Running Head: Allopatric Speciation Allopatric Speciation Allopathic Speciation Course Tutor Institution Date Environmental Lab (phase ii) Introduction Speciation is the process by which new species arise through evolutionary processes. New species arise via a number of mechanisms referred to as modes of speciation. These are classified into three: allopathic, parapatric and sympatric speciation. Purpose This paper is a lab report sought to uniquely explain the allopathic mechanism of speciation. It attempts to answer what would happen to a species in a population if such were split into two by a geographical process like earthquake creating a physical barrier. (Coyne, & Orr 2004). Hypothesis The barrier creates a separation that causes each of the individual species to evolve into new other species. Assumptions The barrier created was such that there is no total or partial mixing of the two groups of a population. It is also assumed that each of the two created geographical regions has conditions necessary for survival of both of the two groups. (Darwin & Quammen 2008). Discussion A major factor fueling divergence of species into two or more other types is having a barrier to the flow of genes. This means there wont be interbreeding between populations and hence no gene pool sharing. In the case provided here, the geographic isolation will result into reproductive isolation forming new species. This mechanism is taken as the main mechanism of speciation. (Nosil 2012). Conclusion Creation of a barrier to gene flow is required for speciation to occur. Under allopatric mode, populations become isolated geographically isolated. They are exposed to various conditions and in response diverge genetically such that they will be unable to interbreed incase their ranges overlap later. A plant or animal species separated this way will yield new species with time. References Coyne, J. A., & Orr, H. A. (2004). Speciation. Sunderland, Mass: Sinauer Associates. Darwin, C., & Quammen, D. (2008). On the origin of species. New York: Sterling. Nosil, P. (2012). Ecological speciation. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Running Head: SCIE211 PHASE 3 LAB REPORT: SOURCES OF CO2 EMISSION 1 SCIE211 PHASE 3 LAB REPORT: SOURCES OF CO2 EMISSION 2 Sources of CO2 Emissions Student’s Name Course: Tutor: Institution: Date: Environmental lab (phase iii) · Purpose To investigate the general amount of CO2 concentration over the years To investigate the reasons for the increase in CO2 concentration and the environmental effects it causes. · Introduction Carbon dioxide is a naturally occurring gas that is emitted to the environment by the carbon cycle. The increase in burning of carbon based fuel has also increased the amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. The gas is used back by plants during photosynthesis and released by the plant back to the environment during respiration process. It a greenhouse gas whose concentration has increased ...

1. Running Head: Allopatric Speciation
Allopatric Speciation
Allopathic Speciation
Course
Tutor
Institution
Date
Environmental Lab (phase ii)
Introduction
Speciation is the process by which new species arise through
evolutionary processes. New species arise via a number of
mechanisms referred to as modes of speciation. These are
classified into three: allopathic, parapatric and sympatric
speciation.
Purpose
This paper is a lab report sought to uniquely explain the
allopathic mechanism of speciation. It attempts to answer what
would happen to a species in a population if such were split into
two by a geographical process like earthquake creating a
physical barrier. (Coyne, & Orr 2004).
Hypothesis
The barrier creates a separation that causes each of the
individual species to evolve into new other species.

2. Assumptions
The barrier created was such that there is no total or partial
mixing of the two groups of a population. It is also assumed
that each of the two created geographical regions has conditions
necessary for survival of both of the two groups. (Darwin &
Quammen 2008).
Discussion
A major factor fueling divergence of species into two or more
other types is having a barrier to the flow of genes. This means
there wont be interbreeding between populations and hence no
gene pool sharing. In the case provided here, the geographic
isolation will result into reproductive isolation forming new
species. This mechanism is taken as the main mechanism of
speciation. (Nosil 2012).
Conclusion
Creation of a barrier to gene flow is required for speciation to
occur. Under allopatric mode, populations become isolated
geographically isolated. They are exposed to various conditions
and in response diverge genetically such that they will be
unable to interbreed incase their ranges overlap later. A plant or
animal species separated this way will yield new species with
time.
References
Coyne, J. A., & Orr, H. A. (2004). Speciation. Sunderland,
Mass: Sinauer Associates.
Darwin, C., & Quammen, D. (2008). On the origin of species.
New York: Sterling.
Nosil, P. (2012). Ecological speciation. Oxford: Oxford
University Press.

3. Running Head: SCIE211 PHASE 3 LAB REPORT: SOURCES
OF CO2 EMISSION
1
SCIE211 PHASE 3 LAB REPORT: SOURCES OF CO2
EMISSION
2
Sources of CO2 Emissions
Student’s Name
Course:
Tutor:
Institution:
Date:
Environmental lab (phase iii)
· Purpose
To investigate the general amount of CO2 concentration over
the years
To investigate the reasons for the increase in CO2 concentration
and the environmental effects it causes.
· Introduction
Carbon dioxide is a naturally occurring gas that is emitted to
the environment by the carbon cycle. The increase in burning of
carbon based fuel has also increased the amount of carbon
dioxide in the atmosphere. The gas is used back by plants
during photosynthesis and released by the plant back to the
environment during respiration process. It a greenhouse gas
whose concentration has increased due to industrialization
leading to global warming. It has also led to oceanic
acidification since it dissolves in water to form weak carbonic
acid (De, Iaquaniello, & Centi, 2013).

4. · Hypothesis/Predicted Outcome
Due increased industrialization is should be general increase in
carbon dioxide level. The increased level leads to increased
global warming and oceanic acidification.
· Methods
Sample of air was collected in different parts of the world. The
air was then filtered to remove the dust and atmospheric
moisture. Then air was the passed over sodium peroxide to
absorb oxygen the separation the remaining air was liquefied by
passing it over high pressure.
The liquid air was separated by fractional distillation of the
liquefied air to get the carbon dioxide. The concentration was
the calculated. This procedure was done every year and the data
recorded and stored.
Results/Outcome
Location Code
Name of City/Country
CO2 Emissions in 1990
CO2 Emissions in 2005
LLB
Alberta/ Canada
400
420
LEF
Wisconsin/ U.S.A
380
390
MKN
Mt. Kenya/ Kenya
370
376
ASK
Assekrem/ Algeria
360
382

5. CPT
Cape Point/ South Africa
385
394
· Discussion/Analysis
From the result above it can be verified that the level of carbon
dioxide is increasing over the years. In 40 years time they will
be increase in carbon dioxide due to increase burning of carbon
fuel and consequently increase in global warming. The oceanic
acid level would also increase posing danger to aquatic life and
agricultural produce that relies on ocean water for irrigation.
Reference
De, F. m., Iaquaniello, G., & Centi, G. (2013). CO2: A valuable
Source of Carbon. Dordrecht: Springer.
U.S Department of Commerce. (2013, February, 14). National
Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Earth System
Research Laboratory: Global Monitoring Division. Retrieved
from http://www.esrl.noaa/gov/gmd/obop.