Comparing The ICTY And The International Criminal Tribunal...

Comparing The ICTY And The International Criminal Tribunal...
At the end of the Cold War, a more widespread interest in post conflict reconstruction was becoming
more prevalent. The main components of this interest during the post reconciliation period were
accountability and reconciliation. To facilitate this in two different post conflict environments, two
respective tribunals were established. These tribunals were known as the ICTY (The International
Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia, est.1993) and ICTR (International Criminal Tribunal
for Rwanda, est.1994) . The ICTY was formed to address the conflict in former Yugoslavia. The
situation started when two of the six republics of Yugoslavia, Slovenia and Croatia, declared their
independence after the fall of the Berlin Wall. This sparked a lengthy and lethal conflict within the
territory. The atrocities that allegedly had been committed included but were not limited to,
genocide, rape, and enslavement. Many of the victims were civilians. Because of this the ICTY was
created during the war as an international criminal court that applied humanitarian law. It's purpose
was to gather information, create an account of events, and prosecute those responsible for
committing crimes .
The ICTY is considered the first international court. Since it was the first of it's kind, the court was
not without controversy. From the beginning, the method of establishing the tribunal was up for
debate. The ICTY did not have the legal authority to establish itself. Some states wanted a treaty to
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Srebrenca Genocide Essay
In 1997, the world witnessed the second most horrific crime in eastern Europe since the Holocaust:
The Srebrenica massacre. Throughout the course of 11 days, over 8,000 Bosniak –Bosnian Muslim–
males, specifically those who were of age to join the military, were rounded up, and killed by the
Bosnian Serb army. The army's defense for their actions was that they were trying to reunite Serb
territory after the Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina became its own state. Despite this claim, the
ICTY still charged Radovan Karadzic and Ratko Mladic, two of the men who spearheaded the
ethnic–cleansing campaign in Bosnia, with war crimes including genocide. However, scholars
debate whether Srebrenica, albeit horrible, and other instances like itself, being labeled a genocide is
a misapplication of the term. Due to the technical legal definition of what constitutes as a genocide,
many crimes like Srebrenica that would morally be viewed as one, may not be in the ... Show more
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As defined by the UN, a genocide is the intentional destruction of a whole or part of a racial,
ethnical, or religious group. The problem people see with calling Srebrenica a genocide is the
intention behind the crime. According to William Schabas, author of Genocide in International Law:
The Crime of Crimes, prosecutors had to "stretch the definition of genocide" in order to prove that
Bosnia Serb leaders had intentions to eliminate Bosniaks. (M.S, Genocide) Although this may be
true, since their reason was to unify Serb land, we cannot disregard the fact that they used ethnic–
cleansing to make this happen, which in turn eliminated Bosniaks from Srebrenica. Is it then
morally, and legally right to say that the ends justify the means in this case, in the sense that it would
not be considered a genocide? I would like to think not, especially with a crime that took the lives of
more than 8,000 people and displaced

The Dissolution Of Yugoslavi Yugoslavia
The Dissolution of Yugoslavia The country of Yugoslavia was first formed as a kingdom in 1918
after combining land areas from the now both defunct Ottoman and Austro–Hungarian Empires and
then recreated as a Socialist state in 1945 after the Axis powers were defeated in World War II. The
Soviet Union took control of Yugoslavia after the war and wrote a new constitution for the country
that established six constituent republics in the federation: Bosnia–Hercegovina, Croatia,
Macedonia, Montenegro, Serbia and Slovenia. The Republic of Serbia also had two self–governing
provinces: Vojvodina and Kosovo. Yugoslavia was a part of the Soviet Union until the Union
dissolved in 1991 and as a result Yugoslavia soon followed, but this is about ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
Exceptions to this pattern of stability were the marked increase of the Albanian population and a
steep decline in the numbers of Jews, ethnic Germans, and Hungarians after World War II
(Cushman). Another definitive cause of the Yugoslavian breakup was the nationalism of ethnic
groups in the early 1990s. Nationalism replaced communism as the dominant ideology in the
country. Slovenia and then Croatia were the first to break away, but this caused Serbia to become
hostile towards the two nations. Consequently, the war in Croatia led to hundreds of thousands of
refugees and also brought back memories of the harsh acts of the Nazis in the 1940s. By 1992 a
further conflict had broken out in Bosnia, which had also succeeded from Yugoslavia. The Serbs
who lived there were determined in remaining within Yugoslavia and to help build a more
homogenous Serbia. They received strong backing from radical groups in Belgrade. Muslims were
driven from their homes in carefully planned operations that become known as "ethnic cleansing".
By 1993 the Bosnian Muslim government was besieged in the capital Sarajevo, surrounded by
Bosnian Serb forces who controlled around 70% of Bosnia. In Central Bosnia, the mainly Muslim
army was fighting a separate war against Bosnian Croats who wished to be part of a greater Croatia.
The presence of United Nations peacekeepers was required to contain the situation. The idea from
culminated in the Yugoslav Peace Conference,

The Yugoslav Wars: The Greatest Conflicts Since World War...
Known as Europe's deadliest conflict since World War II, the Yugoslav Wars (also known as the
Wars of Yugoslav Succession, the Yugoslav Civil War, or the War in the Balkans) were a series of
wars fought in the former Yugoslavia in the early 1990s. Though the entire conflict can be divided
up into four distinct wars, they are related due to their common origin and the presence of the same
ethnoreligious groups in the multiple wars. These wars have become notorious due to the atrocious
war crimes and crimes against humanity committed by all sides.
To better understand the atrocities of these wars, one must have knowledge of the definitions of
certain terms and war crimes. The ideas of "ethnic cleansing" and "genocide" are often thrown ...
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Furthermore, these wars cannot be fully understood without a basic knowledge of the former
Yugoslavia. Formally known as the Soviet Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, it was a federation that
was comprised of six socialist republics: Bosnia & Herzegovina, Croatia, Macedonia, Montenegro,
Serbia and Slovenia. Additionally, two autonomous provinces, Vojvodina and Kosovo, were
established in Serbia. Many different ethnic groups called Yugoslavia home, namely the Serbs,
Croats, Slovenes, Bosniaks, Albanians, and Montenegrins. However, the presence of large ethnic
minorities across republic lines made things complicated, especially with the advent of rising
nationalism among these different peoples. The borders of the republics had originally been of little
significance; Josip Tito, the beloved leader of the Communist Party in Yugoslavia, decided the
borders with little opposition from anyone, as the federation was supposed to be a centralized
"dictatorship of the proletariat". Only with later decentralization and democratization would any
concern for the individual republics and nationalities be voiced and nationalism become an issue.
Tito's death in 1980 seemed to suddenly remind all the Yugoslav peoples that they had in fact
retained their separate ethnic identities and that the ethnic identity of Tito's successor would
certainly affect them, whether positively or negatively, and inter–republic relations began
deteriorating quickly. Tito and his communist

Bosnian Genocide Research Paper
The Bosnian Genocide was very horrific. Men and boys were tortured and women of Muslim race
were raped and sent out of the country, this led to another war in Srebrenica. An estimated of
100,000 people were killed altogether and it displaced more than two million people. This was the
largest genocide since the Holocaust. ("Bosnian Genocide") In the aftermath of the Second World
War, the Balkan states of Bosnia–Herzegovina, Serbia, Montenegro, Croatia, Slovenia and
Macedonia became part of the Federal People's Republic of Yugoslavia.
The Bosnian War involved three main ethnic groups, the Serbs, Croats, and Muslims. The war lasted
from 1992–1995. After the death of Yugoslav leader Josip Broz Tito in 1980, growing nationalism
among the different Yugoslav republics threatened to split their union apart. "This process
intensified after the mid–1980s with the rise of the Serbian leader Slobodan Milosevic, who helped
foment discontent between Serbians in Bosnia and Croatia and their Croatian, Bosnian and Albanian
neighbors." ("The History Place.") In April 1992, the government of the Yugoslav republic of
Bosnia–Herzegovina declared its independence from Yugoslavia. The Genocide began when Serbian
forces accompanied by Bosnian Serbs attempted to ethnically cleanse the territory of the Bosniaks.
(Yancey.) Ethnic ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
They were set up across the country in the first year of the war. At concentration camps
overcrowding, filth, and the torment of heat, cold, dysentery, and lice were the best prisoners could
hope for. The worst conditions were extremely brutal. Long beatings were daily events.(Yancey
P49–50) Guards made terrible mental and physical tortures that often set prisoner against prisoner
and broke the wills of the strongest men. One of the largest camps held around eleven thousand

Essay on Technology in Headrick´s Power over People
As we progressed through the course, Modern World, the students were able to see various
incidences of how technology either enhanced or deteriorated a civilization or a nation. One of the
primary reads in the course was Headrick's book, Power over Peoples. It is important to look at
Headrick's work and see just what is meant by his title, Power Over People. From what students
have gathered, this means the use of technology as a means to gain an edge over another
civilization, hence, using your power or technology to dominate another group of people.
Furthermore, it is important to note just what is meant by the term "technology." According to
Headrick, technology is "all the ways in which humans use materials and energy in the ... Show
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The Albanians were the majority and the Serbians being the minority. In this situation, the Serbians
oppressed the Albanians. In retaliation, the Albanians formed a terrorist group known as the Kosovo
Liberation Army (KLA) which was a terrorist group that fought for the rights of the Albanians. The
various actions taken by the KLA caused NATO involvement. Their involvement required a series of
air raids and bombings to flush the Serbian people out of Kosovo. However, the story gets much
deeper than that. As we delve deeper in to the situation, it becomes evident that negotiations were
close to being met; however, they failed due to NATO "military annex" (Gibbs). Once the
negotiation agreements failed, the US sided with the Albanians and proceeded to attack the Serbians.
In their attack, the US used it superior technology (planes) to gain an advantage over the Serbs.
Rather than constantly sending men in to harm's way, the US released a series of air raids to flush
out the Serbians. Now, from reading this one may think that the US fully achieved its goal by
flushing out the Serbians which they did, but there is more as well. According to Dr. Grant
Hammond, the US can say that they met their "goal" by purging Kosovo of the Serbians; however,
"can't say [they] "won" because [they] did not accomplish the established goals. As stated by
President Bill Clinton, these [goals] were "to demonstrate the seriousness of NATO's purpose so

Bosnian Genocide Essay
In 1992 when Bosnia declared its independence from the Yugoslav, Orthodox–Christian Serbians
were losing power to the Muslim Bosniaks. The Bosnian–Serb forces did not want to be
outnumbered by Bosniaks at all. Especially when it came to things like politics. The Serbs that lived
in Bosnia & Herzegovina felt threatened by the numerous amount of Muslim power, so they decided
to exterminate them. This resulted in a genocide. A genocide is the deliberate killing of a large group
of people. This genocide is known as the Bosnia and Herzegovina Genocide.
The Bosnian and Herzegovinian Genocide took place in Bosnia and Herzegovina, (Bosnia), and
Serbia. Before Bosnia became independent, they started to elect their first president. At the time
there ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
They organized their genocide by state, (Bosnia and Herzegovina). Their goal was to exterminate all
Bosniaks, (Muslim people who lived in Bosnia), and Croats, (Croatians who lived in Bosnia). That
made the Bosniaks and Croats the victim. They were being targeted because ever since Bosnia broke
away from Yugoslavia, Serbians had less power.
Bosnia breaking away from Yugoslavia is the catalyst for this genocide. When they broke away, the
Serbs living in Bosnia didn't have the population power, political power, or religious power. They
figured that if they just took out all of the Bosniaks, (who had the majority power at the time), then
they would be better off. So, that's what they did. They began their extermination process in early
May of 1992 by attacking a Bosniak–dominated town.
Unfortunately, this was only the beginning of it. The Serbians quickly started to gain speed in their
extermination process. The whole process of wiping out all Bosniaks and Croats was expected to
take about five years. But, in 1994 NATO forces initiated air strikes against the Bosnian–Serbs to
stop the murders/ attacks. In December of 1955 the conflict was ended and there was a force created
to maintain ceasefire. Over the course of those three years Bosniaks and Croats were tortured, killed,
and starved by the

Han Dynasty And The Western Roman Empire
Although in different regions of the world and with cultural differences, the same problems plagued
both the Han Dynasty and the Western Roman Empire, significantly contributed to their downfall.
Some similar causes were pressure from barbarians and poor leadership which affected s their
empires. However similar, they were starkly different in areas such as the religious divide that
served to weaken Western Rome that did not exist in China.
One factor they played a role in the fall of both empires was poor leadership in their empires.
During the final days of Western Rome, there was no strong unifying leader in place due to the
number of generals that would claim leader then be quickly killed off. Rome's military were only
loyal to their generals, and when the generals would gather the power to overthrow the current rule,
they were not well received by the public or the rest of the army. They did not unify they public and
the government under strong rule, causing discord and distrust amongst the people. This lead to
many revolts and needless violence that hurt the empire. Similarly, in the Han Dynasty, the lack of
strong leaders caused people to become unsatisfied with their government. The people did not
follow the will of their leaders and the aristocrats refused to pay taxes and support the government.
Like Rome, this lack of poor leadership lead to revolts and needless violence that would ultimately
hurt their citizens, military, and entirety of their empires.

The Yugoslavian Conflict Essay
The Yugoslavian Conflict
Yugoslavia is a country burdened by feuding sides in a war that cannot soon be resolved. The United
Nations are attempting to help the situation, but until the people of Yugoslavia can come to an
agreement continued warfare and heartache is inevitable.
The problems in Yugoslavia began because the country is separated into two distinct parts. The north
and west parts of the country were once under the rule of the Austro–Hungarian Empire, and the
south and the east were controlled by the Ottoman Empire. This had extreme effects on the ethnic,
cultural and economic differences between the two sides. The three major religions in Yugoslavia
were Greek Orthodox, Christianity, Roman Catholicism, and Islam. The ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
The whole affair was organized as military support to the federal police and customs personnel. The
Slovenians offered strong resistance with their territorial defense units, politically organized the
withdrawal of their representatives from the presidency and the Executive Council of Yugoslavia,
and directed a massive propaganda campaign presenting themselves as victims of brutal
Yugoslavian
National Army aggression.
Croatia also attempted to claim independence, but they had a problem that the Slovenians didn't
have to deal with. They had a large population of
Serbians in Croatia and with the new laws that the Croatian government tried to impose the minority
Serbians were given no rights as a minority and were forced to go by the new found Croatian law.
This caused conflicts inside Croatia between the Serbian rebels and the Croatian National Guard
who tried to keep order. Many of these conflicts left many people dead and wounded. The
Yugoslavian National Army (JNA) openly sided with the Serbian rebels, the
Croatians used this opportunity to start an all out anti–JNA campaign. The JNA responded by saying
that it took orders from the Presidency of Yugoslavia, not from Tudjman, the Croatian leader, and
that it was constitutionally obliged to protect the integrity of the country and to preserve peace when
it was endangered. Tudjman put all army units in Croatia on highest alert and ordered to shoot back
if shot at. The fighting

Conflict In The Bros Research Paper
The Conflict in the Balkans
The conflict in the Balkans is interesting because for years, reporters and politicians have touted it
as being the result of ancient ethnic hatred. The first phase of Yugoslavian disintegration can be
attributed to the conditions of the people living in Kosovo, an autonomous province of Yugoslavia.
In 1981, the socioeconomic conditions in Kosovo were far worse than those in the other republics of
Yugoslavia. Poverty was rampant and unemployment was around twenty percent as compared to
about two percent in Slovenia that same year. The standard of living in Kosovo was deplorable and
whatever aid was given to the province by the federal government was mismanaged. Another
significant problem with this ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Milosevic took away their right to govern themselves and as a result, he gained the attention of the
United States Congress. Annual human rights reports submitted to the White House by the
Department of State read like a prison record when it came to Serbian abuses of the people of
Kosovo. Unfortunately, Congress was not in agreement with how to treat the reports of the abuses in
Kosovo. The Bush Sr. administration was more interested in keeping Yugoslavia together and
concerned more about the breakup of the Soviet Union and the potential tragedy that such a thing
might cause. The problems of Kosovo were not viewed as important or of any interest to the
national security or economic prosperity of the United States therefore no action was needed. The
State Department catalogued massive human rights violations by the Serbian leadership in Kosovo
yet the Bush Sr. Administration did nothing. Little was said about what was going on in the region
and the American press because of the instability in the former Soviet Union said even less. The
Central Intelligence Agency was the first to predict the breakup of Yugoslavia in September of 1990.
This breakup, as examined by experts in the embassy in Belgrade and in Washington, was certainly
seen as potentially violent and leading to war.
Milosevic attempted to cripple the economy of Slovenia by boycotting Slovenian goods and services
in Serbia, Vojvodina, and Kosovo. What Milosevic managed to do was

Using the International Relation’s Theory to Explain the...
The Kosovo Albanian War drips with International Relations' theory. Steeped lavishly with
interactions, mostly violent unfortunately, there is ample breeding ground for one's crop of theory.
With societal rifts of anguish, for each side unable to appease the other, the land slipped into an
entrenched ideology of nationalism against one another. The extent of the war pre–dates NATO and
the UN, institutions that made a firm stand in Kosovo, and even the whispered declaration of war.
Theory provokes the profound understanding of engagement, with the Kosovo Albanian Conflict
subsiding nicely among the shelf of examples.
According to the Oxford Handbook of International Relations, one of four defining principles of
Classical Realism is ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Kosovo acted in means that were congruent with achieving independence, as many fights for
freedom before them demonstrated (Oxford, 133). Serbia acted to remain in power of territory and
people. NATO and the UN acted to prevent further crisis and deaths, also against international
criticisms. The United States and Western allies acted to demonstrate their power over and to control
their spheres of influence.
Anarchy, the third principle demarcated by the Oxford Handbook of International Relations,
establishes that the absence of an international government provides feeding ground for self–help to
accumulate (Oxford, 133). Though NATO and the UN act as international interventionists, they are
not an international government, and as much as the United States to assert itself as an international
policeman, it does not step its foot into every state's affairs. Without an international government in
place, the Kosovo Albanian Conflict was able to happen. Self–help for all parties was an inevitable
aspect of the bloodshed. Kosovars and Serbians alike felt like they were dying and killing for a
cause they believed in.
Power Politics divide international relations into control and resources. These facets allow politics to
turn into a dance of power and security. Exhibited as the fourth principle, Power Politics are ever–
present in most international affairs. States try to secure themselves from others, and in doing so, try
to exert power (Oxford, 133) . Power

The 1990s Conflict Of Kosovo
Intro
The 1990s conflict in Kosovo is one that has been identified as a result of a long running and
intractable dispute. The dispute identified is one between Kosovo's Albanians or Kosovar, and the
Serbians. The reasons for the dispute stem from several issues, each can be attributed to increasing
the intractability of the conflict.
The issues that have been identified stem from ethnic issues, or political. In the Kosovo region the
ethnic issues stem from the vast differences between the Albanians and the Serbs, this is attributed to
other issues such as rising ethnic tensions, and racism between the two groups. Another issue that
has been identified is the strong and underlying senses of nationalism that run through this region on
both ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Influential Serbian poet and writer Matija Beckovic talks of the Serbian sentiment of their status in
Kosovo, "Kosovo would be Serbian even if there were not a single Serb living there." This quote
provides an insight into what is highly likely a Serbia–wide perspective of the situation in Kosovo.
This suggests that a strong attachment between the Serbs and Kosovo is still present when this quote
was presented, this suggestion, if true would strongly contribute to the intractability of the conflict.
This disagreement between the two groups is an example of the issues that surround Kosovo, and
how these two groups disagree at the base level. If neither party can agree on an issue so simple as
who was there first, it suggests that further issues will arise, contributing more to intractability.
Body 2
At the end of World War 2 (1945) Kosovo became part of the greater nation of Yugoslavia, a
communist state lead by Josip Broz Tito. Under Tito Yugoslavia encompassed the republics of
Croatia, Bosnia, Macedonia, Montenegro, Serbia and Slovenia. Kosovo fell as an autonomous
province under control of Serbia.
With Kosovo as an autonomous province they had the same voting rights as the larger republics
however, could not separate from Yugoslavia if they wanted to. This became an issue for the
Albanians who wanted to be able to separate from Yugoslavia.
The Serbians saw an autonomous Kosovo as Yugoslavia, bending to the will of Albanian
nationalists, and

The Symbolism Of 'How Soccer Explains The World'
For as long as I can remember sports has always been symbolic of war. The symbolism has been
loose and vague because the sports battlefield is clearly not a war zone, besides in our mind. The
terms can be seen in every arena, every venue, every sport. Blitz, field general, cannon for an arm,
volley, blown up, a battle at the plate, even neutral zone comes from the battlefield. Athletes are
referred to as warriors and they are engaging in battle, in pseudo warfare. It's not new or different to
hear that type of jargon because looking backing to history sports did serve as a temporary
battlefield. The Mayans' used "the ball game" to settle many disputes, Native Americans used stick
ball (an early version of lacrosse) to settle disputes about ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
I have a long love of sports and I want to be a sports journalist one day and that part of me was
almost instantly captivated by the way the author told this story and allowed it to unfold. You could
almost read this as an ESPN 30 for 30, except it talks about more critical matters than a normal
ESPN documentary would dare touch on. You can see the metaphors be described through the sport,
you can draw parallels through one team to the other, one conflict to the next. This is one of the
most unique recruiting tools I have ever seen used in warfare and one of the most interesting
villainous characters, that isn't fiction, I have heard about in a long time. The way to reach a large
audience is to use something many are passionate about, and this was a really good way to explain
this kind of conflict in terms people have an easier time latching on

Milovan Djilas Conversation With Stalin
Milovan Djilas, a prominent leader of the Yugoslav Partisan movement during World War II and the
Vice President of Yugoslavia under Josip Tito, was the epitome of an idealist. When the 1930s drew
to an end and the idealism that emerged after World War I dwindled, the states adopted a more
realist perspective; they began acknowledging the importance of power in politics and the
international system. However, Milovan Djilas clung onto idealism. He rested his faith on the
unrealistic expectation of just interactions between states and the belief that the Soviet Union was
primarily driven by the goal of advancing the collective interests of the communist states. In
Conversations with Stalin, Milovan Djilas describes his three encounters with Joseph ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
He conceded that for all Yugoslav Communist leaders, Stalin was the indisputable head of
communism, but he was "puzzled as to why other communist leaders― in this case, Tito― could
not be praised if they deserved it from the Communist point of view. Focused on the unrealistic
idealism of communism, which emphasized cooperation between communist countries in order to
achieve mutual advancement, Djilas did not understand that states, and therefore the leaders of those
states, were in a competition with one another. In realism, leaders must compete with each other to
improve their position at the international level. They push aside the cooperative nature of the
Wilsonian era or Communism and act on self–interest in order to protect their states, national
interests, and struggle for power. This is the situation Djilas encountered when he went to Moscow
to discuss Yugoslav grievances with Stalin. This is the situation that sparked his doubts and
subsequent disillusionment with the Soviet Union and its leader, whom he regarded as the
"reincarnation of an idea, transfigured in Communist minds into pure idea, and thereby into
something infallible and

Yugoslavia Research Paper
Yugoslavia was the first European country to perish since World War II. The country consisted of six
republics, each with its own parliament and president: these were the SR Bosnia and Herzegovina,
SR Croatia, SR Macedonia, SR Montenegro, SR Slovenia, and SR Serbia and autonomous
provinces Kosovo and Vajvodina. Yugo means south and Slavia means land of the "slavs". Its'
disintegration was caused by a number of political, social and economic factors including the
Yugoslav wars (ethnic cleansings), battle between Kosovo and Serbia, the death of Tito, the
economic slowdown, the fall of communism and Slobodan Milosevic becoming the president.
These factors came to surface in World War Two when Yugoslavia was conquered by the axis, which
bombed ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Without a doubt the Serbs living in Croatia had fear that the new nationalist government may
commit the same atrocities that happened in World War Two will occur again. As an outcome of
fear, the Serbs began to form miliscions, while the Croats and Sloenias got arms from other
countries. Serbian and Croatian armies attacked each other, this resulted severe tragedies including
execution of military, massacres, bombing of civilian areas, mass rape and concentration camps.
Intentions in the rise of nationalism occurred and no republic could find a solution, so Slovenia
declared independence and this lead to the country closing its borders and was finally independent
from Yugoslavia on June 25,1991. During the wars Macedonia was able to peacefully declare its
own independence, the Serbs libing in Croatia had to declare their own independence as

Fascism in the Contemporary World Essay
Fascism in the Contemporary World
This research examines the development of fascism and ultranationalism in contemporary Croatia,
Hungary, and Serbia. Fascism and ultranationalism are not one and the same thing. While a fascist
likely will be an ultranationalist (and will certainly be nationalistic), an ultranationalist need not
necessarily be a fascist. As these two terms are critical to this examination, they must be defined.
Ultranationalism
Ultranationalism implies not only an intensely patriotic attitude toward and a highly chauvinistic
perception of one's own nation, but also implies a desire to exclude others from one's nation,
particularly should those others be in some way different from the majority population in ... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Generally speaking, however, the populations of both Germany and Japan are more aware of the rest
of the world than is true in the United States. Insularity in Germany and Japan stems not from the
ignorance of the world found in the United States, but rather from a desire to avoid societal
pollution. The German and Japanese governments are also less interventionist internationally than is
the United States government, and, thus, more in tune with societal preferences.
Ultranationalism, thus, is defined in terms of patriotism, chauvinism, insularity, exclusion, and a
withdrawal from international interventionism. To some extent, these phenomena must be present in
a society or in an organization designated as ultranationalist in character.
Fascism
Fascism is a term that is even more misused and misunderstood than ultranationalism. To many
people in the United States, the federal government is fascist, although in fact the American federal
government is not fascist in character. To many people around the world, fascism is equated with
racism. The original fascists which developed in Italy, however, were not racist. In fact, to many
people, any approach to political action or government that differs from their own preferences is
termed fascist. Such

Amnesty International : For Survivors Of Wartime Rape
Amnesty International: "WHEN EVERYONE IS SILENT: REPARATION FOR SURVIVORS OF
WARTIME RAPE IN REPUBLIKA SRPSKA IN BOSNIAAND HERZEGOVINA." Amnesty
International Publications (2012).
Amnesty International's purpose is "to analyze the failure of the authorities to respect the right to
reparation of survivors of wartime rape." (AI) This purpose is legitimate as out of the tens of
thousands of women who were victims of wartime rape, "fewer than 40 cases have been
prosecuted." (AI) The governments of Bosnia and Herzegovina are cited to have numerous new
legislation being passed that would provide reparations. For example, the Ministry for Human
Rights and Refugees set up a program for victims of violence in conflict, specifically targeting this
... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It gives a clear summary of what Amnesty International has done throughout the 2000, providing
useful information about recent history pertaining to social reparation. Knowledge of the programs
present throughout the 2000s is particularly useful to know in order to visualize a timeline of what
has been done post conflict. This paper connects with Salzman as the historical basis of Salzman
allows the Amnesty International article to be read with the cultural understanding that the AI article
alone lacks. The difference in time is important between the two as Salzman's focus is on the UN
prosecution of the perpetrators, while Amnesty International focuses on victims forgotten by time, in
a place where they continue to get no redress for their grievances. This work relates to Ginn as well.
Both papers provide an account into policy and reformations of policy. While Ginn focuses more on
learning from failed court systems, Amnesty International emphasizes the promotion of more
effective social organizations, in order to promote human rights. These articles focus heavily on the
rape survivors' low success count in terms of compensation, which is another strong indicator that
the articles work well together, as the focus does not leave behind those to whom reformations to the
systems are for.
Salzman, Todd A. "Rape camps as a means of

The Kosovo War: The Ottoman Battle Of Kosovo
10,887 square kilometers of territory, lying in the heart of the Balkans, has been a powder keg of
conflict since the fourteenth century. For it is this place where two competing nationalisms,
Albanian and Serbian, simmered for centuries until eventually boiling over in 1998 with the Kosovo
War. The 'Kosovo question', as referred to by scholars, examines what level of statehood or control
should ultimately be consigned to the territory of Kosovo. Serbian intellectuals in the late 20th
century and even today would argue that the 'Kosovo question' has nothing to do with race, blood, or
biology (Harzl: 148). However, from the onset, these three things fundamentally fueled the conflict.
In this paper, I argue that four key segments of history ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The Ottoman conquest of the Balkans fourteenth and fifteenth centuries, most importantly the Battle
of Kosovo, illustrates a time in history where ideas of Serbian identity and collective memories were
created that would later be used by politicians to invoke nationalist sentiments (Bieber 2002: 98). As
the Ottoman Empire grew it made its way through Asia Minor and into the Balkans, continually
chipping away at a weakening Byzantine Empire (Vickers 1998: 11). One of the greatest battles in
the Empire's conquest was the Battle of Kosovo. On June 28, 1389 in Kosovo Polje, Serbs and
Albanians stood side by side defending the Balkans from further Ottoman expansion (Vickers 1998:
16). It's important to note that in this point in history ethnic Albanians and Serbs shared a common
religion and lived in relative harmony. The battle was ultimately a draw but allowed the Turks to
move forward with their conquest and roll back Serbian statehood (Vickers 1998: 16). Modern day
Serbian and Nationalism draw on conjectures that Kosovo was predominantly Serb or Albanian
before the Turkish invasion (Pavkovic 2000). Ottoman registers of land property in the early 15th
century show an overwhelming Serb majority. There was in fact a steady migration of Serbs to
Kosovo before the Turkish invasion, but that was soon to change (Vickers 1998: 18). With Ottoman
rule came the building of mosques, the looting of monasteries, and increased taxes and military
service for Christians. Albanians in Kosovo intermingled with the Turks and were gradually
Islamized, while Serbs began leaving the region (Vickers 1998: 27). This led to the Albanian saying,
"Where the sword is, there lies religion" (Vickers 1998: 25). The exodus of Serbs from the region,
intent on retaining their Christianity,

Examples Of Feud In Huckleberry Finn
Feud I have to admit I am a peaceful person. I do not like quarrels or bad feelings. Life is just too
short to waste myself on issues like feud. Feud is all around the world. Feud is an "argument that has
been going around for so long between two people or groups"(Dictionary,Kate Woodford page 1).
Feud can happen in many ways, it can start by just a simple thing, and it can turn to a bad,
dangerous event. A example of feud is on the book "Huckleberry Finn" by Mark Twain, it really
helps us understand what feud is. A lot of feuds used to happen in US too. Countries deal with fued
as well, no matter how hard they try to ignore it, it will still happen. In the book "Huckleberry Finn"
by Mark Twain, they give us an example of what feud is, and it really creates a idea in our minds
about feud, and how dangerous it is. It all starts by Huck going into this new family called
"Grangerfords" Huck introduces himself as George, they instantly ask him if ... Show more content
Later on in the book we find Buck the "Grangerfords" son, trying to shot "Harney Shepherdson" ,
but he misses. Buck tells us that these two families have been in feud for more than two years, and
they don't even know the reason themselves. But he tells us that "in the last year, two people have
been killed, including a fourteen–year–old Grangerford".In the next day we find out that "Sophia
Grangerford" has ran away with "Harney Shepherdson".(Mark Twain, Huckleberry Finn,1884,chap
18,page 39) So the family feud goes into the next level. When Huck goes to the woods he finds
Buck and a nineteen–year–old "Grangerford" in a gunfight with the Shepherdsons. Both of
"Grangerfords" are killed. This is an example of feud in the book. Feud happens everywhere, but
people should try to stop them. Feud was a big deal in US, and it used to happen so often between
families, or random

Peace in Yugoslavia From 1919 Until 1980 Essay
Peace in Yugoslavia From 1919 Until 1980
Peace in Yugoslavia meant unity. The country was a drawing together of different groups, which
held together from 1919 to the 1980. Before the First World War the Austria ruled the individual
countries of Slovenia, Croatia and Bosnia as well as other countries such as Hungary as part of the
Hapsburg Empire. The other big empire was the Turkish Ottoman Empire. All the individual areas
had different ethnic groups and religions. The Croats were Roman Catholic, people living in Bosnia
were mainly Muslim, as were people living in Kosovo. Serbia was a separate independent country,
ruled by its own King. The Serb religion was Christian Orthodox.
The Treaty ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
King Peter ruled until his death in 1921, when his son, who became King Alexander I, replaced him.
King Alexander had a Government dominated by Serbs, which made all of the decisions. He refused
to listen to wishes of Slovenes and Croats and would not give them any say in decisions concerning
their regions. In 1929, Alexander changed the country's name from the Kingdom of the Serbs,
Croats and the Slovenes and dismissed parliament so he could run the country as a dictatorship. He
used his Serb dominated Secret Police to deal with protests in Croatia and Slovenia. Members of
other ethnic groups were angered by the Kings dictatorship (especially the Croats who wanted more
control over their regions). A Croat resistance movement (formed as a result of the removal of
parliament) murdered Alexander during a visit to France in on 9th October 1934. He had, however,
been a strong King, with definite ideas about how he had wanted to run the country. His dictatorship
– unpopular as it had been with some groups, did help hold Yugoslavia together.
Following King Alexander's assassination, his brother Prince Paul ruled the country, on behalf of his
nephew, who was too young

Serbia and Kosovo: From Myth to Genocide Essay
Introduction.
"The taking of hostages was an immoral act. We had to do whatever we could just to eliminate that
dirty story from the history of Serbs." (Slobodan Milosevic in an interview for the Time magazine,
1995).
In the 1990s Yugoslavia was the battlefield of Europe's bloodiest war since 1945. This notorious
culmination was a product of an interconnected chain of events which began in the mid–1980s with
the deepening of the conflict and the extremely strained relations between the two major ethnic
groups in Kosovo: Albanians and Serbs. Kosovo was the most problematic region in the whole
federation due to the large number of Albanian population in the province and the heterogeneous
ethnic picture of the area. In parallel with that, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Combining this power with the control of media provided political leaders with the desired tools for
manipulation of the public.
Therefore, the main objective of this study is to analyze the ideological use of history as a tool for
fostering nationalism and "the benefit of the nation" in the hands of the leaders of the former
Yugoslav republics during the period of the last two decades of the twentieth century. In light of the
information gathered, this paper will argue that the two cornerstones of the Yugoslavia crisis are the
reinterpretation of historical events through the use of myths and the influence of media which
framed the events in Yugoslavia in the manner preferred by the political leaders. The assertions will
be backed up by analysis of primary sources (speeches, interviews and video footage), and
secondary sources and case examples from the republics. The paper will also assert that the presence
of the past is still visible in most of the republics. As an outcome of the different instances of uses of
history the consequential induced rise of nationalism led to the belligerent consequence: the collapse
of the SFRY.
This paper will follow a linear structure where key former Yugoslav republics are reviewed in turn

Essay on The Yugoslavian Conflict
The Yugoslavian Conflict
Yugoslavia is a country burdened by feuding sides in a war that cannot soon be resolved. The United
Nations are attempting to help the situation, but until the people of Yugoslavia can come to an
agreement continued warfare and heartache is inevitable.
The problems in Yugoslavia began because the country is separated into two distinct parts. The north
and west parts of the country were once under the rule of the Austro–Hungarian Empire, and the
south and the east were controlled by the Ottoman Empire. This had extreme effects on the ethnic,
cultural and economic differences between the two sides. The three major religions in Yugoslavia
were Greek Orthodox, Christianity, Roman Catholicism,
and ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The taking over of the borders by Slovenian militia was deemed sufficient grounds to call out the
Yugoslavian National Army. This order was given from the ministry of defense, who had no
authority to do so.
Yugoslavia was without a president at the time and control of the country was given to the supreme
commander of the armed forces. The whole affair was organized as military support to the federal
police and customs personnel. The
Slovenians offered strong resistance with their territorial defense units, politically organized the
withdrawal of their representatives from the presidency and the Executive Council of Yugoslavia,
and directed a massive propaganda campaign presenting themselves as victims of brutal
Yugoslavian
National Army aggression.
Croatia also attempted to claim independence, but they had a problem that the Slovenians didn't
have to deal with. They had a large population of
Serbians in Croatia and with the new laws that the Croatian government tried to impose the minority
Serbians were given no rights as a minority and were forced to go by the new found Croatian law.
This caused conflicts inside Croatia between the Serbian rebels and the Croatian National Guard
who tried to keep order. Many of these conflicts left many people dead and wounded. The
Yugoslavian National Army (JNA) openly sided with the

Centralised Bureaucracy: The Han Dynasty
The Han Dynasty was ruled from both emperors as a centralized bureaucracy that focused on
administration and imperial expansion. This aided the Han Dynasty to expand and thereby prosper
to be one of the greatest ruling empires of all time. India also share some of these values as during
the Mauryan Dynasty, Chandragupta Maurya ruled a centralised and unified government. He ran a
bureaucratic administrative system which enabled them to implement policies throughout the state,
much like the Han.
Han Wudi built an enormous bureaucracy to expand the empire based around legalists principles of
government. He wanted the individuals to be educated, reliable and intelligent bureaucrats but when
he came to recruit them, he realised that people of the Han dynasty were not educated enough to rule
the empire. So in 124 BCE, Han Wudi addressed this problem by establishing an imperial university
that prepared young men for government service. He recognised that succeeding at ruling a
centralised bureaucratic empire depends on the education of his recruited officeholders. This in turn
will help the Han Dynasty to thrive as trained bureaucrats can be controlled more easily by Han
Wudi which will help him expand the empire. Han Wudi moved aggressively to centralize power, he
enforced a vigorous foreign policy of imperial expansion to ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Han rulers built a centralised bureaucracy that administered a unified empire, establishing an
authority for centralised imperial rule in China. They also used Confucian values to organise a
system of advanced education that provided recruits for the imperial bureaucracy. Furthermore, Han
rulers envisaged Chinese influence to Korea, Vietnam and central Asia. Like classical societies in
Persia, India, and the Mediterranean basin, Han China produced a set political and cultural traditions
that shaped Chinese surrounding societies over the long

Serbia and Bosnia and Herzegovina on GDP, Poverty and...
With tensions rising in Ukraine, Syria becoming a site of possible military intervention and the Arab
Spring movement prolonging internal conflict, It is important to look at examples from the near past
to understand the reasons behind trends so we might mitigate in a productive and beneficial way.
Also it is imprtant to understand the trends that occur after particular events so we might predict
future needs. This report will look at two developing countries, Serbia and Bosnia and
Hercegovina(BIH), who share a bloody past, one from the position of agresor, one of an occupied
country. The aim is to see how the the conflict and its consequences influenced their GDP, poverty
levels and migrations. And how has the change in those then influenced development work in the
respective countries. The report will further concentrate on the couses and effects of migration in the
countries. The raw data was collected from a number of sources and agregated to produce the tables
shown.
Table 1. Table 1. represents Serbian GDP per capita. The graph shows a small decline in 1991,
marking the beginning of the war, probably due to the lack of demand from the former Yugoslav
market. Then from 1992 to 1995 it rises as a result of war industry. Up to 2002(Milosevic's rule)
there has been a serious decline followed by a rebound to 2006. Although influenced by the world
economic crisis, Serbian economics has recorded a steady rise from 2009.
Table 2.
Table 2. represents the GDP per capita

Establishing The Institutional Framework For The United...
Establishing the institutional framework for the CDM in
Montenegro
Draft May 2005
Module III: Tradable Renewable Certificates and
Certified Emission Reductions in Montenegro
Part A – CDM in Montenegro
Module III: Tradable Renewable Certificates and Certified Emission Reductions in
Montenegro Part A – CDM in Montenegro
Draft Page 1 of 11
Index
Introduction .............................................................................................................. 2
Special circumstances for the Republic of Serbia and Montenegro......................... 2
Functions of the National Authority........................................................................... 3
Institutional ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
11
Module III: Tradable Renewable Certificates and Certified Emission Reductions in
Montenegro Part A – CDM in Montenegro
Draft Page 2 of 11
Introduction
The Kyoto Protocol of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change calls for the
industrialized countries listed in Annex I of the Convention to reduce their greenhouse gas emissions
to 1990 levels during the period of 2008–2012. The three flexible mechanisms of the Kyoto Protocol
allow Annex I countries to achieve part of their emission reduction commitments abroad. The CDM
allows an Annex I Party to implement a project that reduces greenhouse gas emissions or, subject to
constraints, removes greenhouse gases by carbon sequestration, or "sinks," in the territory of a non–
Annex I Party. The resulting certified emission reductions, known as CERs, can then be used by the
Annex I Party to help meet its emission reduction target. The host country will benefit from the
increased investment flows and from the transfer of clean technologies instrumental to advance the
sustainable development goals.
All countries wishing to participate in the CDM have to designate a National CDM Authority with
the task of evaluating and approving the projects. This authority is termed the
"Designated National Authority" (DNA). The main tasks to be carried out by the DNA for the
CDM are to provide written approval to the project participants that participation by the Host
country is voluntary and to

Bosnian Genocide Essay
A genocide is a intended killing upon a large group of people, especially upon a certain ethnic
group. The genocide in Bosnia, also known as The Bosnian War started in 1992 after Bosnian
government declared independence from Yugoslavia. Bosnian Serbs did not like the idea of a free
nation with majority of the citizens being Muslim. Serbs killed approximately 100,000 croats and
muslims. The Genocide in Bosnia–Herzegovina is similar to the Holocaust because both involved
the murders of certain cultures. This was the largest massacre in Europe since the Holocaust
(Bosnia–Herzegovina).
Bosnia–Herzegovina was made up of three main ethnic groups, Bosniak Muslim, Serb, and Croat
(Bosnia–Herzegovina). Before Bosnia declared independence from Yugoslavia, Yugoslavia had a
history of political, economic, and cultural conflict. Towards the end of World War II, Tito, a
communist, ran Yugoslavia. Yugoslavia's government fell apart and each nation had its own self–
rule to be apart of the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The Yugoslav army was made up of Serbs, controlled by Milosevic. Croatia is where the first huge
exterminations occurred shortly after they declared their independence from Yugoslavia. This
resulted in hundreds of Croat men deceased. In 1992, Bosnia declared their independence from
Yugoslavia. Bosnia was a majority Muslim population. Serbs believed that Muslims were an inferior
race (Mike). Serbs placed Bosniak Muslims and Croats into concentration camps as a way to
"Ethnically Cleanse" the nations. Two of the camps, Omarska and Keraterm, were places where
killings, torture and brutal violence was happening. Another camp, Trnopolje, was a camp were
mostly women, children, and elderly men were placed. This camp functioned as a staging area for
rapes and massive killings. No other country knew about this as the Serbs were keeping it a secret.
(REMEMBERING CONCENTRATION CAMPS IN

Essay on The International Tribunal for the Former...
The International Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia
On May 25, 1993, U.N. Security Council Resolution 827 established an international tribunal
charged with prosecuting violations of international law arising from the armed conflicts in the
former Yugoslavia. Not since the Nuremberg and Tokyo trials, following World War II has an
international court tried individuals accused of crimes against humanity, war crimes, and genocide.
The International Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia (ICTFY), which was established at The
Hague, Netherlands, is widely seen as an important step toward the deterrence of crimes, the
establishment of the firm rule of international law, and the promotion of world peace. Yet, from its
inception, the tribunal ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In eastern Bosnia, these atrocities were war crimes that breached the Geneva Conventions and other
international laws governing conflicts between nations. They were also breaches of international
humanitarian law, as formulated at Nuremberg and elsewhere. When these tactics were employed by
Bosnian Serb forces as part of the program of so–called "ethnic cleansing" directed against Bosnian
Muslims and other non–Serbs, they also constituted genocide. The Genocide Convention is
specifically designed to cover crimes against groups, as opposed to crimes against humanity which
"do not necessarily involve offenses against or persecutions of groups." But the Convention also
limits the crime of genocide to actions occurring between states. Under the tribunal's mandate,
however, ethnic persecution is treated as an "international" crime even if it has occurred within a
single state. This is a considerable expansion of international law, yet, through it, ICTFY
"exemplifies a new understanding of accountability that makes heinous and systematic rights
violations an international matter." The thinking behind this change in the interpretation of
international humanitarian law is based on the easily observed fact that "victims of ethnic
persecution are citizens who have been rendered aliens within their own homeland," and their status,

America's Role In The Bosnia Genocide
Genocide, the planned murder of an entire nation, race, or ethnic group. From March 1, 1992 to
December 14, 1995 that exact thing was happening in Bosnia–Herzegovina. Disagreement between
the three main ethic groups (The Serbs, Croats, and the Muslims) proceeded in a genocide
committed by the Serbs against the Muslims in Bosnia. Bosnia is one of several small countries that
appeared from the break up of Yugoslavia, a multicultural country created after WW1 by the western
allies. In April 1992 the government of the Yugoslavia republic of Bosnia stated its independence
from Yugoslavia. Over the next several years, Bosnian Serbs commanded Yugoslavia army and
targeted Bosniak (Bosnian Muslims) and Croatian civilians for terrible crimes resulting in the deaths
of about 400,000 people. In other words, America should have helped in the Bosnia genocide.
America should have helped in the Bosnia genocide because of the suffering Bosnia–Herzegovina
was going through. Evidence ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The total number of deaths was around 400,000 people. But if a narrow definition of genocide was
used then the number decreases by quite a lot but either way they are still people just born different
compared to the Bosnian Serbs. With the narrow definition used a said maximum of 104,732 people
("Srebrenica Genocide Blog." 1) were killed out of those 104,732 people 12,000 children were
slaughtered. In addition to those who lost their lives, countless more were traumatized in a program
of torture, mass rape, forced labor and imprisonment in concentration camps ("Bosnia and
Herzegovina." CJA.). Before the war, Bosanski Samac was home to 17,000 Bosnian Muslims and
Croats. By May 1995, less than 300 of these residents remained ("Bosnia and Herzegovina." CJA 1).
Just the loss of over 98% of that town is a more than obvious reason for America to step in and help
the Bosnian fight back against the Bosnian

Kosovo Case Analysis
The case presented was in response to the independent declaration of liberation by the government
of Kosovo. A demand for an advisory opinion was requested from the International Court of Justice
(ICJ). In order to provide this advisory opinion, it should be determined if the International Court of
Justice has the jurisdiction in the case being presented. Even though the leading paragraph of Article
96 allows for an advisory opinion to be requested when it comes to "any legal question, the ICJ has
sometimes in the past given certain indications as to the relationship between the question which is
the subject of a request for an advisory opinion and the activities of the General Assembly"
(Advisory Opinion p. 14). They took into ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
21). The political aspects do not preclude the International Court of Justice from addressing the
request from the UN General Assembly since they aren't concerned with the reasons or opinion
consequences behind the request. It is to the discretion of the ICJ to give the advisory opinion
requested or not, but they do have the jurisdiction. The ICJ can't refuse to address the legality of the
question due to whatever political aspects are presented.
While it was proved that the ICJ has jurisdiction in the case presented, they don't necessarily have to
practice the jurisdiction. "The Court has recalled many times in the past that Article 65, paragraph 1,
of its Statute, which provides that 'The Court may give an advisory opinion...', should be interpreted
to mean that the Court has a discretionary power to decline to give an advisory opinion even if the
conditions of jurisdiction are met'" (Advisory Opinion pp. 16–17). In other words, with regards to
defending the consistency of the International Court of Justice, the ICJ has the decision whether to
address an advisory opinion request or not. The validity in the case presented was reflected upon if
the independence declaration was in accordance with general international law. "In assessing
whether or not the declaration of independence is in accordance with international law, the Court
must be free to examine the entire record and decide for itself whether that declaration

Essay on Kosovo And Milosevic
&#8220;I wouldn&#8217;t mind if they needed to take [Yugoslav President Slobodan
Milosevic] out,'; said Chris Walter, 23, a college student living in Chagrin Falls, Ohio. I felt the
same way about Saddam Hussein. I think the longer you keep the problem around, the sooner it is
going to come back and bite you.';
From the Washington Post
April 18th, 1999
The horrors of the atrocities committed against Kosovo such as the targeted attacks on civilians,
&#8220;ethnic cleansing';, and most certainly mass murder have a greater impact globally than
what may appear on the surface. On a humanitarian level, all these situations are marked by the
same killing mixture of hope and despair &#8211; frightened women, terrified children, ...
Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Addressing a huge gathering of Serbs assembled on the site of the battle of Kosovo Polje, where an
Ottoman army inflicted a crushing defeat on Serbian forces 600 years earlier, he launched a
campaign to restore Serbian greatness that resulted in the break–up of Yugoslavia, amid the worst
atrocities and violations of human rights since the end of the Second World War. While the
formidable Serb–led Yugoslav army was used against Croats too, the worst excesses and
&#8220;ethnic cleansing'; took place against the Bosnians, and later the Kosovars, both of
them Muslims.
What effects the Balkan region is its blood–soaked history, an ethnic jigsaw puzzle and, currently
the &#8220;Mad Serb Disease.'; Like the Bosnian tragedy, Kosovo&#8217;s misfortune
results equally from the dominant powers letting expediency rather than ethnicity determine the
Balkan borders. Like the Bosnian muslims, Kosovar Albanians were lumped into the artificial Serb–
dominated state called Yugoslavia &#8211; even though ethinicity, religion and geography
bound them to Albania.
Thus, Kosovo has been a pawn in the hands of the powers that mindlessly drew and re–drew the
Balkan map. Despite being 90 per cent Albanian, Kosovo is seen by the Serbs as the cradle of
civilization. Its north and east have sites of religious and historical significance to them. Hence the
Serb desire to

Genocide In Bosnia Research Paper
Genocide In Bosnia The Genocide in Bosnia was the outcome of misleadership and late intervention
by the world. The Bosnian conflict was a war that led to the death of over 100,000 soldiers and
civilians(War Crime). The war consisted consisted of two sides: the Bosnian–Serbs and the
Bosnian–Croats. The conflict was handled improperly. It even came close to home as one american
soldier was stranded in Bosnia in the middle of the war witnessing all that the UN and the
government of the Bosnian–Serbs would pronounce to be false. "Genocide means any of the
following acts committed with intent to destroy, in whole or in part, a national, ethnical, racial or
religious group(US Holocaust Museum)".The Bosnian war is a pure example of Genocide. In 1995
the Bosnian–Serbs massacred the town of Srebrenica. Eight–thousand Muslim Men and boys died
while the women were raped and then slaughtered(War crime). Civilian killings were directed
toward Muslims and in 1971 the Muslim ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
History.com says these countries were forged as one after WW2. But power and leadership was an
issue; and in the mid 1980's Serbian leader Slobodan Milosevic began creating differences between
the countries. Then In 1991 Slovenia, Croatia, and Macedonia all declared Independence. Then in
1992 Bosnia declared Independence. War broke out in Croatia and Bosnia. The sides were the
Bosnian–Croats against the Bosnian–Serbs. With the backing of Serbian leader Milosevic and the
Yugoslavian army, the general of the Bosnian–Serbs Ratko Mladic overwhelmed the Bosnian–
Croats at Sarajevo(capital of Bosnia)and gained control. Throughout 1992 the Bosnian Serbs would
conquer three quarters of Bosnia. Within the land they conquered, Srebrenica suffered the

Certainty And Doubt In My Writing Work
While struggling with puzzling and complex events I came to a deeper understanding of constant
questioning and doubting as the utmost ability in my writing work...as Voltaire noted that doubt is
not a pleasant condition, but certainty is an absurd one. I doubted even myself, my motives and my
memory, my knowledge... I would ask myself repeatedly: did I hear and remember this and that
properly, are my notes and records accurate, did I understand some event... At times I was feeling as
I was walking that blurry boundary between facts and illusion and that I could fall if I make any
wrong step. But, what was right and what was wrong in that hall of mirrors... Comparing daily my
opinions and comments with the rest of the media brought me that uneasy feeling that I don't belong
there anymore, that there was broadening a significant gap between me and the majority of my
friends in that profession. We greeted each other occasionally, but we choose the sides. My side was
quite lonely – few groups of intellectuals, university professors, journalists, artists; all of them
wonderful people, professionals in their fields, but stripped of their influence. Another side was vast
and strong, built carefully during the time authoritarian, populist leader ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Moreover, these wars did not solve anything and left the whole region in unstable condition with
few potential conflict situations – Serbia, still playing its risky game between East and West powers
and still with an unsolved Kosovo issue; Bosnia artificially divided and re–glued against the will of
its multi–ethnic constituents; Macedonia with its unsolvable problem of the growing influence of
Albanian minority, and so on goes that long

The Bosnian Genocide Was A Mass Killing
The Bosnian genocide was a mass killing similar to the Holocaust that occurred in Bosnia
Herzegovina shortly after the separation from the former state of Yugoslavia, disbanded in 1992 due
to the Yugoslav Wars ("The Breakup of Yugoslavia, 1990–1992 – 1989–1992 – Milestones – Office
of the Historian."). Akin to most other genocides that have previously been recorded throughout
history, the Bosnian genocide was caused by part of the population believing they had second–rate
citizens in their land, and with that view established, they wanted to eradicate the ones they deemed
unfit for their country & society. Upon the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia crumbling down
in 1992, Bosnia Herzegovina entered a period of instability. The country was recognized as it's own
independent country by the main powers, however there were three groups arguing over land rights
inside Bosnia. The Croat, Serb, and Bosnian Muslim disputing quickly escalated into something
horrendous. The Serbs did not want Bosnia to be it's own country because some of the Bosnian land
encompassed some of Serbia, the Serbs began bombing Bosnian cities and would murder Bosnian
citizens in the cities that were in the land the two countries "shared." The Serbs began encroaching
on Bosnian territory, they were led to believe that the Bosnians were the enemy, televised to the
Serbs was propaganda claiming that the Bosnian Muslims were an enemy and a threat to Serbia,
they were instilled with paranoia ("Combat

The Good, the Bad, and the Milosevic
Slobodan Milosevic and many others who were born in WW2 have had troubled childhoods,
Milosevic's parents committing suicide which would traumatize any adult . He rose through the
ranks of Tito's communist party and survived the late 60's purges where he became a close ally to
the 1980's party leader Ivan Stambolic. When Slobodan Milosevic was president of Serbia, Time
Magazine interviewed him in 1995 just after the Dayton peace accords. His interview focused on
four key actions that were affecting former Yugoslavia. Firstly, the atrocities that ethnic Serbs were
perpetrating against Bosniak's. Secondly his national speeches that focused on Serbian nationalism
that gained him enough power to force the party leader Ivan Stambolic out of ... Show more content
Hundreds of years of ethnic violence are dredged up at every meet; everyone thinks theirs is the just
cause. From my impartial view there is more than enough blame to go around for all sides" .
Milosevic came in to power in Yugoslavia because of his adept timing to use the 1987 protest by
promoting Serbian nationalism on national television. Milosevic adamantly stated in the interview
that none of his books and speeches discussed a strictly Serbian state. The concept of Greater Serbia
was conceived in 1884 Ilika Garasanin and was the credo for the secret Serb–nationalist group "the
Black Hand" who assassinated Franz Ferdinand . Emulating the same opinion from the Garasanin
writing, Milosevic tried to create a Serbia that had complete control over the Yugoslavian area and
discredited any country that tried to exempt itself out of the reaches of Serbian control. Bosnia and
Herzegovina was illegally proclaimed as an independent state and recognized.
Nationalism had been voiced many time's by Milosevic which he uses to voice out against the
Bosnian state. With the help from Karadzic another person who was indicted for war crimes,
Milosevic was able to gain a stronger foothold in Bosnia–Herzegovina. Rape camps were used and
created to eliminate the Bosniak bloodline. "Thousands of Muslim and Croatian girls and women
were raped and made forcibly pregnant in settings including Serbian–run concentration camps, of
which about twenty are solely rape/death camps

Di Giovanni Essay
Di Giovanni, a senior foreign correspondent for The Times, lived through the Balkan wars in the
former Yugoslavia. This book focuses mainly on the conflict in Kosovo in 1999 but Di Giovanni
also reports on the situation from the initial dissolution of the country up until the attempt at
reconstruction. The author also provides the reader with the historical context of the wars, such as
the events since the death of Tito and especially since 1992. It was in 1991 that the Catholic–
dominated Croatia and Slovenia declared themselves independent. This began the armed conflict
between Croatia and Slobodan Milosevic's Serb–dominated Yugoslavia. Milosevic was not going to
allow the country to be split up. While the background on Milosevic, ... Show more content on
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There are people in the streets running for their lives, some carrying mattresses. There are the
refugees freezing to death in the snow after being driven from their homes. A family of husband,
pregnant wife and seven children and the woman winds up delivering her baby in the snow. The
author herself was in danger constantly. Once she was pulled from her car by Serb goons and then
she was threatened with rape, torture and death. Her possessions were all taken from her although
they were subsequently returned to her. Still, the terror she felt is evident in her report. This is a
history of the events but it is also a condemnation against the international community that allowed
these inhuman events to occur. The powers in the world knew about Bosnian rape camps where
Muslim girls and women were repeatedly raped and tortured. They knew about the 7,000 Muslims
massacred after they had been protected by the United Nations forces and they did nothing. The
killers were never brought to justice. The Serbian government denied the reports but the UN knew
about it and did nothing. There were videotapes. Why, the author asks was nothing done when these
events were known to have occurred. This turning of the eyes away from the truth and reality of
such horrendous inhumane events is a form of madness in

The Bosnian Genocide was the worst act of mass killings since the Nazis destruction of 6 million
Jews. It resulted in a 100,000 deaths of both mostly Bosniak Muslims and Croatians. The horrific
events that took place in Bosnia are currently shown in the Middle East today through
dehumanization, nationalism and imperialism. These factors are what make the Bosnian Genocide
recurrent for Muslims in history.
During the ethnic cleansing of Muslims from 1992–1995, thousands of innocent muslims were
targeted because of who they were and what they believed in. Bosniaks were beaten, raped and
eventually murdered. The survivors of the Bosnian Genocide are key witnesses to explaining the
saddening treatment they had to endure."They were "playing with ... Show more content on
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Former president Josep Broz Tito held Yugoslavia together and was able to extinguish the
nationalism growing in many republics. His death however reopened the wound and let the
nationalism of the Serbs become existent. The serb forces ideology for a "Greater Serbia" was the
very motive that sparked the 3 year long civil war. For starters the Serb forces showed much
nationalism by joining up in a group of 16 Serb Political members and writing the Memorandum of
the Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts. For them, is was supposedly to support a solution of
Yugoslav unity but instead focused depently on disapproving president Tito's ways. In fact in 1987,
the president of Serbia, Slobodan Milošević, was openly supportive of the document and was even
the spokes person for it. He envisioned and introduce a nationalist motto of "strong Serbia, strong
Yugoslavia". This nationalism alone from a president was the spark of all nationalism thereafter. It
was a sense of unity for serbians and made them more superior than other ethnicities due to that fact
that the president was so open about it. This gave him justification by using text to support his
beliefs and ideas. This is comparative to the middle east by Al–Qaeda and ISIS. The middle east as
well uses documents and books to justify and spread what they are doing. They use the Quran, a
holy book, as justification for the strong hate for others and strong nationalism for their country.
They use versus such as "I will cast terror into the hearts of those who disbelieve. Therefore strike
off their heads and strike off every fingertip of them."Quran (8:12). Yet interpret these verses in such
a misleading way as the Serbs did with the document. Serbs wanted a "Serbian land" while Isis
wants a pan–arab land and in both cases these books were the start for the

The Bosnian Genocide: 1992–1995 From 1992 to 1995, Bosnia experienced an extended period of
turbulence due to a Serbian nationalist movement that resulted in violent upheaval. After many years
of being part of an empire or another country, Bosnia finally gained the opportunity to be
independent in 1992. Yet there was little reason to rejoice independence when many non–Serbs were
dispossessed of their home in Bosnia. Although this genocide was coined "ethnic cleansing," in the
early stages, the devastating casualties and human rights violations mark this event as one of the
worst mass killings since the Holocaust. The geographic location of Bosnia and its past history of
colonization help explain why non–Serbs were targeted and ... Show more content on
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However, starting in 1994, NATO led air strikes ("GENOCIDE – BOSNIA"), thereby deterring the
Serbian movement. Even so, Srebrenica became bombarded with shells by Serb troops led by Ratko
Mladic in July 1995, a date that has since been associated with the name "Bosnian genocide "
("GENOCIDE – BOSNIA"). Many have drawn parallels between the brutal actions of this genocide
with the Nazi actions of the Holocaust: shootings killing thousands, forcibly relocating residents,
concentration camps, and for females–rape ("Bosnia–Herzegovina 1992–1995"). Men and men were
separated in this torture process and while men were sent to concentration camps, women were sent
to rape camps (Krkljes). The genocide violated many UN Declaration of Human Rights articles
including Articles 3, 7, 5, 13, and 15. Article 3 was violated because non–Serbs were deprived of the
right to life; Article 5 violated since genocide is an example of inhumane treatment; Article 7
violated because non–Serbs were discriminated against; Article 13 violated since Bosnian Serbs
drove out Bosnian Croats and Bosniaks; and Article 15 violated since "ethnic cleansing" stripped
non–Serbs of their home in

The Violence Of A Multi Ethnic Society
Samuel Huntington famously stated that the fiercest clashes have become battles between
civilizations, according to him these clashes are neither ideological or economic, but rather cultural.
Huntington couldn 't have been more mistaken. In reality, the modern world has become plagued
with an increasing presence of intra–state wars as modern conflict has become synonymous with
clashes between "individuals, groups, and communities that differ very little". Freud attempted to
explain this perplexing occurrence as a "narcissism of minor differences" by stating that group
solidarity requires the existence of an 'Other ', a minority, which through its suppression validates
the identity of the majority. According to this logic, all communities despite their homogeneity must
seek a minority within themselves in order to validate their existence. Bosnia 's cosmopolitanism
prior to the Yugoslavian War provides us with a vivid example that this 'narcissism ' is a superficial
explanation as to why 'fraternal ' conflict occurs. Prior to the war, Bosnia was not only the most
ethnically integrated Yugoslavian republic, it was the poster–child of a multi–ethnic society in which
various ethnicities not only coexisted but rather intermingled. This peaceful coexistence was
disrupted by Slobodan Milosevic, Serbia 's president, who used Yugoslavia 's economic and political
crisis of 1988 in his favour by essentializing the crisis along the lines of ethnic national identity.
Through his

Yugoslavia War Research Paper
Often termed as Europe's deadliest since World War II, the Yugoslavia War has been infamous for
the war crimes, which include ethnic cleansing, crimes against humanity and rape. These wars
supplemented and aided the weathering of the Yugoslav state, when its constituent republics
declared independence, but the issues of ethnic minorities in the new countries (chiefly Serbs,
Croats and Albanians) were still unsettled at the time the republics were accepted internationally.
The International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia (ICTY) was established by the United
Nations to prosecute these crimes. According to the International Centre for Transitional Justice, the
Yugoslavia War led to the deaths of 140,000 people.
The research paper ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Serbia secured four out of eight federal presidency votes and was able to heavily influence decision–
making at the federal level, since all the other Yugoslav republics only had one vote. While Slovenia
and Croatia wanted to allow a multi–party system, Serbia, led by Milošević, demanded an even
more centralized federation and Serbia's dominant role in it. At the 14th Extraordinary Congress of
the League of Communists of Yugoslavia in January 1990, the Serbian–dominated assembly agreed
to abolish the single–party system; however, Slobodan Milošević, the head of the Serbian Party
branch (League of Communists of Serbia) used his influence to block and vote–down all other
proposals from the Croatian and Slovene party delegates. This prompted the Croatian and Slovene
delegations to walk out and thus the break–up of the party, a symbolic event representing the end of
"brotherhood and

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