article on artist Dhurandhar the first Indian Applied artist

2. eãX éMrŸ / Am°ŠQ>mo~a-Zmoìh|~a {Xdmir {deofm§H$ 2018 / 157
Am~mbmb ah_mZ H$moëhmnwamVrb
Agë`mZo Ë`m§À`m H$m_mMm Ywa§Ya
~maH$mB©Zo Aä`mg H$arV. AZoH$ dfm©nydu
{MÌH$ma ~m~wamd gS>dobH$a øm§Zr
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{b{hbm hmoVm. {MÌH$ma gwhmg ~hþiH$a øm§Zr Ë`m§À`mda AZoH$
boI {b{hbo AgyZ Ë`m§Zr d XrnH$ Kma|Zr g§nm{XV Ho$boë`m"{ddoH$
gám{hH$' àH$m{eV "Ñí`H$bm'I§S>mVyZ XoIrb Zdr g§emo{YV
_m{hVr {_iVo.
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JwUdÎmoM§ bjU hmoV§. {MÌH$ma _hmXod {dœZmW Ywa§Ya _°{Q´>H$ hmoD$Z
ga Oo.Oo. H$bm g§ñWoV àdoe Z KoUo åhUOo AmOÀ`m H$mimVrb
{_imbobm _o{S>H$b {ejUmMm àdoe ZmH$maÊ`mgmaIo hmoVo H$maU
ga Oo.Oo. H$bm g§ñWoV EdT>o {ejU Pmbobo {dÚmWu Šd{MVM
`oV. _w§~B©Vrb AmOmoi dmñVì`mZo hr g§ñWm Ë`m§Zm n[a{MV hmoVr.
øm g§ñWoMr ñWmnZm 1857 _Ybr Va Ë`mV Ywa§Ya øm§Mm àdoe
d`mÀ`m Vo{dgmì`m dfu Yabm Va Vmo 1890 _Ü`o Pmbm. åhUOoM
Vo AJXr gwédmVrÀ`m H$mimVrb KS>m_moS>tMo àË`j gmjrXma hmoVo.
ømM H$mimV ^maVmMo gwà{gÕ {MÌH$ma amOm a{dd_m© øm§À`m
{MÌH$boZo XoIrb Vo
à^m{dV Pmbo hmoVo.
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Ñí`H$bm _mÜ`_mVyZ
dmñVdVoMo {Xbobo ê$n
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Ago. n{hbo {àpÝgnm°b
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(éS>`mS>© {H$pßb¨JMo
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øm§Mo Ywa§Yam§Zm _mJ©Xe©Z Ago. Om°Z bm°H$dwS> {H$pßb¨J nwT>o
B. g. 1875bm bmhmoaÀ`m _o`mo AmQ>© ñHy$bMo {àpÝgnm°b
åhUyZ Jobo. {H$pßb¨J Oar Ywa§Yam§Zm {eH$dV ZìhVo, Var
àË`j aoImQ>Zo H$aÊ`mMr Ë`m§Mr ga Oo.Oo. H$bm g§ñWoVrb
AÜ`mnZnÕVr Ywa§Yam§Zr
Am`wî`^a Omonmgbr.
1892 _Ü`o Vo {dÚmWu
AgVmZm "~m°å~o AmQ>©
gmogm`Q>r'Mo _mZmMo g{Q>©{$Ho$Q>
{_idUmao n{hbo ^maVr`
{dÚmWu Yw§aYa hmoVo. `oWyZ
AmB©, dS>rb Am{U Hw$Qw>§~mg_doV nwT>o ~gbobo Ywa§Ya
B.g. 1867 _Ü`o _w§~B© `oWo Pmbm. _w§~B©V Ë`m§Mo AmOmoi hmoVo.
Ë`m§Mo dS>rb {dœZmW Ywa§Ya, hr H$moëhmnya g§ñWmZmVrb AmXaUr`
ì`º$s åhUyZ AmoiIbr OmV Ago. Vo H$moëhmnya g§ñWmZÀ`m
nm°{b{Q>H$b Am°{$g_Ü`o hoS>ŠbmH©$À`m OmJoda hmoVo. Vmo H$mi B.
g. 1857À`m ~§S>mMm hmoVm. {~«{Q>e gm_«mÁ`mg {damoY H$aUmè`m
~§S>Imoam§Zm ñdmV§Í`g¡{ZH$ åhUyZ $merMr {ejm {Xbr Jobr hmoVr.
Ë`m~m~V H$moëhmnya g§ñWm§ZÀ`m nm°{b{Q>H$b Am°{$gMo à{V{ZYr
åhUyZ {dœZmW Ywa§Yam§Zr {eï>mB© Ho$ë`m_wio AZoH$m§Mo àmU dmMbo.
{~«{Q>e d H$moëhmnya g§ñWmZÀ`m nañna {damoYr ^y{_H$m§Mo g_Ýd`H$
åhUyZ Ë`m§Zr `eñdrnUo H$m_ Ho$bo. Vo {~«{Q>e g_W©H$ hmoVo ømMm
AW© Xoe{damoYH$ ZìhVo.
{MÌH$ma _hmXod {dœZmW Ywa§Ya _w§~B©VyZ bhmZnUrM
nwÝhm H$moëhmnwamV ahmd`mg Ambo. Ë`m§Mo embo` {ejU amOmam_
hm`ñHy$b_Ü`o Pmbo. Odirb _hmbú_r _§{Xa hm dmñVy
ñWmnÎ` H$boMm CÎm_ Z_wZm hmoVm. H$moëhmnwamVrb H$bmnyU©
dmVmdaUmV Ë`m§Mr gm¢X`© OmUrd {dH${gV Pmbr. VoWrb
{eëno Am{U nma§n[aH$ H$mamJra, bmohma, Hw§$^ma, H$mVS>rdarb
H$bmHw$ga H$aUmao Mm§^ma, ho gd© AmOy~mOyMo dmVmdaU
g§ñH$ma H$aUmao R>abo. H$moëhmnya g§ñWmZMo
{MÌH$ma Am{U Ë`m§Mo Oo.Oo.Vrb Á`oð>
Am~mbmb ah_mZ ho ñy${V©ñWmZ hmoVoM.
a§H$mim Vbmd Am{U AmOy~mOyÀ`m {ZgJ©
{ZarjUmVyZ H$bm {ejU AmnmoAmn hmoV
hmoVo. ho gd© Amnë`mbm "H$bm_§{XamVrb
EHo$Mmirg df}' øm Ywa§Yam§À`m
AmË_d¥ÎmmVyZ dmMVm `oVo.Am~mbmb ah_mZ
_w§~B©À`m H«$m°$S>© _mH}$Q>À`m
àdoeÛmamdarb bm°H$dwS> {H$pßb¨J `m§Mo
gwemo^rH$aU {eën
amOm a{dd_m© Am{U Ë`m§Mo "am_,
bú_U, grVm' {MÌ

5. 160 / eãX éMrŸ / Am°ŠQ>mo~a-Zmoìh|~a {Xdmir {deofm§H$ 2018
Ë`m§Mr `eñdr H$maH$sX© d ~{jgm§Mr _m{bH$m gwê$ Pmbr. 1895
_Ü`o Yw§aYam§Mo ga Oo.Oo. H$bm g§ñWoVrb H$bm{ejU nyU© Pmbo
d VoWoM H$bm {ejH$ åhUyZ Ë`m§À`m H$ma{H$Xubm gwédmV Pmbr.
1 8 9 7 _ Ü ` o
Ywa§Yam§Mo b¾ Pmbo d
B.g. 1897 _Ü`o JUnVr
øm n{hë`m _wbmMm OÝ_
Pmbm. nwT>o hm _wbJm
E_~r~rEg hmoD$Z Omo
S>m°ŠQ>ar ì`dgm`mV
pñWamd bm. 1897
À`m ßboJÀ`m gmWrV
n{hbr nËZr ~mny øm§Mo
{ZYZ Pmbo. nËZrMm
_¥VXoh BpñnVimVyZ
Kar AmUUo eŠ` ZìhVo Voìhm Ë`m AdñWoVrb Ë`m§À`m
_¥VXohmMo Ë`m§Zr Ho$bobo ñHo$M AmOhr CnbãY Amho. Vo
àXe©ZmV Am{U àH$m{eV J«§WmV nmhVm `oVo. Xþgam {ddmh
KaÀ`m X~mdmZo H$amdm bmJbm na§Vw Ë`mVyZ nwT>o Ë`m§Mm dmagm
OnUmè`m H$Ý`m à{gÕ {MÌH$Vu A§{~H$m Ywa§Ya øm§Mm 1912
_Ü`o OÝ_ Pmbm. Xþgè`m nËZr_wio XmoÝhr _wbo Am{U H$m¡Qw>§{~H$
OrdZ AmZ§Xr Pmbo.
{d{dY {~éXo Am{U gm_m{OH$ _mZ{gH$Vm :
1830 Z§VaÀ`m H$mimV "amd~hmXÿa', "bmoH${hVdmXr',
"Ý`m`_yVu', "_hmË_m' Am{U "bmoH$_mÝ`' hr {~éXo bmoH$moVa
ì`º$s¨Zm {Xbr OmV AgV. "bmoH${hVdmXr' Xoe_wI ho B§J«O
gaH$maÀ`m ZmoH$arV AgyZ ^maVr` g_mOmbm nmofH$ B§J«Or
amOdQ>rVyZ Ambobm AmYw{ZH$ {dMma _mZUmao hmoVo. ^maVr`
é{T>J«ñV _mZ{gH$Vm Ë`m_wio Zmhrer hmoB©b Aer Ë`m§Mr YaUm
hmoVr, "_hmË_m' Á`mo{V~m w$bo ho B§J«Or amOdQ>rMo g_W©H$
hmoVo H$maU ^maVmVrb hOma df} Agbobo Mma dU© Am{U
Om{Vì`dñWoMo CƒmQ>Z hmoD$Z eyÐ åhUyZ {hUdbobm H$ï>H$ar _wº$
hmoB©b øm hoVyZo Ë`m§Zr gË`emoYH$ Midi
C^r Ho$br. bmoH$m§Zr Ë`mVyZM "_hmË_m' ho
gÝ_mZZr` {~ê$X Ë`m§Zm {Xbo. H$moëhmnyaMo
emhÿ _hmamO àOm{hVXj amOm åhUyZ
AmoiIbo Jobo (Ywa§Ya øm§À`m {MÌm§V Ë`m§Mo
nmoQ´>}Q> Ho$ë`mMo {XgV Zmhr), "Ý`m`_yVu'
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hmoVo Var Ë`m§Mo ^maVr` g_mOgwYmaUmMo
àm_m{UH$ à`ËZ bmoH$m§Zr AZw^dë`mZo Vo
gdm©Wm©Zo "Ý`m`_yVu' åhUyZ AmoiIbo Jobo.
"bmoH$_mÝ`' ho {~éX ~mi J§JmYa {Q>iH$m§Zm
bmoH$m§ZrM bmdbo H$maU Vo H$ï>H$ar VgoM
AJXr gw{e{jV dJm©V XoIrb XoenmVirda
ñdmV§Í` MidirMo ZoVo _mZbo Jobo.
g_mOgwYmaH$ åhUyZ Jmonmi JUoe AmJaH$a
AmoiIbo Jobo. "_hfu' åhUyZ Ym|S>mo Ho$ed
H$d} øm§À`m, pñÌ`m§Zm {ejU XoÊ`mÀ`m
H$m`m©_wio Vo nX g_mOmZo {Xbo. "_hmË_m'
Jm§Yr Va Ywa§Ya øm§Mo g_H$mbrZ, na§Vw
nañna{damoYr {dMma Agbobo! "_hmË_m'
åhUyZ AmoiIbo Jobobo Jm§Yr AqhgmdmXr
gm_m{OH$ d amOH$s` {dMmam§À`m YmoaUm§Zr
Zd`wJmMr gwédmV H$aUmao åhUyZ Ë`m§Mr
OmJ{VH$ nmVirda Zm|X KoÊ`mV Ambr.
"à~moYZH$ma' R>mH$ao gƒo g_mOà~moYZ
H$aUmao åhUyZ _mÝ`Vm nmdbo. Aer H$mhr
{~éXo Xoeào_ d ñdmV§Í` MidirMo nwañH$V}
åhUyZ AmoiIbr Jobr. øm ì`º$s Ywa§Yam§Zm
g_H$mbrZ hmoË`m Ë`mH$[aVm hr Zm|X.
^maVmbm ñdmV§Í` {_imë`mda XoIrb
"bmoH$Zm`H$' O`àH$me Zmam`U Aem
nÕVrZo _mÝ` Pmbo. Z§VaÀ`m H$mimV
"öX`g_«mQ>' CX`mbm Ambo.
"amd~hmXÿa' ho {~ê$X {~«{Q>em§À`m
amOdQ>rMo Omhra g_W©Z H$aUmè`m§ZmM
{_iV Ago, Agm g_O ê$T> hmoVm. {MÌH$ma
_hmXod {dœZmW Ywa§Ya Ooìhm "amd~hmXÿa'
øm {~éXmZo AmoiIbo OmD$ bmJbo Voìhm
darb N>m`m{MÌ : S>mì`m ~mOyg Ywa§YamÀ`m àW_ nËZr hmVmV Zd
~mbH$ JUnVrgh Cä`m Agboë`m Ago ñHo$M-S>m°BªJ.
COì`m ~mOyg {ÛVr` nËZr, ñdV… Ywa§Ya d _mJo n|qQ>J.
H$Ý`m A§{~H$m Ywa§Ya øm§Mo EH$ {MÌ
{d{dY ê$nm§Vrb
Ywa§Ya H$mimZwgma
H$go KS>V Jobo Vo øm
N>m`m{MÌm§VyZ H$iVo.

6. eãX éMrŸ / Am°ŠQ>mo~a-Zmoìh|~a {Xdmir {deofm§H$ 2018 / 161
ñy$Vu XoUmè`m ZD$ XodVm Aem ñdê$nmV {d{dY pñÌ`m§Mr
aoImQ>Zo Am{U {MÌo, 9. _mPr nËZr _mÂ`m H$boVyZ,
10. Oba§JmMo {H$_`mJma, 11. ñHoMogMr gwnrH$Vm,
12. Ñí`H$boVyZ {edmOr _hmamO B{Vhmg, 13. {ZgJ©{MÌo,
14. "H$_{e©`b AmQ>©' A{^OmV "Cn`mo{OV' H$bm àH$ma,
15. nwT>rb {nT>rH$So> hñVm§Va, 16. Ywa§Yam§Mo g_H$mbrZ,
17. amOKamÊ`mMo {MÌH$ma, 18. Eo{Vhm{gH$ XñVmdoOrH$aU,
{d{dY nwñVH$mVrb Ame`, H$Wm Am{U ~moY{MÌ, Om{hamVrgmR>r
Cn`mo{OV {MÌH$bm, nmoñQ>H$mS²g© {MÌH$bm, N>m`m{MÌ g§J«h,
~{jgo, gÝ_mZ{MÝho ~m°å~o AmQ>© gmogm`Q>rVrb JmOboë`m H$bmH¥$Vr
Am{U OrdZnQ>.
g_m§Va H$bm àdmh
Ywa§Yam§Mm ga O.Or. H$bm g§ñWoVbm H$mi B. g. 1890
Vo B.g. 1931 åhUOo n{hbo OmJ{VH$ _hm`wÕ hm Amho. Ë`mdoir
"~m°å~o ào{gSo>Ýgr' Agë`mZo qgY Vo `o_oZ {~«{Q>eamÁ` emgZ Ago.
VgoM Xþgar "~|Jm°b ào{gSo>Ýgr' {hIæ~anºw$ìhm Vo ~_m©, {g§Jmnya
BË`mXrn`ªV {~«{Q>e amÁ`emgZ Ago. ga Oo.Oo. H$bm g§ñWm
"~m°å~o ào{gSo>Ýgr'_Ü`o Agë`mZo {MÌH$mam§Mm dmda AÝ` àm§VmVhr
Ago. Ë`m H$mimVrb ZmQ>çH$bm, g§JrVH$bm, {MÌH$bm, {MÌnQ>
øm§Mm AmdmH$m darb Z_yX Ho$boë`m "~m°å~o ào{gSo>Ýgr' d "~|Jm°b
ào{gSo>Ýgr' Agm ì`mnyZ Ago. åhUOo bmhmoamV n§{S>V nbwñH$a,
{MÌH$ma Am{U doXemñÌr n§{S>V gmVdioH$a hmoVo. Va AãXþb
Ë`m§Mr CËH¥$ï> {MÌH$bm XþX£dmZo {~«{Q>eYm{O©Ur åhUyZ H$mhrOU
nmhÿ bmJbo. Vo {Zd©Vë`mZ§Va nÞmg dfmªZr {b{hboë`m Am{U
Ë`m§Zm àË`j nm{hboë`m VgoM "em§{V{ZHo$VZ'_Ü`o {eH$boë`m
{MÌH$ma àm. {XZH$a H$m¡{eH$ `m§Zr EH$sH$S>o Ywa§Ya øm§Mr Wmoadr
_mÝ` H$aVmZm {~«{Q>em§À`m _OuVbo åhUyZ Ë`m§Mr Zm|X Ho$br.
("{dlãY emaXm', I§S> {Vgam, n¥ð>o 217/218) XþX£dmZo Aem
{dMmam§Zr OUy Vo XoeÐmohrM AgmdoV Agm {e¸$m _mabm Jobm. ho
AÝ`m`H$maH$ hmoVo Am{U H$Xm{MV Ë`m_wio Yw§aYam§Zm OUy {dñ_¥VrV
Q>mHy$Z XoÊ`mV Ambo. ga O_eoQ>Or OrOr^m°`, ZmZm e§H$aeoQ> Ago
Wmoa g_mOgodH$ 1857 À`m ñdmV§Í``wÕmÀ`m H$mimV {~«{Q>e
amÁ`H$Ë`mªZm MwMH$maV, _ZmV ñdV§Ì ^maVmMr ñdßZo Camer R>odyZ
àË`jmV aoëdo, _o{S>H$b g§ñWm, AZoH$ {ejU g§ñWm C^maV hmoVo.
{MÌH$ma _hmXod {dœZmW Ywa§Ya ømM nR>S>rV V`ma Pmbobo Zo_ñV
{dMmam§Mo AgmdoV. AmO _w§~B©V àW_M BVŠ`m _moR>çm à_mUmV
àX{e©V Pmbobr "Ywa§Ya {MÌH$bm' Ë`m§Mo ^maVXoeào_ AYmoaopIV
H$aVmZmM {XgVo.
_mZdd§eemñÌ Ogo _mZd, àmUr Am{U {ZgJ© `m§À`m Zm|Xr
H$aVo, VgoM H$m_ {MÌH$boVyZ Ywa§Yam§Zr Ho$bo. AZoH$ ^maVr`
ñÌr-nwéf, {ZgJ© øm§Mr ñHo$Mog d
{MÌo Ho$br. `oWo hr VrZ ñHo$Mog Z_wZm
åhUyZ nmhÿ. n{hbo {MÌ ñÌr AmJ«hmZo
n§JVrV dmT>V Amho Va Xþgao ñÌr ãbmCO
KmbVmZm, {Vgao ñHo$M gH$miMo {ZË`H$_©
H$aVmZmMo. nmoñQ>H$mS>m©H$[aVm Ho$bobr {MÌ
nmhVmZm ñÌr-nwéf Xoh~mobr d Ë`m§Mo
g§Ho$V AmR>dbo. Ywa§Yam§Zr Ho$bobr hr
Z_wZm ñHo$Mog nmhVmZm "Ý`yS>' Am{U
"ZoHo$S>' øm XmoZ B§J«Or eãXmVrb gyú_
$aH$ OmUdbm. Xoh~mobrÀ`m Aä`mgmVyZ
àH$m{eV Pmboë`m "_°Z dm°qMJ' `m
So>ñ_§S> _m°[ag øm§À`m nwñVH$mMr AmR>dU
Pmbr. {MÌH$ma _hmXod {dœZmW Ywa§Ya
`m§Zr e§^a df} AmYrM Agm {MÌ_`
Aä`mg Ho$bm hmoVm.
gwhmg ~hþiH$a øm§Zr {MÌH$ma
Ywa§Ya àXeZm©Mo Am`moOZ nwT>rb-
à_mUo Ho$bo hmoVo. 1. Ywa§Ya dmagm,
2. d gmh VH$ mbr Z H$m i mM m
_mJmodm, 3. nyduMo {MÌH$ma,
4. {d Úm{W©XeoVrb Aä`mg,
5. Wmoa Ñí` H$WZH$ma, 6. ì`{º${MÌU
EH$ H$bm, 7. H$mbH«$_mZwgma
g_mO{MÌU Ñí`H$boVyZ Zm|XdUo,
8. {d Úm Am {U H$bm `m§M r
_mZdr Xoh~mobr H$er
AgVo ho Ywa§Yam§À`m
M¡VÝ`nyU© ñHo$Mog_YyZ
Aä`mgVm `oVo.
ho {ZgJ©{MÌ nmhVmZm A_yV©VoMm AZw^d XoUmao dmQ>Vo. g§nyU©
àXe©ZmVrb _Zwî`, PmS>o Zgbobo Ywa§YamMo EH$_od {MÌ.
ñQ>rb bmB©$ : {dÚm{W©XeoVrb
gwédmVrMo {MÌ (1895)
B.g. 1924 _Yrb
"h°nr _yS>' {MÌ.

7. 162 / eãX éMrŸ / Am°ŠQ>mo~a-Zmoìh|~a {Xdmir {deofm§H$ 2018
H$ar_ Im±, AÊUmgmho~ {H$bm}ñH$a
ho _w§~B©, H$Zm©Q>H$, YmadmS>, Va
~mbJ§Yd© _w§~B©, nwUo `oWo Am{U
XmXmgmho~ $miHo$ _w§~B©, Zm{eH$
Agm _moR>m g_m§Va nQ> emoYVm `oB©b.
øm XmoZ _w»` {~«{Q>e amÁ`emgZ
n[aKmV CÎma, X{jU, nyd© Am{U
n{ü_ Agm AI§S> n[aga hmoVm.
Am{e`mV gmYmaU XrS>eohÿZ A{YH$
df} éObobr pìhŠQ>mo[a`Z AmQ>© e¡br Am{U {dMmaà^md AgUo
ghm{OH$ hmoVo. hr e¡br da Z_yX Ho$boë`m gd© H$bm Am{dîH$aUmV
XrS>eohÿZ A{YH$ dfm©V Ia§M {Panbr H$m? hr MMm© Iyn _moR>r
Aä`mg H$aÊ`mgmaIr AgyZ {MÌH$ma _hmXod {dœZmW Ywa§Ya ho
Amnbm pìhŠQ>mo[a`Z AmQ>© e¡brMm _mJ© _mJo Q>mH$V Zì`m "~m°å~o
ñHy$b' AmQ>© e¡brMm {dH$mg H$aÊ`mVbo AJ«Ur {MÌH$ma R>abo,
Ago ho g§nyU© àXe©Z d Ë`m§Mo H$bm _§{XamVrb nwñVH$ nmhVmZm _bm
dmQ>Vo. øm g_m§Va H$bm àdmhmVrb H$bmH$mam§Zr hm Xoe - ñdV§ÌVm
-ñdamÁ` Aem amOH$s` Am{U gm§ñH¥${VH$ VUmdmV AgyZ XoIrb
hOma df} Agbobr gZmVZr A§Y é{T>J«ñV _mZ{gH$Vm, H$bmna§nam
OnVmZm Zì`m à`moJm§V Amnbrer Ho$br. øm_wio Vr AmYw{ZH$
OJmV AmUÊ`mMo H$m_ nwT>o gmono Pmbo. "em§{V{ZHo$VZ' H$m "~m°å~o
ñHy$b' Aem g§^«_mV, Amnë`mda O~m~Xmar Q>mH$V Xoe {~«{Q>e
amÁ`H$Ë`mªZr XmoZeo dfmªZr gmoS>bm.
OmJ{VH$ {d{dY {MÌ e¡br AWdm dmX Am{U {MÌH$ma
_hmXod {dœZmW Ywa§Ya!
hm AmboI `oWo KoÊ`mMo H$maU B. g. 1830 Vo B. g.
1980 n`ªV J«m{$H$ AmQ>©Mr CËH«$m§Vr H$er Pmbr? OJmVrb
Ñí`H$bm H$em d H$moUË`m H$mimV CËH«$m§V hmoV Joë`m Am{U
`mV amd~hmXÿa Ywa§Ya d "~m°å~o ñHy$b' hm EH$ _hÎdmMm ^maVr`
{MÌH$boMm Q>ßnm øm nQ>bmda AYmoaopIV hmoUo JaOoMo Amho.
^maVmVrb gd©M Ñí`H$bm pñWË`§Vao OmJ{VH$ nQ>bmda Zm|Xdbr
nm{hOoV. AmnU Ia§M {Zìdi A_o[aH$m, `wamon øm§Mo Ñí` H$boVrb
Jwbm_ AmhmoV H$m? ho XoIrb VnmgVm `oB©b.
nmoñQ>a Om{hamV {MÌ
_wIn¥ð> nmoñQ>H$mS>©
_wbmMr b½Zn{ÌH$m
H°$b|S>a
Om{hamV {MÌ

8. eãX éMrŸ / Am°ŠQ>mo~a-Zmoìh|~a {Xdmir {deofm§H$ 2018 / 163
MMm© Z H$aVm "Cn`mo{OV' {H$dm
nyduÀ`m "H$_{e©`b AmQ>©' ømda
bj H|${ÐV Ho$bobo Amho. amOm
a{dd_mªZ§Va H$Xm{MV {MÌH$ma
_hmXod {dœZmW Ywa§Ya `m§Mr
Ñí`H$bm ^maVr` b{bV Am{U
gm§ñH¥${VH$ÑîQ>çm _hÎdmMm
XñVEodO R>aob.
Ywa§Ya øm§Mr Ame`{MÌ ZrVr Am{U
Mm[aÍ`mda ^mî` : Ë`m§À`mVrb
g¥OZerb H$bmH$ma H$aVmZm
H$gm J_VrXma ~maH$mdo {Q>nVmo ho
nmhÊ`mgmaIo Amho. `oWo ~m`H$mobm
$gdUmè`m Zdè`mÀ`m H$moQ>mdarb
{nR>mÀ`m hmVmMo R>go ~m`H$mo nmhVo d Mmoê$Z Ho$bobr b~mS>r
nH$S>Vo. ho {Zìdi H$mam{JarMo H$m_ ZgyZ A{^OmV {MÌH$boV
{dMma Agë`m{edm` Ago {MÌ hmoV Zmhr.
hm boI AmdaVm KoVmZm _r "Ywa§Ya ho _hmamï´>mÀ`m
A{^OmVVm Cn`mo{OV {MÌH$boMo AmÚàdV©H$' Agm C„oI
H$aÊ`mMo H$maU åhUOo Ywa§Yam§Zr Iè`m AWm©Zo Ñí` H$boMo gd©
àH$ma ghOnUo, H$moUVmhr ^oX Z R>odVm hmVmibo. "H$_{e©`b
AmQ>©' øm ZmdmZo OJ^a AmOhr AmoiIbm OmUmam hm H$bm
àH$ma, ^maVmV 1850 Z§Va Am¡Úmo{JH$ H«$m§VrMo dmao dmhÿ bmJbo
Am{U ì`mnma`wJ B§J«Om§Zr OJ^a ngadbo, Ë`mMdoir gwê$
Pmbm. øm H$aVm àË`oH$ H«$` dñVyMr AmoiI J«mhH$mÀ`m _ZmV,
~mOmanoR>oVrb BVa VemM dñVy§À`m JXuVyZ ì`dpñWV éOmdr
åhUyZ "H$_{e©`b AmQ>©' hm EH$ Cn`mo{OV {MÌH$bm àH$ma
åhUyZ ApñVËdmV Ambm. dmñV{dH$ OJmVrb gd© nma§n[aH$
H$bmàH$ma ho Cn`wº$Vm øm JaOoVyZM {dH${gV Pmbo. H$bm Am{U
H$m¡eë` øm§Mr `mo½` gm§JS> KmbV VgoM _mJUr d nwadR>m
øm VÎdm§Zm gm§^miV Ywa§Yam§Zr H$m_mVrb gm¢X`© OmUrd H$m`_
R>odbr.
{dgmì`m eVH$mV ZdñWmnË`H$bm Am{U Am¡Úmo{JH$
g§H$ënZ ømV H$moUË`mhr B_maVrMo AWdm dñVyMo H$m`© ho Ë`m
g§H$pënV AmH$mamer d CÔoemer {ZJ{S>V Agmdo Agm Vmo {dMma
hmoVm. A{^OmVVoV Zo_Ho$ CbQ> åhUOo "$m°_© {dM BO §$ŠeZbog'
WmoS>Š`mV CÔoe{da{hV {Zìdi gm¢X`© OmUrd, Á`mV AmH$ma
H$moUVmhr g§Xoe XoV Zmhr ho J¥hrV Yabo OmVo. dmñVdVoÀ`m
A{VaoH$s AmJ«hmMm n[aUm_ åhUyZ A_yV© {MÌH$bm CX`mg Ambr.
Joë`m Mma eVH$mV d¡km{ZH$ Ñï>r {dH${gV Pmbr, Á`mVyZ _mZdr
VgoM _yb^yV gwá BÀN>m§Zm AmdmhZ H$aUmè`m Jmoï>r g¥OZmË_H$
nÕVrZo g§XoedhZ àH$mamV ê$T> Pmë`m.
{MÌH$ma _hmXod {dœZmW Ywa§Ya, AmQ>© ñHy$b_Ü`o {Zìdi
gm¢X`© OmUrd Agboë`m {MÌH$boMm Aä`mg H$arV, Am`wî`^a
{MÌH$mam§Zr ho gd© "BPåg'
H$mhr R>adyZ Ho$bobo ZmhrV.
AmOy~mOyÀ`m n[apñWVrbm
H$bmH$mamZo {Xbobr Vr Cñy$V©
à{V{já {H«$`m AgVo. Ñí`H$boÀ`m
_yb^yV KQ>H$m§À`m gmhmæ`mZo
Ho$bobo Vo g¥OZerb àH$Q>rH$aU
AgVo. (q~Xÿ, aofm, AdH$me,
a§J, nmoV, KZVm, g_yh Am{U
AmH¥${V~§Y BË`mXr dmnê$Z) pìhŠQ>mo[a`Z AmQ>© 1830 Vo 1900,
AmQ>© A°ÊS> H«$m$Q>g 1850 Vo 1900, AmQ>© Zmoìhm 1890
Vo 1920, ½bmgJmo 1890 Vo 1920, OwO|S>ñQ>rb 1890 Vo
1900, XmXm 1890 Vo 1930, Agm àdmg KoVbm Va Ywa§Ya
H$moUË`m Zì`m {MÌe¡brMm emoY KoV hmoVo? ho gmYmaUnUo g_Oy
eHo$b.
Ywa§Yam§À`m H$mhr H$bmH¥$Vr _r OmJ{VH$ e¡br AWdm
BPågZwgma nmhÊ`mMm à`ËZ H$aVmo. OmJ{VH$ ñVamda Ñí`H$bm
H$er hmoVr Am{U Ywa§Yam§Mr Ñí`H$bm Ë`mhÿZ H$moUVo Zdo ê$n KoD$
nmhV hmoVr Agm `m_mJMm CÔoe Amho. (H¥$n`m hr VwbZm g_Oy
Z`o.) dmñV{dH$ Ywa§Yam§Mr Ñí`H$bm {d{dY {d^mJmVyZ Cn`mo{OV
Am{U A{^OmVVm ñdénmV g§Mma H$aVmZm {XgVo. Ë`m_wio gyú_
Aä`mgmÛmam ho OmUyZ ¿`mdo bmJob EdT>o _moR>o ho H$m_ Amho.
`oWo H°$b|S>a, nmoñQ>a, nmoñQ>H$mS©>²g, Om{hamVr, boQ>[a¨J, Aja
aMZm g§H$ënZm, b¾n{ÌH$m, H$Wm {MÌ, Ame` {MÌ, _wIn¥ð>
Ago O_ob Vo KoVbo Amho. øm boImV Ë`m§À`m n|qQ>J{df`r
_bm {Xgbobo Ywa§Yam§À`m _oKXÿV H$Wm{MÌmVrb "A{^OmV' ~maH$mdo.
H$moQ>mdarb R>go.
(_yi {MÌmMm A§e^mJ)