Effects Of Water Pollution On Aquatic Life

Effects Of Water Pollution On Aquatic Life
How does water pollution affect aquatic life? What is even Water pollution? Water Pollution consist
of toxic chemicals entering a water source that exceeds natural levels of safety. How does water
pollution affect aquatic? According to Akansha and Grishma Aquatic resources are fundamental to
livelihood of man and they are a vital component in the well being of all living organisms be it
plants or animals. Water pollution is killing a substantial amount of aquatic life.
"Pollution is one of the biggest global killers, affecting over 100 million people. That's comparable
to global diseases like malaria and HIV" (11 Facts). Water pollution affects over 1 million seabirds
and 100,000 sea mammals every year. Besides saltwater "Approximately 40% of the lakes in
America are too polluted for fishing, aquatic life, or swimming" (11 facts). Water pollution not only
affects aquatic life but it also affects the people all around the world. Fish are another big factor
when talking about what water pollution affects. "Authorities have scooped up around 100,000
kilograms (220,000 pounds) of dead fish they say were poisoned by ammonia from a chemical
plant, environmental officials and state media said Wednesday, in a reminder of the pollution
plaguing the country" (CBS news).
A big part of what affects aquatic life are boats, we use boats to transport goods and supplies but
boats use diesel fuel and they spill millions of gallons of chemicals and other harmful substances.
According
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The Importance Of Carcinogens
Carcinogens
Did you know that your daily actions are one of the many causes of cancer to others, and can cause
you to have cancer yourself? Humans make changes to the environment every day. Many of these
changes produce or use carcinogens. Carcinogens is a substance said to have the potential to cause
cancer. Information found from "Environmental Cancer Risks" by all different kinds of opposing
views. Some believe that the exposure to carcinogens are based on people's lifestyle and choice of
consumption. Carcinogens are everywhere in any environment because it's in the polluted air and it's
used in pesticides used to grow our food that we eat everyday. One of the environmental changes
that can cause cancer that we make on a daily basis is polluting the air. From industrial factories
being used to manufacture and our commutes to work and home. "The human body can be exposed
to carcinogens in the environment through many everyday situations and processes, such as
breathing polluted air,..." (pg. One of "Environmental Cancer Risks." Opposing Viewpoints Online
Collection). Carcinogens are exposed to the human body through the polluted air and our daily
environmental changes just contribute to our exposure to this risk factor for cancer. As we continue
to add more to our already polluted air through the use of factories and automobiles, we are in turn
raising our risk of developing cancer because we breath in the polluted air. We are exposed to these
elements through our

The Effects Of Soil Contamination On The Environment
In the world we are living in today, with a growing population of approximately 7 billion, demands
on fossil fuels are now greater than ever. Although innovative research on green energy sources have
flourished during the past years, fossil fuels remain the dominant source of energy in the world.
Methods of extraction and storage for crude oils can become detrimental to the environment if not
properly handled. Starting from marine spills, to leakage of underground storage tanks, these
anthropogenic activities intoxicate soil and water bodies impacting both terrestrial and aquatic life.
However, through a natural process called bioremediation, microbes are able to degrade toxic
pollutants and even result in the complete restoration of contaminated sites. This paper will focus
mainly on bioremediation of oil–contaminated soils.
Introduction
Soil contamination occurs when an excessive amount of a substance is present in the soil at higher
than normal concentration without necessarily causing any direct harm (Vance, Pierzynski, & Sims,
1994). Soil contamination can lead to soil pollution, which is the evolution of soil contamination,
causing some type of direct harm; thus a soil can be contaminated but not polluted (Vance et al.,
1994). In most cases, oil contaminated soils have some type of direct or indirect negative
consequences on the environment. Crude oils, when found in little to excessive amount, can destroy
ecosystems and impact human health. A thorough description of

Pesticides : Pesticides And Pesticides
The use of pesticides have been dated back to over 4,500 years ago, when the Sumerians used
sulphur compounds to protect crops from mites and insects (1). The use of pesticides are abundant in
the United States and globally. The United States accounted for over one billion pounds of pesticide
use in both 2000 and 2001, with over five billions pounds used worldwide in each year (2). The
United States accounted for approximately 23% of the global use of pesticides. Pesticides have long
been used and will continue to be used. There are strict regulations that govern the creation,
reformulation, sell, and use of pesticides. Even with these strict standards, there have been pesticides
authorized on used that cause adverse effects to health and/or the environment. These adverse
effects have been discovered through varies methods such as toxicological profiles, exposures
assessments, epidemiological studies, etc. In this scenario we know the source of the environmental
contaminant is the pesticide used exclusively in the surrounding fields. The first thing I would like
to know is more about the pesticide in question. Is this pesticide persistent leading to
bioaccumulation? This is important because it can help lead to a greater understanding of exposure
to the individuals in the community. With this information, mitigation methods can be discovered
and utilized to eliminate or limit potential exposure. Given that this is a rural community, it can be
assumed that many

Analysis Of Sand Production Control And Mitigation
List of Figures Figure 1: Sand Production Process
Chain.....................................................................6 Figure 2: Bio–stimulation Process
Chain........................................................................9 Figure 3: Bio–
augmentation.......................................................................................10 Figure 4: Microbes Reaction
description.......................................................................13 Figure 5: Microbial
Degradation..................................................................................14
http://www.hindawi.com/journals/btri/2011/941810/fig2/ Figure 6: Hydro
clone.....................................................................................................................15
http://www.netafimusa.com/files/literature/agriculture/filters/hydrman–hydrocyclone–manual.pdf
Figure 7: Water washing cycle....................................................................................16 List of Tables
Table 1: Mitigation and Treatment Discussion...............................................................19 Executive
Summary Sand Production control and mitigation is an industry–wide problem and having limited
knowledge about dealing with sand production mitigation works to the disadvantage of any
industrial entity. This report clearly outlines sand production mitigation techniques and more
importantly one treatment technique and one mitigation technique. Using a compare contrast setting
key features of these techniques are explored with the intent of informing and bringing to the fore
front two major entities that must be taken into consideration' The environment and cost. This report
shows how natural based processes are more economically feasible and more suited for the
environment. Chapter 1 – Introduction 1.1 Problem statement Sand and solid

Food Waste Management : What Effect Does Household Waste
Household Waste Management – What effect does household waste contribute to soil
contamination?
2. THE PROBLEM The large scale production and improper disposal of waste has become a source
of pollution, as it may result in serious deterioration in quality of life and the ecological balance. As
this image from Mannering (2013) illustrates, hazardous or harmful products disposed of from
household waste is potentially dangerous to humans and the environment. In particular, when our
society lives in a consumer–driven world and with this comes accumulative household waste, so as a
result soil contamination increases from poor household waste management (Giusti, 2009). This
investigation examines household waste management and the repercussion household waste can
cause when deposited into the ground. Moreover, principles of the current global waste management
legislations and design adhered to household waste management, which promotes more effective use
of material and waste recovery systems in order to provide a sustainable future.
3. WHAT IS HOUSEHOLD WASTE?
Figure 4. Waste supply projection versus approved capacity.
Household solid and liquid waste consists of unwanted rubbish, such as inorganic and organic
products. For instance, not only disposal of unwanted inorganic products derives from fabric, glass,
paper, plastic, metal materials and hazardous waste, but also food scraps and garden debris

What Is Land Pollution?
What is Land Pollution?
When we talk about air or water pollution, the reactions garnered are stronger. This is because we
can see the effects caused by the pollutants and their extent very clearly. It is normal human
psychology to believe in what you see first hand. Our land on the other hand is living a nightmare
too. We may not be able to see the effects with clarity, but land is being polluted and abused
constantly and we are unable to calculate the damages incurred. Land Pollution has come to become
one of the serious concerns that we collectively battle.
Land pollution, in other words, means degradation or destruction of earth's surface and soil, directly
or indirectly as a result of human activities. Anthropogenic activities are conducted citing
development, and the same affects the land drastically, we witness land pollution; by drastic we are
referring to any activity that lessens the quality and/or productivity of the land as an ideal place for
agriculture, forestation, construction etc. The degradation of land that could be used constructively
in other words is land pollution.
Land Pollution has led to a series of issues that we have come to realize in recent times, after
decades of neglect. The increasing numbers of barren land plots and the decreasing numbers of
forest cover is at an alarming ratio. Moreover the extension of cities and towns due to increasing
population is leading to further exploitation of the land. Land fills and

Low Probability Of Soil Contamination
a) Need to find if there is any place within the project site where there is a high probability of soil
contamination (maybe next to bins?). The old paints manufactured in 1980s will be having more
lead in it. If lead mixed paints are used after few years the paint will peels off. It can happen due to
some manual activities too like stripping, sand blasting and scrubbing on it. Lead paint had not been
used on the outside of the site or the places nearer to the site. Otherwise the peeled off paint will be
contaminating the soil there (Raymond et al, 2011). Whether pressure treated wood was used to
build the structures of the site? Then the site will be having lot of soil contamination (Panagos et all,
2013). Pesticide chemicals should ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
If there is a presence of gas stations, fuel tanks nearby to the site then there will be a definite chance
of petroleum leaks and that will contaminate the soil there (Panagos et all , 2013). If there is any
automobile industries and machine repair shops nearby then Petroleum products , PAHs,
trichloroethylene, rubber products, metals like chromium , lead , molybdenum and used batteries
will be dumped to the soil and the soil will be contaminated due to that. If there is any garbage
dumping stations then the chemical dumps and electronic dumps will contaminate the soil (DR
Baldwin et al, 1999). b) Is there any chance that the selected options can contribute to soil
contamination (through infiltration)? Yes. Almost all the above types will cause soil contamination.
Concentration of the lead in the soil is one form of contamination that leads to many forms of
contamination. Pesticides are chemicals. These chemicals are used as insecticides, herbicides,
fungicides and all types of poisons like rodent poisons (S.C.Reed et al, 1995). Lot of researches are
showing that the commercial and industrial activities that involves chemicals causes contamination.
High traffic areas are getting contaminated mainly due to emitted gas from the vehicles (P.H.Raven
et al, 1998). Pressure treated wood are used to form decks, swing sets, play spaces. Arsenic,
especially chromatic copper arsenate or CCA is used

Soil Pollution
Presently, most cars run on gasoline and thus gas stations are vital to our everyday life. In urban
cities, gas stations are found in just about every other corner. It has already been documented that
burning gasoline produces toxic fumes that contributes to air pollution, global warming, and many
health concerns. Soil surrounding a gas station can also be contaminated with gasoline and generate
soil pollution. In comparison with air, soil is more complex in composition and function. It functions
as a sink for pollutants, as a filter which delays the passage of chemicals to groundwater, and as a
bioreactor for organic life. Just as gas is a source of fuel for cars, soil is an essential component of
the earth's ecosystem. It serves as a home to many microbes and provides the necessary nutrients to
plants that dwell in it. The pondus hyrdogenii (pH) indicates a solution's acidity and alkalinity. A pH
value of 7 is considered neutral. A solution with a pH between 0 to 7 is acid and one between 7 to 14
is alkaline. Most biological organisms including plants have a very narrow range of pH values in
which environmental substrates can survive. Plants prefer acidic substances. This leads to the
following questions: Are gas stations in El Paso, Texas a contributing factor to soil contamination?
Do Gas Stations Cause Soil Contamination?
Soil around the world is a habitat for numerous plants and animals. However, every day, certain
patches of soil are perhaps being

The Effects Of Arsenic Contamination On Soil Quality,...
Kerosene contamination affected soil physicochemical properties such as pH, total phosphorus and
microbial biomass which are important indicators for assessing soil quality, fertility and
productivity. Findings show that the soil used was a loamy soil and is know to belong to the alfisol
series of the USDA soil taxonomic system of classification (Ibia et al., 2002). The study shows that
the higher kerosene contamination levels, significantly delayed emergence and inhibited the
germination of some seeds. The poor emergence obtained at higher pollution levels of the oil
treatment can be attributed to poor aeration. In addition, the inhibition of germination may be due to
the absorption of the oil by the seeds, which caused them to be swollen ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
The decrease in the relative growth rate of Zea Mays in this study due to kerosene oil treatment of
soil shows that the oil interrupted the growth of the plant. According to Kathirvelan and Kalaiselvan
(2007) the leaf surface area determines in large part the amount of carbon gained through
photosynthesis and the amount of water lost through transpiration and ultimately the crop yield.
Reduction in the leaf and plant height as was observed in this study implies that there would be low
photosynthetic efficiency of the plant as much of the solar energy emitted by the sun would not be
absorbed by plant for photosynthesis. This definitely leads to low yield of the plant with subsequent
low availability of food and poor economy due to low sales of such plant's products. Since the
relative growth rate measures the efficiency of seedling (Brand, 1991), the reduction in the relative
growth rate of Zea mays reported in this study imply that kerosene oil reduces the efficiency of the
plant.
This study also shows that Zea mays did better in the polluted soil left for six months than in the
polluted soil left for three months and than the soil polluted and immediately planted on. This
confirms that with time, natural biodegradation occur and the kerosene polluted environment has
ability to purify itself, if and only if the source of pollutant is not intermittent.
Figure 1 to 6 shows that the lower kerosene contaminated soil did better than the

Central Land Issues Of The United States
Central Land Issues
In the United States, Long Island is one of the most densely populated regions where land is a hot
commodity. The population as of 2014 was over 7.8 million. As a result, of many people living in a
fixed area a large amount of waste starts to develop. Waste is being left behind after many human
activities. If nonbiodegradable products are not disposed of properly; the vast population growth is
forcing the further building of homes and roads which is encroaching upon natural habitats.
Since humans are moving into the natural habitats plant species are dwindling in numbers. Which
alters the habitats for which birds relied on for a camouflaged and protected home? Migratory birds
are also moving to other areas due to the land pollution. Human waste, cigarette butts, snack
wrappers, and beverage containers are all contributing to the growing land pollution.
Other pollution sources include chemical plants, coal–fired power stations, oil refineries, nuclear
waste disposal activity, large animal farms, plastic factories, and metal production factories. The soil
becomes contaminated by many chemicals and pathogens; this passes on to humans through direct
contact via food and water. Overuse of pesticides and chemical fertilizers causes toxins to enter the
food chain.
There are critical environmental issues that result from land pollution. People live and work in areas
where land waste is dumped. Some toxic chemicals coming from waste causes deformities and are

Phytoremediation of Urban Brownfields: a Case for...
Phytoremediation of Urban Brownfields:
A Case for Industrial Hemp
By: Jeff Lemon Thursday, June 21, 2012
Brownfields
Brownfield Phytoremediation
Page 2 Page 4
A Case for Industrial Hemp?
Page 5
Executive Summary
There are a number of reasons why we should care about brownfields. From encouraging urban
sprawl through the 'development' of greenfields to their environmental impacts on soil, air and
ground water, these properties are a drain upon the urban environment. Redevelopment of
brownfields are complicated by the potential contamination of hazardous waste, heavy metals and
pollution that has been left behind in the soil. Although this land can be used once the soil has been
cleaned, landowners are not financially ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Financial, public and legal risks play a large role in the redevelopment of a brownfield. These risks
(and the costs attributed redevelopment) are further compounded by the complexity of the site;
depending upon the size, type, and contamination level of a given property.4 Each brownfield has its
own story, its own history; no two brownfields are alike, as each comes with its own problems and
challenges. It is because of this, that British Columbia Ministry of Environment has categorized
brownfields into 3 separate categories, representing the standard deviation of potential
redevelopment brownfield projects. At either side of the deviation (+/– 15 – 20%) are your 'easy
choices' for redevelopment. If the sight is on the high end, then redevelopment pushes forward,
driven by market forces because these properties are highly profitable once reclaimed. On the other
hand, if it is on the low end, remediation and redevelopment costs are usually higher than the

The Negative Effects Of Pollution On The Environment
America's increasingly prominent contamination of water and air from nitrates, lead, plastic and
other pathogenic organisms is critical to our environment and the health of our population. Pollution
has existed since the dawn of man. However, the transition from a nomadic lifestyle to a settled
society escalated pollution. The Roman empire had been the first to introduce lead pollution into the
atmosphere. As the population grows exponentially so does pollution rates, primarily in developed
countries. It hadn't been until the second world war that industry's begun producing synthetic plastic
materials. These materials are hardly biodegradable and therefore accumulate in the environment
faster than they can be broken down. It was also in this 1950's era that scientist first began
developing agriculture fertilizers as well as inorganic pesticides. It has been discovered that these
particular compounds have a negative effect on ecosystems and humans. Pesticides are used to
protect crops from being eaten by insects, the pesticide work as a repellent. Scientist now know that
pesticides can cripple a species over time. Certain pesticides are designed to kill the insects that eat
the plant, this is creating a lack of biological diversity in ecosystems. For example, Bee population
has been declining for some time now. Without Bees, there would be no pollination of plants,
potentially crippling entire ecosystems. Fertilizers contain nitrogen, runoff carries this element to

Effects Of Soil Pollution On The Earth
Effects on the Earth. There are various types of soil pollution. One type is soil pollution by chemical
fertilizer. This occurs when the chemical fertilizer goes into the ground, mixes with the water, and
reduces the fertility of the soil. Chemical fertilizer can also affect water quality when it rains, goes
into streams, or even leaches into ground waters. "Fertilized soils and livestock can be significant
sources of gaseous, nitrogen–based compounds like ammonia and nitrogen oxides." says epa.gov.
This is why it affects water as well as the soil.
In the next forty years there will be 2 billion more people on the Earth. To grow more food for those
people we will need to grow more crops for the new people. Since there will need to be more food
we will have to use even more fertilizer. So there will be less fertile soil out of the 11% we have
now.
Each year we lose land to erosion. In the last 40 years the world has lost ⅓ of its arable land to
erosion. Topsoil erosion is the number 2 biggest environmental problem, next to population growth.
Yet it is one of the biggest no one cares because it is "just dirt." Some scientists think that in the next
60 years we will run out of topsoil to grow food on. It is important that the world has topsoil
because it provides most of the nutrients that plants, and is necessary for growing all of the food the
world needs.
Land lost to soil pollution. 20 million hectares of land are left alone because of poor soil quality.

Pollution Is A Serious Problem?
Xiangyu Li
Professor Kei Lutalo
English 1106
6 March 2016
"pollution in china"
In the paper, I argue that what types of pollution in china by introducing the situation and problems
in china. Following the development of economic and scientific, China is playing a very important
role in the international arena. Increasing the number of people become rich. they can buy the new
car, big house, and expensive clothes. In many people 's opinions that China is becoming strong and
rich. But they do not know China is also facing a serious problem, it is pollution. Pollution is a
serious problem because it will affect our health. Pollution can shorten our life and make us sick.
Why pollution in China is a serious problem? because there are air pollution, water pollution, and
soil pollution, those pollution has begun to seriously affect people 's lives. How serious pollution in
china? pollution will have what effects in China? How can we solve those problems?
While critics argue air pollution is not serious in china, I argue air pollution is serious in china.
because smog, an excess of harmful gasses. Now, air pollution is a serious problem in china.
According to BBC news, Beijing government on Friday released four smog alert . Beijing 's smog
problem is mainly due to fuel power plants , industrial pollution and car exhaust(n.p.). recently,
Beijing faces severe smog, government explain the main reason why there is smog is factories and
automobile exhaust. Factory make air pollution

Water Pollution Essay
Heavy pollution can be found all across China, though it is more concentrated in the east than
anywhere else. But where does all of this pollution come from? Many people would assume that it is
generated only urban or industrial areas(This is also true for air pollution); however, farmers play a
big role in polluting the water. With a fast–growing population and economy farmers are required to
produce more crops every year. This has led them into using organochlorine pesticides which was
heavily used in the 1950s to the 1970s to control agricultural and get rid of mosquitoes. According
to Farmers continue to use harmful chemicals such as polychlorinated biphenyls which is used for
lubrication on farming equipment such as tractors, air compressors, pumps, and other agricultural
machinery however it was later found to be harmful to the environment and cause cancer to animals
(ATSDR). The list continues on with polybrominated diphenyl ethers which is a flame retardant,
polychlorinated dibenzo–p–dioxins which is used as a herbicide, and ammonium perfluorooctanoate
which is a pesticide. With all of these chemicals in the water it puts China at one of the highest
polluted countries on earth. Due to the high amount of pollution in the water it makes China's water
resources very limited as it has been quoted that only 20–25% of China's water is actually
consumable or usable for agriculture/industrial use. In fact in 2005 research shows that out of the
515 rivers surveyed 60 were

Soil Contamination In The United States
The American consumer market is twenty nine per cent of world market aside from the basic
essentials we need to sustain life. We need to breathe, eat and drink water but we consume a large
amount of other resources and services that eventually contaminate the soil we live on. There are so
many new inventions and with everyone trying to have the next best thing that allows us to pollute
more and waste more into the soil. In this paper I will focus on: What is soil contamination, the type
of toxins found in soil contaminated areas and solutions on how to lower the chances of soil
contamination.
Soil pollution also referred to as soil contamination occurs when degradation or destruction of the
earth's surface and soil occurs directly or indirectly as a result of human activities. As Americans we
tend to abuse the use of things such as cars for driving, books, paper, and computers without the
knowledge of where it will end up. According to the food and Agriculture Organization
approximately 40 percent of food in the U.S. goes to waste. After the garbage man has taken the
materials, it ends up in a huge or small landfill waiting to be emerged into the soil. The average
person generates ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It is also important that we understand how much of our waste that can be reused or recycled which
a better way to be efficient and helpful to our earth is. There are ways in which a person could lower
the risk of soil contamination. Buying biodegradable products and store all liquid chemicals and
waste in spill–proof containers. People could also eat organic foods that are grown without
pesticides and lastly simply stop the use of pesticides if they can. Pesticides are very toxic
substances that can be harmful to human health and animals in the environment it also harms the

What Are The Advantages And Disadvantages Of Bioremediation?
Abstract:
Bioremediation is the technology which is used to clean up the environmental pollutants.
Bioremediation can be introduced as an efficient and cost effective method for the cleanup of
contaminated waste water. Waste water contains heavy metals like Cadmium,Chromium, Nickel,
Lead, Selenium,Arsenic, and Zinc.These metals are poisonous to the human body system. These
metals can be removed using this technique. Currently microorganisms are widely used in
Bioremediation process, generally in waste water treatments. Microorganisms are used for
bioremediation process because they synthesize enzymes to use environmental contaminations as
foods. Also microorganisms are very small so they are able to contact contaminations
easily.Microbial bioremediation ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Disadvantages of Bioremediation Bioremediation will produce high mobile toxic bi products by
breaking down the organic contaminants ,if the process is controlled .The toxicity level and the
environmental conditions in the ground are sensitive to bioremediation e.g.–these conditions are
useful for microbial activities ,by considering the factors like temperature , alkalinity ,pH
It is advised that field monitoring to break the rate of biodegradation of organic contaminants. It will
be difficult to control the volatile organic compounds (VOC s), if the process is used in an ex–situ
condition. This treatment time is longer than other remediation technologies. Only the biodegradable
compounds are used to treat effectively in the range of contaminants. Leaves residual levels that can
be highly toxic and persistent .because there is not defined level of "clean site" it is difficult for the
performance evaluations. So they have performance criteria regulations.
.Conclusion:
Bio remediation is a low cost, less hardworking, massively applicable process that is able to remove
toxic and unnecessary chemicals, organisms from the environment for the benefit of mankind. This
is applicable for the use of both animals and plants. But, it's main advantage is for human. Also,
there is a need of having a short treatment time to reduce

The Environment And Environmental Pollution
The environment molds plant and animal life, but over the past century humans have been able to
alter the environment. This change caused problems to the earth pollution to the earth, air, and water
sources. Pollution extends to the animals, vegetation, and humans as well. These damages are
mostly irreversible, and continue at a rapid pace. Pesticides are a large factor in this pollution. The
earth can adjust to these chemicals, but not fast enough. Every year 500 new synthetic chemicals are
introduced. Continuing to use these chemicals can be harmful to the future generations. The public
is not informed about the consequences of these chemicals, and must find out on their own. All
humans will come in contact with these chemicals. Chemical residues are everywhere: water
sources, soil, and humans. The production began during World War II, and is rapidly increasing.
DDT, an organic phosphorus insecticide, once thought to be harmless and used to help with lice
during WWII, is now known to be harmful. Other pesticides can cause harmful health problems.
The body can naturally protect against these chemicals but repeated doses weaken the body. Though
many of these chemicals have been banned in other countries because of the hazards the United
States continue to have no restrictions. Water has become the most precious natural resource, but the
water source is becoming heavily polluted. The water is affected indirectly, but the water continues
to be contaminated. Drinking water

Pesticides In Canada
Use of pesticide in farming has long been a topic of debate in both developed and developing
countries. Significantly, Canadian farming also relies heavily on the use of pesticides. In Canada,
Pest Management Regulatory Agency, a division of Health Canada regulates the use of pesticides.
Although, the Ministry of Environment has banned the sale of a large number of highly toxic
"pesticides for cosmetic purposes on lawns, gardens, parks and schoolyards....but the ban makes
exceptions for agriculture, forestry and golf courses, and for public health or safety issues" (News
Staff, 2009). However, this regulation does not wholly satisfy the majority of Canadians that
supports pesticide bans on a larger scale due environmental and health concerns. ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
One of the most direct way of pesticides reaching the fish population is contamination of water
sources due to soil erosion, leeching, run–off and accidental exposure. This leads to mass death of
aquatic life forms due to poisoning and depletion of oxygen. Sometimes, pesticides intended to
eradicate a pest in one species has fatal outcome to another species. Two such pesticides, Alphamax
and Salmosan introduced in New Brunswick Salmon Farming Industry to fight sea lice infestation
has killed lobsters far away from the site of salmon farms. As stated by Wayne Moore, director
general of Regulatory Science for Fisheries and Oceans Canada, "Reports indicate that there are
potential (lethal) issues associate with Salmosan and Alphamax usage" (CBC NEWS, 2015). More
so, treating seeds of canola, soybean and corn with Neonicotinoid, a pesticide to ward off aphids
(insect pests), has been in practice since long in Canadian farming. Bird's ingestion of these treated
seeds or contaminated insects has been a major cause of an alarming decline in their population due
to poisoning. Certain bird populations like barn swallows, tree sparrow, common starlings and
chimney swifts are down by 75% in recent years. It is not just the birds that are affected by lethal
concentrations of the pesticides such as Neonicotinoid; the

The Negative Effects Of Pesticides And Its Effects On The...
For centuries, pesticides have been used in agriculture to increase the production of high–quality
crops by controlling diseases' vectors. Recently, they are increasingly used worldwide but its
severity is much pronounced in the third world countries. Among commonly used pesticides,
organochlorine and pyrethroids are used in agriculture, medicine, and industrial fields. The
extensive application of pesticides has a negative effect on the environment particularly water.
Owning to overspray and drain of pesticides from fields into water bodies, it can be easily
contaminated. Moreover, it is generally known that aquatic animals and fish may uptake these
compounds present in drainage water and in phytoplankton then bioaccumulation (Arnot and Gobas,
2004). Fish is a biomarker to environmental contamination thereby, pesticides may cause many
physiological and biochemical changes influencing the activities of several enzymes and metabolites
(Mukesh, 2013) even exposure to low levels of pesticides have adverse biological effects
(Hernandez et al., 2006). Mullet is very important marine fish and represents both freshwater and
brackish water fish. Mullet (Mugil capito) constitute the majority of the aquaculture Mugil sp.
harvest in Egypt due to availability and abundance of wild fry (Sadek and Mires, 2000). Moreover,
it is extremely opportunistic feeders and feeds on accessible food (El–Dahhar et al., 2013).
Therefore, natural food could represent a definite micronutrient to

Site Clean Up And Certification Essay
Site clean up and certification
Research to minimize clean problem
Consult with consultant
Hire specialist contractor for cleaning site
Secure inspection and clean up certification
It may effect time, cost and plan goal.
Cleaning of contaminated soil if required
A) Using machines
B) Planting certain types of plants which got particular gift for sucking up specific chemicals.
It may effect on Health of Humans because Crops and plants grown on polluted soil absorb much of
the pollution and then pass these to us which may cause small or terminal illness.
Management of budget
Project has limited budget both for personal as well as other resources so management should be
done properly.
a) Forecasting the budget time to time.
b) Forecasting resource usage regularly .
c) Informing team.
d) Managing scope meticulously.
It may take business into loss. This may effect on employee satisfaction and their work satisfaction.

Management of staff
Hiring responsible and skillful staff along with educational eligibility. Hiring appropriate employee
to minimize cost:
a) Employee incentives
b) Job segregation
Increase in stress level. Lack of incentives. Employees may leave the job.
Abstract
A project must be considered by senior management in order to justify the setup of a proper
organization unit for proper management and to

Paul J Hillof BusinessM11 SchoolRichardSchool of Essay
Paul J. Hill of Business
M–.11 School
Richard
School of Business
The University of Western Ontario
IVEY
9B12M032
PHASE SEPARATION SOLUTIONS (PS2): THE CHINA QUESTION
George Z. Peng and Paul W. Beamish wrote this case solely to provide material for class discussion.
The authors do not intend to illustrate either effective or ineffective handling of a managerial
situation. The authors may have disguised certain names and other identifying information to protect
confidentiality.
Richard Ivey School of Business Foundation prohibits any form of reproduction. storage or
transmission without its written permission. Reproduction of this material is not covered under
authorization by any reproduction rights organization. To order copies
or ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In 2005, after securing an investment of $3 million from Golden Opportunities Fund Inc. 3 in the
form of senior secured debentures, the company constructed a fixed soil reclamation facility in
Wolseley,
Saskatchewan. This facility was capable of treating a wide variety of soil contaminated with POPs,
industrial sludge and waste pharmaceuticals. The location was chosen so that PS2 could target the
markets in both Eastern and Western Canada, and in the United States. The facility, which had a
capacity of 20,000 tons per year, was permitted to treat a wide variety of pollutants. It was one of
only three fixed facilities in
Canada permitted to treat PCB and dioxinifuran–impacted soil. In late 2005, the facility became
operational and started generating revenue. It was fully commissioned in early 2006.
PS2 generated revenue by securing service "contracts" for the treatment of contaminated soil or on a
"feefor–service basis," wherein small quantities of contaminated soil were accepted from
customers. Its eustomer base comprised environmental service companies, utility companies and

general industry. The number and size of contracts obtained each year for contaminated soil varied
and depended on the funding that customers had budgeted for remedial projects.
PS2 went public in 2007 through a reverse merger with West Mountain Capital Corporation (WMT),
a
capital pool company (see more information in a later section). The reverse merger brought PS2 to
an
advanced level of

The Solution Of Land Pollution
"A clean home is a happy home!" This quotation applies to the dilemma that is being partaken in
this problem. In many cases, your place of residence defines who you are as a person or in this
situation, as a community. I don't know too many people that would like to visit or even live in an
unsanitary environment. The land pollution that invades the streets of the small town could've been
prevented but is solvable with the work of a proposition. I would like to propose a plan to improve
the living conditions of my hometown. I suggest the residents of Waverly come together to conduct
a cleaning plan throughout the entire town. As a result, the locked potential could be revealed and
astonish the doubters. With the motivation and cooperation of the town's people, we could limit the
amount of pollution in the municipality of Waverly. The initial purpose of this essay is to find the
solution to the litter found on the surface of the town's surroundings. Before discussing on how to
resolve the problem, we have to establish what exactly is "land pollution". There can be many
different ideas for the concept within most of earth's areas. It is an occurring issue in today's society
that is overlooked by many in the population. Over a period of time, it collects and eventually
blends in with the setting. It can be thought of as just a few pieces of litter here and there, but there's
more to it. Land pollution means degradation or destruction of earth's surface or soil, directly or

Soil Contamination Research Paper
There are many sources of contamination from oil and gas production wells. Production wells are
used to extract oil and natural gas from deep rock formations. To drill a well, a bit is drilled into the
deep rock formations that contain natural gas and oil. As the bit is lowered, fluid and mud that
contain chemical additives, is shot down with it to keep it cool. Rock debris, known as cuttings, are
created and pulled up along with fluids to the surface. At the surface they are flared. Air
contamination comes from exhaust fumes from the equipment as well as venting and flaring of
natural gas. Soil contamination comes from on–site storage pits holding onto cuttings/mud. Sludge
pits can leach out and cause water contamination nearby. Hydraulic ... Show more content on
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When it is removed is contains some volatile hydrocarbons that are sent through pipes or trucked to
disposal ponds and underground injection wells. Sometimes, this produced water is discharged onto
land or into surface waters. Storage in open pits allow for hydrocarbons to escape into the air.
Shallow water pumping can cause migration of contaminants from soil to air. Engines of the water
pumps also create exhaust. Produced water contains salts, metals, and hydrocarbons that
contaminate soil when spilled or stored in earthen pits. Spills, pipeline breaks, leaky storage ponds,
and injected water movement produce contaminated waters. Separation and Dehydration is another
stage of oil and gas production wells. Gas must be separated from heavier hydrocarbons like oil and
natural gas liquids. Dehydrators remove the water from the harvested gas. These processes occur at
well sites, compressor stations, gas processing plants, and oil storage sites. Air can be contaminated
from high amounts of vented methane and volatile organic compounds from dehydrators and
separators. Wastewater storage tanks can leak and contaminate soil. Wastewater storage can leak and
contaminate surface and

Soil Pollution Involving The Accumulation Of Excess Heavy...
Soil pollution involving the accumulation of excess heavy metals is toxic to humans and other
mammalian life.1 The effect on animals can ac–cumulate in the food chains and instigate public
health concerns in the future. Normally, the exposure due to food chain transfer is chronic, however,
there are rare acute cases where direct ingestion of such pollutants is poisonous.2 Given the
importance of the situation, the determination of toxic heavy metals in the environment is essential.
The primary source of soil pollution can be at–tributed to the history of industrial/commercial
activi–ties in certain areas.4 We have chosen to analyze the soil at Northwestern University to
highlight human factors and contributions to this pollution. Given the history of the Northwestern,
there are many areas of the campus that differ in properties such as the age of buildings, the
proximity to bodies of water, areas of construction, and high traffic. For use in our study, the campus
was divided into areas A, B, C, D, E, & F (Figure 1). Since Northwestern has been regularly
undergoing construction in the past century, we pre–dicted that the areas with older buildings would
have different metal concentrations when compared with areas with more recent architecture. Due to
the use of lead–based paint in old construction, we expect that there should be a higher
concentration of metals such as lead found near older buildings such as University Hall or Locy Hall
in area E in comparison to area F with

Chromium Contaminants
Introduction
Contamination of the ecosystem by non–regulated emerging contaminants such as heavy metals,
pesticide residue and organic compounds is a human and environmental health concern (Kabata–
Pendias, 2010; Choppala et al., 2013). Several of these inorganic and organic compounds are not
efficiently removed through wastewater treatment. Soil and water resources contaminated by heavy
metals are a growing problem in various locations around the world. Even though at trace levels
several elements are natural components of soils, anthropogenic activities such as mining, industry,
and localized agriculture have contributed to undesirable toxic levels in the ecosystem (Meers et al.,
2005; Lewandowski and Schmidt, 2006). Many contaminants ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Its atomic number of 24, ionic radius 124.9 pm, atomic weight of 51.996 g mol–1, and an electronic
configuration [Ar] 3d5 4s1. Out of its twenty–eight known isotopes, four stable isotopes are found
in nature: Cr50, Cr52, Cr53, and Cr54. All other chromium isotopes are radioactive; the most
common stable of radioactive chromium isotopes is Cr51. It has half–life of 27.8 days. Chromium
metal is gray and brittle and can be highly polished (McGrath and Smith, 1995; Choppala et al.,
2013). Chromium has different valence states ranging from Cr (0) to Cr (VI) with different stability;
most common oxidation numbers (0) (elemental), (III) and (VI). The trivalent and hexavalent states
are the most stable and the most important forms in the environment (Nieboer and Jusys, 1988; Katz
and Salem, 1994). The classified chemical species of chromium in the environment and their
occurrences in nature are listed in Table 1. Chromium occurs mostly in the Cr (III) and Cr (VI)
oxidation states (Rai et al., 1989; Palmer and Wittbrodt, 1991; Zayed and Terry, 2003). The
intermediate states of Cr (IV) and Cr (V) are metastable and are rarely encountered in soil
(Choppala et al.,

Contamination Caused by Pesticides in Our Environment
The environmental contamination is a most important universal problem in present scenario.
Diverse use of pesticides in agricultural usage causes to numerous environmental problems. These
pesticide residues in drinking water lead to increasing concern in health prospect. Vast usage of
some pesticides contributes to contamination of water bodies mostly, surface and ground water
sources. Misuse, accidental spillage, and improper disposal have resulted in extensive groundwater
pollution (Edgehill et al., 1982). Chlorophenols such as penta–chlorophenol (PCP) and
tetrachloropenol (TeCP) and their salts, are broad spectrum biocides that have been used in
agriculture, industry and public health since the 1920s, and are designated as priority pollutants in
the list of hazardous wastes [Zheng, et al., 2004]. Several toxic chemical, agrochemical and
pharmaceutical industries are discharging poisonous effluents without appropriate treatment. These
hazardous wastes are potential threat to human and animal life. Trace amounts of organochlorine
pesticides present in water and wastewater are the almost difficult to separate from water. Therefore
there is a demand for the efficient removal of organic effluents from aqueous phase. Chemical used
to kill pests mostly those of organochlorine pesticides were critically prohibited in several countries
due to their toxicity and stability in the environment, PCP comes under this group. PCP is found in
two forms as a sodium salt of PCP (C6HCl5O)

Spooky's Argument Essay: Don T Touch
When thinking of disgust, we associate gross foods, smells, or dead animals. When our brain sees,
smells, or tastes these disgusting things, it triggers a part in our brain to stay away or don't touch.
Although at a younger age, around 1 and 2, kids don't know what is gross by touching it because
they don't have the mental capability to say this is poop, don't touch it. As kids reach the age of 7,
they learn the idea of contamination. In the video the kids younger than 7 wouldn't drink the apple
juice with the cockroach in it, but if it was removed they would drink it no problem. The 7 year old
who saw the cockroach in his drink, still wouldn't drink the drink because he knew the nasty
cockroach contaminated the apple juice. As kids age they

1. What is the accepted definition of a ‘contaminated...
1. What is the accepted definition of a 'contaminated site'? Broadly discuss the reasoning underlying
the definition and discuss reasons why there are notifiable activities and what these activities are.
What other government or supply authorities are required to be notified for development work to be
initiated? HD question – How might groundwater be a significant issue on this site?
Definition of a contaminated site
To understand what a contaminated site is, soil contamination should be defined to understand the
scope of contamination that can affect a site when observed in a construction context. Soil
contamination can be loosely defined as polluted soil, thereby including liquid or solid hazardous
substances mixed amongst the earth's ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Notifiable activities are activities listed under Schedule 3 of the Environmental Protection Act 1994
(EP Act). These activities bind numerous organizations and the public in ensuring that any form of
contamination is monitored and managed in a transparent fashion. In ensuring safety, including any
of the following should be deemed as notifiable activities and thus require official documenting to
local and statewide authorities:
 Abrassive Blasting
 Aerial spraying
 Asbestos manufacture or disposal
 Asphalt or bitumen manufacture
 Battery manufacture or recycling
 Chemical manufacture or formulation
 Chemical storage
 Coal fired power station
 Coal gas works
 Drum reconditioning or recycling
 Dry cleaning
 Electrical transformers
 Engine reconditioning works
 Explosives production or storage
 Fertiliser manufacture
 Foundry operations
 Gun, pistol or rifle range
 Herbicide or pesticide manufacture

 Landfill
 Lime burner
 Livestock dip or spray race operations
 Metal treatment or coating
 Mine wastes
 Mineral processing
 Paint manufacture or formulation
 Pest control
 Petroleum or petrochemical industries
 Including
 Petroleum product or oil storage
 Pharmaceutical manufacture
 Printing
 Railway yards
 Scrap yards
 Service stations
 Smelting or refining
 Tannery, fellmongery or hide curing
 Waste storage, treatment or disposal
 Wood treatment and preservation
– Schedule 3 –

Phase Seperation PS2 Case Improved Version
Phase Separation Solutions (PS2) Case Analysis Group Team Leader : Mrs Ei Phyusin Htay
Situation Analysis Phase Separation Solutions Inc (PS2), founded in 2004 in Canada, is a young
environmental management & consulting company who licensed a patent of unique TPS technology
for PCB contaminated soil treatment and oil sludge recovery, having a vision of fully integrated
International environmental service company. The firm's competencies, weaknesses, external
opportunities and external threats are identified in below summary table. Strength High entry barrier
due to strict licensing, high start up cost, requirement of special scientific expertise to operate TPS
technology is highly mobile, onsite remedial technology Exclusive right to ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
iversification strategy to enter into China PCB & POP market by JV with (NIES), to build a TPS
demonstration unit to treat POP contaminated site Relatively low risk exposure of demo unit and the
JV (free advertisement of TPS technology) High entry barrier to other technologies as PCB/POP
sites are fragmented Established legislation as China government and Multilaterals like World Bank
are committed to PCB/POP related environmental concerns in China Financial resource Constraint
(US$ 3millon equity investment required) Human resource Constraint Potential risk on Intellectual
Property leakage (uncertain IP Laws for protection of IP rights) Potential risk of operation team's
synergy after the JV formation, for employees coming from different cultural background and
different nationals Geographical diversification strategy to enter into China oil sludge treatment
market by JV with Nahai, to establish fixed facility of 10,000 tons/year capacity expandable to
100,000 tons/year Huge entry barrier imposed by JV against new entrants if Nahai let JV use the
sole permit of waste management in Zhoushan Immediate access to excellence infrastructure and
land asset base of Nahai Nahai's proposed site in Zhoushan is located in the hub of major & strategic
oil terminals in China, immediate market opportunity to 180,000 tons/year of oily sludge waste
Management's goal congruence synergy and solid trust base is sustainable Nahai's wide range of
permits are attractive if put to be used

The Effects Of Long Term Industrial Pollution
We examined the effects of long–term industrial pollution, characterized by elevated soil
concentrations of Cd, Pb, Cu, and Zn, on the abundance and diversity of grasshopper communities
in grass strips along the edges of farmland at various distances from an industrial complex in the Al–
Tebbin region of South Cairo, Egypt. Six sites up to 10 km upwind from the main sources of
industrial pollution were selected. Grasshoppers were collected monthly from June to October in
2012 and 2013 by sweep–net sampling. Although significant differences were found for the total
abundance of grasshoppers between sites, none were found for species diversity, richness, and
evenness between moderately and highly polluted sites, but all values were higher in the moderately
polluted sites. Diversity and richness indices decreased with increasing soil metal levels with no
statistical significance observed for species richness; only Cd and Pb were significantly correlated
with species diversity. No trend was observed between species evenness and metal concentrations in
soil. Multivariate analyses grouped the study sites based on the degree (moderate or high) of heavy
metal contamination; significant differences were detected between grasshopper community
structures in moderately and highly polluted sites using one–way analysis of similarities.
Heavy metal contamination is one of the most serious and widespread forms of soil pollution [1, 2].
Many industrial and urban areas are polluted with

Soil Pollution: Harming Chemicals Used in Farming Essay
The country side: where there are trailing meadows of green grass, birds singing the day's melody,
children either are heading to the mill pond to fish or going to play in endless fields of dirt. This life
seems simple and maybe even perfect. Down the back roads, many farms fill up the country side.
Farming is a part of the importance of evolution. Humans went from not just hunting and gathering
but making their own food to feed themselves and others too. This soon led into food production.
Humans across the globe took this part of history and made production essential to life. There is a
problem though, it is called soil pollution. Soil pollution is when either a natural or chemical product
is put into the soil and makes it ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Feeding is the first task that needs to be done. Depending on the species of animal, number of head,
and what it eats machinery may be needed to help distribute the food. After the animals are fed they
are released to their pastures for the day, if not out already. Then the stalls, paddocks, and or barns
are cleaned. Manure, straw, and shavings are cleaned out. This biological material is normally stored
in a section on the farm made specifically for this bio material. When the cleaning is all done and
depending on the season, farmers may go out to the fields until the day is done. They are planting,
spreading fertilizers and pesticides, tilling, spreading manure, harvesting, or baling hay and straw.
All of this is done by special farming machinery. Not too much of this is done by horse or manual
labor. When the day is done in the fields they trail back to the barns, feed the animals, and let them
in for the night. The farmer then lies down for the night until they rise again to do it all over the next
day. Even though farmers across the globe may be feeding the population they are contributing to
soil pollution. Planting and harvesting are very important in our life style today. Without both, our
life may not be how it is. Farming helped write our history and is still doing so. It is contributing to
our history for the good and the bad. Farms from the past compared to modern farms both
contributed to soil

Effects Of Globalization On China
The effects of globalization on the environment in China
The world economy has improved rapidly as a result of globalization in past decades. However,
many environmental problems began to emerge during the economic boom. Especially, in the
middle of the 20th century after World War II, many countries restarted economic development and
urban construction. At this time, severe air pollution influenced a number of regions. For instance,
London was affected by a critical air pollution event, called the Great Smog of London, in
December 1952. During a week, 4000 people had died as a direct result of smog and over 100000
were got ill by the human respiratory tract. Subsequently, from 1978 to now, China has seen a great
amount of economic increase, with its gross domestic product (GDP) expanding hundreds time since
the reform and opening up. Although China has obtained a huge progress with the globalization, it
has resulted in a series of environmental problems at the same time. The aim of the essay is to
discover how the globalization affected the environment on air pollution, soil pollution and
biological invasion in China. And I intend to analyze the instances of the connection between air
Weihua 2
pollutants and economic development of the provincial cities in China, the situation of invasive
alien species and different causes of soil pollution.
China has already overtaken Japan to become the world`s second–largest economy in recent five
years. "However, such economic

Essay on Phytoremediation: Green Technology for the Future
Phytoremediation: Green Technology for the Future
Phytoremediation is the process by which plants and trees are used to remove or stabilize hazardous
pollutants that exist in soil, sediments, surface water or groundwater. The EPA (environmental
protection agency) estimates that more than 30,000 sites in the U.S. are in need of environmental
treatment, and a great number of these sites are contaminated with highly toxic metals. Abandoned
or under–used commercial and industrial facilities, termed as "brownfields," are a major contributor
to this environment concern. "Brownfields" pose significant health risks to nearby residential
populations and threaten the plant and animal life close to them. Phytoremediation provides a very
... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
There are many drawbacks to this method, the most significant being the cost. The lack of
economically feasible options in dealing with this problem is what oftentimes prevents the initiative
from being taken to redevelop these sites. Phytoextraction is regarded as a relatively low cost and
environmental friendly alternative to the traditional ways of treating metal contaminated sites.
The inorganic metals that often plague brownfields include arsenic, cadmium, zinc, nickel and
copper. However, the bioavailability of other problematic metals such as lead and chromium are
very low and require more advanced resources and strategies in order to be extracted. In addition to
these toxic metals, it has been suggested that phytoextraction techniques can be used to remove
radionuclides that exist in sites with mixed wastes. Radionuclide refers to any element that emits
radiation and that can cause cancer through drinking water that it contaminates. In addition to the
environmental and health concerns that brownfields pose, there are also many sociological impacts
associated with them.
There are a variety of different sites that have been effectively treated using phytoextraction
techniques. These include industrial and municipal landfills, agricultural fields, military bases, fuel
storage tank farms, gas stations, army ammunition

ACCT356 Essay
Accounting 356v7
Assignment 3
Prepare your answers in a single file.
Question
Marks
Concept Covered
1
30
Not–for–Profit Accounting
2
15
Customer Profitability
3
15
Sales Variances
4
20
Project Costing and Risk

5
10
BSC for Not–for–Profits
6
5
Customer Profitability Analysis
7
5
Risk Management
Total Marks
100
Question 1: Not–for–profit Accounting (30 marks) City Youth Services (adapted from CMA
Entrance Exam Syllabus 2006)
City Youth Services (CYS) is a not–for–profit organization established to provide counselling and
other services to children under the age of 18. It concentrates on troubled ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
is a new company that designs and manufactures custom dresses. Alana's Dresses currently has six
customers that are identified by customer numbers A, B, C, D, E, and F. Besides the costs of making
the dresses, the company has the following activities:
 Customer orders. The salespeople, designer, and dressmakers spend time with the customer. The
cost driver rate is $40 per hour of time spent with a customer.
 Customer fittings. The customer will come for a custom fitting of their dress before the final
sewing takes place to ensure the proper fit. Cost driver rate is $25 per hour of fitting time.
 Rush orders. Some customers need their dresses quickly. Customers are charged a $25 fee for a
rush order. The cost driver rate for a rush order is $100 per rush order.
 Number of customer return visits. Customer may return the dresses up to 30 days after picking up
the dress to have it refitted or repaired at no extra charge. Normally a refit or repair will take a
seamstress 2 hours to complete. The cost driver rate is $30 per hour of the seamstress's time.
Information about the six customers follows. Some customers purchased multiple items. The cost of
the dress is 70% of the selling price.

Customer A B C D E F Sales Revenue $600 $4200 $300 $2500 $4900 $700
Hours spent on customer order 2 7 1 5 20 3

Essay On Contamination Of Soil
According to the Canadian Council of Ministers of the Environment (CCME) [28], the
contamination of soil by PAHs is widespread in Canada due to the near ubiquitous nature of its
major sources: namely, the release of various petroleum hydrocarbon or coal–derived products and
the production of PAHs through a variety of combustion processes or types such as vehicle exhaust
or a wide variety of industrial processes. Crude oil and refined product spills commonly found at oil
and gas well sites are the major overall source of thermodynamically–favoured (petrogenic) PAHs to
soils and sediments, especially in urbanized and industrialized areas of Canada [15]. Naphthalene,
fluorene, chrysene, phenanthrene, and pyrene are particularly common PAHs in ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
Figure 1 shows a conceptual model of some common fate and pathways of PAHs. Once in the
environment, some PAHs reach groundwater and fresh and marine surface water by leaching
through soil and by surface run–off. Others have shown to exhibit detrimental effects on wildlife
and bioaccumulate through food chains resulting in high concentrations in top predators e.g. man
[20]. In most cases, however, the accumulation of PAHs is mainly in the soil whilst the air acts as
their primary transport vector [21]. The various transport paths through air, including air–to–soil and
soil–to–air are thus key processes in the environmental pathways of PAHs, on both a regional and
global scale. Air–to–soil transport occurs primarily through the deposition of aerosols via
gravitational effects, wet deposition, and adsorption to soil constituents [22]. According to [23],
wind currents, storms and low–pressure systems contribute to the transport of PAHs from their
original source of pollution, such as urban regions, to urban peripheries, rural regions, open seas and
semi–rural areas. In Canada, the transport of PAHs is also reported to occur across open plateaus,
such as in the flat regions at the Canadian border [24].
PAHs are relatively hydrophobic organic substances

Chemical And Biological Properties Of Soil Pollution
It is always difficult to remove contaminations from soils because it contains many toxic chemicals
such as (Pb, As, Cu, Cd, Cr, Ni, Hg and Zn). This chemicals mixed with the soil after burning of
industrial waste, electronics waste or uses of agricultural technology. Then rain water makes it seep
deep into the soil and cause soil pollution. This makes it so difficult and time consuming to remove,
particularly when the affected area is on a large scale. Soil is made of by two components which are
organic and inorganic solid constituent, water and mixture of different gasses present in various
proportions. The mineral component in the soil varies, according to the parent material which the
soils had been developed due to the issue of different type of climate conditions. Also, soil can also
be classified into three different properties, physical, chemical and biological properties. Physical
properties of soil are being controlled by soil water movement, such as texture and soil structures.
The soil moisture have high tendency in controlling solute movement, salt solubility, chemical
reaction and microbiological activities and most importantly the bioavailability of metal ions. In this
situation, a successful phytoremediation program must be considered as an alternative in the specific
site. In the past lots of researchers have tried different method in order to mitigate or reclaim the
heavy metals polluted soils, but so far phytoremediation is the best of all because it is

A Place For Us
A Place for Us
Over the past few decades, scientists have warned that natural resources have been exhausted. In
fact, human beings are using more resources than the capacity of the Earth. That means the way we
use natural resources to produce energies and make goods people use is not sustainable. The
Sustainability Glossary defines "Sustainability is we take only from Nature at equal the rate or less
than the rate Nature can restore itself or heal itself." However, we would not. As a consequence, in
natural habitats, the overuse resource is leading to deforestation, emissions and wastewater
pollution, animal extinction and endangerment, soil erosion and degradation... In communities
across the country, we can see abandoned places and ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Gang problems and violent crime could increase. Residents and businesses move out while low–
income people who remain behind would have to go further to get daily goods and access some
services ("Introduction" iii).
Abandoned properties are very different. They come in all sizes and shapes. They are diverse range
of location. They may locate in urban, suburban and rural areas. Some properties require to remove
environmental contamination. In response, many organizations such as the President 's Council for
Sustainable Development (PCSD), the National Association of Counties, Public Technology, Inc.,
Concern, Inc., and the United Nations (U.N.) provide variety of technical methods and helpful
guidelines to redevelop and improve sustainable features to these brownfields (Geis and Kutzmark).
Established in the 1880s, Saigon Railway Station was a railway station in District 3 neighborhood of
HoChiMinh City, Vietnam (Unwin). The station was the last station on the North–South railway.
Since many new stations, tunnels, and bridges were built, the train yard was finally abandoned.
Inside the station, some rusted railway engines line on tracks; on the ground, broken windows
kicked out; inside the train wagons, seats and other stuffs are stained with mold; on the walls, they
are covered with graffiti. Obviously, in order to remove environmental contamination and contribute
to long–term sustainability, we need an appropriate project to help revitalize this

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