Explain Diffuse And Specular Reflection

Explain Diffuse And Specular Reflection
Chapter–11: Shading and Reflection
Structure of the chapter
11.0. Objective
11.1. Introduction
11.1.1. Light sources
11.2. Diffuse Reflection
11.3. Specular Reflection
11.4. Refracted Light
11.5. Halftoning
11.6. Dithering Techniques
11.7. Summary
11.8. Glossary
11.9. Answers to check your progress/ self assessment questions
11.10. Modal questions
11.0. Objective
After studying this chapter, the student will be able to:
 Explain the concept of illumination in computer graphics.
 Explain Diffuse and specular reflections.
 Explain refraction of light.
 Explain need of halftoning.
 Explain various methods of halftoning the images.
 Explain dithering techniques.

11.1. Introduction
We can obtain realistic views of a scene by creating perspective projections of objects and by using
natural lighting effects to the visible areas. An illumination model which is also called a lighting
model or shading model is used to measure the intensity of light on the surface of an object. There is
a surface–rendering algorithm that uses the intensity calculations from an illumination model to find
out the light ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
A very rough surface produces primarily diffuse reflections, so that the surface looks equally
dazzling from all viewing directions. Figure 11.4. depicts diffuse light scattering from a surface. The
color of an object is the color of the diffuse reflection of the light incident on it. A red object
illuminated by a light source, for example, reflects the red component of the white light and
completely absorbs all the other components of light. If the red object is viewed under a blue light, it
looks black because the entire incident light is absorbed. Along with diffuse reflection, light sources
can also create highlights, or bright spots, called specular reflection. The highlighting effect is more
pronounced on shiny surfaces than on dull surfaces. Specular reflection is shown in figure
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Class IIIb Lasers Lab Report
Pre–Lab Discussion
Laser Safety
Lasers in the classes IIIa and IIIb are capable of causing damage to the eye when a laser in one of
these classes is directly exposed to a person's eye, or in some cases, when reflecting off of a smooth
surface. Class IIIa lasers have a power output of less than 5 mW, whereas class IIIb lasers can have a
power output between 5 and 500 mW, and thus high–power class IIIb lasers can be a fire hazard and
cause minor burns to the skin.
The "blink reflex" is a protective reflex in which involuntary blinking occurs as a response to the
eyes being touched or exposed to very bright light. The reflex can first be seen in infancy and
persists throughout adulthood ("Infant Reflexes").
Light
Reflection involves a ray of light that approaches and reflects off of a surface, such as a mirror. The
incident ray is the ray of light that moves toward the surface, while the reflected ray is the ray that
moves away from the surface. The angle of reflection refers to the angle ... Show more content on
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The instrument used for endoscopies, called an endoscope, consists of a long tube that has a light
and a video camera attached to the end that is inserted into the mouth, through the esophagus and
stomach, and into the duodenum. The endoscopy can be used to assess symptoms like abdominal
pain, nausea, bleeding, trouble swallowing, and vomiting. It can also be used to detect tumors and
ulcers (as well as the ulcer–causing bacterium, Helicobacter pylori), collect tissue for biopsies, and
treat existing problems such as bleeding from ulcers. Endoscopies can also be used in combination
with other diagnostic procedures, such as an ultrasound. This helps doctors see other organs in the
body, such as the pancreas ("Upper Endoscopy: Why It's

How Convex Lens Affect Light
How does a Lens Refract Light?
Convex Lens: Convex lens is a converging lens and are thicker in the middle. As rays of light passes
through the lens, the rays are brought close together (converge)
When parallel rays of light passes from an optical less dense medium (air) through a convex lens
(glass), the refracted rays converge at one point called the focal point. The distance between the
principal focus and the centre of the lens is called the focal length.
Concave Lens: Concave lens is a diverging lens and are thinner in the middle. As rays of light travel
through the lens, rays are spread out (diverge). When parallel rays of light passes through the lens,
the refracted rays diverge and appear to come from one point called the principal focus. The distance
between the distance between the principal focus and the centre of the lens is called the focal length.
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The incident rays will diverge instead at the time of refraction within the lens. For this reason,
double concave lenses cannot reveal real images, but images that are virtual (not a real image). So
we need to back track the refracted rays so that the rays can intercept at a point to form a virtual
image. The concave lens will have a negative focal length since the rays that travelling parallel as it
enters the front of the lens to the principal axis, will diverge as it exits the lens.
Refraction Rules:
Converging Lens:
Incident Rays travelling parallel to the principal axis, will refract within the lens and converge at a
certain point located on the opposite side of the lens called a focal point.
Rays that are travelling from the focal point to the lens, will refract within the lens and travel
parallel to the principal axis when it exits the

Experiment 11 Reflection, The Dispersion Of Light
PHYS 2240 August 10, 2015
Experiment 11 Reflection, Refraction, the Dispersion of Light, and Brewster's angle
Zhecheng shi
Introduction
In this lab we will figure out the connection between incidence angle and reflection angle using
concave mirror and convex mirror at part A. In part B, we will determine the relationship between
incidence angle and refraction angle for a light going through a rhombus prism. Rhombus prism,
three–way mirror, light source, and protractor will be used to determine the angle of a ray. After that,
we do the part C to observe the dispersion using the acrylic rhomboid. Then we figure out different
refraction for various colours of light. In part D, we will calculate Brewster's ... Show more content
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The name of this angle is Brewster Angle. It always obey a rule that reflected ray and refracted ray
in 90 degrees. Based on Snell's Law, n1sinθp=n2sinθ2. And θp+θ2=90 degrees.( θp is incidence
angle and θ2 is refraction angle). So n1sinθp=n2sin(90–θp). This leads to n1sinθp=n2cosθp. or
tanθp=n2/n1.
Procedure D Put the D–shaped optic lens on the top of the ray table, and shut down the lights in the
classroom. Adjust the direction of light and make sure it is focused on the central part of the D–
shaped lens and incident angle is 25 degrees. Observe the reflected light. Then increase the incident
angle and make the angle back to 25 degrees.
Data

Critical Angle And Total Internal Reflection
Critical Angle & Total Internal Reflection
Kate Graham
Partner: Samantha Dekart
Monday, November 9, 2015
SNC2D
Ms. Vink
Purpose: See attached sheet, labelled "SNC2D Lab Sheet".
Related Theory:
Law of Reflection: Reflection and refraction are common properties of light. When a ray of light
comes into contact with the surface of some material, part of the ray is reflected and part of it is
absorbed. In other words, reflection occurs when an incident ray hits a reflective surface and
bounces off. The law of reflection states that the angle of reflection is equal to the angle of incidence
(always in respect to the normal) and that the incident ray, the normal line and the reflected ray are
all located in the same plane.
Snell 's Law of Refraction: When a ray of light reaches a boundary between two transparent
mediums, reflection and refraction occur. Refraction takes place when rays of light bend across the
boundary into the second medium which causes a change in the light 's velocity. The denser the
medium, the slower the light.
Total Internal Reflection: Internal reflection refers to light travelling from a higher index medium to
a lower index medium, which causes the ray to bend away from the normal, so the exit angle is
greater than the incident angle. As the angle of incidence increases, so does the angle of refraction.
Total internal reflection takes place when the angle of incidence is greater than the

Shining Light Lab Report
The hypothesis that was made was, if we shine light at several different transparent objects at
ranging densities the light will bend more when it moves through an object of higher density, and
bend less with an object of lower density. For this project a computer was used to simulate shining
light at the following objects/mediums: Prisms, water, air, and glass. The intensities of the reflection
and refraction were measured by the angles from the vertical speed and wavelength. Light came
through several prisms, and we noticed that different wavelength of light (i.e. colors of lights)
behaved differently. When reacting to different objects the light came out at sharper angles of light.
When the light moved from an area of low density (like air) to high density (like glass) the angle of
refraction reduced, this was found during the project. For example, ... Show more content on
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The density causes the speed of light to increase or decrease. This is the measurements of the
mediums testing the previous sentences on the speed of light. Glass is the most dense medium (out
of air, glass, and water). The light from the laser going into the glass came out as 0.67 c, the speed of
refraction (speed going through the glass) stayed at 0.67 c, this medium had no refraction light .
Water is the second most dense medium. The speed of the light from the laser leaving was 0.75 c,
the refraction speed was 0.67 c, and the speed of reflection was 0.75 c. Air is the least dense. The
speed of the light going in is 1.00 c, the refraction light was 0.67 c, and the reflection light was 1.00
c. The speed of light changed as the medium changed because some objects are more and less dense.
The light came out at different speeds this happens because the less dense mediums allow the light
to go through quicker because there is less density, if the medium is more dense the object allows
the light to go through but not as quickly as an object with less

Phy Lab Essay
Geometrical Optics: Snell's Law
PHY101 Lab 12
Date: July 23rd, 2012
Objective:
The purpose of this laboratory activity is to develop a set of experimental procedures that answer
questions regarding Snell's Law and the index of refraction. Ultimately, the experimental procedures
you develop will allow the index of refraction to be found for water and cooking oil.
1. Explain how to experimentally determine the index of refraction of two substances. 2. Develop a
set of experimental procedures to find the index of refraction for water and cooking oil. 3. Calculate
the index of refraction using Snell's Law. 4. Explain critical angle and total internal reflection.
Materials
Materials from Lab Kit:
Laser ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
4. Once the ray goes through and refracts in the oil and comes out to air from the curving side of the
cell, record the point the ray comes out by drawing a dot on the paper using the pencil. 5. Record the
line that the light goes from air to oil, and connect the dot with the intersection point of the vertical
line and flat cell side. 6. Measure the angle Θ2andφ2.
DATA
When light passes from one medium to another, air to water for example, part of the light is
reflected at the boundary and part of the light gets bent as it passes on to the new medium. The
bending of this light is referred to as refraction. A sketch of this is shown below.
In this example, n1 is the index of refraction for air. The index of refraction for water is n2.
According to Snell's Law:
n1 sin Θ = n2 sin φ
n(air)=1
Note: The angles are measured with respect to the normal (vertical).

Part of the scientific method is to develop laboratory procedures that test a hypothesis and answer a
scientific question.
Construct an Excel spreadsheet to calculate the index of refraction for water and cooking oil.
Remember that in Excel angular measurement is in radians. Pi radians = 180 degrees.
Record Data from the Experiment
| Θ1 | φ1 | Θ2 | φ2 | Angle | 41.5o | 29.9o | 41.5o | 22.5o | radian | 0.23 pi | 0.166 pi | 0.23 pi | 0.125 pi
|
Calculations–Calculate the Index of Refraction
Record Data from the

What Is The Process Of The Acoustic Tomography Process
4 Research Methodology
In last months, my centre of attention was on understanding the qualification of atmosphere factors
perturbation in sound speed and comparing different acoustic tomography methods. Then, these
techniques have been applied to series of synthetic and obtained data from field trials.
This part contains tasks and activities will be provided with the aim of the PhD project as follows:
Estimate variations impact on tomography process
Develop tomographic method with acoustic variations effects
Simulation of UAV AAT using LES Data
Conduct And Analysis modeling
Write Thesis
4.1 Task 1: Estimate Variations Impact on Tomography Process
Atmosphere changes during time and space, as a result, the AAT collected data ... Show more
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2017). So, there was not any chance to calculate the impact of temporal and spatial variations in
previous methods.
In order to improve the AAT method, it needs to compare the reconstruction of temperature and
wind velocity of RBF methods with synthetic data to quantify the amount of error. The deviation of
ray path will be investigated, from nominal straight line caused by variation in sound speed. For the
first step, it is required to employ improved ray path geometry calculations. Then, arrival time
correction of the ray will be considered. After that, the best–suited method will be recommended, in
which, the result has a proper approximation to the real condition.
4.3 Task 3: Simulation of UAV AAT using LES Data
NCAR provided a special dataset of realistic atmosphere condition derived from Large Eddy
simulation. These LES Data help us to compare the tomography reconstructed result with realistic
condition data. The LES contains atmosphere snapshots data in 5Km × 2Km × 2Km. In–situ
measurements in tomography process have not been used (Finn and Rogers 2015). The UAV–based
acoustic atmospheric tomography with RBF method will be calculated the atmosphere attributes
which approximate to the resolution of LES (Kevin, Rice et al. 2015).
LES data provide velocity in three direction, static pressure, virtual temperature and energy of the
atmosphere. A small amount of time (δt)

How Does Light Intensity Affect The Refraction Of Light
Refraction
The term refraction is the bending behaviour of light when it passes through from one transparent
medium to another transparent medium such as water, glass, vacuum, air, plastic etc.
Refraction of Light
The refraction of light shows that light refracts every time it travels at an angle from a medium to
the next medium with a different refractive index (optical density).
The refraction of light demonstrate that change of direction which light travels is caused by a change
in speed of light. There will be a change in wavelength when light changes the direction it is
traveling, which will then change the speed of light.
The Refraction of Light Wave:
Base on the diagram below, light travels from air into water, the light refract, causing the speed of
light to slow down, making light continue to travel at a different direction. The change of direction
is called refraction, as light enters from a less dense medium to a denser medium, light should
refract (bends) more towards the normal line.
Note: ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
When light travels from a dense media into a less dense media (such as water into air), light will
refract away from the normal as it exits the dense medium.The speed and wavelength of the light
will then increase.
Refractive Index:
Refractive Index formulae is use to find the change of speed of light as it travels from air into glass.
It measure how much light slows down when it enters denser medium such as glass.
The formulae is written

Refraction Lab
Refraction is when light changes speed as it travels from one medium to another. This is because the
optical density of the medium differs depending on what the medium is. The word medium is used
to describe regions that will allow light waves to pass through it. A few examples of mediums would
be air, glass, and water. Light can travel through all of them but, due to the different optical density
of the mediums, not at the same speed. The more optically dense the medium is the slower light will
travel through it, and the less optically dense the medium is the quicker the light will travel through
it. A way to measure the optical density of a medium is with the refractive index. A refractive index
is the optical density of a medium in number form. For example the refractive index of air is ...
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In the diagram on the left a single ray of light is depicted travelling through air (the less optically
dense medium) and then reaches water (the more optically dense medium) and slows down. This
supports the idea that the more optically dense a medium is the slower light will travel through it.
The diagram on the right supports the idea of the less optically dense a medium is, the quicker light
will travel through it. This is depicted in the diagram by a ray of light travelling through water (the
more optically dense medium) then reaching air (the less optically dense medium) and beginning to
travel faster. The properties of the two mediums that the light is travelling through determines
whether the light will bend towards or away from the normal line, and how much the light bends.
The properties of the mediums are known as the index of refraction represented by the symbol n.
Snell's law gives us a mathematical relationship betweens the angle that the light travels at, and the

Snell 's Law : The Law Of Refraction
Alyssa Kordvani
Mrs. Lila Patel
Biology – Period 4
27 October 2014
Snell's Law – The Law of Refraction Snell's law is a formula used to express the relationship
involving the angles of incidence and refraction, when referring to a wave impinging through a
boundary between two different isotropic media. The law follows from the boundary condition that
a wave is continuous across a boundary, which requires that the phase of the wave be constant on
any given plane.
The law of refraction was originally and accurately described by Ibn Sahl, of Baghdad, in the
manuscript On Burning Mirrors and Lenses. He used it to work out the shapes of lenses that focus
light with no geometric varieties, known as anaclastic lenses. In 1602, the law was rediscovered by
Thomas Harriot, who did not publicly display his findings. Not long after, a man named Willebrord
Snellius developed a mathematical form of the law, in which he never published. Meanwhile, René
Descartes derived the law using heuristic momentum conservation arguments in terms of sines and
acknowledged this in his 1637 essay Dioptrics. Using his new knowledge, he was able to solve a
range of optical complications.Descartes assumed the speed of light was infinite, yet in his induction
of Snell 's law, he also assumed the denser the medium, the greater the speed of light. Descartes
obtained obtained cubic and higher degree curves. To show that the cubic curves were interesting, he
showed that they arose naturally in optics

Reflection On Light And How Light Bendss In The Whitehouse
This following science lab reflection is about light and how it bends while it travels from one thing
to another. Our main goal for this lab was to discover how light bends. But the problem is that we
have to break–in and get past laser security in the Whitehouse. I hypothesised that, if we can bend
the light around us then we will be able to get past the laser security. If we shine water at the light
then the light will bend better and we will be able to get past the laser security and into the
Whitehouse. In this lab we used the mediums: air, water, and glass. We also used prisms, such as a
circle, square, and triangle. These materials all helped us figure out, which was the best to bend the
light with. What we did to find these results was through a computer simulation to test the way the
light bends with others objects and prisms. This is a short summary about what we did and used for
this Science Lab. When conducting this Lab we found many interesting findings. A few findings
were that when the light from the air hit the water the angle of refraction decreased to 22o compared
to the angle of incident/reflection of 30o. The opposite occurred when the light from the water hit
the air. The angle of refraction increased drastically to 42o when still compared at 30o angle of
incident/reflection. With the light from air to the glass, the angle of refraction decreased a lot to 19o
with the 30o angle of reflection/incident. Things I can say after these results are that the

Wave Interactions
Wave Interactions
Wave interactions include reflection, refraction, diffraction, and interference. Wave interactions
occur when a wave hits something and it either reflects, refracts, diffracts, or there is an interference.
Many different types of waves can be involved in wave interactions including sound, light, surface,
etc.
Reflection occurs when a particular wave, or waves, bounce, or reflect back from an object through
which they cannot pass. An echo is a good example of a reflection wave interaction, but reflection
can occur with other types of waves, too. Light waves can be reflected too. A light source, such as a
light bulb or the sun, gives light to an object. That object reflects some of the light, and when the
light that has been reflected hits one's eye, he or she could see the object.When waves hit an object,
they reflect back in the same direction. Waves that are reflected have the same speed and frequency
as the original wave, so only their direction is changed. On the other hand, when waves hit an object
at an angle, they bounce at the same degree of angle, but in a different direction (CK–12
Foundation, 2017).
The bending of waves as they pass from one form of matter to another is refraction. When light
travels from an object to one's eyes, it makes the object seem to be in a different location. As waves
access a new medium. they travel at a different rate in the alternative medium. For instance, light
waves travel at a lower rate in water than in air. The

The Law Of Reflection And Snell 's Law
We see optics in all types of instruments. Microscopes magnify extremely tiny objects so that they
are visible. Telescopes concentrate light from very distant objects to allow us to see extremely far
away. Glasses allow people with poor vison to see clearly. Some instruments use both lenses and
mirrors making them very powerful, but also complicated.
Optics is the study of how light interacts with other objects. In geometric optics light is assumed to
travel in a straight line except where it meets barriers. Depending on the material of the barrier the
light is either reflected (mirrors) or refracted (lenses). The angle at which this occurs is determined
by two laws, the law of reflection and Snell's law.
A mirror is typically a ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
III. Methods / Procedure
A. Materials
–Yard stick –Light source –Laser pointer
–Refraction cell –Convex lens –Clear liquid
–Mirror holder –Protractor –Candle
B. Diagram of Lab Setup
C. Steps Taken
Index of refraction
1. Print out a 360–degree protractor.
2. Fill refraction cell with clear liquid.
3. Place refraction cell so that flat edge is in–line with 0 and 270–degrees.
4. Use laser pointer as light source.
5. Hold laser pointer perpendicular to flat surface of refraction cell and mark angle coming out of
the other side.
6. Move laser pointer 10–degrees from normal and mark angle on other side.
7. Repeat for angles of 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80–degrees.
8. Record all data into a table.
Focal length of convex lens

1. Set up a screen across from window.
2. Place convex lens into mirror holder.
3. Place mirror holder at base of screen and slowly move away from the screen.
4. When image comes into focus, move slowly until image appears to be crisp.
5. Measure distance from screen to lens.
6. This is experimental focal point, record in data table.
Testing focal length
1. Setup yard stick with screen at one end and candle at other end of yard stick.
2. Move mirror stand with convex lens until candle flame

Refraction Lab
Essay
Over the last few weeks, we have been experimenting how light refracts when passing through
different mediums of varying densities. My hypothesis is if we shine light at a medium of low
density, it will then refract less than if it were to be shined at a medium of higher density. The
procedure is:
Shine the light at water (from the air). Observe the angle of incidence, and the angle of refraction.
As well as the angle of the light that reflects.
Repeat step 1 but water to air.
Repeat step one but change water to glass
Shine the light perpendicular to the base of a prism.
Add more prisms to the mix.
The materials we use is air, water, glass, light, and prisms.
Air to water (lower density to higher density). The angle of incidence was 30 degrees,the angle of
reflection was also 30 degrees. The angle of refraction was 22 degrees, which means that the light
bent 8 degrees. Air to glass (lower density to higher density). The angle of incidence was 30 degrees
and the angle of reflection was 30 degrees as well. The angle of refraction was 20 degrees, the light
bent 10 degrees, more than air to water, most likely because glass is denser than water. Water to air
(higher to lower density). The angle of incidence was 30 degrees, the angle of reflection was 30
degrees. The angle of refraction was 42 degrees, the light bent 12 degrees, which is higher than the
lower density to higher density test we took. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The speed is lowered. I believe it slows down because of the impact when hitting the surface of
mediums. But the amount of speed it loses corresponds with how dense the medium is. The higher
the density, the lower the speed. When the medium is denser it makes it harder for light to travel
through since it is more compact. That is why the light slows

How Does Temperature Affect The Rate Of Refraction Lab
Experiment 1, Refraction
The speed of light in water is slower than the speed of light in air, so when light goes from a slow
medium (water) into a fast medium (air), it changes directions and looks to be "bent", when the
pencil is in fact straight.
Since the light is coming from inside the water, a slow medium, into air, a fast medium, it turns
away from the normal.
Figure 1: Refraction of a pencil in a cup of water. The pencil appears to be bent despite due to
refraction.
Experiment 3, Speed of light in water
Distance (air) = 0.091m
Distance (water) = 0.123m
t=2dv
t(air) = 2*0.091m3.00*108ms= 6.066666*10–10s t(water) = 2.0*0.123m3.00*108ms= 8.2*10–10s
v=dt=2*0.091m8.2*10–10s= 2.2195*108ms=2.2*108ms
First we found the

Physics Of Physics Regarding Light Rays
I have always been interested in the way light travels, not just in how, but also in all the other factors
that affect the light rays, including the speed, the velocity, the distance, as well as others. In my past
years of school, I had been able to explore areas of physics concerning light rays, as part of my
physics course. However, I had previously only learned the basic principles, such as the laws of
refraction and reflection. Because I chose to focus on Chemistry and Biology, I was not given the
opportunity to delve deeper into the subject, and had only obtained basic understanding of it.
Although I knew of the principles and what they represented, I did not become fully aware of the
fact that the principles were based off of ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
For example, we want the light to bounce off a mirror or to pass through a piece of glass on its way
from A to B. Fermat 's principle states that of all the possible paths the light might take, that satisfy
those boundary conditions, light takes the path which requires the shortest time.
(A more accurate statement of Fermat's principle: Any hypothetical small change in the actual path
of a light ray would only result in a second order change in the optical path length. The first order
change in the optical path length would be zero.)
Consider the diagram on the right. We want light to leave point A, bounce off the mirror, and get to
point B. Let the perpendicular distance from the mirror of both A and B be d and the shortest
distance between the points be D. Assume that light takes the path shown. The length of this path is
then:
Since the speed of light is the same everywhere along all possible paths, the shortest path requires
the shortest time. To find the shortest path, I differentiated L with respect to x and set the result
equal to zero. (I did this in order to yield an extremum/minimum in the function or the derivative of
L(x).) And thus obtained the value of the least amount of time.
After canceling equal terms on both sides I was left with:
or
The path that takes the shortest time is the one for which x=D/2, or equivalently, the one

Comparison Between Optical Telescope Systems And Modern...
Background knowledge:
The topic of this investigation is to compare and contrast three different optical telescope systems
that are used in modern day times. The three main telescope systems that will be focused on in this
report will be reflecting, refracting and cassegrain which is a combination of both and how different
types of error such as aberration effect the telescopes ability to capture an image and the quality of
the image it produces.
Reflecting telescopes use mirrors to reflect incoming light rays onto a secondary mirror which
magnifies it through an eye piece to form an image. (BBC, 2015)
When light rays come in contact with the mirror they are called the incident ray and then when the
ray reflects back off the mirror it is then called the reflected ray. As the light rays hit and leave the
mirror at particular angles these are titled angle of incidence and angle of reflection which can be
seen in the figure 2 below.
By the first law of reflection it is assumed that the angle of reflection is equal to the angle of
incidence. This would only be true for totally reflective flat surfaces.
When light rays come into contact with convex and concave mirrors parallel to the normal they are
reflected onto a 'focal point'. To find the focal point of a mirror, the mirror formula can be used.
1/f=1/u+1/v
Where 'f' is the focal length, 'u' is the objects actual distance away from the mirror and 'v' is the
distance the image is formed from the mirror.
To find the

Shinned To Light Experiment Essay
In this experiment we did, we learned about how light bends and shinned into different mediums. It's
important to know this because light is all around us, it's a very important thing to us we use it to see
and move, so it's important to learn about it. My hypothesis is that when light is shined through
different mediums in will react differently. Light will also bend if it's shinned into a higher density
in that case it will also chase the speed of light, angle of refraction and reflection.
When a wave passes from one medium to another medium, the wave will change its speed and its
direction. For example, when a light wave travels through air and then passes through water, the
wave will slow and change direction. This is because like what I talked about different densities
changes the results.
When light is shined to an object with a high density, light tends to bend more which in this case
affects the refraction and reflection. Refraction becomes lower when light is shined to a higher
dense medium. That is why glass has the lowest refraction because it's the most dense medium. The
speed of light for a higher density is slower caused by the dense of an object like glass to ... Show
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Examples of waves include sound waves and light waves. Refraction is seen most often when a
wave passes from one medium to a different medium. Different types of medium include air to
water, and glass to water. There are different kinds of refractions, there's the specular refraction.
Light reflects at the same angle at which the light strikes the surface. The diffuse refraction, this
refraction scatters light into many different angles. Lastly, the glossy refraction. This refraction is
like the mixed of both refractions, it's the same angle at which the light strikes the surface and that is
scattered at different angles. This refraction is very close together which gives it a glossy surface

Rainbow Formation Research Paper
Everyone enjoys the site of a rainbow expected after it rains on a sunny day; however, although a
rainbow formation is basic optics and geometry, it is highly misunderstood. Many understand the
appearance due to dispersion of light, but most do not realize what that entitles. What most people
do not expect when looking at a rainbow is that it moves as the observer moves (Cartwright, 1992).
Shown in the photo to the left, is a rainbow taken along the countryside in Missoula, Montana. To
further discuss how a rainbow works, one must understand the reflection–refraction theories that
cause such a formation. A wave theory of light developed by Auguste Fresnel describes the bands
that are located beneath a rainbow, which are not as visible ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Rays of light come from a fixed direction as bundles, which always are red–proving a greater
concentration of light from that fixed direction. This ray is called a caustic ray (Bim 1999). As the
height y of an incident ray increases from 0, the deflection of the outgoing ray decreases towards the
caustic ray, causing the y to pass the caustic ray, and the deflection increases again (Gordon de Pree,
Ph.D, 20) In specific conditions, the observer can see a secondary rainbow behind the primary
rainbow–weaker and inverse in spectra, with red on the inside and violet on the outside. According
to Cartwright's article on Rainbows, the space between red and violet, regardless of direction, is
called the Alexander's Dark band, which is noticeably darker than its surroundings. This way of
looking at the matter along the direction of minimum deviation is shown to be equivalent to
Mascart's approximate method of explanation of the formation of the supernumerary bows by
interference of disturbances coming from the two poles on the special wave–form is the
consequence of the interference of cusped waves, used by George Biddell Airy (Morton,

Investigating Correlation Between Angles Of Incidence And...
Introduction
In the first part of this experiment we used a flat, concave, and convex mirror to determine the
relationship between the angle of incidence and the angle of reflection for a light rays reflection on
these mirrors, seen in Procedure A. In the second part of this experiment we used a light source, a
three–way mirror, a rhombus prism, and a protractor to measure angles of a light ray. All of these
instruments and devices were used to examine the relationship of the angle of incidence and the
angle of refraction for a light ray passing through a rhombus prism, seen in Procedure B. Lastly, in
the third part of this experiment we used an acrylic rhomboid to observe the dispersion through the
lens, seen in Procedure C and then proceed with calculating the different indices or refraction for
different colors of light, seen in Procedure D.
Theory
Part A: Reflection
We observe the Law of Reflection, which states that the angle of incidence will equal the angle of
reflection coming from a beam of light. As Procedure A will show, when a beam of light is directed
on a mirror being either flat, concave, or convex the beam of light will change directions according
to the mirrors. The angle between the normal line and the first beam is known as the angle of
incidence, (ϴi). The angle between the normal and reflected beam is known as the angle of the
reflection, (ϴr). With these symbols we obtain the equation: ϴi= ϴr
Part B: Refraction
When a beam of light is directed

The Conditions Of The Marine Environment
Introduction:
The conditions of the marine environment place special demands on the design and use of a camera
(ERT Task Sheet, 2015). An average above surface camera cannot simply be made waterproof using
a camera housing in order to operate effectively underwater. There are special demands created by
various aspects of the marine environment for example, the lens must be designed specifically to
recorrect the distortion created by refraction and strobes must be placed away from the camera to
avoid backscatter. Refraction mainly occurs when underwater photographers use a flat port (Deep
Ocean Diving – Underwater vision, n.d.). These factors would be the reason as to why the camera
would not produce accurate or high quality photographs of ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
In order to calculate the refractive index, this formula will be used: n_(1–2)=n_2/n_1 . For medium
1, n_1 is the absolute refractive index and for medium 2, n_2 is the absolute refractive index
(Refraction of Light, 2015). When a light ray enters different medium, all molecules in that medium
absorbs the light and re–emits it. This is why the light ray take longer to pass through. The more
molecules the more time the light will be absorbed and re–emitted and therefore the longer it will
take to pass through. Due to this difference in densities and amount of time the light ray takes to
pass through, refraction occurs. This is when the light ray bends when it travels through two
different mediums. This affects underwater photography as refraction occurs and the object is
distorted (Underwater Holdings, 2015).
Optical Underwater Issue: Refraction in Waterproof Camera Housing Underwater
Figure 2: Flat Port and Dome Port Underwater Refraction is one of the major issues when it comes
to underwater photography. Refraction is the apparent change in the speed of the light ray which
results to a change in the direction of the ray (Kwon, 2015). Once light travels from air to water, it
slows down as it come across the denser medium. This is a problem if all light rays could cross the
dividing line at right angles. Refraction can be encountered when light travels from air to

What Are The Advantages And Disadvantages Of Telescope
The refractor telescope has many advantages and disadvantages. One of the disadvantages is that the
lenses are made of glasses therefore it has to be perfect with no air bubbles or scratches in the glass
as this will impair the users viewing. Another disadvantage is that lense are weakest around the
edges because they are thinnest there and that is the only place they are being supported by the
telescope so this can lead to easy breakage. The lense can have colour distortion which means when
white light goes through the lense it is split into colours. Since violet right is refracted more than
red, the violet is brought to a focus clearer and this will make the image coloured and blurred, this is
called chromatic aberration. Some advantages ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The light enters through the objective lense and meets at a focal point. That is then magnified
through an eyepiece where we see the image. The effects of light passing through lenses are
different depending on which lense it is passed through. Double convex lenses works by refracting
light rays that are travelling parallel to the principal axis towards the normal surface. When it hits
the boundary the light is passing to a more dense medium which is usually glass or plastic. Since the
light rays are passing from a medium that it travels fast in to a medium that they travel slow in, it
will bend towards the normal line. Which is shown on this diagram. An image is formed in a
refracting telescope because the first lense (objective lense) is convex and when the light travels
through the lense because the surface is transparent the light travels through the lense and meets a
focal point on the other side to create an image that is real, magnified(compared to when viewing
with the naked eye) and inverted because the image is formed by real rays that refract and go
through the lense instead of reflecting like a mirror. For example if an astronomer is looking at the
moon through a refractor telescope the image he will see is real but smaller. The eyepiece lense is
also inverted (convex) because this allows the image to be 'inverted' again so it is the right way up
for our eyes to see. This formula lets us find the distance of image1/f=1/do+1/di. An example of
using this formula is if a 4 cm object is placed 12 cm in front with a focal length of 8cm.
1/f=1/do+1/di, ⅛=1/12+1/di, ⅛–1/12 =1/di, 1/24=1/di, di = 24 this equation allows us to find the
distance of

Visual Analysis of Davis's Photograph Essays
Memories can be as short–lived as the moments that created them. The recollection of events and
the deterioration of memories over time is a constant process that cannot be stopped. This inevitable
passing of memory is fused to the inevitable passing of human life. Emily Davis's still life
photograph of wineglasses is reflective and fragmented, allowing the image to act as a metaphor for
this fleeting aspect of memory through its own memory–like qualities. The photograph is also
symbolic of the transience of human life through the use of the traditional symbol of the wineglass,
ultimately serving as memento mori. The word reflection refers to the production or return of an
image that is created through light or through thought. This ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Memory is used as a tool to preserve past realities, but memory is never an absolute preservation.
There is an extreme depth of field created by Davis within the photograph that washes everything
past the foreground into a blurred ambiguity. The farther back one looks into the space created by
the image, the more difficult it becomes to determine what is being observed. The foreground focus
becomes the metaphorical equivalent of the relative clarity of recent memories, just as the blurred
background is equated with the more distant past. This depth of field creates a sensation of time as
the background of the image recesses and eventually degrades beyond readability. The image evokes
an ephemeral quality–the depth of field combined with the reflective surfaces causes the image to
feel insubstantial. The temporary moment that was captured on film is a remnant of a fleeting
memory.
The photograph is severely cropped which presents the image as a fragment instead of a whole
scene. This lack of wholeness within the photograph becomes another layer to the metaphor of
memory that reverberates throughout the image. Memory often arrives in one's thoughts in the form
of fragments that must then be pieced together. The viewer of the photograph must rely on the little
information that Davis did not crop out, just as a person must rely on the attainable information in

Optical Properties Of Thick Metal Nanohole Arrays
2. Optical properties of thick metal nanohole arrays fabricated by electron–beam and nanosphere
lithography.
INTRODUCTION
Extraordinary optical transmission (EOT) through nanohole arrays has been concentrated broadly in
several aspects, including the hypothesis and confirmation of its origin parameters influencing its
intensity, the optical properties, for example like its transmission spectra and divergence. Several
parameters including the refractive index of the medium on the metal film surface, the wavelength
and condition of polarization of the incident light, the holes shape and periodicity of the structures
change the spectral behavior in term of intensity and position of the transmitted peaks. The
structures that support EOT have discovered their applications in numerous fields including visible
spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy, sub–wavelength optics, nonlinear optics, and photolithography.
As the EOT is influenced by parameters like the shape and periodicity of the holes, devices made in
light of this marvel will be more sensitive and supports larger selectivity. Regardless of these
advantages a large portion of existing use of EOT has been acknowledged on the structures with
limited region of coverage. Because of the constrained techniques and choices for fabrication of
such structures, the EOT–based devices were fabricated with finite array sizes. This paper deals with
two methods that deals with two methods to produce arrays of nanoholes with sizes of

Explain The Concepts Of Reflection, Refraction, Dispersion...
Introduction
In this experiment four different experiments were performed to explain the concepts of reflection,
refraction, dispersion and Brewster's angle. The purpose of the first experiment is to analyze the
incidence and reflection angle to understand how light reflects off a flat, convex, or concave mirror.
In the second experiment a light ray is passed through a rhombus prism to discover the relationship
between the angle of refraction and incidence. For the third experiment calculations were made to
find indices for the color of light that passed through an acrylic rhomboid. This experiment depicted
dispersion. Finally, the last experiment conducted dealt with the angle reflection and angle of
refraction. Using polarizing lens to ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
After the mirror had been traced, it was taken off the paper and a line was sketched at the halfway
point. A ruler was used to draw the line outside of the traced mirror. The line was the normal line.
Also, inside the tracing on the line 1.8 cm was measured and labeled. Then a line was drawn from
the point opposite to the concave side and extended outside of the outline. Another line was
sketched with the ruler from the point of opposite to the convex side and extended a few centimeters
past the outline. See Figure A
During, the procedure the first step involved placing the mirror with all three sides to fit into the
outline. The light source was pointed at the side of the flat mirror. There was an incident and
reflection ray both were traced. When the mirror was removed, the lines were measured using a
protractor to retrieve the angle measurements. This process was repeated for the concave and convex
sides. The data is shown in table 1A, 2A, 3A.
Note: The data tables will be included in the Data & Analysis section. Figure A
Theory B: Refraction
In the second experiment refraction was observed. Refraction is the bending of a light wave which
changes the speed once it hits another material. The ray of light hitting a fast medium will slow
down. Depending on the indexes of refraction the light will either slow down or travel faster. The
relationship between the indexes of refraction and the way the light bends when passing through a

Zacharias Jansen and The First Compound Microscope Essay
Compound Microscopes have assisted scientists in the research of objects invisible to the naked eye
for more than four hundred years and have greatly influenced our understanding of the world around
us. As technology has progressed, Light Microscopy has significantly improved. These
improvements include illumination methods, the Resolution lens quality and the use of oil
immersion.
The first compound microscope was invented by Zacharias Jansen and his father Hans in 1595.
Whilst experimenting with lenses in a tube Zacharias and his father made an important discovery,
where the image of and object at the end of the tube seemed greatly enlarged (history–of–the–
microscope.org). This microscope was made of two lenses positioned at each end of ... Show more
Chromatic aberration is cause by the dispersion of a lens and the different colours of light travelling
at different speeds. This causes the image of an object to appear with coloured edges or to be blurred
(photographylife.com). Resolution is the most important variable in producing a quality, detailed
image. The formula for resolution in a microscope is: R=λ/2NA where λ is the wavelength of light
and NA is the numerical aperture of the objective lens. A higher value equated for R will give a poor
resolution, whereas a lower value will form a more detailed resolution. A higher NA will produce a
superior resolution because R will be reduced. Also, the smaller the wavelength, the lesser R will be,
generating more detailed resolution. Because of this, the wavelength of blue/violet light is
significantly smaller and will produce a very highly detailed resolution. From this, it can be
understood that methods of illumination have significantly developed since the first compound
microscope and shorter wavelengths of light produce much more superior quality images and are
ideal for use in microscopes. (vetmed.vt.edu).
Lenses
The first microscope used glass lenses. In comparison, compound microscopes of today use special
lenses of optical glass. These lenses are made of silicone dioxide, a quartz crystal and the most
common mineral found. Quartz is used for its various

The Effect Of A Light Ray Reflecting
This lab is made up of four different parts. In the first part we will examine the effects of a light ray
reflecting at different angles of incident from a convex, flat, and convex mirror. In the second part a
light ray will be refracted through a rhombus prism at different angles of incidence. We will measure
the angles using a protractor. For the third experiment we will examine the indices of colors as light
is refracted through the rhombus. Lastly, we will use polar lens to examine Brewster's angle and
polarization.
THEORY
PART A: REFLECTION
When a light ray hits a point on a plane mirror surface (called the incidence ray), it bounces off that
same point and thus changes the course in which it is traveling. An angle of incidence can be
obtained by measuring the angle between the ray of incidence and a line normal to the surface of the
mirror. The angle of the reflected ray can also be obtained in the same way by measuring the angle
between the reflected ray and the line normal to the surface. Measuring the two angles we can see
that they are the same angle thus confirming the law of reflection: Θr=Θi. Eq.1
PART B: REFRACTION
Refraction is caused when a ray of light travels through different mediums. When the light crosses
through the material it causes the light to bend or refract because the wave does not enter the
medium at

Physics Assignment : Medical Imaging
Kathleen Anne Maguire
1/12/2016
Physics Assignment
Medical Imaging
MDPMS
1. Sound is travelling from material 1 to material 2. The density of material 1 id 25 kg ms–3 and the
density of material 2 is 18 kg m–3. The speed of sound in material 1 is 1900 ms–1 and in material 2
is 18 kg m–3. The speed of sound in material 1 is 1900 ms–1 and in material 2 it is 700 ms–1.
The acoustic impedance of each material
Z= pV
Acoustic impedance (Z)
Density is (p)
Acoustic Velocity (V)
For material 1, 25kgms–3 x 1900ms––1 = 47500 kgm–2s–1
For material 2, 18kgm–3 x 700ms–1 = 12600 kgm–2s–1
The fraction of sound that is reflected
Z1 = 47500kgm–2s–1
Z2 = 12600kgm–2s–1
= 12600 – 47500 = 0.3372111373 12600 + 47500 = 0.34
The percentage of sound that is transmitted
IR = 17/50
T = 1 – R

T = 1 – 17/50
T = 33/50 = 0.66 (X100)
= 66%
2. a. Define acoustic impedance
The units for acoustic impedance are kgm–2s–1
Acoustic impedance is the ratio of pressure over an imagined surface, in a sound wave to the rate of
partial flow across it's surface. Acoustic impedance can be used to determine the reflection and the
transmission of sound.
b. Explain either what effect the density of a material, or the frequency of the sound would have
upon the attenuation of sound travelling through that material. (Chose one or the other)
Attenuation is the gradual

Light Bend Lab
Christian
How does light bend? In science, we have created a lab with the purpose, to see how light behaves
when it passes through various mediums. Our problem at hand is to sneak past the laser security in
the White House to kidnap Donald Trump. What we will be doing in this lab is shining a ray of light
from air to water at 30 degrees, then measure the intensity. Next we will switch the mediums from
air to glass, and repeat the same process. Last, switch the mediums from water to air (and repeat).
Our hypothesis is, if we can find a object to bend the light around us then we will be able to sneak
past security. Using a computer simulator, we proceeded with our experiment and took a look at the
angles, the speed, the wavelength and the intensity of light. Here's what we found. ... Show more
For example, when shined light from air (low density) to glass (high density) the angle of incident
was at 30 degrees ( the angle of reflection was also at 30 degrees) but the angle of refraction was at
20 degrees. Shining light from air to water was similar, same as before (angle of incident and the
angle of reflection at 30 degrees) the angle of refraction went up to 22 degrees. This happens
because water is not as dense as glass is, therefore light doesn't bend as much. If we changed it up
and have light shine from a high density medium to a low density medium, the angle of refraction
increases. For example, our third experiment is that we shined light from water to air, having the
angle of intensity at 30 degrees (reflection at 30) and the angle of refraction at 42 degrees. This is
how light behaves when it refracts to high and low density

Refraction Lab
When light passes from the air into a different medium, like water, it is refracted. You can see this
by putting a pencil in a cup of water. The pencil appears to bend, but it isn't actually bent. Again, this
is because of refraction. Putting a pencil in a cup of sugar water would also cause refraction, but the
amount of light refracted would be different. This is because of the changes in density.
Refraction is the bending of light as it goes through a medium. Light waves travel very quickly and
can pass through transparent materials fairly easily, but the waves slow down while they are passing
through these materials. The light passing through a transparent material will bend depending on the
index of refraction. For example, when light waves ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
When light passes through two substances of different densities, the light is refracted. That is why
materials in water seem oddly placed or bent. The density of the water is different compared to the
air that the light goes through. The difference in densities also slows down the speed in which the
light rays travel through the medium, which causes the bending effect.
Snell's law is a formula that is used to describe the relationship between the angles of refraction and
incidence when talking about light waves passing through two different mediums. This is also
known as the calculation of what degree the light will bend. The degree to which light bends, or
refracts, depends on the incidence angle entering the second material as well as the speed at which
the light travels through the two materials.
An angle of incidence is the angle at which light enters a translucent or transparent material. This
can also be described as the angle between the ray of light and the normal vector of the surface of
the object it is coming into contact with. The normal vector would be a perpendicular vector from
the surface of an object. The angle of reflection is equal to the angle of incidence. This is because
the law of reflection states that the angle between the normal vector and the reflected ray, which is
the angle of reflection, is the same as the angle of

Refraction Lab
There are various components to optics. A few of these components include refraction, index of
refraction, refractive index of a material, critical angle and total internal refraction. Refraction is the
bending of light when it moves from one material to another. Next, the index of refraction or
refractive index, is a number that tells how the speed of light in space compares with the speed of
light in a given substance. For example the refractive index of water is 1.33. The critical angle is the
angle of incidence that results in an angle of refraction of 90°. Lastly, total internal refraction is
when the angle of incidence is greater than the critical angle.
Use a ruler to draw a 15 cm horizontal line in the middle of a blank sheet of paper.
Use a ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Place the semi–circular container full of water under the horizontal line. Flat side lined up with the
horizontal line.
Aline the exact middle of the prism with the vertical line.
Use the ray box to shine a ray through the rounded side of the prism right to the center of the two
lines.
Keep the light ray aimed at the center and change the angle of the ray box until the refracted ray is
in line with the horizontal line.
Mark where the light exiting the ray box hits the prism.
Use a ruler to connect the mark to the center of the two lines.
Measure the angle from the vertical line to the angle drawn. This is the critical angle. Record on
diagram.
The experimentally determined refractive index of water was 1.3460.
The percent error was 1%.
One reason the experimental value was different from the accepted value is because the light ray
from the ray box had a width, causing the marking to not be perfectly centered in the ray. Another
reason the experimental value was different from the accepted value is because the semi–circular
container was not secured allowing movement between angles. The change of location of the
container would alter the angles

Technology And Physics Behind The Compact Disc
Good morning students and teachers, today I will be talking to you about the technology and physics
behind the Compact disc otherwise known as the CD
Everybody knows that the CD is slowly fading out and being replaced by a digital world where files
and streams are the main methods of music delivery. But the CD is not yet done.
What is a CD? A CD is a thin circular disc comprised of metal and plastic, the CD is about 12cm in
diameter and is usually made up of 3 layers, it is capable of storing up to 74 minutes of audio but
usually only has 50 minutes stored on it to make sure it is at optimal function, the digital data that
can be stored on a CD is; 44 100 samples per second, therefore, you can store 682 MB on a CD that
is capable of 74 ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Lacquer is used rather than the polycarbonate due to the positioning of the metal film.
The metal layer of the CD is the layer that contains the data. CD data is represented as tiny
indentations known as "pits", these pits are encoded in a spiral track that if unrolled from it spiral
would be around 5.5 km long, the spiral is moulded into the top of the polycarbonate layer, these are
microscopic and usually expressed in the measurement of a micron µm which is 1 millionth of a
meter. The areas between pits are known as "lands". The pits are even smaller than the lands and are
approximately 100 nm deep by 500 µm wide, and vary from 850 µm to 3.5 µm in length. The
measurement of the pit represents the binary information of the data stored on the disc.
The optical system employs a highly coherent light source and the pits are made approximately a
quarter wavelength deep. The readout beam axis is nominally aligned to be perpendicular to the disc
plane. When there are no pit–land edges in the spot, all of the reflected beam will share the same
phase. The phase of the reflected beam will, however, change by 180 degrees when the spot moves
from pit to land or vice versa. When the optical spot traverses a pit–land edge the magnitude of the
beam reflected back into the sensor will momentarily drop almost to zero...The reflected beam then
consists of two portions, equal in magnitude but opposite in phase.
Both

Year 11 Physics: the World Communicates Dot Points
The World Communicates
1. The wave model can be used to explain how current technologies transfer information * describe
the energy transformations required in one of the following: mobile telephone, fax/ modem, radio
and television
Energy transmission in mobile telephone: sound wave energy (input sound) –> electrical (in
transmitting phone) –
> radio wave (transmit signal) –> electrical (in receiving phone) –> sound (output sound) *
describe waves as a transfer of energy disturbance that may occur in one, two or three dimensions,
depending on the nature of the wave and the medium
A wave is a travelling disturbance which transfers energy without transporting matter. They may
occur in 1D, 2D or 3D, depending on the nature ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
frequency of a sound doesn't change through any medium)
–speed of sound is different in different media
–sound travels fastest in solids, followed by liquids then gases
(i.e. higher density– particles packed more closely together– vibrations travel faster)
–speed of sound in air = 343 m/s * relate compressions and rarefactions of sound waves to the crests
and troughs of transverse waves used to represent them
Compressions > crests
Rarefactions > troughs
* explain qualitatively that pitch is related to frequency and volume to amplitude of sound waves
The amplitude of a sound wave determines the volume of the sound. high amplitude = high volume
low amplitude=low volume
Likewise, the frequency of a sound wave is directly related to the pitch of a sound. The higher the
frequency, the more vibrations per second, and thus, the higher the pitch.
High frequency= high pitch low frequency=low pitch * explain an echo as a reflection of a sound
wave
Echo
– forms when a sound wave reflects off a hard surface and rebounds back to its original source,
essentially becoming the reflection of a sound wave.

– wide variety of applications including SONAR (Sound Navigation And Ranging) > method for
finding the

Aliens Lab Report
If light is shone at various mediums with varying densities then the light will bend more with
different speeds, wavelength and angles. Learning about bending light is important because when
the aliens invade our planet earth they will bring, as NASA predicted, tons and tons of light based
weapons. In order to stop the aliens you need to know how to bend the deadly light away from our
planet for it to be saved. A computer was used to simulate light being shone through water, air, glass
and prisms. Measurements were taken of reflection and refraction angles from the vertical, speed
and wavelength. It was noticed that if light was shone at several prisms, at a certain angle, colours of
light were refracted. Some of the colours refracted differently due to their different speed and
wavelength.
Through the computer test, it was found that when light moved from an area of low density (eg air)
to high density, the angle of refraction was decreased. For example, what was tested was light going
through air to water ( low to high density) with the angle of vertical being 30 degrees. The angle of
reflection remained the same staying at 30 degrees. The light of refraction however ended up
decreasing to 22 degrees rather than the expected 30. Changing the dense medium to glass the
reflection angle further lowered to 20 degrees. So, that being ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
The reflection angle for both mediums was 30 degrees. The reflection speed for glass to air was
0.67c and the reflection speed for water to air was 0.75c. With that example being done, the
observations that were made was that with the least to most dense mediums the refraction speed was
slow being at less than 1c ( long and tall waves). However, with the most to least dense the
reflection angles were the one with the slowest speeds (short waves)

Advantages And Disadvantages Of Using Refracting Telescopes
Refraction of light through different media
Light travels in waves through space in straight lines. In a vacuum the speed of light is 3x10⁸m/s,
when light travels through different substances called mediums, it will change speed depending on
the optical density. If light travels through a medium at a right angle, it's velocity will change but not
the direction. However if light enters the medium at an angle, it's direction and speed will change.
The index of refraction is the ratio of the speed of light in a vacuum to the speed of light in the
medium: n = c / v n = the medium c = the speed of light in a vacuum v = speed of light in a medium
(The index of refraction does not use any units)
For example, the refractive index of air is 1 and ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Refracting telescopes are more reliable because they are permanently fixed which in turn makes the
images produced steadier and clearer
Disadvantages of Refracting telescopes
There are many disadvantages when using refracting telescopes. One of which is chromatic
aberration. Chromatic Aberration happens when light travel through the glass lens and the different
colours that make up white light refract at different angles. This causes the observer to see a rainbow
around the image they are viewing.
One way to counteract the effects of chromatic aberration is to use multiple compensating lenses.
Another way to avoid chromatic aberration is to use a long object focal length this is the distance
between the focus and the objective
Another disadvantage is the difficulty of making the lenses. The objective lens need to have no
imperfections and the shape of the lens is thicker in the center and thunder on the edges which are
the only support_ hoch manes the lens v ey fragile on the edges and are more susceptible to damage
the largest objective lens for a refracting telescope is only 1 meter in

Physics Of A Food Manufacturer For The Following Reasons...
1 ABSTRACT
In this lab exercise, different approaches, Hydrometer, Pycnometer and refractometer, were used to
determine the total solids or concentration of two unknown samples. Standard curve of density vs
concentration and standard curve of specific gravity vs concentration were drawn with a series of
known concentrations of 10%, 20%, 30% sugar solution by weight. With the standard curve and the
specific gravity and refractive index of samples we obtained from the determination, we can
calculate the total solids of the samples:
2 INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVE
Total solids or concentration of a particular food is referred as the amount of solid concentrated
component present after removal of water (S. Suzanne Nielsen, 2010). This analytical value is of
great economic importance to a food manufacturer for the following reasons: economics
consideration (water is an inexpensive filler); solidcontent is often specified in compositional
standards and can be used as standard identification; computations of nutritional values of foods
require the determination of total solids (S. Suzanne Nielsen, 2010).
When different solutes are dissolved in a solution, the density change can be used to determine the
concentration of the solute. Since the direct measurement is difficult, the measurements use specific
gravity to determine the density of the liquid.
Specific gravity = (weight of x ml solution)/(weight of x ml of water)
Specific gravity is a relative value usually determined by the

Light Waves
Light waves over the electromagnetic reach carry on in equivalent ways. Exactly when a light wave
encounters a thing, they are either transmitted, reflected, devoured, refracted, stimulated, diffracted,
or scattered depending upon the structure of the article and the wavelength of the light.
Particular instruments on load up NASA transport and planes assemble data on how electromagnetic
waves act when they speak with matter. These data can reveal the physical and substance structure
of matter.
Reflection is when scene light (drawing nearer light) hits an article and ricochets off. To a great
degree smooth surfaces, for instance, mirrors mirror all event light.
The shade of an article is truly the wavelengths of the light reflected while each and every other
wavelength are held. Shading, for this circumstance, suggests the assorted wavelengths of light in
the unmistakable light range saw by our eyes. The physical and substance structure of matter makes
sense of which wavelength (or ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
NASA's Cloud–Aerosol Lidar and Infrared Pathfinder Satellite Observation (CALIPSO) satellite
can watch the diffusing of laser heartbeats to "see" the courses of fog concentrates from sources, for
instance, dust storms and woods fires. The photo underneath shows a volcanic searing remains cloud
gliding over Europe from an outflow of Iceland's Eyjafjallajökull Volcano in 2010.
Refraction is when light waves modify course as they run beginning with one medium then onto the
following. Light ventures slower in air than in a vacuum, and fundamentally slower in water. As
light goes into a substitute medium, the alteration in rate curves the light. Different wavelengths of
light are prevented at different rates, which causes them to turn at different focuses. For example,
when the full scope of evident light experiences the glass of a precious stone, the wavelengths are
segregated into the shades of the

Explain Diffuse And Specular Reflection

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