1. International Referred Research Journal, October, 2011. ISSN- 0974-2832, RNI-RAJBIL 2009/29954;VoL.III *ISSUE-33
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* ¬˝Ê. «UÊÚ. ’ʬȂʄU’ ê„US∑§ October, 2011
* ⁄UÊC˛U◊ÊÃÊ ß¥UÁŒ⁄UÊ ªÊ¥äÊË ◊„UÊÁfllÊ‹ÿ, ¡Ê‹ŸÊ
^maVmV Am{U Ë`mVë`m Ë`mV ehamV OmñVrV OmñV bmoH$ Xm[aÐ`mV Xm[aÐ`mMo àH$ma :-
OJV AgVmV. `oWo Ag§»` bmoH$m§Zm ñdV:Mo Ka Zmhr, A§J^a H$nS>m 1) gmnoj Xm{aÐ` :- gmnoj Xm[aÐ` hr g§H$ënZm Ver Am{W©H$
Zmhr {Z nmoQ>^a AÞ {_iV Zmhr. ^maVmVrb J«m_rU Am{U ZmJar {df_Voda AmYmabobr Amho. EH$m ì`º$s dm JQ>mÀ`m Am{W©H$ j_VoMr
Xm[aÐ`mMo EH§$XarV ñdén VWm n[apñWVr H$er Amho. `mMo {ddoMZ S>m°. VwbZm Ooìhm Xwgar ì`ŠVr dm JQ>mer Ho$br OmVo Voìhm Ë`mbm gmnoj
Xm§S>oH$a Am{U S>m°. aW, {dÎm Am`moJ, OmJ{VH$ ~±H$ BË`mXtZr Ho$bo Amho. Xm[aÐ` åhQ>bo OmVo. `mV EH$ JQ> Am{W©H$ Ñï>rZo H$_r AgVmo Va Xwgam
`m gdmªÀ`m Aä`mgmMm {ZîH$f© Agm Amho H$s, 1992 gmbr 26.09 OmñV AgVmo. åhUOo H$_r CËnÞ JQ>mVrb ì`º$s VWm g_wh qH$dm Xoe
H$moQ>r J«m_rU Va 8.6 H$moQ>r ehar åhUOo EHw$U bomH$g§»`m 35.05 Jar~ _mZbo OmVmV.
H$moQ>r bmoH$ Xm[aÐ`aoIoH$mbr hmoVo.ho à_mU eoH$S>m 40.07 BVHo$ bmoH$ 2) {Zanoj Xm[aÐ` :- ^maVmV gmnoj Xm[aÐ` ho R>H$i ñdénmV {XgyZ
Am{U EHw$U OJmVrb Am¡Úmo{JH$ CËnmXZmV ^maVmMm H«$_m§H$ `oVo. gmnoj Xm[aÐ`m_Ü`o {^Þ ì`º$s qH$dm doJdoJio g_wh `m§À`m_Ü`o
EH$mo{Ugmdm bmJVmo Am{U EHw$U amï´>r` CËnÞmMm {dMma Ho$bm Va hmM CËnÞmMr VwbZm Z H$aVm EImXr ì`º$sM X[aÐr Amho qH$dm Zmhr ho
H«$_m§H$ ~mamdm bmJVmo. åhUOo EdT>r gd© AZwH$w ëmVm AgyZgwÜXm ^maVmV R>a{dÊ`mMm à`ËZ Ho$bm OmVmo. H$moUË`mhr _mUgmbm EH$ _mUwg åhUyZ
Xm[aÐ`m§Mo à_mU Mmirg Q>ŠŠ`mÀ`m da Amho .^maVmVrb ho Xm[aÐ` {Od§V amhÊ`mgmR>r {H$_mZ OrdZ_mZmMr EH$ nmVir Amdí`H$ AgVo.
H$_mbrMo ^rfU ñdénmMo Amho. XoemÀ`m n«Ë`oH$ ^mJmV, JmdmJmdmV {Z hr Aem àH$maMr nmVir JmR>Vm `oV Zgob Va Vr ìæmº$s {ZpíMVM X[aÐr
ehamehamV Xm[aÐ`mZo H$ig JmR>bm Amho. VìXVM, CËnZmMr V$mdV g_Obr OmVo. `oWo Xm[aÐ`mVyZ {H$_mZ OrdZ_mZmMm {dMma H$éZ
bjmV KoVm CƒdJu` {Z X{aÐr dJm©Vrb bmoH$m§Mm {dMma H$amdm bmJVmo. MmbV Zmhr.AÞ, dñÌ,Am{U {Zdmam `m ~m~tMr nwVVm Pmbr H$s _mUgmMo
©
1983 À`m AmH$S>odmarZwgma ehar ^mJmVrb 11% Am{U J«m_rU Xm[aÐ` g§nwï>mV Ambo Ago åhUVm `oV Zmhr.
^mJmVrb 3% Hw$Qy>§~o CƒdJm©V _moS>Umar hmoVr. Xm[aÐ`mMo {ZX}em§H$ :- Xm{aÐ` åhUOo H$m` ho Oar bjmV Ambo Var
^maVmVrb 70% Hw$Qy>~mVrb bmoH$ eoVr ì`dgm`mV JwVbobo Xm[aÐ`mMr {H$_mZ nmVir åhUOo Xm[aÐ`aofm H$er {ZpíMV Ho$br OmVo
§ §
Agbo Var J«m_rU g_mOmVrb 70% Hw$Qy>§~mH$S>o ñdV:À`m _mbH$sMr `mgmR>r Xm[aÐ`mMo H$mhr {ZX}em§H$ AmhoV.
O_rZ Zmhr. Cabobo Oo 30% bmoH$ àË`j eoVr H$aVmV Ë`m§À`mn¡H$s 1) H°$barO Cî_m§H$ :- ^mH$ar{edm` H$moUmbmhr OJVm `oV Zmhr.
44% bmoH$m§H$S>o EH$ EH$a, 33.8% bmoH$m§H$S>o 1.5 EH$a, 16.8% ^mH$argmR>r AÞmMr JaO AgVo. åhUyZ EImÚm ì`º$sbm AÞmÜmmÝ`mVyZ
bmoH$m§H$S>o 6 Vo 15 EH$a , 5% bmoH$m§H$S>o 16 Vo 50 EH$a Am{U 0 amoO {H$Vr H°$barO {H§$dm Cî_m§H$ {_iVmV `mda Xm{aÐ` {ZíMrV Ho$bo
Vo 4% bmoH$m§H$S>o 50 EH$amnojm OmñV O{_ZrMr _mbH$s hmoVr Ago OmV AgVo.
{XgyZ Ambo. `m_Ü`o n«m_w»`mZo ^y{_hrZ eoV_Owam§Mm _moR>çm à_mUmV 2) XaS>moB© CËnÞ :- Amdí`H$ VodT²`m _yb^yV JaOm ^mJ{dÊ`mMr Á`m
^aUm Amho .`m eoV_Owamn¡H$s Odinmg 3/4 _Oya ho gwJrÀ`m {Xdgm_Ü`o _mUgmV j_Vm Agob Agm _mUyg {ZXmZ ì`dpñWV OJy eH$Vmo. na§Vy
_Owar H$aVmV Am{U Z§Va {Zìdi ~oH$ma amhVmV. Cabobo 1/4 _Oya ehamV Aem àH$maMo CËnÞ {_i{dÊ`mg Ag§»` bmoH$ Ag_W© AmhoV
ho _w»`V: Hw$R>ë`mhr EH$mM eoV_mbH$mH$S>o dfm©Zwdf© H$aUmao gmbJS>r åhUyZ Vo Xm[aÐ`aofoImbrb OrdZ OJV AgVmV.
VWm _hrZXma åhUyZ H$m_ H$arV AgVmV. 3) AÝZmYmÝ` Cn^moJ - à_mU :- àË`oH$ _mUgmbm X[aÐr åhQ>bo
^maVr` AW©ì`dñWoMm {dMma H$aVm `oWrb bmoH$m§V OmVo. ehamV Aem bmoH$m§Mr H$_r Zmhr Ag§»` _mUgmbm EH$doiMo
H$_mbrMr Am{W©H$ {df_Vm {XgyZ `oVo. XoemMo OodT>o CËnÞ Amho Ë`m nmoQ>^a AÞhr {_iV Zmhr.
CËnÞmn¡H$s 7% CËnÞ ho VimJmimVrb 20% bmoH$m§À`m dmQ>`mbm 4) amhUr_mZ XOm© :- amhUr_mZmMr g§§~§Y ì`º$sÀ`m {H$_mZ A§J^a
`oV.D$bQ> Oo 20% bmoH$ gdm©ƒ g_Obo OmVmV Ë`m§À`m dmQ>`mbm `oV. H$nS>çmMr `oVmo. ehamV - nm§KéUmgmR>r Á`m§À`mH$S>o EImÚm $mQ>Š`m
o o o o
`mCbQ> Oo 20% bomH$ gdm©oƒ g_Obo OmVmV Ë`m§À`m dmQ>çmbm 50% nmoË`mMm VwH$S>mhr Zgob Ë`m _mUgmbm X[aÐrM åhQ>bo OmVo. H$maU
hÿZ OmñV `oVo ho {df_VoMo à_mU J«m_rU Am{U ZmJar ^mJmV gVV Ë`m§À`mH$S>o H$moUË`mhr àH$maÀ`m gw{dYm CnbãY Zgë`mZo Vo
dmT>VM Amho. gVVMr dmT>Vr bomH$g§»`m Am{U dmT Ë`m bmoH$g§»`oÀ`m amhUr_mZmÀ`m ~m~VrV CXmgrZ AdñWoV OJV AgVmV.
nmR>monmR> {Z_m©U hmoUmar ~oH$mar, IoS>çmVyZ ehamH$S>o hmoUmao àM§S> 5) XaS>moB© IM© :- nmoQ>mbm AÞ {_imbo åhUOo gd© H$mhr {_imbo Ago
à_mUm{Vb ñWbm§Va, EH$rH$Sy>Z bmoH$g§»`m {Z`§{ÌV H$aÊ`mV Ambobo åhUVm `oV Zmhr . _mZdoVa àmÊ`mbm ho eŠ` Amho. _mUgmbm ^mH$argmR>r
An`e, {Xdgo{Xdg dmT>V OmUmao na{H$` H$O© `m {Z Aem AZoH$ Ogm IM© H$amdm bmJVmo VgmM H$nS>m {Z {Zdm«è`mgmR>rgwÜXm H$amdm
H$maUm§_wio ^maVmVrb Xm{aÐ`mMo ñdén ^`mZH$ Vrd« ~Zbo Amho. bmJVmo. EdT>oM Zmhr Va _wb^yV JaOm§À`m gmo~VM Xwæ`_ JaOm§À`m
91 SHODH, SAMIKSHA AUR MULYANKAN

2. nwV©VogmR>r H$moUË`mhr _mUgmbm gVV g§Kf© H$amdm bmJVmo. ehamV ^maVmVrb Xm[aÐ`mMo EH$ à_wI H$maU g_Obo OmVo.H$maU BVa
g§Kf© H$éZhr Amdí`H$ VodT>m IM© H$aÊ`mMr bjmdYr bmoH$m§Mr j_Vm {dH${gV Xoem§À`m VwbZoV ^maVmMo amï´>r` CËnÞ IynM H$_r Amho.
ZgVo Ë`m§Zm X[aÐr åhQ>bo OmVo. Hw$Qy>§~mV Oa 16 dfm©Imbrb _wbm§Mr XoemMm Am{W©H$ {dH$mg J{V_mZ ìhmdm åhUyZ 1950-51 nmgyZ
d 60 dfm©darb ì`º$sMr g§»`m Oa OmñV Agob Am{U H$_dË`m {Z`moOZmMm A§JrH$ma Ho$bm Amho. Am{W©H$ {dH$mgmMo d IMm©Mo {Z`moOZ
ì`º$s Oa H$_r AgVrb Va Vo Hw$Qy>§~ X[aÐr åhUyZM g_Obo OmVo. H$éZhr `m XoemVrb Xm[aÐ` H$_r Pmbo Zmhr.
1) d¡`{º$H$ :- Xm[aÐ`mMo H$maU ho d¡`º$sH$ Amho Ago AZoH$ 8) h[aV H«$m§Vr :- h[aV H«$m§Vr_wio Xm[aÐ`mMo à_mU H$_r hmoB©b Ago
{dMmad§VmMo _V Amho. _mUgmMr lr_§Vr VWm J[a~r hr Ë`mÀ`m ñdV:Mo dmQ>V hmoVo. na§Vw n[aUm_ CbQ>m Pmbm Amho. h[aV H«$m§Vr_wio J«m_rU
ApñVËd {Q>H${dÊ`mgmR>r Oa ñnYm© Ho$br Zmhr Va _mUyg Xm[aÐ`mV ^mJmV Xm[aÐ`mMo à_mU gmVË`mZo dmT>V Amho. åhUyZM bmoH$ ehamH$S>o
{nMV nS>V AgVmo. Oo bmoH$ geº$, H$m`©j_ {Z n[apñWVr AmoiIyZ OmñVrV OmñV à_mUmV ñWbm§VarV hmoV AmhoV. H$maU h[aV H«$m§VrZo
{ZU©` KoVmV Vo Ho$ìhmhr nwT>o OmV AgVmV. `mCbQ> Á`m§À`mH$S>o {OÔ, eoVroMo `m§{ÌH$sH$aU dmTy> bmJbo Amho. eoVmV `§Ì Amë`mZo Ë`mMm
{MH$mQ>r BË`mXtMm A^md AgVmo Vo _mJo nS>VmV. n[aUm_ eoV_Owamda Pmbm Amho.
2) gm_m{OH$ :- H$moUË`mhr g_mOmMr ñdV:Mr EH$ g§aMZm VWm Xm[aÐ` {Z`moOZ d Cnm` : ^{dî`mV ZJamV dmT>Umar bmoH$g§»`m
ì`dñWm AgVo. ZmJar g_mOmMrgwÜXm EH$ Img Aer g§aMZmË_H$ {dMmamV KoD$Z Ë`m§Zm bmJUmè`m gmYZmMr CnbãYVm {Z_m©a H$aÊ`mMm
ì`dñWm AgVo.`m g§aMZoMr ñdV:Mr H$mhr {Z`_Zo, _yë`o ,^y{_H$m, à`ËZ Ho$bm OmV Amho. Ë`mV gmd©O{ZH$ _moH$ir _¡XmZo, CÚmZmgmR>r
g_yh, Cng_yh BË`mXr AgVmV. H$Yr àH$Q> Va H$Yr AàH$Q> H$m`©o ^wI§S>, IoimMo _¡XmZo hr _moR>çm à_mUmda R>odbr OmV Amho.
nma nmS>br OmV AgVmV. EdT>oM Zmhr Va à{VHy$b H$m`m©Mr à{H«$`m 1) ^yI§S> {Z`moOZ :- ZmJar ^mJmV {d{dY ^yI§S> AgVmV Ë`mda
gmVË`mZo H$m`©aV AgVo. Aem ZmJar g_mOm_Ü`o H$mhr gm_m{OH$ PmonS>nÅ>rMr dmT> Z hmoD$ XoUo. XmQ>rdmQ>rZo KamMr aMZm Z hmoD$ XoUo.
g§ñWm {Z AW©ì`dñWm `m EH$m {d{eï> _mJm©Zo dmQ>Mmb H$arV AgVmV. añË`mMr é§Xr R>odUo B_maVrMr C§Mr R>a{dUo .B/ {df`r H$m`Xo ~Z{dbo
`mMm n[aUm_ {ejUmda dm bmoH$m§À`m H$m`©j_Voda hmoV AgVmo. nm{hOo.
3) Xm[aX²>«`mMr Cng§ñH¥$Vr :- Xm[aÐ`m§Mr g§ñH¥$Vr hr g§H$ënZm 2) J{bÀN> dñVr gwYma :- ZmJar ^mJmV J{bÀN> dñVr d PmonS>nÅ>rMr
1959 gmbr Am°ñH$a bodrg `mZo bomH${à` Ho$br . Vmo åhUVmo ,Xm[aÐ`mMr dmT> Pmbobr AgVo. Ë`m§Zm CR>> dUo emgZmg eŠ` hmoV Zmhr. Ë`m_wio
EH$ OrdZnÜXVr AgVo. Vr EH$ àH$maMr g§ñH¥$Vr AgVo.H$maU X[aÐr Ë`m dñË`m_Ü`o _wb^yV gw{dYm CnëmãY H$éZ XoUo hm {Z`moOZmMm EH$
dJm©V Á`m bmoH$m§Mm g_mdoe Pmbobm AgVmo Ë`mMr ñdV:Mr BVamnojm ^mJ Amho.
H$mhr Img _wë`o, lÜXm {Z {Z`_Zo AgVmV. Ë`m§Mr J[a~r H$_r 3) KamMr CnbãYVm :- AZoH$ bmoH$m§Mo CËnÞ H$_r Agë`m_wio Ë`m§Zm Int
H$aÊ`mgmR>r H$moUVohr à`ËZ Ho$bo Var Ë`m§Mr g§ñH¥$Vr à`ËZmÀ`m AmS> _moR>çm à_mUmV Ka^mS>o XoVm `oD$ eH$V Zmhr. Ë`m_wio Vo J{bÀN>
`oV AgVo. dñË`m_ÜmyZ amhVmV. Kao ~m§YÊ`mgmR>r àmoËgmhZna `moOZm, ~±H$m_m©$V
4) A{Varº$ dmT>Vr bomH$g§»`m : ehamMr bmoH$g§»`m H$mhrhr H$obo Var H$_r ì`mOr J¥h H$O© CnbãY Pmë`mg Ka ~m§YUr à{H«$`m doJ `oB©b
H$_r hmoUma Zmhr. Vr gmVË`mZo dmT>VM OmUma Amho. bmoH$g§»`m Oar 4) drO ,nmUr,B§YZ :- ZmJarH$aÊmmÀ`m dmT>r_wio drO,nmUr,d B§YZmMr
dmT>V Agbr Var CËnÞmÀmm doJ _mÌ IwnM _mJo Amho. bomH$g§»`oÀ`m Q>§MmB© {Z_m©U hmoVo. d Ë`mMr nwV©Vm H$aUo Amdí`H$ AgVo. ewÜX
dmT>rÀ`m à_mUmV XaS>moB© CËnÞmV dmT> ìhm`bm nm{hoOo hmoVr. na§Vw Vgo hdoà_mUo ewÜX {nÊ`mMo nmUr {_iUo Amdí`H$ AgVo.gÜ`m ^maVmV
KSy>Z Ambo Zmhr. ewÜX {nÊ`Mo nmUr nwa{dUo _moR>r g_ñ`m {Z_m©U Pmbr Amho. dmT>Ë`m
5) ~oH$mar d AY©~oH$mar :- ZmJar bmoH$g§»`m gmVË`mZo dmT>V Agbr {dOoMm dmna ,Ë`mVM B§YZmMr J°g, am°Ho$b `mgmR>r bmoH$m§Zm AZoH$
Var Ë`m à_mUmV ZJam§Mm {ZH$mon Am{W©H$ {dH$mg KSy>Z Ambm Zmhr. `mVZm§Zm gm_moao Omdo bmJV Agë`m_wio `m ~m~rMo {Z`moOZ H$aUo
Ë`m_wio H$moQ>çmdYr bmoH$m§Zm ~oH$mar d AY©~oH$marÀ`m g_ñ`m§Zm gm_moao Amdí`H$ Amho.
Omdoo bmJVo Amho. ~oH$marÀ`m H$mimV H$moUË`mhr àH$maMo AÞ gmYZ 5) ZmJar ñdÀN>Vm :- ZmJar ^mJmV amoOÀ`m amoO AZoH$ Q>mH$mdy
CnbãY Zgbo H$s Xm[aÐ`mMo à_mU dmT>V AgVo. ~oH$mar hr H$er dmT>V dñVwnmgyZ _moR>çm à_mUmV H$Mam gmMVmo Ë`mMr doimodoir ñdÀN>Vm
Amho ho H$mhr n§Mdm{f©H$ `moOZm§À`m AmH$S>dmardéZ bjmV `oV. åhUOo
o o H$éZ Ë`mMr {dëohdmQ> bmdUo hm {Z`moOZmMm ^mJ Amho.
1990 _Ü`o 2.80 H$moQ>r bmoH$ ~oH$ma hmoVo. åhUOo gmYmaU Xhm- ~mam 6) dmhZVimMr {Z_uVu :- ^maVmVrb àË`oH$ eham_YyZ dmhmZ§mMr
dfm©À`m H$mbmdYrV ~oH$marMr g§»`m Odinmg nmM nQ>rZo dmT>Ê`mMr g§»`m ~ogw_ma dmT>V Amho.Ë`m_wio Ë`m§À`m nmH$sªJMr EH$ _moR>r g_ñ`m
e§H$m ì`º$ H$aÊ`mV Ambr Amho. ~ZV Mmbbr Amho.Ë`mgmR>r ~gog, H$ma,Vm§Jo. [ajm, B dmhmZo C^r
6³) g§nÎmr d CËnÞ dmQ>nmVrb {df_Vm :- ^maVmMr EH§$XarV H$aÊ`mgmR>r ZJamV {d{dY {R>H$mUr dmhZ VimMrH$ gmo` H$aUo. Amdí`H$
g_mOì`dñWmM Aer Ammho H$s, `oWo AJXr àmMrZ H$mimnmgyZ g§nÎmr Amho.Ë`m_wio AnKmVmMo à_mU H$_r hmoB©b.dmhVwH$ {Z`̧U ì`dñWm
d CËnÞ dmQ>nmV H$_mbrMr {df_Vm {QHy$Z Amho. gm§àV, amï´>r` CËnÞmMm H$aUo, PmonS>nÅ>rV Agboë`m hmV^Q>çmMo CÀÀmmQ>Z H$aUo, doí`mì`dgm`,
$ma _moR>m {hñgm hm nmM Vo Xhm bmoH$m§À`m dmQ>`mbm `oVmo. ImOJr gÅ>m, Mmoar, {ó`m§Mm {dZ`^§J, B© ~§Xmo~ñV H$amdm Oo VéU ~oH$ma
_mb_ÎmoÀ`m h¸$m_wio g§nÎmrMo {dH|$ÐrH$aU H$mhr {ZdS>H$ {Z _moOŠ`mM AgVrb Ë`m§Zm d A§nJmZm CËnmX²ZmMr gmYZo {Z_m©U H$éZ XoD$Z
bmoH$m§À`m ^modVr hmoV Agë`mZo Vo A{YH$m{YH$ lr_§V hmoV AgVmV. `oWrb bmooH$m§À`m A§gVmofmda _mV H$aVm `oB©b.
7) XoemMm Anwam {dH$mg :- Am{W©H$ {dH$mgmMm H$_mbrMm _§X doJ hm
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