Essay About IS4560 Hacking

Essay about IS4560 Hacking
Unit2 Assignment2 Vulnerability of a Cryptosystem The vulnerability that has been discovered has a
primary affect to a cryptosystem and a secondary affect to a cryptosystem. The vulnerability in
question is a weakness in the MD5 algorithm that would allow for collisions in output. As a result,
attackers can generate cryptographic tokens or other data that illegitimately appear to be authentic.
Now the secondary affect is that the MD5 hashes may allow for certificate spoofing on a Cisco ASA
system. If an attacker was able to exploit this weakness on the University's cryptosystem, the said
attacker could construct forged data in a variety of forms that will cause software using the MD5
algorithm to incorrectly identify it as ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Users of systems with the OpenSSL command line utility can view certificate properties using
"openssl x509 –text" or a similar utility. Certificates listed as md5RSA or similar are affected. Such
certificates that include strange or suspicious fields or other anomalies may be fraudulent since there
are no reliable signs of tampering it must be noted that this workaround is error–prone and
impractical for most users. For the secondary affect, Cisco announced that the hashing algorithm
used in the digital certificates on the Cisco ASA cannot be changed; however, the ASA is unlikely to
be affected by the attacks described in this research due to the way certificates are generated on the
device. Also the Cisco IOS CA may be vulnerable to the attack described in this research when
configured to utilize MD5 hashes in endpoint certificates, this is by default. The research that Cisco
has mentioned for the weakness/vulnerability can be found here:
http://tools.cisco.com/security/center/viewAlert.x?alertId=17341, listed below are (2) fixes that
Cisco will be releasing for the Cisco ASA and the Cisco IOS CA. While Cisco does recognize the
weakness/vulnerability in the MD5 algorithm, it plans to alter the signature algorithm used in digital
certificates and modify the methods utilized in creation of CA and endpoint certificates. They will
address this in Cisco Bug ID: CSCsw88068. For the Cisco IOS CA, it has been announced that the
device can be reconfigured to utilize a more
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Computer Security
Contents
INTRODUCTION 4
SECURITY 4
Client Security 4
Server Security 5
Document Confidentiality 5
Risks and threats to E–commerce Sites 5
Hackers 5
Software/hardware failure 5
WHY SECURITY FAIL 6
Exposure of confidential data 6
Modification of Data 6
Errors in Software 6
Poor stipulation and testing 6
Repudiation 6
Solutions to E–commerce Security Risks 7
Encryption 7
Data Encryption Standard (DES) 7
RSA Public Key Algorithm 8
Digital signatures 8
Digital certificates 9
Security for Transactions 9
Secure sockets layer 10
Secure Electronic Transactions (SET) 10
Conclusions 11
INTRODUCTION
Internet security is not fully understood by many. However, ... Show more content on

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Now that the more general risks that E–commerce websites face have been examined,
The security issues that present themselves to E–commerce websites can be
Crucially examined.
WHY SECURITY FAIL
Exposure of confidential data
A web server is the wrong place for the storage of confidential information as it is
Information that is made accessible by the public unless intended. To reduce the risk of
Exposure it is important to limit the methods by which information can be accessed
And Limit the people who can access it as it can also lead to loss of files. Authentication is a main
requirement for websites. It means asking people to prove their identity. The most common ways of
authentication are passwords and digital signatures.
Modification of Data
Modification to files could include changes to data files or executable files. A hacker's motivation
for Altering a data file Might be to vandalise a company's site or to obtain fraudulent Benefits.
Replacing The Data can be protected from modification as it travels over the network by using
digital Signatures. This does not stop somebody from modifying the data but if the signature Still
matches when the files arrive, it can be seen whether the file has been modified.
Errors in Software
Errors in

ePayments and eCommerce: Assignment
Part A: Short–Answer Questions (50 marks total) Your answer to each question should be one or
two paragraphs long. Each question is worth a total of five marks. 1. What types of e–payment
systems should B2C merchants support? many customers are still very afraid to purchase online
because of the security issues that 's why it 's very good to have more than one payment method,
payment methods include E–cheques, credit cards, Gift cards, and the best one from my point of
view because it 's very known for safe online shopping is PayPal. 2. Describe the major issues in
fraudulent orders perpetrated against online merchants. What measures and solutions should be
implemented to combat these issues? the major issues in fraudulent ... Show more content on
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having a personal firewall to protect an individual users desktop system from public networks by
monitoring all the traffic that passes through the computers network interface card will secure a
home user from spyware, hackers, and other online threats and risks. 10. What key crucial factors
determine the success of electronic payment methods? the key crucial factors which will determine
the success of E–payment methods are: independence, inoperability and portability, security,
anonymity, divisibility, ease of use, transaction fees, and regulations. Part B: Case Analyses (50
marks total) Case 1 (15 marks) The Canadian government has legislated the Personal Information
Protection and Electronic Documents Act (PIPEDA) to protect any personal information that is
collected, used, or disclosed. 1. What type of personal information should be protected? (5 marks the
type of information that should be protected in PIPEDA, are: information about an identifiable
individual, but does not include the name, title or business address or telephone number of an
employee of an organization . 2. Why is it very important to protect this personal information? (5
marks) it is very important to protect this information as this creates a standard that companies must
abide by with regard to a person 's personal information. without this act in place,

Network Sercurity Industry Essay
Network Security 4th Block With the upraise of Internet use around the world from businesses,
private computers and networks there are bound to be people out there trying to get easy money.
Hackers and viruses and just human error all represent a potential threat to your networks and
sometimes more personal stuff like credit card numbers and social security numbers. This is where
the Network Security industry comes into play; it protects your network from viruses, worms,
Trojan Horses, spy ware, adware, hackers, denial of service attacks and Identity theft. Network
security is one of the best things you could own, you could be arrested for something you didn't
even do, all ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
David Pensak claims that he built the first commercially used fire wall. But Marcus Ranum says
that's marketing BS. He also says that David Pesotto Is the one who did it. William Cheswick and
Steven Bellovin, who actually wrote the book on firewalls while at AT&T, say they didn't invent the
firewall, but they built a circuit–level gateway and packet filtering technology. But all of these
security experts, Paul Vixie, Brian Reid, Fred Avolio, and Brent Chapman, and others were involved
in some way with the start of firewall technology production. Several of them have been called the
father of the firewall, but most experts have come to the conclusion that there's not just one
biological father of the technology. The firewall's history has been well–documented, but it's tough
to pinpoint just which stage of the firewall. Most security experts trace roots back to work done at
Digital Equipment Corp. gatekeeper.dec.com gateway, as well as to Mogul's "screened" technology.
Most intruders can gain access to your computer or network through HTTP port 80. Legitimate
users normally use them for browsing a web page, network meeting, and performing transfers and
downloads. Open ports can also be a way for intruders to gain access to the network system. Open
ports are one of the most common security complications with big networks. All unused ports
should be closed and all open ports should be

Digital : Digital Signature And Encryption
1. Digital Certificates
Digital signature and Encryption together protects data in the internet. Digital signature is the
internet ID that is given to a person to identify himself that who is and how they can be trustable.
They are used together to protect the data that are confidential from the intruders and threats. A
digital certificate is a file on your computer a pair, you can use it to create the digital equivalent of a
handwritten signature and seal of the envelope. Each file is divided into two parts: a public key and
a private key. The public key is shared part; the private key is you and only you should be able to
access parts. Your computer and the program learn how to share only the public part of your key so
that others can see them, while still maintaining the security of your private key.
Any Email and Bank transaction application are common application that has digital signatures and
encryption process. For example, when sending e–mail, you can connect your digital certificate
signed message through digital. Once the message they received, the recipient can verify that it
came from you via e–mail to view the attachment on small, which contains your public key
information. This protects you people who might try to look like it comes from you, but really spoof
emails from a different e–mail account to send. The authorized users are identified by their unique
ID and given access. The all the information or mails are encrypted in between the sender and the

Network Security
Network Security When it comes to networking and the security of networks, there are several
different methods of protecting networks. Of these differing methods, some of them sound similar,
but provide differing levels of security. In the following paragraphs, I will try to explain the
differences between some of the methods used. Explain the difference between historical and
statistical logging. Logging is a simple way of keeping a record of activity on a network. There are
several types of logs that can be kept, each providing different data that can be analyzed to provide
information on potential ways of improving security over time. With historical logging, records are
kept of all data passing through a particular network ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The recipient of a message using a digital certificate can obtain the public key associated with that
particular certificate and then decode the message and verify that it did indeed originate from the
proper source. With this information, the recipient is then able to send an encrypted reply. A digital
postmark is another entity entirely. A digital postmark, or border router packet marking as it is
sometimes called, is a network security measure that can allow organizations to trace the origins of
unwanted spam or other forms of malicious attacks. This process works by placing identifying data
onto messages much like a conventional postmark, hence the name. Because the information is
added at the router level, there is no way for hackers or other intruders to falsify IP addresses or
other information that might be used to bypass security on a network. As you can see, there are
different aspects of network security. Each type protects the network and files on it in a different
way. It is up to the network manager to decide which methods work best for his individual business
needs, and he may apply some or all of the methods mentioned here. In the future of network
security, there will be fingerprint readers. There will also be stronger encryption levels. Lastly, there
will also be facial recognition software to protect the security of networks in the future and then
again

Operating System Security ( Os Security ) Essay
Operating System Security (OS Security)
What is Operating System Security, Operating system security is the process of ensuring OS
integrity, confidentiality and availability also OS security refers to specified steps used to protect the
OS from threats, viruses, worms, malware or remote hacker. OS security include all avoiding–
control techniques, which safeguard any computer information from being stolen, edited or deleted
if OS security is included. OS security allows different applications and programs to perform
required tasks and stop unauthorized interference. OS security may be applied in many ways. We 're
going to discuss following topics in this article. A brief description about security and what are the
types of encryption and what is Authentication, One Time passwords, Program Threats, System
Threats and Computer Security Classifications.
Security, There are numerous security threats to your computer, in other words many types of
malware, which is short for malicious software. This includes computer viruses, which can interact
with the normal operations of your computer. Viruses can be very harmful and result in loss of data
or system crashes. The OS of a computer has a number of built–in tools to protect against security
threats, including the use of virus scanning utilities and setting up a firewall to block unsafe network
activity. One of the most common ways to get a computer virus is by e–mail. If you have received
an e–mail message from someone you don 't

Statement Of Purpose For Accounting
My cousin, who is ten–years–older than me, is an accountant. She graduated from the University of
Waterloo but due to her remarkable academic performance, she has successfully found herself an
accounting job and now abides in Canada. She has been my role model ever since my childhood,
each time she returns home, she would bring me some Canadian gifts; the Canadian Root T–shirts,
sweet maple syrup, maple sugared cookies and so on. All these experiences have made me long to
be in this rattling country. At the same time, how she describes accounting also make me gradually
became interested in it and hoped to undertake Accounting as my lifelong calling. Later I got
admitted into Nanjing Audit University, the accounting specialty is a trump card here. Being
exposed to the rich cultural ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Since freshman year, I have cultivated an interest in Accounting and studied accounting as my
subsidy major. I majored in the intermediate financial accounting (91 points), senior financial
accounting (86 points), cost management accounting (90 points), enterprise financial audit (95
points), and other professional courses. Now I have a well–grounded foundation of accounting
knowledge, as the saying goes, "Believing in yourself is the first step to success." I believe in myself
and I believe that I can overcome the difficulties of crossing major, so as to do well in accounting
curriculums. If the application is successful, I want to pass the CA certificate or CGA certificate.
Later, after my graduation, I want to work in an accounting firm or on a large scale of accounting,
since it can offer me a more professional platform, thus enabling me to apply my theoretical and
practical knowledge moreover I would like to start as a management trainee at an overseas founded

Mobile Ad Hoc Networks ( Manets )
Abstract: Continuous user authentication is a critical prevention–based methodology with protect
high security mobile ad–hoc networks (MANETs). Certificate revocation is an important security
component in MANETs. A new method to enhance the effectiveness and efficiency of the scheme by
employing a threshold based approach to restore a node's accusation ability and to ensure sufficient
normal nodes to accuse malicious nodes in MANETs. The user's available relevant information on
the system, and express an architecture that can be applied to a system of systems. Ad–hoc networks
are an emerging area of mobile computing. In this paper, we attempt to analyze the demands of Ad–
hoc environment. We focus on three areas of Ad–hoc networks, User Authentication, Ad–hoc
routing, and intrusion detection. 1. INTRODUCTION 1.1 Brief Information About the Project: With
the increased focus on wireless communications, mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs) are attracting
much attention in recent years. MANET is an infrastructure less mobile network formed by a
number of self–organized mobile nodes; it is different from traditional networks that require fixed
infrastructure. Owing to the absence of infrastructure support, nodes in MANET must be equipped
with all aspects of networking functionalities, such as routing and relaying packets, in addition to
playing the role of end users. In MANET, nodes are free to join and leave the network at any time in
addition to being independently mobile.

Online Mobile Casino No Deposit Bonus Uk Essay
ONLINE MOBILE CASINO NO DEPOSIT BONUS UK
With the use of tablets and phones increasing daily in the United Kingdom, gamers have been
moving from online casinos no deposit bonus ... to mobile developed casino games. There has been
more and more mobile applications being developed to quench the gamers need to play games
easily. If you are in the UK and you own a mobile devise such as iPad, iPhone or Android operated
phone then you are in a very good position to play online casino games wherever you want.
Microgaming and Playtech provide some of the best gaming software in the UK. These companies
are developing established games that can be trusted by mobile users.
Usually all the mobile casinos will tend to have all classic casino games such as video poker,
blackjack, slots games and roulette.
PLAYING MOBILE CASINO GAMES
Many UK mobile games will have a beginner's guide on their website to help the gamers get
acquainted to the game. The promotion offer where you open an account and get no deposit bonus is
also being practiced widely on mobile casinos to lure more gamers. The gamers basically get free
money to play the mobile game for a stipulated time.
To play a particular game the gamer has to the mobile devise connected to the internet and access
the website where you want to download the gaming app. Most gaming website will automatically
detect the devise you're using and you will be redirected to the appropriate mobile version of your
system. Smartphones have this great

Technology Of The Internet Of Things
Abstract–Due to the vulnerable nature of the Internet of Things (IOT) the security and privacy are
those important issues for the IOT which attracted lots of focus in recent years. The lack of efficient
and lightweight authentication method in IOT can make it a delicious vulnerable victim for several
impersonate–based attacks. This paper proposes a new authentication mechanism for IOT called
Certificate–based Identity Resolution (CIR) which tries to protect IOT terminal nodes from attacks
by applying a lightweight identity resolution method and using a Local Certificate Generator in
order to simplify the node authentication process. Keywords–Internet Of Things; Certificate–based
Identity Resolution; Authentication; Access control I. Introduction In the last few years, the Internet
of Things (IoT) has been widespread like a boom word, where virtually any device having an
Internet connection can be communicated and is accessible through the Internet. By making a secure
user interactions with IoT is very important for making the notion of "things everywhere" to be
successful. Many researchers are focusing on developing and improving the implementation and
security of IoT based devices. Two of the major aspects for enabling the security of IoT are
Authentication and Access Control to perform secure communication between devices. In this paper
we will present a novel local–authentication process which will enhance the simplicity of node
authentication, keeping it safe from

Essay on Solving HealthCare’s eMail Security Problem
Solving HealthCare's eMail Security Problem
Abstract
While healthcare organizations have come to depend heavily on electronic mail, they do so without
a significant email security infrastructure. New Federal law and regulation place new obligations on
the organizations to either secure their email systems or drastically restrict their use. This paper
discusses email security in a healthcare context. The paper considers and recommends solutions to
the healthcare organization's problem in securing its mail. Because email encryption will soon be a
categorical requirement for healthcare organizations, email encryption is discussed in some detail.
The paper describes details and benefits of domain level encryption model and considers how PKI ...
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Although these security standards have not yet been finalized, in August of 1998, HHS did publish
in 45 CFR Part 142 a proposal for that Security Standard. That Notice of
Proposed Rule Making did include a number of specific security implementation features.
Particularly relevant to email use is a specification for encryption of health information
communicated over any network for which the transmitter cannot control access (45 CFR Part
142.308[d][1][ii]). This restriction clearly is intended to apply to the healthcare organization's
Internet bound electronic mail.
This paper broadly outlines steps that healthcare organizations can take to ensure the security of
their electronic mail use. A substantial portion of this activity has a "Security
101' aspect to it. Healthcare organizations are generally exposed to the same Internet borne threats
as any other type organization. As a result, healthcare organizations do well to follow the general
recommendations for email security provided in documents such as NIST's "Guidelines for
Electronic Mail Security". Healthcare organizations do have business imperatives and legal
obligations, however, that may encumber routine application of email security best practice.
Therefore, this paper will provide a healthcare industry context to its discussion of electronic mail
security.
Risks Associated with Electronic Mail Use
Generally speaking there are three classes of email related risk that

Business Analysis : Mmis Bakery
MMIS Bakery is a private company owned by Maria serving as President (CEO) and Jean (COO)
with 30 employees involved in baking, decorating, retail, sales and administration, and also training
over a decade now. It has three retail locations, all located within the state of Florida. The products
offered at the retail location include cakes, cupcakes, cookies, pies, and beverages. A small
percentage of the products are also sold in the Caribbean and Canada using independent distributors.
Additionally, a few of products will be specifically made for particular wholesalers depending on
customer orders.
An important feature of their products is that, most of the ingredients used in the preparation are
organically grown, no preservatives are ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Cost of the goods eventually decreased over the time which is a good sign for company's revenue. In
the year 2014, 'Engineering and product development' spent $170,000 and the very next year the
expense came down by $300 thousand. The sales and marketing expenses are $390,000 and total
sales is $2.57 million, which shows that the current marketing strategies are not of much help and
hence, implementing an e–commerce site would strengthen the sales. There is an eventual increase
in total assets and at the same time decrease in current liabilities and, long term depths that, it's a
good sign for new investments.
Anticipated Benefits of developing e–commerce site
E–commerce has fundamentally changed the lifestyle of the people. E–commerce has expanded
rapidly that business transactions and services have no barriers. Some of the anticipated benefits of
implementing e–commerce site by MMIS Bakery are:
1. Investment to start as e–commerce site is considerably less and it is similar to expanding business
but with a virtual store.
2. It covers wide range of market such as retail & wholesale, and online orders from individual
customers, cafes and coffee shops, restaurants and hotels, local and regional Supermarkets widens
the business.
3. The multi–channel marketing and e–commerce site makes it easy for the consumers to know
about the product details and then purchase them in whichever way is more convenient for

Quality Education Critical For Advancement Of Informal...
Quality Education Critical for Advancement of Informal Leadership
Most people perceive leadership only in terms of positions of power, where they can exert their
influence in either achieving their personalized desires or making things done their way. However,
there are other forms of leadership, which invaluably lead to not only personal, but also
organizational and national progress. Consider expertise as a guide to venturing into leadership. One
is able to influence change anywhere only through acquiring superior skills, which could be applied
in a vocation or profession.
Another excellent example is moral authority. People who are honest, trustworthy and thus
believable tend to positively create their own sphere of influence, not only ... Show more content on
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The massive unemployment then must have been an indication of a bigger problem, as we have now
come to learn.
The results for the Kenya certificate of Secondary Education for 2016 (KSCE) seem to have
revealed the genesis of the unemployment and unemployabilty challenges. There is no way that
students with poor or compromised grades would end up becoming better during their university
education, or thereafter in life. Further, no amount of education or certificates can improve their
chances of being productive in the future. It is like feeding a Boran cow with daily bran and
expecting it to increase the milk yield.
Meanwhile, the principles of Total Quality Management (TQM) advocate a concept termed as
Quality First Deployment (QFD). It is about ensuring quality input during the initial stages of the
production process. In the school system context, it means admitting only the best students for
university education. When this condition is observed, it is highly likely that only a few of the best
students will end up becoming mediocre along the education path and thereafter. The converse is
also true. When we feed the university education system with students who have benefited from
leaked examinations, continued mediocrity in the economy and entire national spectrum is
guaranteed.
Thus, based on the Kenya Certificate of Secondary education (KCSE) results for last year, it's
clearly evident that innumerable students with compromised grades have been

Mother's Day Gift Ideas
4 Great Mother's Day Gift Ideas
Hallmark and FTD have made a fortune on gift buying for mom on Mother's Day, but it might be
time to move away from the standard bouquet of flowers and the frilly, glittery card and embrace
some new gift ideas. Mother's Day is officially and unofficially recognized in most countries
worldwide. Whether or not it is called Mother's Day depends upon the country celebrating it. One
thing is true no matter where you are, and that is that mothers are honored and given gifts like
flowers from their children and grandchildren. As evidenced by statistics from AT&T, more long
distance phone calls are made on Mother's Day than any other day of the year.
Since mother is such an important figure in your life, maybe you should break away from tradition
and give her a gift that is not flowers and candy.
1 – Gift Baskets
There are any number of websites devoted to creating and sending a gift basket to mom or
grandmom, but they lack the personalization that comes from creating one from scratch. It does not
take a lot of money to create a basket, and you may even end up saving money by doing it yourself.
Baskets are readily available at any craft or big box store in the gardening section. They are
normally constructed of wicker or a woven material and come in a huge selection of sizes. You can
tailor the basket to match your mom's personality or her hobbies.
If your mom loves to plant flowers, put seeds, tools, gardening tip booklets, gift certificates

Case Study: Quality Medical Company
As Chief information technology (IT) security officer for the Quality Medical Company I
understand that the senior management is concerned with complying with the multitude of
legislative and regulatory laws and issues in place with the company. Quality Medical Company is
presented with having to enforce new regulations and policies to stay compliant with the data and
information that stored, transmitted, or received. We will accomplish just this by ensuring that all
data in whatever form is treated with high standards. In this process Quality Medical Company must
follow and understand the compliance issues such as:
The Sarbanes–Oxley Act of 2002 will protect the shareholders and the general public from
accounting errors and fraudulent practices ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Regulations such as HIPAA will be made compliant by adopting PKI capabilities. These capabilities
will allow CA requirements to meet these regulations by giving support for registration, generation
of keys and certificates. Additional features are certificate revocation and renewal, and on–demand
private–key recovery. Personally Identifiable Information (PII), information that can be used to
identify or track and individuals' identity will be another requirement that will need to be protected
at high levels in order to be compliant. Public Key Infrastructure (PKI) will allow this highly
sensitive data to be encrypted, secure when not in use, and secure when disposing of the data and
information. Data encryption will protect the data when it is being transferred through email, stored
on a server, transferred to media such as thumb drives or portable hard drives, faxing, or sharing
internally.
The Public Key Infrastructure (PKI) can be as strong as we want to design the system. Public Key
Infrastructure (PKI) adoption is necessary in order to stay competitive and secure in today's world.
After implementation, data will more secure, customer will have more trust in operations, and this
company will be compliant for years to

Why Ssl Is Important Part Of Internet Communication
With the web in an uproar over privacy and encryption, the newbie webmaster might get
overwhelmed with all the acronyms, technical details and server configurations. Deciphering the
content on popular wikis such as Wikipedia just makes it more frustrating when descriptions get too
technical. Here is a breakdown of SSL, what it can do for you, why it's important and some simple
steps to get your own website encrypted.
What is SSL?
SSL stands for "secured sockets layer." Whenever you prefix a domain address with "HTTPS,"
you're sending encrypted communication across the Internet to a web server. SSL encrypts the
communication between the website and your browser, which means that any information you pass
over the Internet is jumbled in a way that only the recipient can decipher.
Importance of SSL
Understanding the mechanics of SSL is difficult, but it helps to understand why SSL is important
and how your Internet communications transfer to a recipient. Once you understand these basic
concepts, you'll understand why SSL is an important part of Internet communication.
When you type a website name into your browser, your browser first does a lookup for the domain's
IP address. Once the IP address is found, the browser makes a request to the server for a connection.
The server accepts, and then it sends you the website's HTML for your browser to display. Let's say
you find a contact form on a website and want to send the owner a message. You type your

Cryptograpy Exam
1. What are some threats associated with a direct digital signature scheme?
a. The scheme validation is dependent on the security of the sender's private key, which the sender
can later claim lost or stolen and that the signature was forged when trying to deny sending a
particular message.
b. If a private key is stolen from Bob at time t, the thief can send a message signed with Bob's
signature with a time stamp equal to or less than t.
c. The need for trust between 2 participants is a potential threat since there is no independent
verification process.
2. How can you get physical possession of the password hashes from a MS Server 2008 running
Active Directory?
a. To obtain hashes from a MS Server 2008, the system has to be ... Show more content on
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b. Two parties each create a public–key, private–key pair and communicate the public key to the
other party. The keys are designed in such a way that both sides can calculate the same unique secret
key based on each side's private key and the other side's public key.
4. What are the principal services provided by PGP?
a. Digital Signature (DSS/SHA or RSA/SHA)
b. Message Encryption (CAST–128, IDEA, 3–DES in conjunction
c. with RSA)
d. Compression (Lempel–Ziv)
e. E–mail compatibility (Radix–64 conversion)
f. Segmentation (to overcome maximum message length of 50,000 bytes for SMTP)
5. What is involved in obtaining a VeriSign certificate? There are some 3rd party companies that
provide VeriSign certificates below is one process from Internet Junction:
a. Domain Ownership
i. The person applying for VeriSign must be either the owner of a registered domain or an employee
of the company that owns the domain
b. Proof of Right
i. Organizations applying for VeriSign must be legitimate and registered with the proper government
authorities. The following can be provided as proof of right.
1. DUNS (Dun & Bradstreet) number
2. Business license
3. Articles of incorporation
4. Partnership papers
5. Business license

c. Application completion
i. Application is completed once the required documents have been verified
d.

The Web Application Requires Security
The web application requires security in order to protect customer data, as part of the application
requires the customer to input their name and phone number. Also in order to prohibit unauthorised
access and it prevents service interruptions, so Training4U can always provide a good service.
Securing the application ensures that only administrators can access the admin pages, and instructors
and customers can access their pages through the internet. In order to do this for the administrators a
login form would be created for the admin page so that they are the only people who can access
them. Also the customer's data needs to be protected both while it is being transmitted to the server
using secure socket layers and to secure the web app which therefore protects customer data, a
security realm has to be set up in the application server.
to prevent unauthorized access that implement a login form for the admin page and only
administrators can access this page then.protects customer's data as the instructor and customer
pages do not include information about customers or instructors. The procedure for this is the
administrator sends a request to the server to access an authorized resource, which then the server
then notices and this sends the login page to the administrator. Using the provided form the
administrator inputs username and password if this is registered then they are authorized to view the
protected resource.
would be to implement secure socket

Building A Worldwide Manufacturing Facility Of Quality...
INTRODUCTION OF COMPANY A worldwide manufacturing facility of quality bodgets have had
a change in management and directorship. The new owners are investing into IT infrastructure of
their organizations which will be the first part of an organizational modernization of plant and
equipment. A Bodgets Incorporated are now moving into their deployment phase of their IT
expansion. Bodgets Company is located at 441, Queen Street, K Road–Auckland city. Part–1
Service Redundancy The redundant server could be a backup server, up and running on the network
which will take over instantly. The first and secondary square measure each practical, each can do
share duties, increasing overall turnout. The redundant box takes full duties till the first is back on
the road solely. I use redundant server on share basis each server will share the information load on
the network. I split DHCP scope on each servers in order that there is one server failure thus another
will be use as redundant server. Throughout the DNS installation in second server I create it
secondary server it will get settings from primary server like active directory users, email teams .For
preventing from single purpose of failure in network I take advantage of 2 servers in order that if
there 's a server failure thus different one get load. Redundant Server Company – HP Hard drive –
768 GB Ram – 32 GB Processor – Intel? Xeon? E5–2603

Organizational Modernization Of Plant And Equipment
INTRODUCTION OF COMPANY Bodgets Incorporated– A worldwide manufacturing facility of
quality Bodgets have had a change in management and directorship. The new owners are investing
into the IT infrastructure of their organizations which will be the first part of an organizational
modernization of plant and equipment. A Bodgets Incorporated are now moving into their
deployment phase of their IT expansion. Bodgets Company is located at 441, Queen Street, K
Road–Auckland city. Part–1 Remote Access and Service Redundancy What is Redundancy? And
know about Redundancy. A Redundancy can have serval meanings. But commonly refers to spare
hardware that is kept online or to duplicate data. Redundant can describe computer or network
system components, such as fans, hard disk drives, server, operating systems, switches and
telecommunication links that are installed to back up primary resources in case they fail. A well–
known example of a redundant system is the redundant array of independent disks. It's called RAID.
Redundant bits are extra binary digits that are generated and moved with a data transfer to ensure
that no bits were lost during the data transfer. Redundant data can protect a storage array against
data loss in the event of a hard disk failure. What are the advantage of Redundancy? Disadvantages
High cost to create redundancy network Increased broadcast storm in network What is Remote
Access? Remote access is the ability to get access to a

Application Of A Digital Certificate
Joel – Abstract: When one submits a request for information to a service, it being a HTTP or a
SOAP request SMTP or other protocols, one must ensure that the service is indeed the entity that it
claims to be (Rouse, 2013). In public key encryption, the verification of the public key origin is
especially important when one is submitting encrypted information over the internet which it may be
sensitive. Digital Certificates are the main method to verify identity of entities holding public keys
rendering services over the internet (Image 1) (Rouse, 2013). Image 1 – Accepting Connection
Image 1.2 Browser HTTPS connection with a valid certificate. Top Google Chrome, bottom IE 10
Image 2 – Refusing Connection A digital certificate has a series of properties including a date of
expiration (Gibson, 2014). When a certificate is minted, it has a day of which it will expire. When
the certificate expire, a new one will be minted. But if there is a certificate theft, the certificate will
be alive for the length of its life. The certificate owner will mint a new one, but there is another
certificate in the wild with equal legitimacy which can be used to falsify someone's identity (Gibson,
2014). A stolen certificate can be a danger to secure internet communication because a bad actor can
impersonate a legitimate entity and thus potentially stealing encrypted information (Gibson, 2014).
There isn't a good way to revoke certificates. This paper will analyze and study the best

Vantura Partners Case Study
Vantura Partners, LLC
Established in 2003, Vantura Partners group provides Information Technology (IT) Security Services
and has an enviable reputation for consistent delivery and extensive IT security knowledge working
with top the fortune 500 companies. The following report details best security practices and policies
as it may be applied to our own internal network and also the customers we support.
Public Key Infrastructures
Public key infrastructure also known as PKI refers to a suite of software, hardware, people, policies
and procedures needed to manage, distribute, create, store, revoke and utilize digital certificates. The
use of digital certificates will help customers of Vantura Partners group in a number of ways
allowing for secure e–commerce, confidential e–mail, secure banking, and Non–Repudiation for
contracts. In the most secure environments where strong passwords are an inadequate means of
identifying a person and vulnerable to man–in–the middle attacks.
PKI ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The technology has advanced considerably over the last few years and although still not considered
the perfect security however will very likely be the method most used to positively identify an
individual. The most common uses of biometrics includes characteristics found in fingerprints, face
recognition, iris, signatures and even actual DNA.
Biometrics can be used for either identification scheme or verification. For example the use of facial
recognition allows a system to identity a person without his or hers knowledge or permission.
Devices like these have been tested at security checkpoints, casinos, airports and could be used to
identify a terrorist or wanted criminal. Also the use of biometrics in verification. For example
instead of using a password to grant access the system uses a fingerprints or the scan of an

Lab 5: Assessment Questions
Lab 5 Assessment Questions
1. What are the three major categories used to provide authentication of an individual?
a. Password
b. Token
c. Shared Secret
2. What is Authorization and how is this concept aligned with Identification and Authentication?
Authorization is a set of rights defined for a subject and an object; this concept is aligned with
Identification and Authentication because these are the 3 steps to the access control process
3. Provide at least 3 examples of Network Architecture Controls that help enforce data access
policies at LAN–to–WAN Domain level.
a. Remote Access Servers
b. Authentication Servers
c. Logical IDS
4. When a computer is physically connected to a network port, manual procedures and/or an ...
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7. PKI provides the capabilities of digital signatures and encryption to implement what security
services? Name at least three.
a. Identification and authentication through digital signature of a challenge
b. Data integrity through digital signature of the information
c. Confidentiality through encryption
8. What is the X.509 standard and how does it relate to PKI? The X.509 formatted public key
certificate is one of the most important components of PKI. This certificate is a data file that binds
the identity of an entity to a public key. The data file contains a collection of data elements that
together allow for unique authentication of the own ingenuity when used in combination with the
associated private key.
9. What is the difference between Identification and Verification in regard to Biometric Access
Controls? Identification processes are significantly more complex and error prone than verification
processes. Biometrics technologies are indicators of authentication assurance with results based on a
predetermined threshold with measurable False Accept Rates and False Reject Rates.

10. Provide a written explanation of what implementing Separation of Duties would look like

Information About a New Pradigm, Cloud Computing
Cloud Computing is a new paradigm in which computing resources:(i) Processing, (ii) Memory and
(iii) Storage are not physically present at the user's location. The proposed system will create the
multiple users to monitor and handle the data integration physically in the Third Party Auditor
(TPA). A utilization of homomorphic linear authenticator and random mask will guarantees that the
TPA will unable to retrieve any information / data content stored in the cloud server during auditing
process. In the proposed work, the reinforcement of TPA handles multiple audit sessions from an
outsourced data files and extend the existed Privacy–Preserving Public Auditing Protocol (P3AP)
into an Multi–User Public Auditing Protocol (MUPAP). It performs an efficient Multiple Auditing
Tasks (MAT) to typically eliminate the burden of tedious and expensive auditing task and improves
outsourced data leakage Cloud computing is more convenient, on–demand network access to a
shared pool of configurable computing resources that can be hastily provisioned and released with
minimal management effort or service provider interaction. Outsourced data is merely the farming
out of services to a third party auditor. By data outsourcing, users can be relieved from the trouble of
local data storage and maintenance. But during this sharing of the data, there are huge chances of
data vulnerability, leakage or threats. So, to prevent this problem a data leakage reduction scheme
has been

Hardware Controls, Proper Risk Assessment, And Management...
3. There are many components including each of the general controls, applications controls, proper
risk assessment, and management policies. Each of the previously mentions plays a key roles in the
organizational framework but must be utilized in the proper manner to work reliably and effectively.
– General Controls include software, hardware, computer operations controls data security,
implementation, administrative controls and basically dictate all aspects of the organizations
information technology infrastructure. Software controls monitor systems and prevent access from
authorized users. Hardware controls make sure that the actual hardware is safe and is always
checking to make sure that the equipment doesn't malfunction. This also covers the backup systems.
Computer operations controls keep the data in check by correctly storing it. Data security does just
as it suggests keep the data safe in whatever form so that it is not destroyed or altered.
Implementation is basically the systems checker and makes sure that at each point the controls are
working. Lastly administrative controls are used to create rules and procedures that need to be
carried out in order to keep the system running in proper order.
– Application Controls are more specific and are often more unique to each organization and make
sure that the accurate data is processed for the organization. These controls are input, processing,
and output. Input controls which is just like a fact checker and make

An Example Of Alice And Bob
In Public Key Cryptosystem there are two keys used i.e. a public key and a private key. Consider an
example of Alice and Bob. I Bob wants to send a message to Alice, Bob uses Alice's public key to
encrypt the message and then send that encrypted message to Alice. Alice uses her private key to
decrypt the message. Here how does Bob know the Public Key of Alice? Alice might have
distributed its Public key through a secure communication channel. This method is applicable only if
there is trust/familiarity between both Bob and Alice. If Bob and Alice does not know each other this
whole method fails.[28]
This drawback is removed by using a trusted third party (TTP) to uniquely bind public keys to users
or another entity such as an organization. This is the place we require a PKI (Public Key
Infrastructure). A PKI has one more trusted elements called Certification Authorities (CAs). For
instance, Erin is a CA. CA issues Alice a certificate (which contains the public key of Alice) signed
by the CA 's public key after checking Alice 's credentials. Bob can now recover Alice 's certificate
and confirm it is authentic by checking the signature on it. Certificates may should be revoked later
because of different reasons. For instance, if Alice 's private key is stolen, she will need to request
that the CA deny its certificate. How does Bob know whether a certificate is revoked? The CA keeps
up a revocation list which permits Bob to confirm if a given certificate is revoked or not. The

Description about the Sensors in the Network
. PROBLEM STATEMENT & PROPOSED SCHEME
This section gives the description about the sensors, respective public and private key pair model
and event generation in the network. This is followed by the threat model of the network and the
kind of adversaries which pose threat to the network. The design goals of the proposed scheme are
also listed.
Figure 1. Network model with attack scenario
1 System Model
We consider the sensors S={S1,S2, S3, .....Sx} are deployed where x is the population of the
deployed sensors. Nodes are assumed to be deployed in uniform random distribution. Prior to
deployment, each sensor is assumed to be loaded with a public /private keypair (pi; si), for i = 1; 2;
3; 4;.....x. Among the public key cryptosystems available, we assume to used ID–based public key
cryptography.
The event generation in the network, is considered to be random. Event is sensed by the neighboring
sensor nodes where the event has occurred. These neighboring nodes will try to report the event
occurred to the sink or base station through anonymous authentication, maintaining the privacy of
the event as well as privacy of the nodes in terms of location and identity. So the neighboring nodes
of the occurred event will form a ring signature groups addressing other selective nodes in the
network. The size of the rings will depend on the number of neighboring nodes when the event has
occurred. The payload of the messages will depend on the number of nodes in the anonymity set of

Private Key Infrastructure Advantages And Disadvantages
Q1:
Public Key Infrastructure (PKI) is a popular encryption and authentication approach used by both
small businesses and large enterprises for exchanging information based on, it make securely
exchange data over networks such as the Internet and verify the identity of the other party. The
foundation of a PKI is the certificate authority (CA), which issues digital certificates that
authenticate the identity of organizations and individuals over a public system such as the Internet,
and the certificates also used to sign messages, ensures messages are not been tampered.
There are Components for the PKI or Public Key Infrastructure. Below there are the components
and the explanation of it ..
1: Digital Certificates
Digital certificates (public key certificates, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Its data conversion uses a mathematical algorithm along with a secret key, which results in the
inability to make sense out of a message. Symmetric encrpytion is a two–way algorithm because the
mathematical algorithm is reversed when decrypting the message along with using the same secret
key.
Symmetric encryption is also known as private–key encryption and secure–key encryption.
ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF SYMMETRIC encryption
ADVANTAGES
A symmetric Encryption is faster.
In Symmetric Encryption, encrypted data can be transferred on the link even if there is a
possibility that the data will be intercepted. Since there is no key transmiited with the data, the
chances of data being decrypted are null.
A symmetric Encryption uses password authentication to prove the receiver's identity.
A system only which possesses the secret key can decrypt a message.
DISADVANTAGES
Symmetric Encryption have a problem of key transportation. The secret key is to be transmitted
to the receiving system before the actual message is to be transmitted. Every means of electronic
communication is insecure as it

Design And Implementation Of Modern Home / Office Network...
Chapter4: Design and Implementation
In previous chapter the requirements, domain and technical analysis are done to capture the granular
requirements build as component architecture. This section provides high level design (HLD) of the
components and steps on coding and implementation.
High Level Design
The high level design of modern home/office network monitoring is illustrated in the diagram
below. Figure 4.1 High Level Design
The major components of this diagram are listed below.
1. AWS–IOT
2. Rule Engine
3. AWS SNS
4. SMS
5. Email
6. Raspberry Publisher
7. AWS Mobile Controller Panel
AWS–IOT Project Setup
In this project, 6 things are followed for creating network monitoring project. AWS has provided
user friendly interface through which below things are created.
Step Icon Purpose
Create a ting This is a project name to represent the device in the cloud. After creation of the thing,
AWS set the name in the registry so that things can be shadow for Raspberry device. This provides
the attributes which help to make search faster for other users.
Create a thing type This is optional setting with default as "No Type". This is used to club the things
for registry reference purpose. In this project type of thing is kept as default because there are not
multiple things.
Create a rule This is the rule engine which connects with Raspberry Pi for code execution. In this
project IoT rule connects with Raspberry Pi using Python Phaho code.
Use my certificate This is a

Software Networks With Predictive Emptive Certificate
OLSR based key management in VANET networks with Predictive Preemptive Certificate Chaima
BENSAID1 , BOUKLI HACENE Sofiane2 , FAROUAN Kamel mohamed3 1 2 3 Computer science
department, Djillali Liabes University at Sidi bel abbes , Sidi Bel Abbes , Algeria
Chaimaa184@hotmail.fr, boukli@gmail.com, kamel_mh@yahoo.fr Abstract– A VANET network is
a subset of ad hoc networks where each mobile node is an intelligent vehicle equipped with
communication resources (sensor). The optimal goal is that these networks will contribute to safer
roads and more effective in the future by providing timely information to drivers. They are therefore
vulnerable to many types of attacks. Many proposals have been proposed to secure communication
in VANETs. In this paper; we propose an approach to adopt a new method of distributing certificates
in VANET. In Our proposal the cluster–head acts as a virtual CA and issues certificates to cluster
members. The main objective of our approach is to avoid making a new certificate request in case a
node passes from a cluster to another. This approach has been evaluated by simulation study using
the simulator network NS–2. Keywords–PKI; VANET; CA; OLSR I. INTRODUCTION A VANET
network is a subset of ad hoc networks where each mobile node is an intelligent vehicle equipped
with communication resources (sensor). In vehicular networks, there are three modes of
communication, communications Vehicle–to–vehicle (V2V), communications Vehicle–to–
Infrastructure

Fundamentals Of Ssl Certificates And Certificate...
The Fundamentals of SSL Certificates and Certificate Authorities (CA) By adding an SSL
certificate, Experts Exchange members not only protect their business but also increase customer
confidence by safely encrypting their customers' most sensitive data. For online transactions, an SSL
certificate turns sensitive data into encrypted secure code. The web browser then checks the SSL
certificate to make sure that the website is legitimate. Once verified, the web browser and server
processes the encoded information. This helps to ensure that the sensitive data delivered between the
web browser and server is handled safely, securely, and that the website is PCI (Payment Card
Industry) compliant. Certificate Authorities (CA) play an integral role in the entire SSL process
because they're the ones issuing these digital certificates. In essence, digital certificates, such as an
SSL, are small verifiable data files containing identity credentials that help authenticate the online
identity of people, websites, and devices. Each digital certificate includes valuable information like
the expiration date of the certificate, the owner's name and other important information, along with a
public key – a value provided by some designated authority as an encryption key. As a trusted entity
issuing these digital certificates, the CA must meet strict and detailed criteria before being accepted
as a member. Once accepted, the CA is authorized to distribute SSL certificates. The longer the

The Threat Of Attending Rsa 's Cyber Security Seminar
Recently, I had the privilege of attending RSA's cyber security seminar in San Francisco, CA, the
seminar was held from February 13th to the 17th. Furthermore, some of the top cyber experts in the
industry were available afterwards, to answer one–on–one questions. Even though, the one–on–one
was not a part of my package, I still learned some valuable information for the seminar. For
example, the seminar devoted a few hours to internet banking and provided the banking industry
with tips on how to thwart attacks and what forms those attacks might come in. After the seminar
concluded, I went to grab a quick bite to eat in the hotel restaurant, before catching my flight back.
Thus, I was excited to share all the information I learned with my ... Show more content on
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Furthermore, fraudsters use social engineering to deceive the bank customers and gain access to
sensitive online credentials (Schneider, 2013, p. 480). Unfortunately, fraudsters use phishing to hold
clients' customer data through making phone calls or sending emails to determine information on the
payment cards. Moreover, the information obtained through phishing enables the fraudsters to
obtain access and make withdrawals, thus forging the customers' identity. For example, backdoor
programs, such as Cart32, steal customer data (Schneider, 2013, p.430). Therefore, phishing not
only impacts negatively internet banking but also poses threats to the bank payment system.
According to Schneider (2013), the phishing scheme involves the fraudsters using stenography in
spoofed emails to lead bank customers to a prototype of their bank's websites that look legitimate.
However, the fake website would be designed to steal their information (p. 427). Thus, the websites
save customers financial information through coaxing bank customers to learn their credit card
numbers and social security numbers. Moreover, the fraudsters may use advertisements or deliver
emails that appear to be sent by IB bank. Further, the advertisements contain website links that
replicate customers' bank's website. Moreover, fraudsters may use mobile communication to ask
bank customers about the information concerning their banks

Wireless Sensor Network : Mobile Sensor Networks
"Secure & Efficient Data Transmission in Cluster Based Wireless Sensor Network" Anup Pawar
Student, M. Tech (Software Engineering), NHCE, Bangalore, India Abstract: Wireless Sensor
Network is a collection of homogeneous/heterogeneous wireless devices used to monitor the
changes in the surrounding of the wireless device. Each wireless device present in the network has
the capability of sensing the changes in the surrounding environment. Homogeneous sensors are
those which have same computational power, energy etc. Each node is battery powered which is
used to transmit the sensed data over the network. So efficient transmission of data in Wireless
Sensor Network is important and to transmit the data unaltered over the network to the receiver
security is important Clustering of Wireless Sensor Network is important to increase the network
scalability. Cluster Based Wireless sensor Network (CWSN) are organised in hierarchical manner. In
CWSN a leader node called Cluster Head (CH) is responsible for aggregation of data from the leaf
nodes which are present in the Cluster. In this paper we will discuss how to transmit the data
securely and efficiently over the network. 1. INTRODUCTION Cluster based Wireless Sensor
Network (CWSN) has been researched in order to minimize the network consumption for
transmitting data and increasing the wireless devices lifetime by maximizing the battery lifetime of
the device. In CWSN the nodes are arranged in a cluster, based on algorithms

Credentialed Jewelry
There is an often–repeated theme on these pages: before you buy fine jewelry, locate a credentialed
jeweler with the skill and know–how to help you find the perfect piece of jewelry for you.
Fine jewelry is an important purchases and it takes a skilled professional to ensure that you are
satisfied with your purchase. What does it take for jewelers to stay on top of their game so that they
can best help you? What actually goes into those credentials after a professional jeweler's name?
Every fall, members of the American Gem Society undergo a proud tradition: recertification of their
credentials. In order to maintain their AGS titles, they must take an exam that tests their knowledge
of gemology. The recertification exam comes with pages of ... Show more content on
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Alethea lives and breathes credentials. She took time out of grading recertification exams to answer
three questions that will help you better understand why professional credentials matter when
buying jewelry. What exactly is a credentialed jeweler and why do you think it's important to shop
with one? Shopping with a credentialed jeweler is like seeing any professional who is certified
annually–like a CPA, for example. It means they have committed to ongoing professional
development, including staying up to date on developments that affect their customers. AGS
credentialed jewelers are called "Titleholders" because they hold titles that differentiate them as
committed professionals. What is the importance of the recertification exam? AGS requires each of
our Titleholders to take an annual Recertification Exam to ensure they are up to date with the latest
gemstone treatments, ethical disclosures, Federal Trade Commission guidelines, marketing, and
appraisal principles. This test ensures your jeweler has the most relevant knowledge to keep your
best interests in mind when helping you shop for your special

Summary: Public Key Infrastructure
As an Information Security Director at a small software company that utilizes a Microsoft Server
2012 Active Directory. The company is made up of software developers and a relatively small
number of administrative. It would be in the best interest of the company to use a public key
infrastructure (PKI) in order to provide a framework that fosters confidentiality, integrity,
authentication, and nonrepudiation. Email clients, virtual private network (VPN) products, Web
server components, and domain controllers would utilize digital certificates issued by the certificate
authority (CA). Additionally, the company would use digital certificates to sign software developed
by the company in order to demonstrate software authenticity to the customer. PKI supports the
distribution and identification of public encryption keys, enabling users and computers to both
securely exchange data over networks and verifies the identity of the other party. It enhances the
security of data by ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
CAs can be public or in–house. Each have positive and negative characteristics. In–house is easy to
use and manage because the company is not dependent on an external entity for certificates. There is
no per–certificate cost. The down side of in–house is that it is more complicated than using external.
With in–house CA, the security and accountability of Public Key Infrastructure (PKI) is completely
on the organization's shoulder. This is bad if the company is small and does not understand or have
the resources to put toward PKI. External parties tend to trust a digital certificate signed by a trusted
external CA over a certificate from an in–house CA. Integration between an external Certification
Authority (CA) and the infrastructure of the organization is limited. External CA also means
organization need to pay per certificate. Lastly, external CA provides limited flexibility when
configuring, expanding and managing

Retinal Recognition And Biometrics
Retinal scanning: Like DNA each human retina is unique. Its complex structure makes harder to
bypass for intruders.
Unique pattern of a user retina is mapped earlier into system, then a low perceived beam of light is
casted on the eye to map and match with the stored retinal mapping of that user
Iris recognition: Iris is a thin circular structure in the eye. Infrared rays used to perform Iris
recognition. It's used to identify an individual by analyzing the unique pattern of the iris from a
certain distance. Iris of every human are different from each other. Iris recognition biometrics is
contactless, which makes it the most hygienic biometric modality
Fingerprint:
Fingerprint is widely used as it's cheap. The three basic patterns of ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
It works on the basis of 'tickets'. The client authenticates itself to the Authentication Server which
forwards the username to a key distribution center (KDC). The KDC issues a ticket–granting ticket
(TGT), which is time stamped and encrypts the secret key and returns the encrypted result to the
user's workstation. This is done infrequently, typically at user logon; the TGT expires at some point
although it may be transparently renewed by the user's session manager while they are logged in.
When the client wants to communicate with another node, then it needs to send the TGT to the
ticket–granting service (TGS), which usually shares the same host as the KDC. The Service must be
registered at TGT with a Service Principal Name (SPN). The client uses the SPN to request access to
this service. After verifying that the TGT is valid and that the user is permitted to access the
requested service, the TGS issues ticket and session keys to the client. The client then sends the
ticket to the service server (SS) along with its service request.
SSL
Secure Sockets Layer (SSL) is one of protocol of authentication methods.SSL uses a cryptographic
system that uses two keys to encrypt data ,a public key known to everyone and a

Network Security Concepts Essay
Network Security Concepts
File security falls into two categories, encryption and access. Access to files can mean physical
access to a computer with unsecured files or access via user permissions or privileges in the form of
access control lists (ACLs) (Strengthen Your Users' File Security, 2003). The files kept on a server
with NTFS storage can be locked to prevent anyone who does not have the correct permissions from
opening them. This is secure but can be bypassed with physical access to an open computer and
should not be used for sensitive information. The other method of securing files is by encrypting the
information in the files using an Encrypting File System (EFS), which employs public key
encryption privileges (Strengthen ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Secret and private keys are very similar and are often used interchangeably. The difference is that
secret keys are used for both encryption and decryption, while a private key is part of the
public/private key system and is used only for decryption (Cryptography, 2005). In both cases, the
key may be known only to a single person or a limited group of people in order to keep the key
secure.
Public–Key Infrastructure (PKI) is a method of verifying users on a network, while a digital
certificate is a reference from a neutral company that confirms the identity of an internet site (Shay,
2004, p. 321) and (Tomsho, G., Tittel, E. Johnson, D., 2004, P. 378). The digital certificate is issued
by a Certificate Authority (CA) such as Verisign, and a registration authority (RA) that acts as a
reference to identify an entity to a user of the website, and uses a directory that holds the certificate
and can revoke a company's digital status. The PKI technology is at the core of the digital
certificates used in almost all transactions on the internet. The PKI uses a cryptographic key pair,
one of which is public and one which is private, to authenticate the owner of the certificate (PKI,
2002).
In each of the layers of the OSI model, there are security risks that exist and are developing now,
and

Public Key Infrastructure
Public key infrastructure, known as PKI supports the distribution and identification of public
encryption keys which allows users and computers to securely exchange data over the internet and
networks to confirm the identity of the other party. Without PKI, sensitive information can still be
encrypted and exchanged, but there would be no assurance of the identity of the other party. Any
form of sensitive data exchanged over the Internet is reliant on PKI for security.
A standard PKI consists of several components: hardware, software, policies and standards,
administration, distribution of keys and digital certificates. Digital certificates are at the heart of PKI
as they confirm the identity of the certificate subject and bind that identity to the public key
contained in the certificate. A typical PKI includes several key elements. A trusted party, known as a
certificate authority or CA, acts as the root of trust and provides services that authenticate the
identity of ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The company can choose between using a public certification authority or operating an in house a
private CA.
The in–house approach provides the maximum level of control. Certificates and keys can be made
any time with little wait time. However, the cost of software licenses, maintenance fees, and the
expense to purchase and deploy the entire supporting infrastructure can be big. Also add in training
of a few employees or hiring new ones with the needed skills. The cost will pay for its self
eventually. (Walder, Bob. July 2003)
Outsourcing the PKI service will allow for faster implementation. The initial cost is low but will be
continuous. There is no need for training or new employees. Availability will be the key deciding
component. Will the outsourced company be available anytime? How long is the turnaround time
when requesting a certificate? (Walder, Bob. July

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