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EME lab practical- GTU
1. G.I.D.C. DEGREE ENGINEERING
COLLEGE, NAVSARI
CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that Mr. /Miss
___________________________________________of
Branch_____________in Sem._________, Enrollment
No._____________has satisfactorily completed his/her
term work for subject Elements of Mechanical
Engineering (2110006) during term 20___.
DATE:______________
2. G.I.D.C. DEGREE ENGINEERING COLLEGE, NAVSARI
Sign of Faculy Head of the department
TABLE OF CONTENT
SR
NO
.
EXPERIMENTS
PAGE
NO.
DATE
OF
PERFORMANCE
DATE
OF
CHECKING
SIGN MARKS
1 To study different
configurations of steam
generators
2 To study different boiler
mountings & accessories
3 Study of different
calorimeters used for
measurement of steam
quality
4 To study different I.C.
engines.
5 Study of different types of
pumps.
6 Study of different type of
compressors.
7 Study of refrigeration and
air conditioning systems.
8 Study of elements of
motion and power
transmission.
9 Study of Clutches,
Couplings & Brakes.
10 To study the engineering
materials.
AVERAGE MARKS
3. G.I.D.C. DEGREE ENGINEERING COLLEGE, NAVSARI
EXPERIMENT NO.1
OBJECTIVES
To understand the phenomenon of evaporation.
To study different configurations of steam generators.
THEORY
Steam generator is basically a heat exchanger that generates steam under
the desired conditions of pressure & temperature, by facilitating heat
exchange between water and flue gases generated upon the combustion of
fuel.
A steam generator thus needs to have necessary heat transfer surfaces,
space for storage of water & steam, furnace for burning the fuel and
necessary equipment for control of its operation.
Steam generators can be classified in several ways viz. according to tube
content, orientation of boiler shell, method of circulation of water, operating
pressure, applications etc.
The following configurations will be studied;
• Simple vertical boiler
• Cochran boiler
• Locomotive boiler
• Babcock & Wilcox boiler
• Lancashire boiler
EXERCISES
1. Explain evaporation phenomenon with sketch.
2. Differentiate between:
Fire tube & water tube boilers
3. Define boiler. Discuss various classifications of boilers.
4. Give name of basic parts of boiler and write function of each.
5. Describe with the help of a neat sketch the working of:
Cochran boiler
Babcock & Wilcox boiler
Lancashire boiler
4. G.I.D.C. DEGREE ENGINEERING COLLEGE, NAVSARI
EXPERIMENT NO.2
OBJECTIVE
To study different boiler mountings & accessories.
THEORY
A steam generator is employed to generate steam under desired
conditions of pressure & temperature. Different devices are a part of
the steam generator which are called as mountings or accessories.
Mountings
Mountings are the fittings & devices, which are necessary for the
complete controlled operation and safety of a boiler.
Some of the important boiler mountings are;
• Safety valve
• Pressure gauge
• Water level indicator
• Steam stop valve
• Feed check valve
• Blow off cock
• Fusible plug, etc.
Accessories
Accessories are the appliances installed to enhance the performance of
the boiler. These are optional components and a boiler can be operated
without accessories.
The important boiler accessories are;
• Super heater
• Economizer
• Air preheater
EXERCISES
1. What are boiler mountings and accessories?
2. How is draught created in the various boilers that you have studied?
5. G.I.D.C. DEGREE ENGINEERING COLLEGE, NAVSARI
3. Explain what is meant by:
(a) Boiler efficiency
(b) Equivalent evaporation.
4. With the help of neat diagrams explain the location and working of
following mountings:
1. Safety valve (all four types)
2. Pressure gauge
3. Water level indicator
4. Steam stop valve
5. Blow off cock
6. Feed check valve
7. Fusible plug
7. Explain Working of following accessories:
1. Economizer
2. Super heater
3. Air preheater
4. Exhaust steam feed water heater
6. G.I.D.C. DEGREE ENGINEERING COLLEGE, NAVSARI
EXPERIMENT NO.3
OBJECTIVE
Study of different calorimeter used for measurement of steam quality
(dryness fraction).
THEORY
Dryness fraction of steam is defined as the ratio of mass of vapor
present in a sample of wet steam to the total mass of the steam
sample. Steam dryness fraction is denoted by X, and can take any value
between 0to 1.
v
l v
m
X
m m
=
+
Where: mv =mass of vapour
ml =mass of liquid
Dryness fraction of 1 indicated that the steam sample is dry saturated where
as dryness fraction value of 0 indicate saturated liquid state.
The determination of the dryness fraction of steam driving the turbine
is very important as excessively wet steam may cause erosion and
corrosion of turbine blades, thereby shortening the life of the turbine.
For safe operation of turbine the dryness fraction of the steam has to be
greater than 0.88.
TASK
Study of following calorimeter used for measurement of steam quality:
(a) Separating calorimeter
(b) Throttling calorimeter
(c) Separating Throttling calorimeter
EXERCISES
1. Define dryness fraction.
2. Explain with help of neat sketch the working of following calorimeter:
a) Bucket or Barrel calorimeter
b) Separating calorimeter
c) Throttling calorimeter
7. G.I.D.C. DEGREE ENGINEERING COLLEGE, NAVSARI
d) Combined throttling & Separating Calorimeter
EXPERIMENT NO.4
OBJECTIVE
Study of different Internal Combustion (I.C.) engines.
THEORY
Heat engines are the devices that first convert chemical energy stored in the
fuel, into heat energy and then thermal into mechanical energy.
Internal Combustion (I.C) engines are type of heat engines in which
combustion of the fuel and hence conversion of chemical energy stored
within the fuel into thermal energy takes place within i.e. inside, the engine.
I.C. engines have evolved over the years, starting from the low speed
bulky machines of the early twentieth century to today’s state of the
art modern high seed, high performance engines.
Detailed study of several I C engines is to be carried out to meet
with the following objectives;
• To identify the type of engine, i.e. 2 stroke or 4 stroke, SI or CI etc.
• To understand the technical specifications of engines
• To get acquainted with the engine set up i.e. the type of starting
method employed, the type of output power measuring device used, the
type of cooling method employed, the type of inlet air flow measuring
method used etc.
EXERCISE
1. What is an internal combustion engine? Give detailed classification of I.C.
engines.
2. Draw a neat schematic diagram of engine showing its major components.
3. Explain the function of I.C. Engine parts.
4. Differentiate between:
(a) Two stroke & four stroke I.C engines
(b) S.I. & C.I. engines
5. Explain the working of two sroke and four stroke S.I. & C.I. engines.
8. G.I.D.C. DEGREE ENGINEERING COLLEGE, NAVSARI
EXPERIMENT NO.5
OBJECTIVE
To study different types of pumps.
THEORY
The pump is a mechanical device which conveys liquid from one
place to another. It can be also define as a machine that transfers the
mechanical energy of a motor or an engine in to potential, kinetic, and
thermal energy pump belongs to the category of power absorbing machines.
Pumping is the addition of energy to move it from one place to another.
The pumps used to handle water are called hydraulic pumps. Other common
types of pump are fuel pumps, oil pumps, mud pumps etc.
A pump is defined as a device, which raises or transfer liquids at the expense
of power input.
A machine designed to elevate, deliver, and move various liquids.
A unit that transfer mechanical energy of a motor of an engine in to
potential and kinetic energy of a liquid.
Application area of pump the municipal water works, power plants,
agriculture, transport and many other utility services and industries.
According to design and principle of operation, pumps may be
classified in following two categories:
Dynamic pumps, which include centrifugal pumps, axial flow and peripheral
pumps.
Positive displacement pumps, which include reciprocating pumps (piston pump,
plunger pump), rotary pumps (gear type, screw type and vane type).
EXERCISE
1. Define pump and classify different types of pumps.
2. Explain with neat sketch the following types of Reciprocating Pump.
1) Plunger Pump
2) Single Acting Pump
3) Double Acting Pump
4) Bucket Pump
9. G.I.D.C. DEGREE ENGINEERING COLLEGE, NAVSARI
3. Explain with neat sketch the following types of Rotary Pump.
1) Gear Pump
2) Screw Pump
3) Vane Pump
4. Explain with neat sketch the following types of Centrifugal Pump.
1) Volute Pump
2) Vortex Pump
3) Diffuser Pump
5. What is priming? Why priming is required in centrifugal pump? Also write
methods of priming.
6. Explain with neat sketch function of Air Chamber.
10. G.I.D.C. DEGREE ENGINEERING COLLEGE, NAVSARI
EXPERIMENT NO.6
OBJECTIVE
To study different types of compressor.
THEORY
The compressor is the machine which handles a compressible fluid and
pressurizes it by doing work on it. The fluid can be air, gas or vapor. It
can be also defined as a machine which takes in air at low pressure and
compresses it to high pressure which the help of some suitable arrangement.
i.e. reciprocating piston and cylinder arrangement or rotary arrangement it is
called an air compressor.
Generally an air compressor takes in air at the atmospheric pressure. It
is compressed to high pressure and delivered it is to a storage tank.
From the storage tank it is taken out for different uses through the
pipe lines. The compressor driven with the help of some prime mover.
SYSTEM
The compressor is a single acting, two stage, twin cylinder, stationary
reciprocating air compressor. It is mounted directly on a storage tank for storing
the air and to deliver it at a constant pressure. The compressor is coupled with a
three phase, 1440 rpm; ac motor through a v-belt and the speed is reduced to
800 rpm. The com pressure is supplied with a pressure switch (unloader), an energy
meter, a safety valve, pressure gauges, air delivery valve, an arrangement for
airflow measurement, a dynamometer etc.
The other technical specifications of the compressor are as follows;
- Displacement: 300LPM
- Working pressure: 12kg/cm
- Storage tank capacity: 160 liters
- Bore and stroke of the LP cylinder: 70 X 85 mm
- Bore and stroke of the HP cylinder: 57 X 85 mm
- Clearance ratio (c): 0.020 for the LP cylinder
0.030 for the HP cylinder
11. G.I.D.C. DEGREE ENGINEERING COLLEGE, NAVSARI
- Speed of the compressor (N) = 900 rpm
- Energy meter constant: 200 rev/kWh
- Co-efficient of discharge (C) of the orifice: 0.6
- Diameter of the orifice plate: 15 mm
EXERCISE
1. What is compressor? Give its classification.
2. Write down use of compressed air.
3. Draw sketch of reciprocating compressor and explain its working.
4. Define following in context with the compressor:
(i) Capacity (ii) Free air delivery
(iii) Multi staging (iv) Volumetric efficiency
3. Sketch a simple centrifugal compressor and explain its working.
4. Sketch an axial flow compressor and explain its working.
5. Compare reciprocating and rotodynamic compressor.
12. G.I.D.C. DEGREE ENGINEERING COLLEGE, NAVSARI
EXPERIMENT NO.7
OBJECTIVE
To understand the working principle of refrigeration and air conditioning
systems.
THEORY
Refrigeration is defined as the process of reducing temperature of a
body, making it less than the surrounding temperature and maintaining it.
The device that helps perform process of refrigeration is known as a
Refrigerator and the working cycle le on which the device
(refrigerator) works is knows as a Refrigeration Cycle .
Refrigeration system find application in variety of areas like preservation of
food items, storage of medicines at low temperature, for comfort air
conditioning, manufacturing of ice, liquefaction of gases like oxygen etc.
Air conditioning is defined as simultaneous control of temperature,
humidity, air movement, oxygen content and cleanliness of air.
Complete air conditioning process includes following:
(a) Cooling or heating of air
(b) Addition of moisture (Humidification) or removal of moisture
(Dehumidification) of air
(c) Control of air movement
(d) Control of quantity of oxygen in air
(e) Maintaining air cleanliness
The two main application of air conditioning are:
(a) For generation of conditions where a human body feels comfortable. This
is known as comfort air conditioning.
(b) For providing conditioned air for some industrial application like
manufacturing of paper, textile industry etc. This is known as
13. G.I.D.C. DEGREE ENGINEERING COLLEGE, NAVSARI
industrial air conditioning
TASK
To understand Vapor Compression Refrigeration (VCR) system and
identify its main system components.
Represent the VCR cycle on a P-h and T-s diagram
To understand working of different devices like a house hold refrigerator, a
water cooler, an ice making plant etc. working on VCR cycle.
To understand the basic air conditioning process like heating, cooling,
humidification, dehumidification etc.
To identify the main system components and understand the working of
following air conditioning equipments:
(a) A window air conditioner
(b) A split air conditioner
EXERCISE
1. Define refrigeration and refrigerant. Write down properties of good refrigerant.
2. Define COP for a refrigeration system & one ton of refrigeration.
3. Draw a neat schematic of a VCR system and explain its working with T-s and
p-h charts.
4. With help of neat sketch explain the working of Domestic VCR system & VAR
system.
5. Define air conditioning. Explain the principle of air conditioning.
6. With a neat sketch explain the working of a window air conditioner and a split
air conditioner. Also discuss their relative merits and demerits.
14. G.I.D.C. DEGREE ENGINEERING COLLEGE, NAVSARI
EXPERIMENT NO.8
OBJECTIVE
Study of elements of motion transmission and power transmission
THEORY
Mechanical systems often need motion or power to transmit from prime
mover to a machine or from one shaft to another shaft. The sources of power
generally used are electrical motors, internal combustion engines, or steam
hydraulic and gas turbines.
The drive may be individual drive from a captive motor or group drive from
a line shaft. Further the transmission may be through a flexible system like
belts, ropes and chain drive or a positive drive like gear or clutch drive. Belts
and ropes are normally flexible in nature and they are used when the shafts
are comparatively large distance apart. Gears are used between shafts having
relatively smaller center distance. Chains are used for relatively large centre
distance between shafts. Unlike belts and ropes, chains and gear are positive
drive elements which transmit power without slip.
Belt and Rope Drives:
To transmit the power from one shaft to another, pulleys are mounted on the
two · shafts. The pulleys are then connected by an endless belt or rope
passing over the pulleys. The connecting belt or rope is kept in tension so that
motion of one pulley is transferred to the other without slip. The speed of the
driven shaft can be varied by varying the diameter of the pulleys.
Types of belt:
Flat belt, V-belt, Circular belt or Rope
Type of flat belt drives:
Open belt drive
Crossed or twisted belt drive
Chain drives:
To avoid slippage, steel chains are used. The chain is made up of a rigid
links which are hinge d together in order to provide the necessary
15. G.I.D.C. DEGREE ENGINEERING COLLEGE, NAVSARI
flexibility for wrapping around the driving and driven wheels. The
wheels have projecting teeth and fit into the corresponding recesses, in the
links of the chain. The wheel and the chain are thus constrained to
move together without slipping and ensure perfect velocity ratio. The
toothed wheels are known as sprocket wheels or simply sprockets. These
wheels resemble to spur gears.
Gear Trains:
A gear train is a combination of gears used to transmit motion and
power from one shaft to another. It becomes necessary when it is required to
obtain large speed reduction with in a small space. The following are main
types of gear trains.
Simple gear train :
1. A pair of mating external always moves in opposite direction
2. All odd numbered gears move in one direction and all even
numbered gears move in opposite direction.
3. Speed ratio is the ratio of the speed of the driving to the driven shaft,
is negative when the input and output gears rotate in opposite
direction and it is positive when the two rotate in same direction.
Reciprocal of speed ratio is known as the train valve of the gear train.
4. All the gears can be in a straight line or arranged in zigzag manner.
Compound gear train :
When a series of gears are connected in such a way that two or more gears
rotate about an axis with the same angular velocity, it is known as compound
gear train. In this type, some of the intermediate shafts, i.e. other than the
input and output shafts carry more than one gear.
Advantages of gear train:
1. It transmits exact velocity ratio.
2. It may be used to transmit large-power
3. It has high efficiency
4. It has compact layout
Disadvantages of gear train:
1. The manufacture of gears requires special tools and equipment
2. The error in cutting teeth may cause vibrations and noise during operation
EXERCISE
16. G.I.D.C. DEGREE ENGINEERING COLLEGE, NAVSARI
1. Give Comparison the individual drive and group drive.
2. Name the methods by which power from one shaft to another shaft is
transmitted.
3. Explanation the different type of belts drive and pulleys with neat sketch.
4. Discussion the gear drive, chain drive and friction drive with neat sketch.
5. What is bearing? Classify the bearing and draw sketch of the thrust bearing.
6. What is the function of gear trains in automobiles?
7. What is the function of the stepped pulley and idler pulley?
8. What is V-belt drive? How it differs from a flat belt drive?
17. G.I.D.C. DEGREE ENGINEERING COLLEGE, NAVSARI
EXPERIMENT NO.9
OBJECTIVE
To study the working and applications of Coupling, Clutch and Brake.
THEORY
Coupling
Couplings are used for joining sections of long transmission shafts. They are
also used for connecting the shaft of a driving machine to the shaft of a
separately built machine so as to give an effect of continuous shaft.
1. Rigid coupling
Rigid couplings are used connect two shafts when they are in perfect axial
alignment
• Sleeve or Box or Muff coupling
• Split muff or clamp coupling
• Flange couplings
2. Flexible coupling
These types of couplings are used protect the driving and driven machines from
effect of shocks excesses stresses due to deflection and vibrations, which may arise
from misalignment of shafts.
• Bush pin type flange coupling
18. G.I.D.C. DEGREE ENGINEERING COLLEGE, NAVSARI
• Oldham coupling
• Universal coupling
• Clutch
The flow of mechanical power is controlled by means of a clutch. The clutch is
a mechanical device, which is used to connect or disconnect the source of
powerfrom the remaining parts of the power transmission system s at the
will of the operator An automotive clutch can permit the engine to run
without driving the car. This is desirable when the engine is to be started
or stopped or when the gears are to be shifted.
Single plate friction clutch
Multi disc clutch
Centrifugal clutches
• Brake
A brake is a mechanical device by means of which artificial resistance is
applied to a moving system or machine in order to slow down or
completely stop the motion of a machine. In performing this function, the
brake absorbs either kinetic energy of moving members such as rotating drum,
machine, automobile vehicle or potential energy given up by objects being
lowered by hoists, elevators. The energy absorbed by a brake is converted into
heat energy and dissipated in the surroundings air. There are two distinct
functions of vehicle brakes.
To stop or slow down the vehicle in the shortest possible distance in
emergencies.
To control the vehicle to be retained when descending a hill.
Types of brakes:
According to the means used for transforming the energy by the braking
elements the brakes are classified as
hydraulic brakes
electric brakes
Mechanical brakes
Depending upon the shape of the friction material the mechanical brakes
are classified as block brake, internal or external shoe brakes and band brakes.
EXERCISE
19. G.I.D.C. DEGREE ENGINEERING COLLEGE, NAVSARI
1. What is coupling? Classify the couplings.
2. What is difference between rigid coupling and flexible coupling?
3. Explain the following couplings with neat sketch.
a. Oldham’s coupling
b. Flange coupling
c. Bush pin flexible coupling
4. What is clutch? State its function and classify the clutches.
5. Explain the following clutches with neat sketch.
1. Disc clutch
2. Cone clutch
6. What is brake? How it differs from clutch?
7. Classify the different type of Brakes.
8. Explain an internal expanding shoe brake and a band brake with neat sketch.
20. G.I.D.C. DEGREE ENGINEERING COLLEGE, NAVSARI
EXPERIMENT NO.10
OBJECTIVE
To study the different types of engineering materials.
THEORY
All the Engineering of any disciplines should have the proper knowledge of
engineering materials for the successful design and working of any
engineering system. Proper material should be selected with functional, service
and economical considerations. For the selection of proper materials for the
products, knowledge about the materials and their properties may be very useful.
The important mechanical properties are as below:
1. Strength 2. Elasticity
3. Plasticity 4. Malleability
5. Ductility 6. Impact strength
7. Hardness 8. Toughness
9. Brittleness 10. Resilience
11. Creep 12. Fatigue
Classification of Materials:
The engineering materials can be broadly classified as follows:
1. Metallic
a. Ferrous (Iron, steel and their alloys)
b. Non-ferrous (copper, zinc, lead, aluminum etc. and their alloys)
2. Non Metallic (Plastic, rubber, timber, ceramics, polymers, glass etc.)
EXERCISES
1. Define the following properties of material.
Strength, Elasticity, Plasticity, Malleability, Ductility, Impact strength, Hardness,
Toughness, Brittleness, Resilience, Creep and Fatigue
2. Define ferrous and non-ferrous materials.
3. State and classify steels. Give at least one example of their applications.
4. Give the examples of non-ferrous materials with their application.
5. What is ceramic? State at least two its properties and practical applications.
6. What are abrasive materials? State their applications.