the organ/area being
examined
• Radiotracers give off energy called
a gamma ray
• Then a gamma camera, PET scanner, or
probe detects this energy and
converts it into a picture with the
assistance of a computer
43.
44. Cyclotrons and PET Imaging
• Cyclotrons are needed to
generate the radiotracers
needed for PET
• Cyclotrons produce many
different kinds of radioactive
isotopes
– These must emit positrons when
decaying
45. …
• Most PET installations have
cyclotrons by the PET machine
– Radiotracers can be synthesized
quickly
• Radioisotopes decay very quickly and
need to be administered to the
patient as quickly as possible
46. The Cyclotron in
Astrophysics:
More Specifically MSU
• Leading isotope research facility
• Built 1963
• Biggest nuclear science facility on a
university campus
• Operates 2 superconducting cyclotrons
• Currently investigating properties of
rare isotopes and nuclear reactions
– Reactions that take place in stars
• Novae + supernovae
47. …
• K1200 is the biggest
accelerator in the world
• Primary goal is currently to
understand atomic nuclei
• Isotope research taking place
at MSU is key to understanding
how elements, and the universe
were formed
49. The Cyclotron in Particle
Physics
• The cyclotron smashes particles
together
• Snap shots are taken of these
particles when they collide
• Shots capture ‘fundamental
particles’
• Piece together what happened
when the universe was created
50.
51.
52. • Opened up new avenues to
particle physics and
astrophysics
– Allowed physicists to accelerate
particles they wouldn’t have been
able to otherwise
• Allows medical physicists and
radiochemists better access to
positron emitting radionuclide's
• Radiation therapy
53.
54. Conventional Radiation
therapy
• Uses linear accelerator
• Accelerates electrons and smashes them
into a target, producing gamma rays
• Gamma rays are then collimated into a beam
and used to irritate a patients tumor
Cons:
• G-rays also irritate the tissue
surrounding the tumor
– Radiation oncologists can use different
‘angles’ of r-therapy to seemingly ‘spare’
tissue
55. Radiation Therapy
Involving Cyclotrons
• Accelerates [cyclotron] protons to high energies
• Proton beam is then sent down a beam line and into
a gantry
• Then directed to eradicate a portion of the
patient
Pros:
• Targets specific areas of the body
Cons:
• Range of protons of dependent on depth of body
– If body moves beams will miss targeted portion
• Can only be used on brain tumors
• Cost is 150 million
56.
57. • PET imaging
• Sends radioisotopes into the
body attached to a molecule,
and then looks for decay
• Build ‘maps’ of where isotopes
accumulate
• Helps physicians gain
information about a patients
disease
58. Answering the Research
Question
• How did the development of the cyclotron
influence and develop the scientific
environment in which we live today?
◙ Indirectly linked to CLW
◙ Improved Radiation Therapy
◙ Indirectly linked to many household items
◙ Smoke Detector
◙ Microwave
◙ PET imaging
◙ Radiopharmaceuticals
◙ Benefits and brings together many types
of sciences
