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Independent Film
If you have a good story to tell there is no reason why you should not make it into an independent film. With the right film production techniques, the
right script, the right people working with you and a relatively small amount of money you can make a low budget movie that can compete with the
best of them on the festival circuit at places like Cannes, Toronto, Telluride and the SundanceFilm Festival. If your story is compelling enough people
will forget that the production value is a bit challenged.
There are people all over this world who never gave up on their dreams to make films, despite the difficulties that came with working outside of the
mainstream film industry. They are passionate filmmakers who believe that anyone with a compelling... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Nowadays movies are tested extensively beforehand to ensure that the studio committing hundreds of millions of dollars to it will not lose money.
This kind of testing tends to narrow the field down to only a few kinds of movies that they will invest in which means there is no room for new ideas.
True artists can never be happy when there are constraints imposed on their methods and subject matter.
Although the film industry is a merging of story telling and commerce, the story telling part has always been the most important half of the equation
for the audience. The big movie studio executives seem to have forgotten this fact as they continue to produce movies that have more style than
substance. People would much rather see a good movie with a low production value than they would a bad movie with a high production value.
Talent and a good storyline are generally worth more to movie audiences than an expensive look. If you can just get a good story committed to film
and submitted to film festivals, then people will take notice. If a buzz is created about your movie, it can lead to a distribution deal that is worth many
times more than the money you
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Market Concentration Ratio
Market Concentration Ratio January December 2000 CR Studios Total Revenue Market Share (Market share)^2 CR4 Buena Vista
$1,175,600,000 15.5% 0.024025 Universal $1,069,100,000 14.1% 0.019881 Warner Bros. $905,300,000 11.9% 0.014161 Paramount
$791,100,000 10.4% 0.010816 Total $3,941,100,000 CR6 Buena Vista $1,175,600,000 15.5% 0.024025 Universal $1,069,100,000 14.1%
0.019881 Warner Bros. $905,300,000 11.9% 0.014161 Paramount $791,100,000 10.4% 0.010816 DreamWorks SKG $777,200,000 10.3%
0.010609 20th Century Fox $723,300,000 9.5% 0.009025 Total $5,441,600,000 CR8 Buena Vista $1,175,600,000 15.5% 0.024025 Universal
$1,069,100,000 14.1% 0.019881 Warner Bros. $905,300,000 11.9% 0.014161 Paramount $791,100,000 10.4% 0.010816 DreamWorks SKG
$777,200,000 10.3% 0.010609 20th Century Fox $723,300,000 9.5% 0.009025 Sonny/Columbia $681,500,000 9.0% 0.0081 New Line
$374,500,000 4.9% 0.002401 Total $6,497,600,000 Herthindal INDEX 0.256418 Genie coefficient 0.127629 CR Studios Total Revenue Market
Share (Market share)^2 CR4 Warner Bros. $1,224,800,000 15.1% 0.022801 Universal $951,500,000 11.7% 0.013689 Paramount $891,500,000 11%
0.0121 Buena Vista $887,800,000 10.9% 0.011881 Total $3,955,600,000 CR6 Warner Bros. $1,224,800,000 15.1% 0.022801 Universal $951,500,000
11.7% 0.013689
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The United States V. Paramount Pictures (1948)
After World War II, the filmmaking industry experienced a dramatic change. The Paramount decision and the development of the Hollywood Blacklist
created a hostile environment and a tumultuous time for the filmmaking industry. Although the effects would rattle the industry to its core, it was
instrumental in shaping the filmmaking business into what we know today. United States v. Paramount Pictures (1948) was a landmark United States
Supreme Court case that changed the way filmmakers, producers and theaters would operate forever. It was seen as the proverbial first nail in the
coffin of the old Hollywood studio system. Under this system, film studios also owner the theaters where their pictures were shown. Therefore, specific
theater chains would only show the films that were produced by the studio that owned them. Further, the studios that created the film also had the
directors, writers, actors, set designers, etc. under contract. To take it even further, the studios also owned the development laboratories and distribution
channels. Basically, the studios were vertically integrated and created a de facto oligopoly. The federal government had no choice but to step in. The
studios unfair practices led to the suing ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In October 1947, the federal government subpoenaed a number of persons working in Hollywood to testify at hearings. Opening the hearings were
appearances by Walt Disney and Ronald Reagan, who at the time was the president of the Screen Actors Guild. They both testified that the threat of
Communists in the film industry was real and should be taken seriously. For an example of how this affected successful careers, we could take a
look at Adrian Scott. He was a famed producer who produced four films for admitted communist Edward Dmytryk. Once Scott's name was added to
the blacklist in 1951, he was unable to be credited on screen until
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What Is The Value Of The Motion Picture Industry
It is no surprise to know that there has been an increase in interest towards the motion picture industry. Largely because the motion picture industry has
become a significant source of revenue in many countries. Thousands of movies are made each year, and they total to billions of dollars in revenue. For
example, in 2006, more than 3,000 movies were in theaters totaling to $23.8 billion in revenue. Motion pictures are also "instrumental in shaping
worldwide impressions of a country's intellectual, historical, and cultural environment." In this paper, my objective is to address certain issues
pertaining to the motion picture industry, specifically its value chain, the competitive landscape, the notion of net profit, cost allocation considerations,
and the key elements to consider when conducting a cost variance analysis. The value chain of the motion picture industry consists of three
stages–production, distribution, and exhibition–then it finally arrives for the consumption, where the audiences can see the final product. As the saying
goes "it takes a village" in each of these stages to get the motion picture to consumers, but it is no easy task to make a motion picture. There are four
phases involved before, during, and after the production stage: development, pre–production, production, and post–production. In the development
phase, the producer acquires intellectual property. There is no particular order in which this is done, but the producer needs to purchase the rights to
make the film, acquire a screenwriter, and obtain initial financing. This is easier for major studios, because hiring well–known screenwriters, actors
and actresses, as well as the director, makes it easier to obtain financing. Independent studios, on the other hand, have a limited budgeted and are only
able to show a "preview" for major or subsidiary studios.
Then the studio decision makers determine whether the film will be successful and compare it to other films. They also develop a scenario analysis of
potential box–office revenues and determine if they should move forward with the film. Films are only given the green–light once the executives are
satisfied with the predicted probability, and once they secure financing.
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When Karl Freund’S The Mummy (1932) Was Released, The Horror
When Karl Freund's The Mummy (1932) was released, the horror genre was already ingrained by Universal Studios and other American studios. The
1930s are considered the beginning of the horror genre's classic phase. Horror films "primarily engages us affectively and viscerally–its aim seems to
be to scare and disgust us, to raise the hair on the back of our necks or make us cover our eyes". The horror film of the studios years gives physical
shape and specific presence to metaphysical, notions of spirit or moral evil. The Mummy embodies our personal fears and social fears on a larger
scale. Death and damnation are central to The Mummy. The star of The Mummy is Imhotep/Ardath Bey played byBoris Karloff. Imhotep (a high
Egyptian priest) ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In the 1930s it was Universal who pioneered the horror film as a low–cost studio genre.
Universal Studios and Rise of Horror Films
Universal's origin can be traced back to 1906 when Carl Laemmle gave up his post as a bookkeeper and used his savings to buy and operate a
nickelodeon in Chicago. Universal was one of the eight large companies who dominated the industry, though they were not one of the "majors." To be a
"major", a company had to be vertically integrated, owning a theater chain and having an international distribution operation. The five majors
Paramount, MGM, 20th Century Fox, Warner Brothers, and RKO dominated the industry. Universal had constant money problems, however, was still
successful during the Great Depression of the 1930s. In 1931 Universal released Dracula starring Bela Lugosi and directed by Tod Browning, which a
huge success and initiated the horror cycle. Universal also released another successful film Frankenstein (1931) starting Boris Karloff. The follow up
to Dracula and Frankenstein was an even greater success, and Universal now looked for another success that would use its new star, Boris Karloff.
This new success would be The Mummy (1932).
The Filming History of The Mummy The Mummy was filmed during the Great Depression. The financial collapse came against the background of an
already
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Hollywood's Golden Age
Hollywood's Golden Age started when major studios had survived the financial crisis of the 1920s, and decided not to be put in that kind of situation
by introducing the contract system to all of their employees. This strategy assured that the studios where less likely to be exposed to high risks, and
where sometimes more in favor of the studios. With total power over productions the studios where able to keep production costs at a manageable
levels, as well as exclusive rights to certain stars of the era. Even thought employees who were part of the contract system enjoyed steady employment,
compensation, and other benefits, the studios reserve the right to cancel or void any contract at their discretion sometimes without merit. Everything
about
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The Worker Management Techniques Essay
Film History In the Silent Era:
The Worker Management Techniques and Capitalist Vertical Integration
Within Hollywood
The film industry would have never taken the direction it did without the incorporation of certain worker management techniques and capitalist vertical
integration pioneered by the founders of Hollywood. The methods of operation that Hollywood established in the realms of production, manufacturing,
exhibition and distribution of film has shaped the face of the industry to how we recognize it today.
In the warm, sunny outskirts of Los Angeles lay Hollywood. This was the location of choice for several enterprising film companies in the... Show
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The Trust attempted to control the industry by charging rental fees for cameras and projectors, and by inflating the cost of film. These tactics proved to
be unsuccessful with the swift and adverse emergence of Hollywood producers, unsatisfied with the conditions by which they were forced to operate
beneath the Trust. Many of these independent figures founded the companies we are so accustomed to presently. Adolph Zukor founded Paramount,
William Fox founded 20th Century Fox, Carl Laemmle founded Universal, and Marcus Loew founded what would eventually be known as Metro
Goldwyn Mayer. The warm temperature and year–round sunlight of the west coast was very beneficial for the new studios. This along with low land
costs and no real established union allowed producers to focus more on the content of their output. These studios along with others were quick to brand
their individual products and began to make innovations in the medium of film as an art form. "Actual plays, novels and magazine content became
incorporated into the development of stronger and more interesting plots."1 These studios were producing complex stories for their films in order to
make them longer and of superior quality to the Trust's mundane fare of
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Block Booking Essay
It was during World War II that The Golden Age of Hollywood flourished, which not only produced many patriotic films, but also brought to
Hollywood a great number of exiled Europeans from France, Germany and Austria, which included many actors, writers, directors, and composers.
During this time the film studios grew in power, new stars and directors were discovered and the eight major studios produced more than 7500 feature
films. "These films were released by the studios to audiences eager to be entertained. More than 80 million people attended at least one film per week.
This period enjoyed the greatest collection of talent gathered in one place." (Motion Pictures, The New Encyclopedia Britannica, Chicago,
Encyclopedia Britannica, 2001) ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The studios often used block booking to sell films of mediocre quality.
In wasn't until the late 1937 that the studios began to run in to trouble, partly because on of economic conditions in the United States and partly
because of movies that the public felt were low in quality and subpar. Many blamed this on the "block booking." It was during this time that one of
the smaller studios (Disney Studios) released its 1937 hit "Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs," an animated film with no stars and released by a
small studio. This was a wakeup call for the larger studios that maybe this practice of "block booking" wasn't such a good idea.
Variety magazine wrote: "The wonder is not the scarcity of outstanding, smashing film hits, but that under the present system of industry operation
there are any hits at all." (Hollywood Renegades (Archive, Hollywood in slump 1938: Variety. 12/14/1938, accessed 6/8/17). By 1947, the United
States Supreme Court Anti–Trust law split the Studio System from its distribution component, which led the way for independent theaters. By 1947 the
Sherman Anti–Trust Law put an end to the studio system by dissolving the relationship between the theaters and the
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Analysis Of The Movie ' 1920 ' American Film '
1920's American Film
During the 1920s, American Film was at the peak of its glory. 1920s Film was the biggest form of entertainment and a weekly pastime for millions of
Americans, regardless of race and social background. Silent films continued to improve and innovate the film industry. Hollywood established
themselves as an American force and produced hundreds of silent films. Also, Hollywood became the birthplace of "movie stars" such as Janet
Gaynor, Rudolph Valentino, and Charlie Chaplin. Movie studios such as Warner Brothers Pictures, RKO, Metro Goldwyn Mayer, and 20th Century
Fox owned thousands of theaters and received public acclamation for hundreds of films produced. The 1920's American film industry is the epitome of
the ascension of Hollywood and the innovation era of film.
The sources utilized in this research were all uncovered on the internet. Before writing this research paper, an extensive research was done in two days
to discover credible websites to substantiate the hypothesis. Wikipedia and other non–credible sources were avoided. The domains used in this research
paper were all educational domains: .org, .edu, and .gov. The only websites with the domain .com were a website dedicated to the early cinema
history and the official website of Charlie Chaplin. The only apparatus used in this research was an HP Smart Buy Chromebook 11 G4.
As the era of the "nickelodeons", five–cent theaters popular in the 1910s, came to an end, the movie palaces spread
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Vertical Integration Of Film Industry
When we think of the film industry in Hollywood, we often picture it in our mind as an ideal industry full of fame and money. What makes the
production process of films in Hollywood so successful? The answer is the studio system. According to Hollywoodlexicon.com, the studio system is a
business model adopted by five major Hollywood studios – Paramount Pictures, Metro Goldwyn Mayer, Warner Brothers Pictures, 20th Century Fox
and RKO – that combined all facets of film production with studio–owned distribution chains. In fact, The Big Five Studios possessed 17% of the
theaters that owned 45% of domestic film rentals by 1945. The genesis of the studio system began when the studio system first took over Thomas
Edison's organization called the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The term vertical integration refers to the "structure of a marketplace that is integrated (rather than segregated) at a variety of crucial levels; in the case
of the motion picture industry, the studio system established a market in which the studios are owners of their production facilities, distribution outlets,
and theaters" (Belton 68). Since the studios could control the entire process of production, distribution/booking and exhibition, they could be
recognized as a monopoly. The studios even owned their actors, directors, producers, cinematographers, screenwriters, art directors, and other staff by
keeping them all under a contract. The formation of vertical integration first started in the 1910s, when independent exhibitors and independent
distributors were denied motion pictures by the trust. Independent exhibitors had to pay fees to the trust if they wanted to use its theaters and many
refused the idea of paying those fees while independent distributors disliked the idea of the trust's control on the supply of films. These problems
resulted in the merging of distribution companies and production companies as they sought to get into production. The mergers bought theater chains
and exhibitors contributed their distribution and production to the merger's business model. An example is the establishment of
Metro–Goldwyn–Mayer, which was merged from Metro Pictures, Louis B. Mayer Picture Corp, and Goldwyn Pictures in 1924. The formation of
Metro–Goldwyn–Mayer was made possible by Marcus Loew, who owned a chain of theaters and bought the individual companies Metro Pictures,
Goldwyn Pictures, and Louis B. Mayer Picture Corp. in order to get into production and distribution. This merge gave Metro–Goldwyn–Mayer the
ability to optimize the distribution, production and exhibition processes of a movie. To
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Film: The Studio System
During the "golden age" from the early 1930s to the 1950s, the studio system employed a "producer–unit system" to make movies that would "value
both profits and aesthetic value" (Barsam & Monahan, 2016, p. 469). With this manager and producer–heavy structure, standardization became possible
in filmmaking which led to films with a "studio look," meaning that movies, particularly from the major studios, had a "predictable technical quality,
often at the cost of stylistic sameness" (Barsam & Monahan, 2016, p. 470).
The big studios of the time, Paramount, MGM, Warner Brothers, 20th Century Fox, and RKO not only controlled film production through their studios,
they also owned theaters throughout the Unites States and controlled the distribution
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Evolution Of The New American Cinema
The studio system was a method of film production and distribution dominated by a small number of studios in Hollywood during the Hollywood
Golden Age. During the early 1900's many of the movie production companies moved from the East Coast to warmer climates in states like California,
Texas, and New Mexico. Relocating to these locations with warmer weather climates provided more settings for movies to be shot outdoors utilizing
beautiful natural scenery, abundant sunlight for scenes, and eventually formed a small conglomerate of studios that we now call Hollywood. During
the Golden Age the studio system consisted of eight major studios and out of these eight studios, five of them were major conglomerates. (Looking at
Movies, page 468–469) The studio system was challenged by a Supreme Court ruling in 1938; the court decided that the major films studios represented
a monopoly and went on to implement anti–trust laws to disband the monopoly. It then took another six years before the studios complied and decided
to leave the production of films. (www.cybercollege.com)... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
There were the assassinations of President Kennedy and Martin Luther King Jr. During all of this tumultuous change, the New American Cinema was
born. The changes that occurred from the "old" American Cinema to the "new" American Cinema has been referred to as a "phenomenon." When the
old studio system collapsed, it was replaced with scattered enterprises known as "independent filmmakers." This change had both positive and negative
impacts on the cinema industry. There were declining audiences, competition from television networks, and escalating production costs. The upside
was that there were conventions adapted such as; new modes of expression to better meet the audience expectations and more shooting on location,
which resulted in better quality
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Disney Movies Advantages And Disadvantages
Alternatives
Disney's tentpole strategy has been fairly successful throughout the Disney Studios lifetime. Even though this strategy worked in the past it may not be
the best strategy moving forward, as there are advantages and disadvantages to this strategy. One advantage of this strategy is that the tentpole films
attract movie going customers that think of the movies more as an event rather than just a film they want to see."A $200 million movie is more likely
than a $20 million movie to have elements that appeal to moviegoers––to have special value for them.", said Horn. Just as with any bet, there could also
be a risk and disadvantage. If the film fails, they would both have to take the fall instead of just Disney Studios. "When our ... Show more content on
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Having five independent sub–studios also creates its own set of issues. Directors and executives not being on the same page is one of the issues that
has the potential to be the most costly. In the case of Inside Out they made beneficial changes to the movie late in the process after executives viewed
the cut of the movie. In this case, executives working with sub–studios benefitted the finished product, however, it creates and environment in which if
executives and directors have different views of where a movie should go or how characters should be portrayed it could lead to a complete teardown
and reshoot of a movie which would waste time and possibly risk missing a release date of a major "tentpole" movie. Another challenge that arises
when sub–studios are involved is division of resources, which could lead to lower quality movies by not having all creative minds working on a
particular movie. For example, Disney live action has had the biggest percentage of failures versus all of the other labels. Marvel and Lucasfilm
have had tremendous success in creating universes in which their movies can take place and add on to. This can be seen in the Star Wars universe or
the Marvel universe. The creative minds that developed the ideas to base these movies could be beneficial to the Disney live action brand but the
separation of resources keeps collaboration of creative minds from happening.
Recommendation
Disney Studios should continue in their current
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Arundel Partners Case Analysis Essay
––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– spootyhead Apr 17, 2007
Arundel Partners Case Analysis
–––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––
Arundel Partners Case Analysis
Executive Summary: A group of investors (Arundel group) is looking into the idea of purchasing the sequel rights associated with films produced
by one or more major movie studios. Movie rights are to be purchased prior to films being made. Arundel wants to come up with a decision to either
purchase all the sequel rights for a studio's entire production during a specified period of time or purchase a specified number of major films.
Arundel's profitability is dependent upon the price it pays for a portfolio of sequel rights. Our analysis of Arundel's proposal includes ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
– More data on success probabilities may help to direct the course of action
– We would also like to have information about the willingness of production companies to sell sequel rights at a pre–negotiated price. Action Plan:
Given our analysis of the motion picture industry, we recommend that Arundel carefully select the majorfilm studios from which they intend to
purchase sequel rights. The net present value of hypothetical sequels taken from the available previous years shows not only that the industry is
highly volatile, but also that certain production studios are more volatile than others in terms of their recent performance. In addition, some studios
are consistently less profitable than others. (See "NPV for Each Production Company" chart in appendix) Since the success of film studios are
relatively stable in the short term (see "Rental Shares of Major Film Distributors" table and graph) Because of this stability, it is possible for Arundel
to approach more profitable studios with their offer to purchase sequel rights. Out of all the major film studios, only MCA–Universal, Warner Bros.,
and The Walt Disney Company generate a positive net present value on a per–film basis. However, according to casual inquiries, it is unlikely that any
movie studio would enter negotiations with Arundel on a per film price that is less than 1 million. Instead, the film studios seem to
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The Studio System: The Golden Age Of Hollywood
The studio system, was coined during a period known as the Golden Age of Hollywood,and was a method of film production and distribution
dominated by a small number of "major" studios in Hollywood. During the Golden Age, eight companies comprised the major studios that represented
the Hollywood studio system. There were five major conglomerates "The Big Five" within the eight companies that made up the studio system, these
were; Fox Films Corporated, Lowe's Incorporated, Paramount Pictures, RKO Radio Pictures, and Warner Bros. The term "studio system" is still used
today as a reference to the systems and output of the major studios, historically the term refers to the practice of large motion picture studios between
the 1920s and 1960s because
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Vertical Integration Case Summary
In the Paramount decision of 1948 this was the outcome of the United States vs. Paramount Pictures. This was a monumental case in the right of
production companies to own theatres and holding exclusive rights on which theatres could show there movies.it would also change the way
Hollywood movies were made, distributed, and exhibited in theatres and other places. The court held that this distributing technique was in violation
of the antitrust law that was put in place years before. This case is used in vertical integration cases and is later known as the first nail in the coffin of
the old Hollywood studio system. The legal issues with this first began in the silent era of movies when the Federal Trade Commission started
investigating into
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Paramount Decision Vs Hollywood Blacklist
The Paramount decision and the Hollywood blacklist were two major milestones that brought dramatic changes to the film industry. The Paramount
decision was a ruling made by the Supreme Court in 1948, against the activities of the major studios called the Big 5, which were the main fully
integrated film studios between 1920 and 1948. The ruling stated that the major studios practiced bad business tactics that included block–booking and
blind buying and that this in fact formed a monopoly of the film industry. The Hollywood black list was a 20th century practice of denying
screenwriters, directors, actors, musicians and other U.S. entertainers because of their political associations. This list was created by a group of
individuals that believed that certain entertainment professionals persons were affiliated with communists. This list of persons was not able to
produce, act, or work on or in any films during this dark period in film industry history (The Independent Producers and the Paramount Case,
1938–1949 http://www.cobbles.com/simpp_archive/paramountcase_6supreme1948.htm). ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The Big 5 were Lowe's Incorporated, Fox, Paramount Pictures, RKO and Warner Brothers and they owned the major studios as well as the movie
houses that showed the films. This ruling is called the Paramount decision because within this decision, Paramount agreed to a government–instituted
consent decree that abolished the practice of collecting up–front monies for films not yet produced. The decision favored independent film producers
and marked the official end of the Hollywood studio system. The studio system was the old film industry standard that controlled creation, production,
and distribution of
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Paramount Decision Of 1948
The Paramount decision of 1948 and the Hollywood blacklist altered the direction of the filmmaking business in America, one that I believe has had a
lasting impression for decades. The Paramount decision of 1948 refers to a court decision against the major film companies, Paramount, Warner Bros.,
20th Century–Fox, Loew's–MGM, Columbia, Universal and United Artists to outlaw their price fixing and monopolization of the industry. The
Hollywood blacklist referred to a list of studio employees from 1947 until 1957 that were linked to association to the Communist party, and were to be
"blacklisted" form the film industry indefinitely, or until made innocent of their involvement. Both of these major events of the film industry in the
1930s until 1950s had a major impact on business. (Lewis 195) ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The movie companies at that time not only owned the movie, they also owned the majority of movie theatre. This allowed them to block book the
first run movies that everyone wanted to view. The block book could take away from the revenues the movie stars could benefit from when a
particular film was a hit. (Lewis 196) The effect of the Paramount decision had an immediate effect on the industry, as revenues decreased by over 20
percent over the next few years. Studio profits declined from $120 million in 1946 to $31 million in 1950. Although the large studios took a loss from
the decision, the independent studios were able to benefit. According to The History Channel, the Para mount decision allowed independent producers
could finally compete with the large studios for audiences and actors, marking the beginning of the end for the Hollywood studio system. (Lewis 197,
History
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The Studio System Essay
The Studio System
Key point about the studio system could be:
Despite being one of the biggest industries in the United States, indeed the World, the internal workings of the 'dream factory' that is Hollywood is
little understood outside the business.
The Hollywood Studio System: A History is the first book to describe and analyse the complete development, classic operation, and reinvention of the
global corporate entities which produce and distribute most of the films we watch.
Starting in 1920, Adolph Zukor, head of Paramount Pictures, over the decade of the 1920s helped to fashion Hollywood into a vertically integrated
system, a set of economic innovations which was firmly in place ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The following essay will examine how these changes took place, and what impact it had on the film making industry in America. We shall also
examine how the system relates to the current production methods used in film making. The main issues raised within the text will be summarised
concisely within the conclusion. Before a film reaches the cinema screen, and its audience it must go through a three stage process. Firstly and most
obviously it has to be produced, following this it must then be distributed, and finally exhibited. Before the introduction of the studio system in the
1920s all of these processes were controlled separately. Although this gave the makers of films, such as directors and producers, room to express
their creativity it placed a heavy constraint upon the amount of movies that could be made, and financial profits. However, despite Hollywood's
uneasy birth, by the 1920s it had become one of the worlds leading film producers (Dirks, 2002). This was largely due to the introduction of the
producer, or studio syste
Cinema is a collaborative art so it is difficult to determine the influence of one particular person on a film. The only way to truly judge a single person's
contribution to film is to look at their entire filmography, in that way you can begin to distinguish patterns that can be identified with individuals. With
this in mind, it is
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The Main Changes That the Paramount Decree Effected on the...
Outline the main changes the paramount decree effected on the structure of the American film industry and discuss the measures the ex–studios took to
remain in control of the film market.
The period of the 1920's to 1950's where known as the studio era in Hollywood. A few major companies monopolized the industry through vertical
integration when the film companies controlled all production distribution and exhibition. The majors determined which movies were shown in which
theatres, choosing their own over others. The theatres were often palaces, about spectacle and a night out more than the movie itself. Marcus Loew
said , "we sell tickets to theatres, not movies" (pg 113 , Hollywood cinema, Maltby R, 2003). The majors forced ... Show more content on
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They took on more responsibility and had more time to work on the production. "since the late 1960s it has been common for directors to average
only one feature every year and a half , two years , whereas at the height of the studio system, a John Ford or George Cukor might regularly have made
two or even three major features a year. There were serious implications for the way in which directors learned their craft." (pg9 Hillier J , 1992, The
New Hollywood). Independent film production increased the importance of agents in the system. After contracts were dropped, staff went to agents
who brought them together with a script and a director and a package to studios, for film projects. "by the 1960s two thirds of films being made were
pre–packaged by agentsВ….Agents continued to grow in importance to such an extent that by the 1980s, Michael Ovitz, president of CAA, was
being the single most influential person in the movie industry", (pg9 Hillier J , 1992, The New Hollywood).With fewer films in production after the
Paramount decree , there were fewer films to maintain the profitability balance and offset losses, as a result there was a need for greater profits.
Blockbusters became the industries idea of sure fire profit . New technologies were utilized in order to make cinema something new and exciting. In
order to compete with the increasing loss of audience to television, studios
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Hollywood Blockbuster Movie Cost
Weather it's a major Hollywood blockbuster film with A–list actors and actresses or a small independent film, there is always a significant financial
hurtle to clear when it comes to making a movie. Studios not only need financial backing from a major investor but someone to manage that
investment and make sure it is distributed to the director, actors, editors, and filming crew to name a few of the key figures. While the personnel of the
film need to get payed, the studio must also invest in costumes, props, settings, and the equipment needed to film and edit the movie. Some of these
items may be as cheap as a dollar, while hiring an A–list actor can cost millions of dollars. Independent studios may try and save costs by hiring
unknown actors ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Studios need to select a demographic as to who they want to target their movie towards, whether it be male or female, or younger or older crowds.
These studios may show a prescreening of a film to determine the popularity with certain demographics and have their audience fill out questionnaires
regarding the film. Once a studio has a targeted demographic, they must determine how they are going to draw interest to that movie by means of
advertising. Advertising can take many forms, in early film history it would be shown on billboards. Today's advertising is done by either television
commercials, movie trailers that preceded other films which target the same demographic, magazines, and in more recent times ads that are on
programs, such as, Facebook and YouTube. All this advertising costs the studio millions of dollars to ensure that the film does well in the box
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Discuss The Reasons For The Decline Of The 50's
Just as the studio system did not appear from nowhere in 1930 it did not suddenly end in 1948. However, it's a convenient date to signal the end of
the golden age because of the Paramount decision. In 1948 the US supreme court ordered that the oligopolistic control of the majors was
uncompetitive. The major studios were ordered to sell all their cinemas to allow fairer competition for films and to stop the system of block booking
to allow other cinemas to negotiate for films. This of course meant that profits were reduced for the majors. However, this may have actually helped
them as audiences began to decline in the 1950s for three major reasons: Competition from TV, Increasing affluence and Suburban living. During this
period several stars
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Arundel Partners Case Analysis Essay
Arundel Partners Case Analysis
Executive Summary: A group of investors (Arundel group) is looking into the idea of purchasing the sequel rights associated with films produced
by one or more major movie studios. Movie rights are to be purchased prior to films being made. Arundel wants to come up with a decision to either
purchase all the sequel rights for a studio's entire production during a specified period of time or purchase a specified number of major films.
Arundel's profitability is dependent upon the price it pays for a portfolio of sequel rights. Our analysis of Arundel's proposal includes a net present
value calculation of each movie production company. In order to decide whether Arundel can make money buying movie... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
In addition, once production started, the studio would inevitably form an opinion about the movie and the likeliness that a sequel would be possible.
This would put Arundel at a disadvantage, because they would then have to negotiate the price for sequel rights on each film produced, while knowing
much less than the production studio about the film. What are primary advantages and disadvantages of the approach that was taken by us in valuing
the sequel rights? Our analysis of Arundel's proposal includes a net present value calculation of each movie production company. Arundel feels that
waiting to purchase sequel rights until after the movie goes into production will make it more difficult and costly to purchase the rights. Below are
advantages and disadvantages of our approach. ADVANTAGES:– Simplicity
– Because all available data was used, there is a greater sample in our analysis. We assume that more data points will lead to a more accurate
conclusion. – We did not eliminate any outliers because we felt outliers are characteristic of the industry.– The analysis is based upon historical data
rather than fabricated assumptions.
– We believe that breaking out the data by studio is an advantage because it provides direction. DISADVANTAGES:– It is assumed that historical
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The Decline of Classical Hollywood Films
Introduction
The decline of Classical Hollywood films came after the Hollywood Antitrust Case of 1948 as television audiences dwindled in the wave of
television popularity and accessibility and the taste and interests of viewers which in turn ended the monopoly of Hollywood Studios. To combat this
Hollywood Studios turned it's back on the origins of its creation and headed in a new direction. An era of film–school educated, liberal filmmakers
began in Hollywood where the directors of the films began to express their personal view and creative insights. These directors and new age
film–makers were heavily influence by the work of the Italian Neo Realism and French New Wave this saw American film change drastically from its
previous eras of filming techniques and saw a whole new era take over. Many changes happened following the 1948 lawsuit. Which saw the structure
of American cinema completely change and brought a new era which defined the production of films and had a huge influence on the progression of
film. With this, along with the influence of Italian neo realism and the French new wave, American Cinema grew and grew from Classical styles to
against the grain alternative movies which then flourished into the blockbuster industry those born in the 80's and 90's grew up with.
Main Body
The American antitrust case of 1948 was a lawsuit between the Supreme court and the 7 main film houses in Hollywood at the time. These were
Paramount, Universal, MGM, Twentieth
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Arundel Partners Case Analysis Essay
Arundel Partners Case Analysis
Executive Summary: A group of investors (Arundel group) is looking into the idea of purchasing the sequel rights associated with films produced
by one or more major movie studios. Movie rights are to be purchased prior to films being made. Arundel wants to come up with a decision to either
purchase all the sequel rights for a studio's entire production during a specified period of time or purchase a specified number of major films.
Arundel's profitability is dependent upon the price it pays for a portfolio of sequel rights. Our analysis of Arundel's proposal includes a net present
value calculation of each movie production company. In order to decide whether Arundel can make money buying movie... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
In addition, once production started, the studio would inevitably form an opinion about the movie and the likeliness that a sequel would be possible.
This would put Arundel at a disadvantage, because they would then have to negotiate the price for sequel rights on each film produced, while knowing
much less than the production studio about the film. What are primary advantages and disadvantages of the approach that was taken by us in valuing
the sequel rights? Our analysis of Arundel's proposal includes a net present value calculation of each movie production company. Arundel feels that
waiting to purchase sequel rights until after the movie goes into production will make it more difficult and costly to purchase the rights. Below are
advantages and disadvantages of our approach. ADVANTAGES:– Simplicity
– Because all available data was used, there is a greater sample in our analysis. We assume that more data points will lead to a more accurate
conclusion. – We did not eliminate any outliers because we felt outliers are characteristic of the industry.– The analysis is based upon historical data
rather than fabricated assumptions.
– We believe that breaking out the data by studio is an advantage because it provides direction. DISADVANTAGES:– It is assumed that historical
... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...
Blockbuster History
The legacy encompassing the coexistence of blockbuster and independent films are quite interesting and somewhat complex. History shows that at
one point the word "blockbuster" had nothing to do with a movie production and originated back in the 1940s. Blockbuster was describing how large
bombs can destroy city blocks in Hamburg during World War 11. The term took on new meaning referring to anything capable of public impact.
Another illustration of this would be when a hyped play was expected to be very successful and competing theaters were busted and put out of
business. Soon the term blockbuster would become a dominant marketing tool in the world of theater and film production representing anticipated hits
or big box–office sales. In other words, blockbusters were used interchangeably to the concept of major studios.
The movie Jaws in 1975 one of Steven Spielberg classics was a direct beneficiary of this cultural phenomenon. The movie grossed well over
$100,000.00 in ticket sales and laid the foundation of the "New Hollywood's blockbuster era." Movies ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Just because some films are produced on a low–budget scale does not mean they are excluded as possibly a hit movie. Many independent films were
marked by less investment resources and were politically inferior to the studios which affected how films were produced, directed and distributed, and
not to mention landmark Supreme Court decisions. It is important to note at one time the major studios (back then known as the Big Five) were once
independent studios prior to the obliteration of the MPPC patents that where owned by The Edison Trust which dominated major legal rights to the
technology of the industry. The case ended by two Supreme Court decisions which extended certain legal rights to independent
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Ohio Motion Picture Tax Credit Case Study
Criteria 1: Ohio Motion Picture Tax Credit
Ohio developed this Motion Picture Tax Credit in 2009 to motivate film industries to choose Ohio as their location and Cleveland has been the
popular city to film movies in. Marvel Studios would thrive under this tax credit because "Eligible productions can receive 30 percent on production
cast and crew wages, as well as other eligible in–state spending" (Ohio Film Office, 2009). $300,000 must be spent on filming for this tax credit to
apply to film producers. Of course, Marvel Studios spends in the millions, so that would not be a problem.
Through this tax credit, Hollywood has been brought to Cleveland. In a 2016 article, "John Kasich's decision to raise the Ohio Motion Picture Tax Credit
... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Costs in Hollywood tend to be much higher than most places and this is causing Hollywood to leave Hollywood. Ohio is winning the battle ever
since this tax credit was passed because $400 million went towards the economy. Jobs have been created and Cleveland is not losing money from this
$40 million tax credit. Marvel Studios is a big–name movie industry that could perform even better. By moving to Cleveland, Marvel will increase
production while saving money. Producing movies will be better for everyone as jobs and money will be created in Cleveland while Marvel continues
to produce top notch movies. In the end, this criterion is the most important because the tax credit gives the filming producers the incentive to come to
Cleveland.
Criteria 2: Cleveland's Access to Capital/Resources
Different companies have thrived in moving their headquarters to Cleveland and one of the tech companies named JumpStart is one of them. Access
to capital is one of the reasons why JumpStart thrived because people were investing in them. Also, Ohio has 150 of the Fortune 500 companies and
Cleveland is one of the major cities where these companies belong (Kuhel, 2017). The Midwest is growing with Cleveland at the center of it, so that is
an aspect that Marvel Studios could thrive in.
With the tax credit in place, Cleveland is creating jobs by movies being filmed. With higher employment, access
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Netflix Case Study
Executive summary The report starts by identifying creativity and innovation as the key to Netflix past success as Harold has consistently shown in his
decisions throughout the history of the company taking bold action to chase un–ventured routes to satisfying customer needs. The essence of the report
however, is to highlight the issues surrounding the current technological advancements in the DVD rental market now that VOD has become a feasible
and realistic platform that can be supported. Netflix is faced with a multitude of options and my argument is that it must base its decision upon the
long term strategy of the business. There is still a growing demand for DVD's in their physical format proven by their increasing rate... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
Introduction This report first seeks to highlight the innovative thinking behind Netflix's success followed by the major issues surrounding Netflix's
operations in 2007, leading onto an analysis of the technological advancements within the DVD rental industry at the time, paying particular attention
to the growth and development of the VOD market. The report also seeks to explore the various strategic options Netflix has available to tackle this
new and potentially lucrative market whilst considering their potential impact on the long term strategy of its core business in order to provide
recommendations as too how Netflix should best deal with the situation at hand in order to enjoy continual growth and prosperity for the future. The
secret behind the success of Netflix's operations Netflix's concept is a direct result of the innovative thinking of Reed Harold, the company's founder
and CEO. Harold typically saw the potential to satisfy customers better through the use of a new distribution channel online, using the American postal
service. Through this business model he "pioneered online DVD rentals" (Kaufman, 2007) pursuing a route to market that had never been taken before.
Netflix Chose To target the DVD market rather than replicating the model of video retail chains (Kaufman, 2007) at the time at a time when
'blockbusters' operated using a brick and mortar
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Film Making Process Essay
There are many modes of production such as large–scale, exploitation, independent, DIY and small–scale productions. The classical Hollywood "studio
system" uses the mode of mass production.1 A studio is a company in business for making films for example Paramount and Warner Bros are
studios.1 These studios have a system called "studio systems" in which they operate the filmmaking process.1 In mass production systems, writers,
directors, actors and all workers in between are under contracts.1 These studios have ultimate control on what is being made, how the producers are
making it, what cast and crew were to take part and how the film was to be distributed.1 Large–scale production studio systems have a large supply of
equipment and vast physical space.1 They work on higher budgets and have large audiences.1 On the other hand, independent films fall into the
category of low–budget productions.1 Although they operate in similar ways to the mass–production system, they don 't have major distributers
financing them.1 This allows directors to have more control over the production process.1 However, independent filmmaking has its advantages and
disadvantages. The major advantages of independent filmmaking are that they could be personal and it allows for upcoming filmmakers to flourish and
create. The major disadvantages are working with small budgets and the distribution/exhibition of the film. The films Modern Times (1936) by Charlie
Chaplin, Daughters of the Dust (1991) by
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Studio System In Hollywood
In essence one could describe the Studio system as a particular method of filming, where the studios in hollywood were in complete control of the
production and distribution of a particular film (Lewis 2008). During the Golden Age of film the studio system was at its peak. Five major companies
dominated the world of movies, they all were conglomerates that owned the production, distribution of their films. In the Golden Age, censorship was
also at the forefront of the studio system. Originally, censorship was determined by local boards, so began the self censhipric policies and procedures
of the hollywood world. The contract system falls within the realm of the studio system and is vital in understanding what occurred during the Golden
Age
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Analysis: The Kaufman Astoria Studios
The Kaufman Astoria Studios is a significant movie studio and production site located in Astoria, Queens. To explain, Kaufman has established itself as
one of the largest and most sophisticated production centers in New York and on the East Coast. Additionally, their versatility and outstanding service
has made them the studio of choice for many famous and significant movies, productions, and television shows. Furthermore, Kaufman is the center for
a busy creative environment where shooting, pre–production, and post production take place. Specifically, they have over 500,000 square feet of
sound stages, production offices, and services spaces for directors, producers and other industry professionals. Moreover, Kaufman Studios has also
recently... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
However, The Signal Corps continued to make films, until production halted in 1970; Army production engineers had created many broadcasting
techniques that were later used by commercial networks. Furthermore, in 1970, the studio was declared as "surplus property" by the Army and was
given to the federal government. To be specific, in 1972, the government offered the property to the City University of New York, but the development
was not able to take place; production returned to Kaufman in 1975. Consequently, in recognition of its historic importance, Kaufman was appointed as
a National Historic Landmark by the government in 1976. As a result, the Studio formally re–opened in 1977 under the Astoria Motion Picture and
Television Center Foundation. Furthermore, in 1982, the title of the studio was transferred to the City of New York, and real estate developer George
S. Kaufman obtained the lease from the City. Kaufman was able to renovate, expand and revive the studio by working with several partners to achieve
his vision of a full–size studio capable of servicing any film, movie, or
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How does Sunset Boulevard represent the Hollywood Studio...
Sunset Boulevard directed by Billy Wilder in 1950 is based on how Norma Desmond, a huge Hollywood star, deals with her fall from fame. The
film explores the fantasy world in which Norma is living in and the complex relationship between her and small time writer Joe Gillis, which leads to
his death. Sunset Boulevard is seen as lifting the 'face' of the Hollywood Studio System to reveal the truth behind the organisation. During the time the
film was released in the 1950s and 60s, audiences started to see the demise of Hollywood as cinema going began to decline and the fierce competition
of television almost proved too much for the well established system. Throughout this essay I will discuss how Sunset Boulevard represents the
Hollywood... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The film's main focus largely represents the Hollywood star system to which Norma Desmond is a victim of. The film particularly highlights the
fantasy world in which Norma lives in, the world where she is the 'greatest star' (Norma Desmond, Sunset Boulevard, 1950). Sunset Boulevard
steps into Norma's mixed up world where hundreds of photos of herself clutter her crumbling mansion and where she watches herself on screen on
a weekly basis. The crumbling and deteriorating mansion could be seen as a metaphor for Norma's fall from stardom, the collapse of her career.
The focus of Norma's fame is a recurring theme throughout the film that is referenced in order to emphasise the extent to which fame has affected
Norma and her life. When Norma decides to talk to Cecil DeMille about her script the young security guard questions her by saying 'Norma, who?' as
the younger generation are unlikely to have heard of the actress. This further emphasises the harsh reality of fame and in particular, Hollywood, as
new actors and actresses are constantly churned out to appeal to the audiences needs for the new Hollywood 'star'. Besides the main focus of the star
system, other representations of the studio system are also apparent within the film, for example when Joe's thoughts are expressed
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Compare And Contrast The Cost Of Blockbuster Movies
How much does it cost to make a blockbuster movie? It takes a lot of work and money to make movies. A film has to go through three stages of
preproduction, production and post–production in order to create that film. There are many similarities from the studio system and the independent
system but today majority of the films are established with a combination of independents and the major studios. Movies start in the preproduction
phase where they began the process and start to try to secure financing for their project. Sometimes producers have enough money to begin their
project. If they don't have any start up money to begin, they will have to try and market their ideas of projection of costs and profits to investors.
According to Barsam and Monahan (2016), "No... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The movies are so expensive because there are so many costs that go in to a budget for a film. Typically, the highest costs in films are for the cast and
the industry has gotten creative to finding ways to assist instead of paying a fee for an actor or producer upfront, to include it in the contract as a
percentage of the profits goes to them. Some examples of the costs of a movie are: Story, director, producer, cinematography, cast and etc. The studio
system will use a general manager to assist with budget, while the independent system uses a producer. The marketing and distribution are a very
important stage in the post–production phase. They need to gauge the interest of audiences by using preview screenings along with questionnaires.
Once they analyze all the information, they can adapt or modify the distribution to ensure the most effective ways of getting their profits. Before the
Supreme Court Paramount Decision, the studio system controlled everything from production, distribution and exhibition and now they have to use
other companies to assist in the distribution and exhibition. The independent system had different routes they could take by
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Vertical integration in studio system Essay
Vertical integration in studio system
The term "vertical integration" refers to the structure of a marketplace, which is integrated (rather than segregated) at a variety of crucial levels. In the
case of the motion picture industry, the studio system established a market in which the studios owned production facilities, distribution outlets, and
theaters. In other words, the studios controlled every level of the marketplace from the top down, from production to exhibition.
"Vertical integration" began in the 1910s and inspired the postwar consolidation of the studio system as national distribution companies, such as
Paramount merged with production companies, such as Famous
Players and Lasky and subsequently began purchasing ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The majors owned only a fraction of the nation's theaters, e.g. 3000 of the 18000. But these theaters were large, first run houses and located in big
cities. Therefore they generated 70% of the box office receipts.
The majors ensured the profitability of their own theaters and controlled the independents by instituting a series of special distribution practices. These
were known as block booking, blind bidding, runs, zones, and clearances.
Block booking refers to the rental of films in large quantity. If exhibitors wanted to rent films, they have to rent the entire yearly output. And since they
contracted with the distributors before the film has been made, the distributors were forced to bid for them without seeing them, a procedure called
blind bidding. This way the studios could sell the bad pictures with good.
As a result of the system the new films will be first rented to the first run theaters of which the majority was owned by the studios, and then its shown
in the second run and sub run theaters after a clearance time of about 7–30 days (to renew demand). Distribution is also guided by a system of zones;
only one theater in any particular area is allowed to show a new picture.
The dismantling of the studio system began just before World War II when the U.S. Department of justice's Antitrust Division filed suit against the 8
studios for the use of their monopolistic methods
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Blockbuster Budget
Movies today are typically very expensive to make and require a high production budget to cover all the high costs. Amongst those costs are expenses
for marketing and distributing the movie. Although a movie may cost a great deal to make, it does not necessarily mean that the movie will turn a big
profit. There are thousands of movies made every year and only a small percentage makes it to the big screen and become successful. The budget,
marketing, and distribution for a blockbuster movie and an independent film differ greatly. Blockbuster movies are financed through the major
studios through the success of other blockbusters. Depending on the film, merchandising and licensing contracts can sometimes make the money to
produce a film. The major studios will generally be given a guaranteed amount plus royalties to finance the movies. The average budget for a
blockbuster is generally around $100 million and can go higher depending on the film and how technical it is. The movie studios hope that the movie
will gross double if not more of the budget but that is not always the case. For example, the movie The Adventures of Pluto Nash had a $100 million
dollar budget and only grossed a little over $7 ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
On the low end of the budget there is the buying of the actual movie script and development and also licensing. The salaries of the staff, drives up
the budget having to pay the producers, actors and actresses, as well as the director. The production costs make a big dent in the budget as well,
making sure salaries of the people that make the production happen are paid. Even with all those factors taking a part in the price of the budget, there
are still other costs that have to be paid for things such as special effects, depending on the movie and the score of the movie. The music in the film
has to be bought, composed and performed as
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Film Trailers In The 1920's
It has been claimed that he term "trailer" originates from a time when the advertisements were shown after a feature film had ended. This practice
did not last long, however, due to customers leaving before viewing the trailers. Trailers from then on were placed before films began, yet the term
seemed to have stuck (Thomas, 1966). The first recorded trailer was shown in 1913, which advertised a stage musical called The Pleasure Seekers
and by 1920, trailers were a common part of the cinema experience (Thomson and Borwell, 2009). Throughout the 1920's, the National Screen Service
were exclusively responsible for producing film trailers and had access to all the major film studios footage. These trailers lacked individuality and
seemed to be ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
These are the Classical Era (1930s and 1940s), the Transitional Era (1950s to early 1970s) and the Contemporary Era (mid 1970s to present). Kernan
(2004) argues that in the Classical Era, trailers were largely used for informing audiences of films to come. She goes on to say that in the Transitional
Era, trailers were beginning to contain persuasive elements whilst remaining informative. In the Contemporary Era, however, trailers are a significant
part of film marketing and have become very persuasive and informative (Kernan, 2004). This increase in persuasiveness throughout the years is likely
to be result of the increased saturation of the film marketplace. During the Classical Era, theatres usually only showed one film at a time, while today
multiplex and megaplex theatres are the norm. The largest megaplex in the Southern Hemisphere is in Adelaide, Australia which has 26 screens that
operate simultaneously (Roe, n.d.). This increase has meant that the industry is much more competitive today than it was in the Classical Era;
therefore trailers have become part of a wider marketing process in the film industry to attract and persuade potential customers to invest in a
particular film (Reference). In today's Contemporary Era, Keran (2004) states that trailers are used as a commercial tool with the purpose of promoting
a film to the target
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Greek Influence On Hollywood
The Paramount decision and the Hollywood black list forever altered the direction of American film making standards. Before the Paramount decision,
major Hollywood studios owned a monopoly on the movie industry. They bought their own movie theaters and hawked only their movies and also
forced movie stars into highly restrictive contracts. The Hollywood blacklistk, on the other hand, was a time in history when the American
Government focused on Hollywood to make sure they weren't pushing a communist agenda on the public. They scrutinized many actors and directors
and black listed them from working in Hollywood. These events made a large change in the way movies were produced and made the people of
Hollywood question their rights as movie makers. The Paramount decision was a supreme court ruling in 1948 against the major film studios in
Hollywood. The studios were Loew's incorporated, Fox, RKO, Paramount Pictures, and Warner Brothers, also called 'The big 5'. The court ruled for the
elimination of block–booking and blind buying. Block booking meant that a studio would sell its films in packages on an all or nothing basis, usually
theaters had to buy several ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This happened in 1947 when the House Committee of Un–American Activities (HUAC) started to convict writers, producers, and directors in
Hollywood as being communist and pushing communist–inspired propaganda on the masses. The media at the time began extensive coverage of these
accusations and called the blacklisted people the "Hollywood Ten". The Hollywood Ten declined to tell HUAC whether or not they were communists.
They found HUAC's questions to be infringing on their constitutional rights. Because they would not cooperate the Committee found them guilty of
contempt. All ten people served up to a year in jail and were fined one thousand dollars. Being blacklisted they were no longer able to work in
America, some worked under sue–do
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1050's Film Industry Analysis
After the 1050's television became a very popular form of entertainment. Because of the cost of a TV set there were only a few sets in the home of the
consumer. For post–World
War II Americans, television largely took the movies' place as a dominant cultural influence.
The television reached audiences far larger than those attracted by motion pictures, and it projected images right into family's living rooms. The
Paramount decision effectively disintegrated the studio system, major studios survived by changing the ways they did business and establishing
practices (still in use today) that dramatically reduced their controls of production and exhibition, and that reduced their out as well. This brought an
end to the system of mass ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Meanwhile, movie attendance continued to decrease and in the 1960's movies were on television prime time in the evenings. The major studios were
getting far more watch time hours of telefilm then feature films at that time. Despite competition from television's increasing technological
sophistication over time in the 1960's and 1970's the development of color television and large screens, motion picture cinemas still continued. By the
1970's the movie industry, even with the fact of the rise of television's predominance, began to become more respected as an artistic medium. This was
the turning point for the theater.
In the mid 1970's the movie industry seemed to have a huge recovery with the phenomenal success of Jaws. The movie was released in 1975 and
after its release there seemed to be a new breed of blockbusters like Star Wars (1977), Grease (1978), and Superman (1978).
All of these films were very successful that resulted in record box–office revenue. The New
Hollywood was born and the success of this blockbuster syndrome reinforced an
... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...
Tv Vs Disney
By 1945, WWII had ended and America had entered a post war era. The film industry saw huge revenue with its wartime themed films in support of
America, but television was soon in every home in across the United States. Americans were tired after a long day at work, and found comfort in
watching TV in their own homes. The development of suburbia drew many people away from the hustle and bustle of the cities in search of a quieter
lifestyle. This move to the suburbs took the studios audience away and the availability of TV soon began to replace going to the movies. Coupled with
the Paramount Decision of 1948, the studio system was no longer in effect for the studio executives and they found themselves at a crossroads of
needing reinvention... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Drugs and music were outlets that caused major societal changes in personal views. America was racially integrating and society was moving
towards a more racially diverse community. Studios turned to younger filmmakers to capture the vibe of a changing America. These visionaries made
movies that spoke to the minds of everyday American youth. Pornography also made its way to the big screen in the wake of the sexual revolution.
Deep Throat was released in 1972 and remained high in the rankings for 48 weeks. Television, the MPAAfilm rating system, and the societal changes
in America had a drastic effect on the film industry. Box office sales plummeted and audiences shied away from the big screen for the comfort of their
own homes to watch TV. The film industry responded with a change in the rating system to allow more mature minded, culturally relevant, and more
risquГ© films to be produced. Technological advances that greatly enhanced the movie experience also helped bring people back to the theater. These
changes proved to revitalize America's interest in the big
... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...

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Independent Film

  • 1. Independent Film If you have a good story to tell there is no reason why you should not make it into an independent film. With the right film production techniques, the right script, the right people working with you and a relatively small amount of money you can make a low budget movie that can compete with the best of them on the festival circuit at places like Cannes, Toronto, Telluride and the SundanceFilm Festival. If your story is compelling enough people will forget that the production value is a bit challenged. There are people all over this world who never gave up on their dreams to make films, despite the difficulties that came with working outside of the mainstream film industry. They are passionate filmmakers who believe that anyone with a compelling... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ... Nowadays movies are tested extensively beforehand to ensure that the studio committing hundreds of millions of dollars to it will not lose money. This kind of testing tends to narrow the field down to only a few kinds of movies that they will invest in which means there is no room for new ideas. True artists can never be happy when there are constraints imposed on their methods and subject matter. Although the film industry is a merging of story telling and commerce, the story telling part has always been the most important half of the equation for the audience. The big movie studio executives seem to have forgotten this fact as they continue to produce movies that have more style than substance. People would much rather see a good movie with a low production value than they would a bad movie with a high production value. Talent and a good storyline are generally worth more to movie audiences than an expensive look. If you can just get a good story committed to film and submitted to film festivals, then people will take notice. If a buzz is created about your movie, it can lead to a distribution deal that is worth many times more than the money you ... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...
  • 2. Market Concentration Ratio Market Concentration Ratio January December 2000 CR Studios Total Revenue Market Share (Market share)^2 CR4 Buena Vista $1,175,600,000 15.5% 0.024025 Universal $1,069,100,000 14.1% 0.019881 Warner Bros. $905,300,000 11.9% 0.014161 Paramount $791,100,000 10.4% 0.010816 Total $3,941,100,000 CR6 Buena Vista $1,175,600,000 15.5% 0.024025 Universal $1,069,100,000 14.1% 0.019881 Warner Bros. $905,300,000 11.9% 0.014161 Paramount $791,100,000 10.4% 0.010816 DreamWorks SKG $777,200,000 10.3% 0.010609 20th Century Fox $723,300,000 9.5% 0.009025 Total $5,441,600,000 CR8 Buena Vista $1,175,600,000 15.5% 0.024025 Universal $1,069,100,000 14.1% 0.019881 Warner Bros. $905,300,000 11.9% 0.014161 Paramount $791,100,000 10.4% 0.010816 DreamWorks SKG $777,200,000 10.3% 0.010609 20th Century Fox $723,300,000 9.5% 0.009025 Sonny/Columbia $681,500,000 9.0% 0.0081 New Line $374,500,000 4.9% 0.002401 Total $6,497,600,000 Herthindal INDEX 0.256418 Genie coefficient 0.127629 CR Studios Total Revenue Market Share (Market share)^2 CR4 Warner Bros. $1,224,800,000 15.1% 0.022801 Universal $951,500,000 11.7% 0.013689 Paramount $891,500,000 11% 0.0121 Buena Vista $887,800,000 10.9% 0.011881 Total $3,955,600,000 CR6 Warner Bros. $1,224,800,000 15.1% 0.022801 Universal $951,500,000 11.7% 0.013689 ... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...
  • 3. The United States V. Paramount Pictures (1948) After World War II, the filmmaking industry experienced a dramatic change. The Paramount decision and the development of the Hollywood Blacklist created a hostile environment and a tumultuous time for the filmmaking industry. Although the effects would rattle the industry to its core, it was instrumental in shaping the filmmaking business into what we know today. United States v. Paramount Pictures (1948) was a landmark United States Supreme Court case that changed the way filmmakers, producers and theaters would operate forever. It was seen as the proverbial first nail in the coffin of the old Hollywood studio system. Under this system, film studios also owner the theaters where their pictures were shown. Therefore, specific theater chains would only show the films that were produced by the studio that owned them. Further, the studios that created the film also had the directors, writers, actors, set designers, etc. under contract. To take it even further, the studios also owned the development laboratories and distribution channels. Basically, the studios were vertically integrated and created a de facto oligopoly. The federal government had no choice but to step in. The studios unfair practices led to the suing ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ... In October 1947, the federal government subpoenaed a number of persons working in Hollywood to testify at hearings. Opening the hearings were appearances by Walt Disney and Ronald Reagan, who at the time was the president of the Screen Actors Guild. They both testified that the threat of Communists in the film industry was real and should be taken seriously. For an example of how this affected successful careers, we could take a look at Adrian Scott. He was a famed producer who produced four films for admitted communist Edward Dmytryk. Once Scott's name was added to the blacklist in 1951, he was unable to be credited on screen until ... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...
  • 4. What Is The Value Of The Motion Picture Industry It is no surprise to know that there has been an increase in interest towards the motion picture industry. Largely because the motion picture industry has become a significant source of revenue in many countries. Thousands of movies are made each year, and they total to billions of dollars in revenue. For example, in 2006, more than 3,000 movies were in theaters totaling to $23.8 billion in revenue. Motion pictures are also "instrumental in shaping worldwide impressions of a country's intellectual, historical, and cultural environment." In this paper, my objective is to address certain issues pertaining to the motion picture industry, specifically its value chain, the competitive landscape, the notion of net profit, cost allocation considerations, and the key elements to consider when conducting a cost variance analysis. The value chain of the motion picture industry consists of three stages–production, distribution, and exhibition–then it finally arrives for the consumption, where the audiences can see the final product. As the saying goes "it takes a village" in each of these stages to get the motion picture to consumers, but it is no easy task to make a motion picture. There are four phases involved before, during, and after the production stage: development, pre–production, production, and post–production. In the development phase, the producer acquires intellectual property. There is no particular order in which this is done, but the producer needs to purchase the rights to make the film, acquire a screenwriter, and obtain initial financing. This is easier for major studios, because hiring well–known screenwriters, actors and actresses, as well as the director, makes it easier to obtain financing. Independent studios, on the other hand, have a limited budgeted and are only able to show a "preview" for major or subsidiary studios. Then the studio decision makers determine whether the film will be successful and compare it to other films. They also develop a scenario analysis of potential box–office revenues and determine if they should move forward with the film. Films are only given the green–light once the executives are satisfied with the predicted probability, and once they secure financing. ... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...
  • 5. When Karl Freund’S The Mummy (1932) Was Released, The Horror When Karl Freund's The Mummy (1932) was released, the horror genre was already ingrained by Universal Studios and other American studios. The 1930s are considered the beginning of the horror genre's classic phase. Horror films "primarily engages us affectively and viscerally–its aim seems to be to scare and disgust us, to raise the hair on the back of our necks or make us cover our eyes". The horror film of the studios years gives physical shape and specific presence to metaphysical, notions of spirit or moral evil. The Mummy embodies our personal fears and social fears on a larger scale. Death and damnation are central to The Mummy. The star of The Mummy is Imhotep/Ardath Bey played byBoris Karloff. Imhotep (a high Egyptian priest) ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ... In the 1930s it was Universal who pioneered the horror film as a low–cost studio genre. Universal Studios and Rise of Horror Films Universal's origin can be traced back to 1906 when Carl Laemmle gave up his post as a bookkeeper and used his savings to buy and operate a nickelodeon in Chicago. Universal was one of the eight large companies who dominated the industry, though they were not one of the "majors." To be a "major", a company had to be vertically integrated, owning a theater chain and having an international distribution operation. The five majors Paramount, MGM, 20th Century Fox, Warner Brothers, and RKO dominated the industry. Universal had constant money problems, however, was still successful during the Great Depression of the 1930s. In 1931 Universal released Dracula starring Bela Lugosi and directed by Tod Browning, which a huge success and initiated the horror cycle. Universal also released another successful film Frankenstein (1931) starting Boris Karloff. The follow up to Dracula and Frankenstein was an even greater success, and Universal now looked for another success that would use its new star, Boris Karloff. This new success would be The Mummy (1932). The Filming History of The Mummy The Mummy was filmed during the Great Depression. The financial collapse came against the background of an already ... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...
  • 6. Hollywood's Golden Age Hollywood's Golden Age started when major studios had survived the financial crisis of the 1920s, and decided not to be put in that kind of situation by introducing the contract system to all of their employees. This strategy assured that the studios where less likely to be exposed to high risks, and where sometimes more in favor of the studios. With total power over productions the studios where able to keep production costs at a manageable levels, as well as exclusive rights to certain stars of the era. Even thought employees who were part of the contract system enjoyed steady employment, compensation, and other benefits, the studios reserve the right to cancel or void any contract at their discretion sometimes without merit. Everything about ... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...
  • 7. The Worker Management Techniques Essay Film History In the Silent Era: The Worker Management Techniques and Capitalist Vertical Integration Within Hollywood The film industry would have never taken the direction it did without the incorporation of certain worker management techniques and capitalist vertical integration pioneered by the founders of Hollywood. The methods of operation that Hollywood established in the realms of production, manufacturing, exhibition and distribution of film has shaped the face of the industry to how we recognize it today. In the warm, sunny outskirts of Los Angeles lay Hollywood. This was the location of choice for several enterprising film companies in the... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ... The Trust attempted to control the industry by charging rental fees for cameras and projectors, and by inflating the cost of film. These tactics proved to be unsuccessful with the swift and adverse emergence of Hollywood producers, unsatisfied with the conditions by which they were forced to operate beneath the Trust. Many of these independent figures founded the companies we are so accustomed to presently. Adolph Zukor founded Paramount, William Fox founded 20th Century Fox, Carl Laemmle founded Universal, and Marcus Loew founded what would eventually be known as Metro Goldwyn Mayer. The warm temperature and year–round sunlight of the west coast was very beneficial for the new studios. This along with low land costs and no real established union allowed producers to focus more on the content of their output. These studios along with others were quick to brand their individual products and began to make innovations in the medium of film as an art form. "Actual plays, novels and magazine content became incorporated into the development of stronger and more interesting plots."1 These studios were producing complex stories for their films in order to make them longer and of superior quality to the Trust's mundane fare of ... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...
  • 8. Block Booking Essay It was during World War II that The Golden Age of Hollywood flourished, which not only produced many patriotic films, but also brought to Hollywood a great number of exiled Europeans from France, Germany and Austria, which included many actors, writers, directors, and composers. During this time the film studios grew in power, new stars and directors were discovered and the eight major studios produced more than 7500 feature films. "These films were released by the studios to audiences eager to be entertained. More than 80 million people attended at least one film per week. This period enjoyed the greatest collection of talent gathered in one place." (Motion Pictures, The New Encyclopedia Britannica, Chicago, Encyclopedia Britannica, 2001) ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ... The studios often used block booking to sell films of mediocre quality. In wasn't until the late 1937 that the studios began to run in to trouble, partly because on of economic conditions in the United States and partly because of movies that the public felt were low in quality and subpar. Many blamed this on the "block booking." It was during this time that one of the smaller studios (Disney Studios) released its 1937 hit "Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs," an animated film with no stars and released by a small studio. This was a wakeup call for the larger studios that maybe this practice of "block booking" wasn't such a good idea. Variety magazine wrote: "The wonder is not the scarcity of outstanding, smashing film hits, but that under the present system of industry operation there are any hits at all." (Hollywood Renegades (Archive, Hollywood in slump 1938: Variety. 12/14/1938, accessed 6/8/17). By 1947, the United States Supreme Court Anti–Trust law split the Studio System from its distribution component, which led the way for independent theaters. By 1947 the Sherman Anti–Trust Law put an end to the studio system by dissolving the relationship between the theaters and the ... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...
  • 9. Analysis Of The Movie ' 1920 ' American Film ' 1920's American Film During the 1920s, American Film was at the peak of its glory. 1920s Film was the biggest form of entertainment and a weekly pastime for millions of Americans, regardless of race and social background. Silent films continued to improve and innovate the film industry. Hollywood established themselves as an American force and produced hundreds of silent films. Also, Hollywood became the birthplace of "movie stars" such as Janet Gaynor, Rudolph Valentino, and Charlie Chaplin. Movie studios such as Warner Brothers Pictures, RKO, Metro Goldwyn Mayer, and 20th Century Fox owned thousands of theaters and received public acclamation for hundreds of films produced. The 1920's American film industry is the epitome of the ascension of Hollywood and the innovation era of film. The sources utilized in this research were all uncovered on the internet. Before writing this research paper, an extensive research was done in two days to discover credible websites to substantiate the hypothesis. Wikipedia and other non–credible sources were avoided. The domains used in this research paper were all educational domains: .org, .edu, and .gov. The only websites with the domain .com were a website dedicated to the early cinema history and the official website of Charlie Chaplin. The only apparatus used in this research was an HP Smart Buy Chromebook 11 G4. As the era of the "nickelodeons", five–cent theaters popular in the 1910s, came to an end, the movie palaces spread ... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...
  • 10. Vertical Integration Of Film Industry When we think of the film industry in Hollywood, we often picture it in our mind as an ideal industry full of fame and money. What makes the production process of films in Hollywood so successful? The answer is the studio system. According to Hollywoodlexicon.com, the studio system is a business model adopted by five major Hollywood studios – Paramount Pictures, Metro Goldwyn Mayer, Warner Brothers Pictures, 20th Century Fox and RKO – that combined all facets of film production with studio–owned distribution chains. In fact, The Big Five Studios possessed 17% of the theaters that owned 45% of domestic film rentals by 1945. The genesis of the studio system began when the studio system first took over Thomas Edison's organization called the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ... The term vertical integration refers to the "structure of a marketplace that is integrated (rather than segregated) at a variety of crucial levels; in the case of the motion picture industry, the studio system established a market in which the studios are owners of their production facilities, distribution outlets, and theaters" (Belton 68). Since the studios could control the entire process of production, distribution/booking and exhibition, they could be recognized as a monopoly. The studios even owned their actors, directors, producers, cinematographers, screenwriters, art directors, and other staff by keeping them all under a contract. The formation of vertical integration first started in the 1910s, when independent exhibitors and independent distributors were denied motion pictures by the trust. Independent exhibitors had to pay fees to the trust if they wanted to use its theaters and many refused the idea of paying those fees while independent distributors disliked the idea of the trust's control on the supply of films. These problems resulted in the merging of distribution companies and production companies as they sought to get into production. The mergers bought theater chains and exhibitors contributed their distribution and production to the merger's business model. An example is the establishment of Metro–Goldwyn–Mayer, which was merged from Metro Pictures, Louis B. Mayer Picture Corp, and Goldwyn Pictures in 1924. The formation of Metro–Goldwyn–Mayer was made possible by Marcus Loew, who owned a chain of theaters and bought the individual companies Metro Pictures, Goldwyn Pictures, and Louis B. Mayer Picture Corp. in order to get into production and distribution. This merge gave Metro–Goldwyn–Mayer the ability to optimize the distribution, production and exhibition processes of a movie. To ... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...
  • 11. Film: The Studio System During the "golden age" from the early 1930s to the 1950s, the studio system employed a "producer–unit system" to make movies that would "value both profits and aesthetic value" (Barsam & Monahan, 2016, p. 469). With this manager and producer–heavy structure, standardization became possible in filmmaking which led to films with a "studio look," meaning that movies, particularly from the major studios, had a "predictable technical quality, often at the cost of stylistic sameness" (Barsam & Monahan, 2016, p. 470). The big studios of the time, Paramount, MGM, Warner Brothers, 20th Century Fox, and RKO not only controlled film production through their studios, they also owned theaters throughout the Unites States and controlled the distribution ... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...
  • 12. Evolution Of The New American Cinema The studio system was a method of film production and distribution dominated by a small number of studios in Hollywood during the Hollywood Golden Age. During the early 1900's many of the movie production companies moved from the East Coast to warmer climates in states like California, Texas, and New Mexico. Relocating to these locations with warmer weather climates provided more settings for movies to be shot outdoors utilizing beautiful natural scenery, abundant sunlight for scenes, and eventually formed a small conglomerate of studios that we now call Hollywood. During the Golden Age the studio system consisted of eight major studios and out of these eight studios, five of them were major conglomerates. (Looking at Movies, page 468–469) The studio system was challenged by a Supreme Court ruling in 1938; the court decided that the major films studios represented a monopoly and went on to implement anti–trust laws to disband the monopoly. It then took another six years before the studios complied and decided to leave the production of films. (www.cybercollege.com)... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ... There were the assassinations of President Kennedy and Martin Luther King Jr. During all of this tumultuous change, the New American Cinema was born. The changes that occurred from the "old" American Cinema to the "new" American Cinema has been referred to as a "phenomenon." When the old studio system collapsed, it was replaced with scattered enterprises known as "independent filmmakers." This change had both positive and negative impacts on the cinema industry. There were declining audiences, competition from television networks, and escalating production costs. The upside was that there were conventions adapted such as; new modes of expression to better meet the audience expectations and more shooting on location, which resulted in better quality ... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...
  • 13. Disney Movies Advantages And Disadvantages Alternatives Disney's tentpole strategy has been fairly successful throughout the Disney Studios lifetime. Even though this strategy worked in the past it may not be the best strategy moving forward, as there are advantages and disadvantages to this strategy. One advantage of this strategy is that the tentpole films attract movie going customers that think of the movies more as an event rather than just a film they want to see."A $200 million movie is more likely than a $20 million movie to have elements that appeal to moviegoers––to have special value for them.", said Horn. Just as with any bet, there could also be a risk and disadvantage. If the film fails, they would both have to take the fall instead of just Disney Studios. "When our ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ... Having five independent sub–studios also creates its own set of issues. Directors and executives not being on the same page is one of the issues that has the potential to be the most costly. In the case of Inside Out they made beneficial changes to the movie late in the process after executives viewed the cut of the movie. In this case, executives working with sub–studios benefitted the finished product, however, it creates and environment in which if executives and directors have different views of where a movie should go or how characters should be portrayed it could lead to a complete teardown and reshoot of a movie which would waste time and possibly risk missing a release date of a major "tentpole" movie. Another challenge that arises when sub–studios are involved is division of resources, which could lead to lower quality movies by not having all creative minds working on a particular movie. For example, Disney live action has had the biggest percentage of failures versus all of the other labels. Marvel and Lucasfilm have had tremendous success in creating universes in which their movies can take place and add on to. This can be seen in the Star Wars universe or the Marvel universe. The creative minds that developed the ideas to base these movies could be beneficial to the Disney live action brand but the separation of resources keeps collaboration of creative minds from happening. Recommendation Disney Studios should continue in their current ... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...
  • 14. Arundel Partners Case Analysis Essay ––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– spootyhead Apr 17, 2007 Arundel Partners Case Analysis ––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– Arundel Partners Case Analysis Executive Summary: A group of investors (Arundel group) is looking into the idea of purchasing the sequel rights associated with films produced by one or more major movie studios. Movie rights are to be purchased prior to films being made. Arundel wants to come up with a decision to either purchase all the sequel rights for a studio's entire production during a specified period of time or purchase a specified number of major films. Arundel's profitability is dependent upon the price it pays for a portfolio of sequel rights. Our analysis of Arundel's proposal includes ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ... – More data on success probabilities may help to direct the course of action – We would also like to have information about the willingness of production companies to sell sequel rights at a pre–negotiated price. Action Plan: Given our analysis of the motion picture industry, we recommend that Arundel carefully select the majorfilm studios from which they intend to purchase sequel rights. The net present value of hypothetical sequels taken from the available previous years shows not only that the industry is highly volatile, but also that certain production studios are more volatile than others in terms of their recent performance. In addition, some studios are consistently less profitable than others. (See "NPV for Each Production Company" chart in appendix) Since the success of film studios are relatively stable in the short term (see "Rental Shares of Major Film Distributors" table and graph) Because of this stability, it is possible for Arundel to approach more profitable studios with their offer to purchase sequel rights. Out of all the major film studios, only MCA–Universal, Warner Bros., and The Walt Disney Company generate a positive net present value on a per–film basis. However, according to casual inquiries, it is unlikely that any movie studio would enter negotiations with Arundel on a per film price that is less than 1 million. Instead, the film studios seem to ... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...
  • 15. The Studio System: The Golden Age Of Hollywood The studio system, was coined during a period known as the Golden Age of Hollywood,and was a method of film production and distribution dominated by a small number of "major" studios in Hollywood. During the Golden Age, eight companies comprised the major studios that represented the Hollywood studio system. There were five major conglomerates "The Big Five" within the eight companies that made up the studio system, these were; Fox Films Corporated, Lowe's Incorporated, Paramount Pictures, RKO Radio Pictures, and Warner Bros. The term "studio system" is still used today as a reference to the systems and output of the major studios, historically the term refers to the practice of large motion picture studios between the 1920s and 1960s because ... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...
  • 16. Vertical Integration Case Summary In the Paramount decision of 1948 this was the outcome of the United States vs. Paramount Pictures. This was a monumental case in the right of production companies to own theatres and holding exclusive rights on which theatres could show there movies.it would also change the way Hollywood movies were made, distributed, and exhibited in theatres and other places. The court held that this distributing technique was in violation of the antitrust law that was put in place years before. This case is used in vertical integration cases and is later known as the first nail in the coffin of the old Hollywood studio system. The legal issues with this first began in the silent era of movies when the Federal Trade Commission started investigating into ... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...
  • 17. Paramount Decision Vs Hollywood Blacklist The Paramount decision and the Hollywood blacklist were two major milestones that brought dramatic changes to the film industry. The Paramount decision was a ruling made by the Supreme Court in 1948, against the activities of the major studios called the Big 5, which were the main fully integrated film studios between 1920 and 1948. The ruling stated that the major studios practiced bad business tactics that included block–booking and blind buying and that this in fact formed a monopoly of the film industry. The Hollywood black list was a 20th century practice of denying screenwriters, directors, actors, musicians and other U.S. entertainers because of their political associations. This list was created by a group of individuals that believed that certain entertainment professionals persons were affiliated with communists. This list of persons was not able to produce, act, or work on or in any films during this dark period in film industry history (The Independent Producers and the Paramount Case, 1938–1949 http://www.cobbles.com/simpp_archive/paramountcase_6supreme1948.htm). ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ... The Big 5 were Lowe's Incorporated, Fox, Paramount Pictures, RKO and Warner Brothers and they owned the major studios as well as the movie houses that showed the films. This ruling is called the Paramount decision because within this decision, Paramount agreed to a government–instituted consent decree that abolished the practice of collecting up–front monies for films not yet produced. The decision favored independent film producers and marked the official end of the Hollywood studio system. The studio system was the old film industry standard that controlled creation, production, and distribution of ... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...
  • 18. Paramount Decision Of 1948 The Paramount decision of 1948 and the Hollywood blacklist altered the direction of the filmmaking business in America, one that I believe has had a lasting impression for decades. The Paramount decision of 1948 refers to a court decision against the major film companies, Paramount, Warner Bros., 20th Century–Fox, Loew's–MGM, Columbia, Universal and United Artists to outlaw their price fixing and monopolization of the industry. The Hollywood blacklist referred to a list of studio employees from 1947 until 1957 that were linked to association to the Communist party, and were to be "blacklisted" form the film industry indefinitely, or until made innocent of their involvement. Both of these major events of the film industry in the 1930s until 1950s had a major impact on business. (Lewis 195) ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ... The movie companies at that time not only owned the movie, they also owned the majority of movie theatre. This allowed them to block book the first run movies that everyone wanted to view. The block book could take away from the revenues the movie stars could benefit from when a particular film was a hit. (Lewis 196) The effect of the Paramount decision had an immediate effect on the industry, as revenues decreased by over 20 percent over the next few years. Studio profits declined from $120 million in 1946 to $31 million in 1950. Although the large studios took a loss from the decision, the independent studios were able to benefit. According to The History Channel, the Para mount decision allowed independent producers could finally compete with the large studios for audiences and actors, marking the beginning of the end for the Hollywood studio system. (Lewis 197, History ... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...
  • 19. The Studio System Essay The Studio System Key point about the studio system could be: Despite being one of the biggest industries in the United States, indeed the World, the internal workings of the 'dream factory' that is Hollywood is little understood outside the business. The Hollywood Studio System: A History is the first book to describe and analyse the complete development, classic operation, and reinvention of the global corporate entities which produce and distribute most of the films we watch. Starting in 1920, Adolph Zukor, head of Paramount Pictures, over the decade of the 1920s helped to fashion Hollywood into a vertically integrated system, a set of economic innovations which was firmly in place ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ... The following essay will examine how these changes took place, and what impact it had on the film making industry in America. We shall also examine how the system relates to the current production methods used in film making. The main issues raised within the text will be summarised concisely within the conclusion. Before a film reaches the cinema screen, and its audience it must go through a three stage process. Firstly and most obviously it has to be produced, following this it must then be distributed, and finally exhibited. Before the introduction of the studio system in the 1920s all of these processes were controlled separately. Although this gave the makers of films, such as directors and producers, room to express their creativity it placed a heavy constraint upon the amount of movies that could be made, and financial profits. However, despite Hollywood's uneasy birth, by the 1920s it had become one of the worlds leading film producers (Dirks, 2002). This was largely due to the introduction of the producer, or studio syste Cinema is a collaborative art so it is difficult to determine the influence of one particular person on a film. The only way to truly judge a single person's contribution to film is to look at their entire filmography, in that way you can begin to distinguish patterns that can be identified with individuals. With this in mind, it is
  • 20. ... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...
  • 21. The Main Changes That the Paramount Decree Effected on the... Outline the main changes the paramount decree effected on the structure of the American film industry and discuss the measures the ex–studios took to remain in control of the film market. The period of the 1920's to 1950's where known as the studio era in Hollywood. A few major companies monopolized the industry through vertical integration when the film companies controlled all production distribution and exhibition. The majors determined which movies were shown in which theatres, choosing their own over others. The theatres were often palaces, about spectacle and a night out more than the movie itself. Marcus Loew said , "we sell tickets to theatres, not movies" (pg 113 , Hollywood cinema, Maltby R, 2003). The majors forced ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ... They took on more responsibility and had more time to work on the production. "since the late 1960s it has been common for directors to average only one feature every year and a half , two years , whereas at the height of the studio system, a John Ford or George Cukor might regularly have made two or even three major features a year. There were serious implications for the way in which directors learned their craft." (pg9 Hillier J , 1992, The New Hollywood). Independent film production increased the importance of agents in the system. After contracts were dropped, staff went to agents who brought them together with a script and a director and a package to studios, for film projects. "by the 1960s two thirds of films being made were pre–packaged by agentsВ….Agents continued to grow in importance to such an extent that by the 1980s, Michael Ovitz, president of CAA, was being the single most influential person in the movie industry", (pg9 Hillier J , 1992, The New Hollywood).With fewer films in production after the Paramount decree , there were fewer films to maintain the profitability balance and offset losses, as a result there was a need for greater profits. Blockbusters became the industries idea of sure fire profit . New technologies were utilized in order to make cinema something new and exciting. In order to compete with the increasing loss of audience to television, studios ... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...
  • 22. Hollywood Blockbuster Movie Cost Weather it's a major Hollywood blockbuster film with A–list actors and actresses or a small independent film, there is always a significant financial hurtle to clear when it comes to making a movie. Studios not only need financial backing from a major investor but someone to manage that investment and make sure it is distributed to the director, actors, editors, and filming crew to name a few of the key figures. While the personnel of the film need to get payed, the studio must also invest in costumes, props, settings, and the equipment needed to film and edit the movie. Some of these items may be as cheap as a dollar, while hiring an A–list actor can cost millions of dollars. Independent studios may try and save costs by hiring unknown actors ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ... Studios need to select a demographic as to who they want to target their movie towards, whether it be male or female, or younger or older crowds. These studios may show a prescreening of a film to determine the popularity with certain demographics and have their audience fill out questionnaires regarding the film. Once a studio has a targeted demographic, they must determine how they are going to draw interest to that movie by means of advertising. Advertising can take many forms, in early film history it would be shown on billboards. Today's advertising is done by either television commercials, movie trailers that preceded other films which target the same demographic, magazines, and in more recent times ads that are on programs, such as, Facebook and YouTube. All this advertising costs the studio millions of dollars to ensure that the film does well in the box ... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...
  • 23. Discuss The Reasons For The Decline Of The 50's Just as the studio system did not appear from nowhere in 1930 it did not suddenly end in 1948. However, it's a convenient date to signal the end of the golden age because of the Paramount decision. In 1948 the US supreme court ordered that the oligopolistic control of the majors was uncompetitive. The major studios were ordered to sell all their cinemas to allow fairer competition for films and to stop the system of block booking to allow other cinemas to negotiate for films. This of course meant that profits were reduced for the majors. However, this may have actually helped them as audiences began to decline in the 1950s for three major reasons: Competition from TV, Increasing affluence and Suburban living. During this period several stars ... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...
  • 24. Arundel Partners Case Analysis Essay Arundel Partners Case Analysis Executive Summary: A group of investors (Arundel group) is looking into the idea of purchasing the sequel rights associated with films produced by one or more major movie studios. Movie rights are to be purchased prior to films being made. Arundel wants to come up with a decision to either purchase all the sequel rights for a studio's entire production during a specified period of time or purchase a specified number of major films. Arundel's profitability is dependent upon the price it pays for a portfolio of sequel rights. Our analysis of Arundel's proposal includes a net present value calculation of each movie production company. In order to decide whether Arundel can make money buying movie... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ... In addition, once production started, the studio would inevitably form an opinion about the movie and the likeliness that a sequel would be possible. This would put Arundel at a disadvantage, because they would then have to negotiate the price for sequel rights on each film produced, while knowing much less than the production studio about the film. What are primary advantages and disadvantages of the approach that was taken by us in valuing the sequel rights? Our analysis of Arundel's proposal includes a net present value calculation of each movie production company. Arundel feels that waiting to purchase sequel rights until after the movie goes into production will make it more difficult and costly to purchase the rights. Below are advantages and disadvantages of our approach. ADVANTAGES:– Simplicity – Because all available data was used, there is a greater sample in our analysis. We assume that more data points will lead to a more accurate conclusion. – We did not eliminate any outliers because we felt outliers are characteristic of the industry.– The analysis is based upon historical data rather than fabricated assumptions. – We believe that breaking out the data by studio is an advantage because it provides direction. DISADVANTAGES:– It is assumed that historical ... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...
  • 25. The Decline of Classical Hollywood Films Introduction The decline of Classical Hollywood films came after the Hollywood Antitrust Case of 1948 as television audiences dwindled in the wave of television popularity and accessibility and the taste and interests of viewers which in turn ended the monopoly of Hollywood Studios. To combat this Hollywood Studios turned it's back on the origins of its creation and headed in a new direction. An era of film–school educated, liberal filmmakers began in Hollywood where the directors of the films began to express their personal view and creative insights. These directors and new age film–makers were heavily influence by the work of the Italian Neo Realism and French New Wave this saw American film change drastically from its previous eras of filming techniques and saw a whole new era take over. Many changes happened following the 1948 lawsuit. Which saw the structure of American cinema completely change and brought a new era which defined the production of films and had a huge influence on the progression of film. With this, along with the influence of Italian neo realism and the French new wave, American Cinema grew and grew from Classical styles to against the grain alternative movies which then flourished into the blockbuster industry those born in the 80's and 90's grew up with. Main Body The American antitrust case of 1948 was a lawsuit between the Supreme court and the 7 main film houses in Hollywood at the time. These were Paramount, Universal, MGM, Twentieth ... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...
  • 26. Arundel Partners Case Analysis Essay Arundel Partners Case Analysis Executive Summary: A group of investors (Arundel group) is looking into the idea of purchasing the sequel rights associated with films produced by one or more major movie studios. Movie rights are to be purchased prior to films being made. Arundel wants to come up with a decision to either purchase all the sequel rights for a studio's entire production during a specified period of time or purchase a specified number of major films. Arundel's profitability is dependent upon the price it pays for a portfolio of sequel rights. Our analysis of Arundel's proposal includes a net present value calculation of each movie production company. In order to decide whether Arundel can make money buying movie... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ... In addition, once production started, the studio would inevitably form an opinion about the movie and the likeliness that a sequel would be possible. This would put Arundel at a disadvantage, because they would then have to negotiate the price for sequel rights on each film produced, while knowing much less than the production studio about the film. What are primary advantages and disadvantages of the approach that was taken by us in valuing the sequel rights? Our analysis of Arundel's proposal includes a net present value calculation of each movie production company. Arundel feels that waiting to purchase sequel rights until after the movie goes into production will make it more difficult and costly to purchase the rights. Below are advantages and disadvantages of our approach. ADVANTAGES:– Simplicity – Because all available data was used, there is a greater sample in our analysis. We assume that more data points will lead to a more accurate conclusion. – We did not eliminate any outliers because we felt outliers are characteristic of the industry.– The analysis is based upon historical data rather than fabricated assumptions. – We believe that breaking out the data by studio is an advantage because it provides direction. DISADVANTAGES:– It is assumed that historical ... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...
  • 27. Blockbuster History The legacy encompassing the coexistence of blockbuster and independent films are quite interesting and somewhat complex. History shows that at one point the word "blockbuster" had nothing to do with a movie production and originated back in the 1940s. Blockbuster was describing how large bombs can destroy city blocks in Hamburg during World War 11. The term took on new meaning referring to anything capable of public impact. Another illustration of this would be when a hyped play was expected to be very successful and competing theaters were busted and put out of business. Soon the term blockbuster would become a dominant marketing tool in the world of theater and film production representing anticipated hits or big box–office sales. In other words, blockbusters were used interchangeably to the concept of major studios. The movie Jaws in 1975 one of Steven Spielberg classics was a direct beneficiary of this cultural phenomenon. The movie grossed well over $100,000.00 in ticket sales and laid the foundation of the "New Hollywood's blockbuster era." Movies ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ... Just because some films are produced on a low–budget scale does not mean they are excluded as possibly a hit movie. Many independent films were marked by less investment resources and were politically inferior to the studios which affected how films were produced, directed and distributed, and not to mention landmark Supreme Court decisions. It is important to note at one time the major studios (back then known as the Big Five) were once independent studios prior to the obliteration of the MPPC patents that where owned by The Edison Trust which dominated major legal rights to the technology of the industry. The case ended by two Supreme Court decisions which extended certain legal rights to independent ... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...
  • 28. Ohio Motion Picture Tax Credit Case Study Criteria 1: Ohio Motion Picture Tax Credit Ohio developed this Motion Picture Tax Credit in 2009 to motivate film industries to choose Ohio as their location and Cleveland has been the popular city to film movies in. Marvel Studios would thrive under this tax credit because "Eligible productions can receive 30 percent on production cast and crew wages, as well as other eligible in–state spending" (Ohio Film Office, 2009). $300,000 must be spent on filming for this tax credit to apply to film producers. Of course, Marvel Studios spends in the millions, so that would not be a problem. Through this tax credit, Hollywood has been brought to Cleveland. In a 2016 article, "John Kasich's decision to raise the Ohio Motion Picture Tax Credit ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ... Costs in Hollywood tend to be much higher than most places and this is causing Hollywood to leave Hollywood. Ohio is winning the battle ever since this tax credit was passed because $400 million went towards the economy. Jobs have been created and Cleveland is not losing money from this $40 million tax credit. Marvel Studios is a big–name movie industry that could perform even better. By moving to Cleveland, Marvel will increase production while saving money. Producing movies will be better for everyone as jobs and money will be created in Cleveland while Marvel continues to produce top notch movies. In the end, this criterion is the most important because the tax credit gives the filming producers the incentive to come to Cleveland. Criteria 2: Cleveland's Access to Capital/Resources Different companies have thrived in moving their headquarters to Cleveland and one of the tech companies named JumpStart is one of them. Access to capital is one of the reasons why JumpStart thrived because people were investing in them. Also, Ohio has 150 of the Fortune 500 companies and Cleveland is one of the major cities where these companies belong (Kuhel, 2017). The Midwest is growing with Cleveland at the center of it, so that is an aspect that Marvel Studios could thrive in. With the tax credit in place, Cleveland is creating jobs by movies being filmed. With higher employment, access ... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...
  • 29. Netflix Case Study Executive summary The report starts by identifying creativity and innovation as the key to Netflix past success as Harold has consistently shown in his decisions throughout the history of the company taking bold action to chase un–ventured routes to satisfying customer needs. The essence of the report however, is to highlight the issues surrounding the current technological advancements in the DVD rental market now that VOD has become a feasible and realistic platform that can be supported. Netflix is faced with a multitude of options and my argument is that it must base its decision upon the long term strategy of the business. There is still a growing demand for DVD's in their physical format proven by their increasing rate... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ... Introduction This report first seeks to highlight the innovative thinking behind Netflix's success followed by the major issues surrounding Netflix's operations in 2007, leading onto an analysis of the technological advancements within the DVD rental industry at the time, paying particular attention to the growth and development of the VOD market. The report also seeks to explore the various strategic options Netflix has available to tackle this new and potentially lucrative market whilst considering their potential impact on the long term strategy of its core business in order to provide recommendations as too how Netflix should best deal with the situation at hand in order to enjoy continual growth and prosperity for the future. The secret behind the success of Netflix's operations Netflix's concept is a direct result of the innovative thinking of Reed Harold, the company's founder and CEO. Harold typically saw the potential to satisfy customers better through the use of a new distribution channel online, using the American postal service. Through this business model he "pioneered online DVD rentals" (Kaufman, 2007) pursuing a route to market that had never been taken before. Netflix Chose To target the DVD market rather than replicating the model of video retail chains (Kaufman, 2007) at the time at a time when 'blockbusters' operated using a brick and mortar ... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...
  • 30. Film Making Process Essay There are many modes of production such as large–scale, exploitation, independent, DIY and small–scale productions. The classical Hollywood "studio system" uses the mode of mass production.1 A studio is a company in business for making films for example Paramount and Warner Bros are studios.1 These studios have a system called "studio systems" in which they operate the filmmaking process.1 In mass production systems, writers, directors, actors and all workers in between are under contracts.1 These studios have ultimate control on what is being made, how the producers are making it, what cast and crew were to take part and how the film was to be distributed.1 Large–scale production studio systems have a large supply of equipment and vast physical space.1 They work on higher budgets and have large audiences.1 On the other hand, independent films fall into the category of low–budget productions.1 Although they operate in similar ways to the mass–production system, they don 't have major distributers financing them.1 This allows directors to have more control over the production process.1 However, independent filmmaking has its advantages and disadvantages. The major advantages of independent filmmaking are that they could be personal and it allows for upcoming filmmakers to flourish and create. The major disadvantages are working with small budgets and the distribution/exhibition of the film. The films Modern Times (1936) by Charlie Chaplin, Daughters of the Dust (1991) by ... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...
  • 31. Studio System In Hollywood In essence one could describe the Studio system as a particular method of filming, where the studios in hollywood were in complete control of the production and distribution of a particular film (Lewis 2008). During the Golden Age of film the studio system was at its peak. Five major companies dominated the world of movies, they all were conglomerates that owned the production, distribution of their films. In the Golden Age, censorship was also at the forefront of the studio system. Originally, censorship was determined by local boards, so began the self censhipric policies and procedures of the hollywood world. The contract system falls within the realm of the studio system and is vital in understanding what occurred during the Golden Age ... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...
  • 32. Analysis: The Kaufman Astoria Studios The Kaufman Astoria Studios is a significant movie studio and production site located in Astoria, Queens. To explain, Kaufman has established itself as one of the largest and most sophisticated production centers in New York and on the East Coast. Additionally, their versatility and outstanding service has made them the studio of choice for many famous and significant movies, productions, and television shows. Furthermore, Kaufman is the center for a busy creative environment where shooting, pre–production, and post production take place. Specifically, they have over 500,000 square feet of sound stages, production offices, and services spaces for directors, producers and other industry professionals. Moreover, Kaufman Studios has also recently... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ... However, The Signal Corps continued to make films, until production halted in 1970; Army production engineers had created many broadcasting techniques that were later used by commercial networks. Furthermore, in 1970, the studio was declared as "surplus property" by the Army and was given to the federal government. To be specific, in 1972, the government offered the property to the City University of New York, but the development was not able to take place; production returned to Kaufman in 1975. Consequently, in recognition of its historic importance, Kaufman was appointed as a National Historic Landmark by the government in 1976. As a result, the Studio formally re–opened in 1977 under the Astoria Motion Picture and Television Center Foundation. Furthermore, in 1982, the title of the studio was transferred to the City of New York, and real estate developer George S. Kaufman obtained the lease from the City. Kaufman was able to renovate, expand and revive the studio by working with several partners to achieve his vision of a full–size studio capable of servicing any film, movie, or ... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...
  • 33. How does Sunset Boulevard represent the Hollywood Studio... Sunset Boulevard directed by Billy Wilder in 1950 is based on how Norma Desmond, a huge Hollywood star, deals with her fall from fame. The film explores the fantasy world in which Norma is living in and the complex relationship between her and small time writer Joe Gillis, which leads to his death. Sunset Boulevard is seen as lifting the 'face' of the Hollywood Studio System to reveal the truth behind the organisation. During the time the film was released in the 1950s and 60s, audiences started to see the demise of Hollywood as cinema going began to decline and the fierce competition of television almost proved too much for the well established system. Throughout this essay I will discuss how Sunset Boulevard represents the Hollywood... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ... The film's main focus largely represents the Hollywood star system to which Norma Desmond is a victim of. The film particularly highlights the fantasy world in which Norma lives in, the world where she is the 'greatest star' (Norma Desmond, Sunset Boulevard, 1950). Sunset Boulevard steps into Norma's mixed up world where hundreds of photos of herself clutter her crumbling mansion and where she watches herself on screen on a weekly basis. The crumbling and deteriorating mansion could be seen as a metaphor for Norma's fall from stardom, the collapse of her career. The focus of Norma's fame is a recurring theme throughout the film that is referenced in order to emphasise the extent to which fame has affected Norma and her life. When Norma decides to talk to Cecil DeMille about her script the young security guard questions her by saying 'Norma, who?' as the younger generation are unlikely to have heard of the actress. This further emphasises the harsh reality of fame and in particular, Hollywood, as new actors and actresses are constantly churned out to appeal to the audiences needs for the new Hollywood 'star'. Besides the main focus of the star system, other representations of the studio system are also apparent within the film, for example when Joe's thoughts are expressed ... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...
  • 34. Compare And Contrast The Cost Of Blockbuster Movies How much does it cost to make a blockbuster movie? It takes a lot of work and money to make movies. A film has to go through three stages of preproduction, production and post–production in order to create that film. There are many similarities from the studio system and the independent system but today majority of the films are established with a combination of independents and the major studios. Movies start in the preproduction phase where they began the process and start to try to secure financing for their project. Sometimes producers have enough money to begin their project. If they don't have any start up money to begin, they will have to try and market their ideas of projection of costs and profits to investors. According to Barsam and Monahan (2016), "No... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ... The movies are so expensive because there are so many costs that go in to a budget for a film. Typically, the highest costs in films are for the cast and the industry has gotten creative to finding ways to assist instead of paying a fee for an actor or producer upfront, to include it in the contract as a percentage of the profits goes to them. Some examples of the costs of a movie are: Story, director, producer, cinematography, cast and etc. The studio system will use a general manager to assist with budget, while the independent system uses a producer. The marketing and distribution are a very important stage in the post–production phase. They need to gauge the interest of audiences by using preview screenings along with questionnaires. Once they analyze all the information, they can adapt or modify the distribution to ensure the most effective ways of getting their profits. Before the Supreme Court Paramount Decision, the studio system controlled everything from production, distribution and exhibition and now they have to use other companies to assist in the distribution and exhibition. The independent system had different routes they could take by ... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...
  • 35. Vertical integration in studio system Essay Vertical integration in studio system The term "vertical integration" refers to the structure of a marketplace, which is integrated (rather than segregated) at a variety of crucial levels. In the case of the motion picture industry, the studio system established a market in which the studios owned production facilities, distribution outlets, and theaters. In other words, the studios controlled every level of the marketplace from the top down, from production to exhibition. "Vertical integration" began in the 1910s and inspired the postwar consolidation of the studio system as national distribution companies, such as Paramount merged with production companies, such as Famous Players and Lasky and subsequently began purchasing ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ... The majors owned only a fraction of the nation's theaters, e.g. 3000 of the 18000. But these theaters were large, first run houses and located in big cities. Therefore they generated 70% of the box office receipts. The majors ensured the profitability of their own theaters and controlled the independents by instituting a series of special distribution practices. These were known as block booking, blind bidding, runs, zones, and clearances. Block booking refers to the rental of films in large quantity. If exhibitors wanted to rent films, they have to rent the entire yearly output. And since they contracted with the distributors before the film has been made, the distributors were forced to bid for them without seeing them, a procedure called blind bidding. This way the studios could sell the bad pictures with good. As a result of the system the new films will be first rented to the first run theaters of which the majority was owned by the studios, and then its shown in the second run and sub run theaters after a clearance time of about 7–30 days (to renew demand). Distribution is also guided by a system of zones; only one theater in any particular area is allowed to show a new picture. The dismantling of the studio system began just before World War II when the U.S. Department of justice's Antitrust Division filed suit against the 8 studios for the use of their monopolistic methods
  • 36. ... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...
  • 37. Blockbuster Budget Movies today are typically very expensive to make and require a high production budget to cover all the high costs. Amongst those costs are expenses for marketing and distributing the movie. Although a movie may cost a great deal to make, it does not necessarily mean that the movie will turn a big profit. There are thousands of movies made every year and only a small percentage makes it to the big screen and become successful. The budget, marketing, and distribution for a blockbuster movie and an independent film differ greatly. Blockbuster movies are financed through the major studios through the success of other blockbusters. Depending on the film, merchandising and licensing contracts can sometimes make the money to produce a film. The major studios will generally be given a guaranteed amount plus royalties to finance the movies. The average budget for a blockbuster is generally around $100 million and can go higher depending on the film and how technical it is. The movie studios hope that the movie will gross double if not more of the budget but that is not always the case. For example, the movie The Adventures of Pluto Nash had a $100 million dollar budget and only grossed a little over $7 ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ... On the low end of the budget there is the buying of the actual movie script and development and also licensing. The salaries of the staff, drives up the budget having to pay the producers, actors and actresses, as well as the director. The production costs make a big dent in the budget as well, making sure salaries of the people that make the production happen are paid. Even with all those factors taking a part in the price of the budget, there are still other costs that have to be paid for things such as special effects, depending on the movie and the score of the movie. The music in the film has to be bought, composed and performed as ... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...
  • 38. Film Trailers In The 1920's It has been claimed that he term "trailer" originates from a time when the advertisements were shown after a feature film had ended. This practice did not last long, however, due to customers leaving before viewing the trailers. Trailers from then on were placed before films began, yet the term seemed to have stuck (Thomas, 1966). The first recorded trailer was shown in 1913, which advertised a stage musical called The Pleasure Seekers and by 1920, trailers were a common part of the cinema experience (Thomson and Borwell, 2009). Throughout the 1920's, the National Screen Service were exclusively responsible for producing film trailers and had access to all the major film studios footage. These trailers lacked individuality and seemed to be ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ... These are the Classical Era (1930s and 1940s), the Transitional Era (1950s to early 1970s) and the Contemporary Era (mid 1970s to present). Kernan (2004) argues that in the Classical Era, trailers were largely used for informing audiences of films to come. She goes on to say that in the Transitional Era, trailers were beginning to contain persuasive elements whilst remaining informative. In the Contemporary Era, however, trailers are a significant part of film marketing and have become very persuasive and informative (Kernan, 2004). This increase in persuasiveness throughout the years is likely to be result of the increased saturation of the film marketplace. During the Classical Era, theatres usually only showed one film at a time, while today multiplex and megaplex theatres are the norm. The largest megaplex in the Southern Hemisphere is in Adelaide, Australia which has 26 screens that operate simultaneously (Roe, n.d.). This increase has meant that the industry is much more competitive today than it was in the Classical Era; therefore trailers have become part of a wider marketing process in the film industry to attract and persuade potential customers to invest in a particular film (Reference). In today's Contemporary Era, Keran (2004) states that trailers are used as a commercial tool with the purpose of promoting a film to the target ... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...
  • 39. Greek Influence On Hollywood The Paramount decision and the Hollywood black list forever altered the direction of American film making standards. Before the Paramount decision, major Hollywood studios owned a monopoly on the movie industry. They bought their own movie theaters and hawked only their movies and also forced movie stars into highly restrictive contracts. The Hollywood blacklistk, on the other hand, was a time in history when the American Government focused on Hollywood to make sure they weren't pushing a communist agenda on the public. They scrutinized many actors and directors and black listed them from working in Hollywood. These events made a large change in the way movies were produced and made the people of Hollywood question their rights as movie makers. The Paramount decision was a supreme court ruling in 1948 against the major film studios in Hollywood. The studios were Loew's incorporated, Fox, RKO, Paramount Pictures, and Warner Brothers, also called 'The big 5'. The court ruled for the elimination of block–booking and blind buying. Block booking meant that a studio would sell its films in packages on an all or nothing basis, usually theaters had to buy several ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ... This happened in 1947 when the House Committee of Un–American Activities (HUAC) started to convict writers, producers, and directors in Hollywood as being communist and pushing communist–inspired propaganda on the masses. The media at the time began extensive coverage of these accusations and called the blacklisted people the "Hollywood Ten". The Hollywood Ten declined to tell HUAC whether or not they were communists. They found HUAC's questions to be infringing on their constitutional rights. Because they would not cooperate the Committee found them guilty of contempt. All ten people served up to a year in jail and were fined one thousand dollars. Being blacklisted they were no longer able to work in America, some worked under sue–do ... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...
  • 40. 1050's Film Industry Analysis After the 1050's television became a very popular form of entertainment. Because of the cost of a TV set there were only a few sets in the home of the consumer. For post–World War II Americans, television largely took the movies' place as a dominant cultural influence. The television reached audiences far larger than those attracted by motion pictures, and it projected images right into family's living rooms. The Paramount decision effectively disintegrated the studio system, major studios survived by changing the ways they did business and establishing practices (still in use today) that dramatically reduced their controls of production and exhibition, and that reduced their out as well. This brought an end to the system of mass ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ... Meanwhile, movie attendance continued to decrease and in the 1960's movies were on television prime time in the evenings. The major studios were getting far more watch time hours of telefilm then feature films at that time. Despite competition from television's increasing technological sophistication over time in the 1960's and 1970's the development of color television and large screens, motion picture cinemas still continued. By the 1970's the movie industry, even with the fact of the rise of television's predominance, began to become more respected as an artistic medium. This was the turning point for the theater. In the mid 1970's the movie industry seemed to have a huge recovery with the phenomenal success of Jaws. The movie was released in 1975 and after its release there seemed to be a new breed of blockbusters like Star Wars (1977), Grease (1978), and Superman (1978). All of these films were very successful that resulted in record box–office revenue. The New Hollywood was born and the success of this blockbuster syndrome reinforced an ... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...
  • 41. Tv Vs Disney By 1945, WWII had ended and America had entered a post war era. The film industry saw huge revenue with its wartime themed films in support of America, but television was soon in every home in across the United States. Americans were tired after a long day at work, and found comfort in watching TV in their own homes. The development of suburbia drew many people away from the hustle and bustle of the cities in search of a quieter lifestyle. This move to the suburbs took the studios audience away and the availability of TV soon began to replace going to the movies. Coupled with the Paramount Decision of 1948, the studio system was no longer in effect for the studio executives and they found themselves at a crossroads of needing reinvention... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ... Drugs and music were outlets that caused major societal changes in personal views. America was racially integrating and society was moving towards a more racially diverse community. Studios turned to younger filmmakers to capture the vibe of a changing America. These visionaries made movies that spoke to the minds of everyday American youth. Pornography also made its way to the big screen in the wake of the sexual revolution. Deep Throat was released in 1972 and remained high in the rankings for 48 weeks. Television, the MPAAfilm rating system, and the societal changes in America had a drastic effect on the film industry. Box office sales plummeted and audiences shied away from the big screen for the comfort of their own homes to watch TV. The film industry responded with a change in the rating system to allow more mature minded, culturally relevant, and more risquГ© films to be produced. Technological advances that greatly enhanced the movie experience also helped bring people back to the theater. These changes proved to revitalize America's interest in the big ... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...