The Hybrid Clouds ( Inter Vehicle Clouds Essay

The Hybrid Clouds ( Inter Vehicle Clouds Essay
3.3Hybrid Clouds (Inter–Vehicle Clouds): HC is the combination of VC and VuC where VC serves as both service provider and consumer at the same
time. The motivation behind HC is that, vehicles moving on the road might rent their resources and might want to use cloud services at the same time.
NaaS and P2P are the most suitable examples for such scenarios. Nevertheless due to the ephemeral nature of VANET, connection among vehicular
nodes is very intermittent. But yet it can be argued that usually for P2P applications, the size of the files is fairly small making it suitable for short time
connection. Other potential applications for this architecture include IaaS in case of VC.[3]
Fig 5: Hybrid Cloud
II. ANALYSIS OF MOBILE CLOUD COMPUTING AND VEHICULAR CLOUD COMPUTINGVehicleCloud Computing is a new hybrid
technology consists of the combination of various networks such as mobile adhoc networks, wireless sensor networks, vehicular adhoc networks, and
cloud computing to provide better services for automatic cars such as control car movements and handling navigation system to provide reliable and
shorter routes,which also ensures safety. Security and privacy are the two major challenges for all wireless or wired networks that allow users to share
the same set of resources. The architecture of VCC can be classified into three layers: networks ,the wireless communication channel and cloud
computing. The first part is responsible for collecting the
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Hybrid Vehicles : Go Green
Eric Hung Ms. Giardino English 1A December 12, 2014 Hybrid Vehicles Are "Go Green" Hybrid (HEV) has been around a long period of time. In
fact hybrid cars describe a combination of two or more distinctive things. A hybrid vehicle has two motors one an electric motor and second a
gasoline motor. Combining two motors is the reason to reduce deficiencies. Gasoline motors are better at a high speed generating more power to the
motor than an electric car used low speed, during rush hours; vehicles are on a full stop and running. Hybrid cars are getting popular everyday in
public. With the becoming societal worries about green upheaval furthermore accomplishing huge lessening in fuel utilization, hybrid vehicles are
viewed as tasteful in... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This is recorded as the first half and half auto in the history. Later, in the begin of twentieth century, Henry Ford– father of vehicles industry– created
the first mechanical production system assembling plant to encourage the creation of gas–fueled auto. Real advancements in hybrid autos were
recorded when General Motors led investigations to deliver crossover autos on business premise. They tried by utilizing power at 13 mpg and
afterward used gas motor arriving at up to 40 mpg. The 1973 vitality emergency required the presentation of option ways depending less on oil and
gas. After ceaseless innovative work; GM, Ford, Chrysler, and the Department of Energy entered into an agreement to launch a project to create
(HEV). Destination of this joint wander was to make productive and financially savvy vehicles that are sheltered to utilize furthermore address
ecological concerns. After the disappointment of electric autos, auto producers focused all the more on utilizing HEV project to create vehicles. The
principal hybrid vehicle was advertised in the United States in the year 2000 by Toyota– the Japanese car titan named as 'Prius '. One advantage of a
hybrid vehicle is the quality of two motors use as part of it. Gasoline engine charges the batteries while it's running, and it must be charge through an
outlet. Hybrid vehicles at the same time do not require an outlet for charging reason.

Hybrid Battery Management System For Electrical Vehicle
CONCEPT EXPLORATION:
EXPLORE CONCEPTS:
The most important concept of Electric Vehicle is to get better in the quality, moderate the cost and more over this types of vehicles help consumers,
while traveling long distances, it aware them about the fuel and directs towards the nearest gas station, when the battery levels are low.
RESULTS OF NEED ANALYSIS:
In the particular stage the outputs, which are used for the need analysis are the inputs for the concept exploration.
At most need Analysis assist the system to verify and make clear that what types of requirements are needed to the particular system?
Results are the software code, which is developed in such a way that it can be modified ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
c.More over the system must be able to provide a possible way for future upgrade and other possible checks.
d.The size of the components should be selected in such a way that it should fulfill the performance limitations of the vehicle and the components
should be minimized and isolated.
b. Requirement Analysis:
Operation requirements Analysis of operation requirement
1.Provide machinery, which stores all the test results of the system for the future use. The main objective is to develop a system, which provides all
the test results and it can be used for future purpose in case of any defaults in the system.
2.Provide more number of technologies like GPS and GSM, which can increase the demand of the system and as well as it helps consumers to have an
interest.
3.More over the system must be able to provide a possible way for future upgrade and other possible checks. The main objective is to provide with
many number of technologies, which fulfill the customer needs and will be interested in particular systems.
The main objective is to place some of the extra connectors and other electronic switches for the further use incase of any failures.
4.The size of the components should be selected in such a way that it should fulfill the performance limitations of the vehicle and the components

should be minimized and

The Pros And Cons Of Hybrid Vehicles
Abstract
The Hybrid vehicle concept nowadays is on the path of becoming one of the brightest stars in the foreseeable future. Environmental issues that beset the
world today such as Global Warming, entail many long–term negative effects which in turn, must not only be solved through short–term solutions but
also be countered with long–term solutions that will benefit not just the future of society, but the future of planet earth and the well–being of its
inhabitants. In response to this global crisis, various industries and institutions are now searching for alternative energy sources such as the Hybrid
vehicle. The Hybrid vehicle seeks to reduce carbon emissions and reliance on petroleum and diesel by substituting majority of the powertrain ... Show
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Toyota introduced the first modern production hybrid vehicle, the Prius in Japan in 1997, and Toyota and Honda introduced hybrids to the US in 1999
and 2000. Both manufacturers use the same hybrid powertrain design, an input power–split system.
Fuel economy
Hybrid systems can increase fuel economy and reduce CO2 emissions by 35%. The precise reduction varies with the technology and capability of the
system. The reduction can be hard to quantify as there is no direct comparable non–hybrid vehicle. A study done by Vincentric on October 2014 which
compared 31 hybrids to the closest non–hybrids provides a direct comparison of the efficiency benefits and cost of hybrid systems.
Basics of Hybrid vehicle technology
A traditional vehicle has a mechanical drive train which includes combustion engine, fuel tank, gearbox, transmission and the wheels. A Hybrid vehicle
has two drive trains a mechanical and an electric. The electric drivetrain includes a battery and an electric motor. In principle these two drivetrains
should be connected together sharing some components such as transmission and

Hybrid Cars And Hybrid Electric Vehicles
In the present generation where automobiles are very important in daily life, there is two types of cars i.e. Gasoline vehicles and hybrid–electric
vehicles, hybrid–electric cars which used quite a while but not as much as their gasoline counterparts. The difference between these two cars is mainly
the Engine, tank, and the source on which the cars work. The hybrid–electric vehicle is more a computerized and electric version where it switch
between running on gasoline and electricity. Other than that major changes, these cars are fundamentally the same. The body and the maneuvering
design of these are fundamentally the same. Hybrid cars were few to come by when they were initially introduced, but current climate change and
pollution issues have encouraged people to opt for the cleaner and greener version of the automobile. Although both kinds of automobiles are being
used, there are a lot of aspects where these automobiles can be differentiated. A few comparisons between these two vehicles is stated below.
1.HISTORY:–
a.Hybrid: This type of engine vehicles were invented in the 19th century but it came into market in early 2000 and gained popularity in the 2005 from
then on many started to use this type of vehicles.
b.Gasoline: This type of vehicles were invented in 1876 in Germany and the usage of these cars was from 1882 and it is still very much in demand in
the market for its features.
2.WORKING :–
a.Hybrid: The electric power is fed to the electric motor from the

Consumer Buying Behavior of Hybrid Vehicles
Table of Content Title2 1.0Introduction2 1.1Background of the Study2 1.2Problem Statement2 1.3Research Objectives3 1.4Significance of the Study3
1.5Scope of the Study4 2.0Literature Review5 3.0Research Methodology7 3.1Theoretical Framework7 3.2Generation of Hypothesis7 4.0Conclusion8
Reference:9 Title Factors that affect consumer purchase decision of hybrid vehicles (Green Vehicles) in Malaysia. Introduction 1 Background of the
Study With the air pollution level rising day by day caused by the emission from conventional vehicles, many government bodies have put in effort to
enforce emission control policy since the late of 1960, and it is becoming strict with the EURO committee... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
b) What are the factors that support consumer into buying a hybrid vehicle? c) What are the factors that consumer worries about when purchasing a
hybrid vehicle? 4 Significance of the Study This study into the factors that affect the buying decision of hybrid vehicles in Malaysia could project
the trend and acceptance of hybrid vehicles here in Malaysia. With that information, local automobile makers can consider into developing our own
hybrid vehicles to offer the local markets a broader choice, as well as to stay competitive in the market. Additionally, this will be a good catalyst to
spark off "Go Green" concept into consumers' mind that is beneficial to the restoration and perseverance of the environment. 5 Scope of the Study In
this research, we will first take a general look and introduction into both the low pressure force induction technology and the hybrid technology further
then compare and contrast the pros and cons in detail. With both concept understood, we will begin to focus on the trend of hybrid vehicles here in
Malaysia, finding out the factors that support or deter the acceptance of hybrid vehicle through questionnaire aimed at hybrid owners and potential
hybrid owners, from then we can know what are the main factors and concern of buyer upon making a decision for a hybrid vehicle, and then conclude
what can be done to further

Hybrid Vehicles Vs. Electric Vehicles
In this day and age, our world is being consumed by the rapid growth of the world's population. From the beginnings of time with cave men
thousands of years ago up until the Industrial Revolution, the number of people living on this planet never passed a billion, and was always
growing at a slow pace. When the Industrial Revolution hit the population skyrocketed to over 7 billion people. The growth of population has not
slowed down since then, and more technological advances are popping up everyday to help balance the rapid growth. The amount of people in the
world is literally growing each and every day. As the population grows we put more demands on our planet to provide for the billions and billions of
people inhabiting it. The world... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In 1990, the decision by the California Air Resources Board to limit air pollution by enforcing the rule that 2% of each automaker's sales must have
zero emissions in the 1998 model year. This decision opened the door completely for electric vehicles and essentially mandated the automobile
industry to make developments in hybrid/electric vehicles (Anglin 1). Functional hybrids have additionally been around for over a century. By 1900,
a Belgian carmaker introduced a hybrid that had a small gasoline engine along with an electric motor. Like the history of electric cars, the production
of hybrid vehicles was at a standstill between the 1930's and 1960's due to the development of the piston combustion engine, and the fact that oil
consumption and air quality were not pressing issues. After this period of time, hybrid vehicles once again attracted interest and by the 1990's more
time and energy were going into the development of hybrid vehicles (Berman 1). Most manufacturers developed EV's on an experimental basis in the
1990's, often with research subsidies from the government. But since these initial breakthroughs, the manufacture of EV's driven solely by an electric
motor has been discontinued due to practical considerations. The key problem was their limited range, often less than 100 miles, and the recharging
process took upwards of several

Analysis Of Boost Converter And Interleaved Converter For...
Analysis of Boost converter and Interleaved Converter for Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor of Hybrid Electrical Vehicle Arpita Moon
Department of Electrical Engg. Priyadarshini College of Engg. Nagpur, India Prof.(Mrs.)B.S.Dani Department of Electrical Engg. Priyadarshini
College of Engg. Nagpur, India Rahul Argelwar Department of Electrical Engg. Priyadarshini College of Engg. Nagpur, India Abstract
–Different
converter topologies have been introduced for high power applications in recent years. This paper shows Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor in
Hybrid electrical vehicle is proposed by an interface of boost converter, interleaved converter and inverter as an integrated circuit. An inverter
/converter circuit is designed in such a way so as to operate or control the HEV during different modes of operation. The integrated circuit in HEV will
operate as a boost converter or interleaved converter depending on the load condition. The proposed integrated circuit will reduce the current ripple and
voltage ripple hence it will leads to reduction in switching, conduction losses, and thermal stress on the motor. The effectiveness of proposed integrated
circuit is simulated in MATLAB/ Simulink. The simulation shows that the integrated circuit have a high efficiency and can be used at high power
application. Keywords–boost converter; interleaved converter; ripple I.INTRODUCTION Electrical vehicles and Hybrid Electrical Vehicles are the
most commonly used drive

A Brief History of the Hybrid Vehicle
Brief History of Hybrid Vehicle Development
First built in the early 1900s by inventors tinkering with combinations of the electric motor and the gasoline engine, hybrid vehicles were dropped
when gasoline–fueled vehicles became more reliable and easier to start, and gasoline fuel more readily available. Research and development of hybrid
vehicles was revived by concern about oil dependency in the1970s and about air pollution in the late 1980s.
A number of hybrid vehicles have been built and tested since 1980. Some of these vehicles have impressed analysts with their performance and low
levels of exhaust and petroleum consumption. Interest in hybrid vehicles jumped in late 1993 with the announcement of funding for ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
The Series Hybrid Car: The gasoline engine in this car turns a generator and the generator can either charge the batteries or power an electric motor that
drives the transmission. Thus the gasoline engine never directly powers the vehicle.
All of the components form a line that eventually connects with the transmission.
[4]
Hybrid Components
Gasoline engine – The hybrid car has a gasoline engine much like the one you will find on most cars. However, the engine on a hybrid is smaller and
uses advanced technologies to reduce emissions and increase efficiency. The engine turns the generator. It is not able to power the car directly.
Fuel tank – The fuel tank in a hybrid is the energy storage device for the gasoline engine. Gasoline has a much higher energy density than batteries
do. For example, it takes about 1,000 pounds of batteries to store as much energy as 1 gallon (7 pounds) of gasoline.
Electric motor – The electric motor on a hybrid car is very sophisticated. Advanced electronics allow it to act as a motor as well as a generator. For
example, when it needs to, it can draw energy from the batteries to accelerate the car. But acting as a generator, it can slow the car down and return
energy to the batteries.

Generator – The generator is similar to an electric motor, but it acts only to produce electrical power. It is used mostly on series hybrids. It is

Review Of Motors From Hybrid Electric Vehicle
Review of Motors used in Hybrid Electric Vehicle
Ujjwal Singh
Department of Electrical Engineering
University of Texas at Dallas
800 W Campbell Rd, Richardson, Dallas (TX), 75080, USA uxs151330@utdallas.edu Abstract– This paper deals with the different motors used in the
hybrid electric vehicles. The performance like the efficiency of induction motor, internal permanent magnet motor and switched reluctance motor is
studied. In recent years permanent motors are often used for driving HEV. This paper compares the characteristics of Permanent Magnet (PM) motor
with Switched Reluctance Motor (SRM) and Induction Motor (IM) and gives us prospects for future development of HEV using these motors.
Keywords– Hybrid electric vehicle, permanent ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
They also use regenerative braking that converts kinetic energy of the vehicle into electrical energy that charges the battery rather than wasting that
energy in form of heat energy as conventional brakes does. The HEVs produces comparatively very less emissions from its ICE than a gasoline car.
Many HEVs reduces emission by turning off the ICE at idle situation and then restarting when needed.
This paper compares the characteristics and performance of IM, SRM and interior permanent magnet drive motor (IPM). HEVs were not widely
available until the launch of Toyota Prius in 1997 in Japan, which was followed by Honda Insight in the year 1999. The data related to design for
IPM is taken from the report on Toyota Prius HEV 2004 [1] and the comparison done with IM uses same design of the stator. Mostly it is said that
PM motor are the best match for the HEVs in terms of performance and efficiency. This is despite that induction motors and SRM have been used in
cars like Tesla and General Motors. Also the SRM and IM have an advantage over PM motor in terms of manufacturing cost and durability. SRM is
the perfect magnet free alternative as suggested in [2] and offers zero field coasting and controllable flux. Hence, the IM and SRM offer more
flexibility of controlling flux.В¬В¬
The paper also reviews some machine considerations like a SPEED model [3] using PC–BDC and PC–FEA for the Toyota Prius 2004 motor model
and is also validated using the data in [1]. The

Hybrid Vehicles : Are They As Good As People Think They Are?
Hybrid vehicles: Are they as good as people think they are? The hybrid vehicle is a popular choice for many buyers when purchasing a new vehicle
because of all the positives effects, but what buyers don't think about when purchasing these vehicles is the negatives effects they have. Over the last
twenty years, manufactures have made hybrid vehicles look spectacular, but the truth is not what it seems. The emissions of the vehicles are not as
good as advertised, the initial cost is significantly more than a normal vehicle, and the performance is compromised to compensate for better fuel
economy. The emissions of a hybrid vehicle are suppose to be low and better for the environment than a normal gas vehicle, but the pollution created by
... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The reason these materials take more energy to create is because they need to be lighter materials to keep the weight of the vehicle down to make
it a effective hybrid. Hybrid vehicles can be effective Another reason not to purchase a hybrid vehicle is the cost, most people know a hybrid vehicle
will cost them more money. In 2012 a brand new ford fusion base model would cost you $20,705 base price and the hybrid base model costing
significantly more at $28,775 roughly an $8,000 price increase (George & Hall–Geiser). The difference in cost per year is only $450 if you take the
difference in price and divide it by the $450 it shows that it will take you roughly 17 years to recuperate the difference in price of a hybrid vs. a gas
powered model (Find and Compare Cars). With the hybrid and gas powered vehicle having the same size gas tank and the cost to fill both vehicles the
gas the same, sill the hybrid has an average 41 miles per gallon in the city with the same gas powered model averaging 22 miles per gallon which is a
huge difference (Find and Compare Cars). The average mileage per gallon on the highway is 30 miles per gallon in the gas powered model and the
hybrid model averaging 36 miles per gallon, which would show little difference in distance where it

Essay about A Brief History of the Hybrid Vehicle
Brief History of Hybrid Vehicle Development
First built in the early 1900s by inventors tinkering with combinations of the electric motor and the gasoline engine, hybrid vehicles were dropped
when gasoline–fueled vehicles became more reliable and easier to start, and gasoline fuel more readily available. Research and development of hybrid
vehicles was revived by concern about oil dependency in the1970s and about air pollution in the late 1980s.
A number of hybrid vehicles have been built and tested since 1980. Some of these vehicles have impressed analysts with their performance and low
levels of exhaust and petroleum consumption. Interest in hybrid vehicles jumped in late 1993 with the announcement of funding for two major ... Show
It usually gives the car a range of 50 – 100 miles which is much less than that typically provided by a fuel tank (300 miles).
The electric motor is the device that provides motion in an electric car. It converts the energy it receives from the batteries into motion which is used to
turn a transmission which then in turn rotates the wheels. It is able to spin up to 15000 RPM and has up to 100 kW of power. Since this motion is
connected to the transmission, the transmission also spins the wheel up to this rate. Thus, electric cars would tend to move faster than gasoline
powered cars.
Components Common To Both The Electric Car And The Gasoline Powered Car
The transmission is the device that does the actual turning of the wheel in both cars.
There are several ways of combining the two sources of power found in a hybrid car.
The Parallel Hybrid Car: This has a fuel tank which supplies gasoline to the engine. In addition, it has a set of batteries that supplies power to an electric
motor. Both the engine and the engine motor can turn the transmission at the same time and the transmission then turns the wheels.
Figure 3 shows a typical parallel hybrid. The fuel tank and gas engine connect to the transmission. The batteries and electric motor also connect to the
transmission independently. As a result, in a parallel hybrid, both the electric motor and the gas engine can

Advantages Of Hybrid Vehicles
Traditional vehicles use gasoline or diesel to power a combustion engine, while hybrid vehicles use both the traditional combustion engine and an
electric motor ran on electricity. Hybrid vehicles are superior to their conventional counterparts when it comes to fuel efficiency. Like in traditional
vehicles, the combustion motor's alternator charges the vehicle's battery. But the difference is that in hybrid cars, there is an electric motor that can
utilize the energy generated by the alternator. The reason why hybrids are so efficient is that the alternator from the combustion engine charges the
battery which runs the electric motor. Therefore, hybrids can alternate from one energy source to the other, cutting down the amount of fuel needed
to go longer distances. Hybrids are also considered environmentally friendly because they produce 90 percent fewer emissions than their conventional
competitors. Hybrids are also flexible when it comes to their energy source. Hybrids can be fueled like normal cars are powered by wholly by
electricity, and of course, they can use both. Moreover, ghe electric motor is not the only aspect that contributes to hybrids' fuel efficiency. The feature
"Idle–off" is often found in Hybrid vehicles. Idle–off works much like a refrigerator's light bulb when the door is closed. When stopped, hybrid vehicles
will go into idle–off, turning off the combustion engine while still powering the interior technology with the vehicle's battery, saving fuel.

E Tron, Its Nascent Line Of Hybrid Electric Vehicles
Audi launches "e–tron," its nascent line of hybrid electric vehicles. The Audi A3 Sportback e–tron name is a mouthful. Once you get beyond the
lengthy moniker for this unusual plug–in hybrid electric vehicle (PHEV), calling it "e–tron" or "A3 e–tron" seems entirely appropriate. The "e–tron"
designation is an Audi registered trademark, representing this brand's electric and hybrid vehicle efforts, much in the same way Ford uses "Energi" to
describe its own line of electrified vehicles. The 2016 Audi A3 Sportback e–tron is its initial offering and will be followed by other models. That the
e–tron arrived on the market the same year Audi's diesel engines were put on hold due to parent Volkswagen's emissions scandal seems fortuitous,
although sales of this PHEV will certainly come in at a much lower rate than what the diesel models would have provided. Nevertheless, Audi's US
sales continue to rise despite the EPA's stop–sale order for its diesel engines. Indeed, customers have discovered that the marque's family of
gasoline–powered models are a sufficient substitute – lower fuel prices across the board has relieved consumer pressure to find the most efficient cars
too. 2016 Audi A3 Sportback e–tron The 2016 Audi A3 Sportback e–tron has a familiar look – in essence, it is a compact five–door A3 outfitted with a
turbocharged 1.4–liter, four–cylinder gas engine, an electric motor, and a battery pack. That pack is located behind the second row seat and can be
spotted by

Hybrid Vehicles And Climate Change
Hybrid Vehicles and Climate Change Are hybrid vehicles really that much better than normal gasoline vehicles? There are known pros and cons
of having hybrid vehicles. Climate change is a huge issue in society and continues to grow as a worldwide issue. Hybrid cars use both a battery
powered engine as well as a gas powered engine, it's a very complex system for more things to go wrong in. Also, it has a special system for storing
brake energy in an on board battery. Two motors in a vehicle have some strength and weaknesses. During idle the electric motor use no energy,
they turn off. When at low speeds the battery motor uses less gas than a standard gas motor. Gas motors are much better at faster speeds due to the
power it can give out and how heavy gas motors are. An example would be during traffic or rush hour the battery powered motor prevents excessive
gas usage. People enjoy a speedy and powerful feel while driving, so when the car speeds above 40 MPH the gas motor kicks in. The gas motor in
the hybrids charge the electric motors. A lot of electric vehicles owners get stuck because they can't charge their car just out of range of charging.
Using a hybrid car completely rids of that issue because the gas motor automatically turns on when the battery is running low on power. Hybrids do
not need to be plugged in at all. One of the big issues with hybrid vehicles is the price. With two motors and all the charging systems to manage them
as well as a way to produce power

Hybrid Vehicle Disadvantages
The pros and cons of Hybrid/Alternative Fueled Vehicles:
There are many factors to consider when purchasing a Hybrid or Alternative Fueled Vehicle. Most times when searching for a vehicle, consumers tend
to search for amenities to help cut cost. When considering alternative fueled vehicles, consumers have to keep in mind that there are several types of
hybrid vehicles with different operating abilities to choose from to satisfy the needs of the consumers. With hybrids, there are three types which are
hybrid electric vehicles, plug–in hybrid electric vehicles and all electric vehicles. Since they all operate differently, it is important to be informed to
ensure the consumer is happy and satisfied with their investment.
Hybrid Electric Vehicles consist of gasoline engines, electric motors and use advanced technology to operate. One of the technologies used is a
regenerative braking, which recaptures energy that is lost during coasting or braking. The use of the forward wheels is what turns the motor which
generates electricity and assist to slow the vehicle. There is also a normal hydraulic braking system that stops the vehicle when the regenerative
system isn't sufficient. Another technology used is the Electric Motor Drive/Assist which allows the electric motor to provide power and assist the
engine in accelerating, passing and hill climbing. It also allows a smaller, more efficient engine to be used. The electric motor in hybrids drives the
vehicle at low speeds,

The Expansion Of Electric And Hybrid Vehicles
Supposedly implicit in the term "leading edge technology" is the expansion of electric and hybrid vehicles in the GM line. Indeed, in order to
meet its commitment to help achieve 500,000 electric or hybrid vehicles on the U.S. road by 2017 and to help reduce the average carbon
emissions of U.S. cars by 15% by 2016, GM must continue to invest in green vehicles. However, multiple challenges currently stand in the way of
GM's previously defined goal to become an electric car provider. In fact, this paper suspects these challenges prompted GM to omit mention of
electric cars in its 2014 strategic plan, and insofar as the failure to specifically mention electric cars signifies a wavering in the company's commitment
to green technology, GM has opened itself up to significant criticism in the formulation of its 2015 strategy. Given the current price of Brent Crude at
$49.31 per barrel, down more than $50 in less than two years, demand for fuel–efficient cars has seen a precipitous decline. Through June 2015, the
market share for hybrid electric cars and electric vehicles accounted for 2.8% of automobile market share, down from 3.6% through the same period in
2014. Correspondingly, GM's plug–in hybrid Volt fell 35% in July. To make the outlook more dismal for electric cars, a global glut in oil and
weakening world demand both point to sustained low prices for oil over the medium term. Despite these negative signs, GM must reaffirm its
commitment to the design and

Hybrid Vehicle Research Paper
Hybrid Electric Vehicles and Their Advantages
'The HEV [Hybrid Electric Vehicle] concept goes back to 1905. On November 23 of that year, American engineer H. Piper filed for a patent on a hybrid
vehicle. Piper's design called for an electric motor to augment a gasoline engine'(1, pg 2) and thus, the HEV was born. Hybrid Electric Vehicles,
otherwise known as HEVs are vehicles that 'combine the internal combustion engine of a conventional vehicle with the battery and electric motor of an
electric vehicle'(2).
In this day and age car manufactures are trying to out–compete one another in terms of car features and sales. Technology has come a long way since
1905 but the principle is still the same: to produce ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Those who may doubt the potential for HEVs may ask: ?Why HEVs?? The Office of Transportation Technologies makes the following points about
HEVs:
?The practical benefits of HEVs include improved fuel economy and lower emissions compared to conventional vehicles?Hybrids will never be true
zero–emission vehicles, however, because of their internal combustion engine. But the first hybrids on the market will cut emissions of global warming
pollutants by a third to a half, and later models may cut emissions by even more?(2).
Although hybrid vehicles are not zero emission vehicles, they are a very good alternative to the conventional vehicles that are on the road today. With
the capability to have a higher fuel economy and emit lower amounts of pollution, hybrids are strong contenders against such vehicles as SUVs (sports
utility vehicles).
Another advantage that HEVs have is that they are competitively priced with other vehicles on the market today.
?The HEVs available for sale are very cost competitive with similar conventional vehicles. Any cost premium that may be associated with HEVs of the
future can be off–set by overall fuel savings and possible incentives?(2).
As a result of not having a very high price tag, in comparison with standard vehicles, HEVs are

Hybrid Electric Vehicles ( Phevs )
Abstract–Increased the numbers of Plug–in Hybrid Electric Vehicles (PHEVs) can have a significant impact on distribution system performance, such
as reduction in power quality and efficiency, increase in power losses and voltage variations, as well as an adverse impact on the customers' energy
price. This paper proposed approach evaluates the effect of integrating a large number of PHEV on power system operation as well as appropriate
operation of PHEVs can improve the voltage profile in the network by eliminating the voltage drops in highly–loaded buses with discharging reactive
power. Furthermore, the optimal placements for charging stations and renewable energy sources (RES) are identified. The objective function includes
minimizing the cost of power delivery to the PHEVs, the reducing losses as well as minimizing the voltage deviation between different buses in
distinct hours. For increasing the load factor of the network, special coefficient is introduced into the problem. The ratio between the hourly demand
and the peak in the day–ahead load characteristic is multiplied with the electricity tariffs which lead the aggregators to charge their PHEVs in off–peak
hours. For this purpose, Differential Evolution (DE) algorithm is presented for optimal planning of charging stations and RES. The proposed method is
implemented in 69–bus radial distribution system (RDS).
1. Introduction
Renewable energy resources are attracting the attention of energy developers. Renewable energy

Hybrid Vehicles : Hybrid Cars
Hybrid Vehicles Need To Be The Standard Hybrid vehicles are slowly gaining popularity despite American car company 's failure to utilize the hybrid
engine. During rush hours and heavy traffic, when vehicles are gaining most of their use, the hybrid engine helps reduce cost and maintain
environmental health. American automotive companies need to start utilizing hybrid engines rather than normal gasoline–fueled engines by making
hybrid engines the automotive standard. To begin with, the history of the super fuel–efficient vehicle began with Wolfgang Duerheimer who invented
the hybrid car when he combined an internal combustion engine with an electric engine. Companies such as general motors began experimentation with
hybrid cars during ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It is a dated and harmful invention that can be replaced with better and more advanced technology. Exactly how society quickly dealt away with
CDs once the internet and cloud storage was made available to the average household, the same type of mindset must be in place when advancing
the future of automotive vehicles. If there is an increase in demand there will be an increase in research to help better hybrid engines than there
already is. A lot of America is still obvious to the dangers caused by intense amounts of carbon emissions put into our atmosphere. Power has
always been a standard in American made engines. This is quality hybrid engines still lack. No hybrid engine is going to beat an eight cylinder
combustion engine in a towing match. In the opinion of an expert, " it wouldn 't serve the purpose of a truck" as of now. There is, however, a lot of
potential for it. The German car manufacturer, BMW, has already made a hybrid supercar that can go zero to sixty in four point five seconds. The
same advancements in speed can be made in the direction towards towing in trucks as well as other large vehicles. American car manufacturers only
need to invest more into hybrid engine research to achieve more powerful engines. Doing this will create a better overall satisfaction in almost all
consumer as they will be getting as much power without the high–cost gasoline that comes with such powerful combustion engines. One of

Hybrid Vehicles Essay
A hybrid vehicle uses multiple propulsion systems to provide motive power. This most commonly refers to gasoline–electric hybrid vehicles, which use
gasoline (petrol) to power internal–combustion engines (ICEs), and electric batteries to power electric motors. Modern mass–produced hybrids, such
as the Toyota Prius, recharge their batteries by capturing kinetic energy via regenerative braking. As well, when cruising or idling, some of the output
of the combustion engine is fed to a generator (merely the electric motor(s) running in generator mode[1]) which produces electricity to charge the
batteries. This contrasts with all–electric cars which use batteries charged by an external source such as the grid, or a range extending trailer.... Show
A forgotten attempt was by the Bill Clinton administration with the Partnership for a New Generation of Vehicles (PNGV)[3] program in September
29, 1993 that involved Chrysler, Ford, General Motors, USCAR, the DoE, and other various governmental agencies to engineer the next efficient and
clean vehicle. The resulting hybrid prototypes[4] never made it into production as the program was replaced by the hydrogen focused FreedomCAR
initiative[5] of George W. Bush's administration in 2001.
In the intervening period, the widest use of hybrid technology was actually in diesel–electric submarines, which operate in essentially the same manner
as hybrid electric cars. However, in this case the goal was to allow operation underwater without consuming large amounts of oxygen, rather than
economizing on fuel. Since then, many submarines have moved to nuclear power, which can operate underwater indefinitely, though a number of
nations continue to rely on diesel–electric fleets.
Automotive hybrid technology became successful in the 1990s when the Honda Insight and Toyota Prius became available. These vehicles have a
direct linkage from the internal combustion engine to the driven wheels, so the engine can provide acceleration power. The 2000s saw development of
plug–in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs), which can be recharged from the electrical power grid and don't require conventional fuel for short

Honda and Hybrid Electric Vehicles
Honda and Hybrid Electric Vehicles
Honda was founded in Hamamatsu, Japan, by Soichiro Honda in 1946 as the Honda Technical Research Institute. The company began as a developer
of engines for bicycles, but by 1949 it had produced its first motorcycle, called the Dream. In 1959, Honda entered the U.S. automobile and motorcycle
market by opening the American Honda Motor Company. A few years later, in 1963, Honda released its first sports car, the S500, in Japan. Honda
Motor Co. Inc. grew rapidly to become one of the largest automobile companies in the world. Its "globalization" strategy of building factories around
the world that would meet the needs of local customers had resulted in a total worldwide presence of more than 100 factories ... Show more content on
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Sales of hybrids were further hindered by consumer ignorance regarding hybrid technology: as of 2004, 50 percent of U.S. consumers still believed
that hybrid cars require battery regeneration via electric plug.
Hybrid cars were also expensive to produce relative to traditional automobiles. While Honda charged a sales price for the Insight that was comparable
to its non– hybrid counterparts––around $20,000, depending on options–it was estimated that Honda lost as much as $8,000 per car when the hybrids
were originally launched, as a result of insufficient volume to achieve economies of scale.
Total Hybrid Electric Passenger Vehicle Sales in United Sates, 2000
–2004
YearUnit sales
20009,367
200120,287
200235,691
200347,525
200483,153
Strategy at Honda
At Honda, being an environmental leader means never uttering the words "It can't be done." That's why for more than two decades Honda has led the
way in balancing what consumers want with what the environment needs. Technologies change over time–but our commitment to the environment
never will.
Honda Corporate Web Site, August 2003

Honda's strategy had consistently emphasized innovation, independence and environmental friendliness. In 1972, Honda introduced the Civic, which
became n immediate success, ranking first in U.S. fuel–economy tests for four consecutive years starting

Hybrid Electric Vehicles ( Phevs )
However, (Weiller, 2011) presented that a number of existing investigations have found that plug–in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs) have emissions
advantage more than hybrid electric vehicles (HEV) and conventional vehicles considerably when representing grid emissions [1–4]. Furthermore,
EPRI, 2007; Yang, 2009; Yeh, 2009). Jamarillo et al. (2009) Find that PHEVs have the ability to reducing emissions by 6
–16 % compared to
conventional gasoline vehicles, even in the case of electricity use coal without carbon capture and storage is used to power transportation. (ElNozahy,
2015) Pointed that an additionally examine in the U.S [9, 10] indicated that though 43% of the U.S Light–obligation vehicle fleet is supplanted by
PHEVs, the aggregate... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
, 2009; Gonder et al. , 2009), and reduces greenhouse gases emissions GHGs) relying on the raw materials of the marginal supply of electricity used
to charge them (McCarthy and Yang, 2009; benjamin What 's more Hirsh, 2009). Furthermore, (Yang, 2013) conducted that compare with a base
conventional vehicle, a PHEV can decrease gas utilization by more than 70%, given the accessibility of daytime charging. (Denholm et. al, 2013)
presented that PHEVs are comparable to conventional hybrid electric vehicles, yet all the characteristic a bigger battery and plug–in charger that lets
electricity from the grid to displace a part of the petroleum fuel drive energy. Also, PHEVs reduce petroleum utilize and output fewer tailpipe emissions
when operating electrically, in any case without the extent constraint of immaculate battery electric vehicles. They additionally diversification and cost
stabilization on fuels, since electricity could make produced from a lot of various elementary fuel sources. Also, (Zhang et. al, 2011) found that given
the magnitude of establishment the infrastructure that would be required high power, non–home charging locations, large batteries with home 1. 44
kW charging show the probability for reducing fuel consumption with a significant minimum

Hybrid Vehicles Are Environmentally Friendly Vehicles
Hybrid vehicles, which are environmentally friendly vehicles, which will replace fossil fueled car in the future but they have a limited range and long
fueling time. As fossil fuel resources start to become limited and non–environmentally friendly, car manufacturers are looking to find ways to make
hybrid vehicles the future of transportation. Hybrid vehicles are beneficial since they are efficient, reduce pollution, and cut global emission than the
current hybrids models. As such, hybrid–electric vehicles can have real public benefits for both the environment and for energy security. Hybrid
vehicles can help reduce smog pollution by ninety percent or more in comparison to the cleanest conventional vehicles today. Hybrids also give a
rewarding tax insensitive in a way to get more people to buy and drive hybrid vehicles to help keep the environment clean. As for now, hybrids
have their strengths and weaknesses that haven 't been perfected yet, but they keep on getting better each year. The reason hybrid vehicles get better
gas mileage is because of the small electric motor that provides a little extra power to the small engine compared to the big gasoline powered
engines. Even though hybrid vehicles have a short mile range with a small electric engine you can drive an extra mile to the gas station in case of an
emergency when you accidentally run out fuel. Hybrid cars are known to get five miles per gallon better mileage on average than a traditional internal

Description of a Hybrid Vehicle
A hybrid vehicle is a vehicle that uses two or more distinct power sources to move the vehicle.[1] The term most commonly refers to hybrid electric
vehicles (HEVs), which combine an internal combustion engine and one or more electric motors. However other mechanisms to capture and utilize
energy are included. Power Power sources for hybrid vehicles include: * On–board or out–board rechargeable energy storage system (RESS) * Coal,
wood or other solid combustibles * Electricity * Electromagnetic fields, Radio waves * Compressed or liquefied natural gas * Human powered e.g.
pedaling or rowing * Hydrogen * Petrol or Diesel fuel * Solar * Wind Vehicle type A biodiesel hybrid bus in Montreal
... Show more content on
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Rail transport Main article: Hybrid train East Japan Railway Company HB–E300 series Europe The new Autorail Г grande capacitГ© (AGC or
high–capacity railcar) built by the Canadian company Bombardier for service in France. This has dual mode (diesel and electric motors) and dual
voltage capabilities (1500 and 25000 V) allowing it to be used on many different rail systems.[7] The locomotive has been on trials in Rotterdam,
the Netherlands with Railfeeding, a Genesse and Wyoming company. China The First Hybrid Evaluating prototype locomotive was designed and
contracted by rail research center MATRAI in 1999 and the sample was ready in 2000. It was a G12 locomotive that was converted to hybrid by
using a 200KW diesel generator and batteries and also was equipped with 4 AC traction motors (out of 4) retrofited in the cover of the DC traction
motors. Japan The first operational prototype of a hybrid train engine with significant energy storage and energy regeneration capability was
introduced in Japan as the KiHa E200. It utilizes battery packs of lithium ion batteries mounted on the roof to store recovered energy.[8] North
America In the U.S., General Electric introduced a prototype railroad engine with their "Ecomagination" technology in 2007. They store energy in a
large set of sodium nickel chloride (Na–NiCl2) batteries to capture and store energy normally dissipated during dynamic braking or coasting downhill.
They expect at least a 10% reduction in fuel use

Hybrid Types Of Hybrid Electric Vehicles
Full Hybrid Transmission System 1FULL HYBRID DESCRIPTION Hybrid Electric Vehicles (HEV) differentiates from basic electric vehicles (EV)
through their use of two power sources. The purpose of having two power sources is to utilize the properties of both the electric component and
combustion engine to create a vehicle that's more efficient and less environmentally damaging. Different types of hybrid systems utilise different
properties of the power sources through compromise, allowing better performance for the vehicles specifications. Full Hybrids, considered the most
fuel efficient, can automatically swap between series, parallel and full–electric modes (further explained below) allowing the vehicle to run at full
utilization and economy through different uses, such as in traffic, highway driving and racing. Examples of full hybrid vehicles include that of the
Toyota Prius and many of Toyota's Synergy Drive Hybrid range. Series powertrains refer to using an electric motor to rotate the wheels, whilst the
alternate power source drives an on board generator which essentially increases the reliability of the electric motor without directly powering the
wheels. Unlike series mode, in parallel mode both power sources are used to provide power to the wheels. This can be configured in a wide variety of
ways by alternating the use of full–electric or full–combustions, or having different wheels powered by different sources, i.e. front wheels electric drive
and back wheels

Hybrid Electric Vehicles ( Electric Vehicle )
Imagine a world in which the air we breathe is clean, the skies are blue, automobiles are sleek and fast, and don't burn fossil fuels. That world could
be coming. It's a world filled with clean running electric vehicles. An EV (electric vehicle) is a vehicle that gets some or all of its power for
propulsion from the electric grid. These cars present one of the best alternatives to gas based vehicles as they are environmentally friendly, and
circumvent the distribution of harmful elements such as carbon emissions into the atmosphere. Some of the manufactures for the EVs and their models
include the Nissan LEAF, the Mitsubishi iMiEV, andplug–in hybrid electric vehicles (part gasoline, part electric battery), such as the Chevrolet Volt or
... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In 1908 the electric car suffered a big blow. That year, Henry Ford introduced the mass–produced Model T. It made gasoline–powered cars widely
available and affordable. By 1912, the gasoline car cost only $650, while an electric car sold for $1,750. By the 1920s, the U.S. had much better roads
connecting cities, which Americans were eager to explore. When crude oil was discovered in Texas, gas became cheap and was easily available to
rural Americans, while few had electricity. By 1935, electric vehicles had all but disappeared (Energy.gov, 2014). Commercially available EVs hit the
market again in 2011 (Larson, P., ViГ
Ўfara, J., Parsons, R., Elias, A., 2014). Environmental concerns about air quality, growing concerns about global
warming, and finite fossil fuel supplies prompted a new emphasis on the production of more fuel–efficient vehicles (Nayum, KlГ¶ckner., Mehmetoglu,
2016). These concerns led to the development of improvements in automobile materials, system technologies, and the design of improved
rechargeable battery systems that are smaller, lighter weight, and have a longer lasting charge. Advances such as these have rapidly accelerated the
design of better, more reliable EVs (Coffman, Bernstein, Wee, 2016). Unfortunately, sales of these vehicles are not progressing as quickly as had been
hoped, some prominent reasons being that EV vehicles are still too expensive, consumers continue to have "range anxiety" (the fear of

Engineering Principles And Processes Of A Hybrid Electric...
Table of Contents
Engineering Principles and Processes2
i.Briefly describe the difference between a "Hybrid Electric Vehicle" and an Electric Vehicle.2 ii. With the aid of diagrams explain the difference
between a Series and Parallel Hybrid Electric Vehicles.2 iii. Research and outline the function, engineering principles and operation of the following
parts of a Hybrid Electric Vehicle. Include suitable diagrams to aid your explanations.3
Regenerative braking3
Battery types used3
Electric motors4 5
Internal combustion engine (Relate the information to HEVs)5
Case Study – Toyota Camry Hybrid6
i.Location and size of the manufacturing facility.6 ii. Picture of your vehicle.6 iii. List the technical specifications of ... Show more content on
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ii.With the aid of diagrams explain the difference between a Series and Parallel Hybrid Electric Vehicles.
Both series and parallel hybrid electric vehicles primarily contain the same parts, however, they are configured differently. Both types ofhybrid electric
vehicle contain a gasoline–based engine, a battery which is rechargeable, an inverter, transmission and an electric motor. The main difference
between the two, disregarding the difference in sizes of the separate parts, is that series hybrid electric vehicles have a generator whereas in a
parallel hybrid electric vehicle the motor acts as a generator. Moreover, in a parallel HEV, the engine is directly connected to the wheels, however this
is not the case in a series HEV.
In a parallel HEV, the motor and the combustion engine work in accordance to power the vehicle. The gasoline–based engine and motor are both
connected to the transmission. As fuel travels to the engine or the battery is turned on, it propels the car.
In a series HEV, the motor is charged by the battery or generator (powered by gasoline–based engine). Thus, the gasoline engine does not directly
propel the car, unlike in the parallel HEV. The transmission is responsible for determining how much energy is required and whether to retrieve it
from the battery or the generator. Pictured above, is a parallel HEV system, as made obvious by the position of the electric motor and

Hybrid Electric Vehicle Research Papers
Joe Martinez ID: 009806210, Enrique Manzo ID:009614447
Electrical Engineering Department, California State University, Long Beach
1250 Bellflower Blvd, Long Beach, CA 90840
Joe.Martinez@student.csulb.edu
Enrique.Manzo@student.csulb.edu
Professor Dr. Sleiman
Fall Semester December 1, 2015
Introduction
Purpose:
The purpose for this research report is so that students can familiarize themselves with hybrid electric vehicles and their features that make them unique
in contrast to other vehicles. This report will educate the reader on the "BMW i8's" vital components such as the engine, battery, and other elements
related to electric vehicles. To put into perspective the significant advantage hybrid electric vehicles have over vehicles ... Show more content on
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In SPORT mode, the thrust and brake regenerative energy are their peak and thus it is the ideal mode when charging the battery. In HYBRID mode,
the battery is charged via by brake energy regenerative, thus not much energy is fed back to the battery in this state.
Engine: The BMW i8 consists of a TwinPower Turbo 1.5 litre 3–cylinder petrol engine rated at 362 HP along with a torque of 420 lb–ft. The petrol
portion of the engine is rated 231 HP whilst the electric motor is rated 131 HP for a combined total of 362 HP. In addition, the vehicle is capable of
achieving speeds of 62 MPH in 4.4 seconds, peaking 155 MPH. The top speed the vehicle is capable of reaching varies from SPORT mode to HYBRID
mode.When driving the BMW i8 in both SPORT and HYBRID modes, the vehicle is capable of achieving up to 76 MPGe. Furthermore, though the
vehicle of able to reach speeds of up to 155 MPH in SPORT mode, the hybrid electric vehicle is only capable of achieving speeds of up to 75 MPH for
22 miles while in HYBRID mode only. In addition, when driving the vehicle strictly on gas, the hybrid electric vehicle is capable of driving up to 28
MPG.
Compare and Contrast
In efforts to display the pros and cons of owning a hybrid electric vehicle, the BMW i8 will be compared to the Honda Civic Type–R. To start off, the

BMW i8 is a hybrid electric vehicle whilst the Honda Civic Type–R is a vehicle that runs on petrol only. Due to the design and structure of the i8, the

The Hybrid Vehicle Is A Hybrid Electric Vehicle
Since 1984 the United States military has been using various versions of the High Mobility Multipurpose Wheeled Vehicle (HMMWV), or Humvee as
it's more commonly known. As the environment, technology, and mission needs change, so must the design and capabilities of vehicles used by the
military. A version of the Reconnaissance, Surveilling, Targeting Vehicle (RST
–V) nicknamed The Shadow is a hybrid electric vehicle developed to
meet the changing demands. Its creation is intended to meet the demands of an ever changing battlefront and reduce the limitations posed by previous
vehicles. This paper will cover what a hybrid vehicle is, brief history of the technology, how it is being used to develop new vehicles for the military,
and what ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The first hybrid electric vehicle is developed by Ferdinand Porsche in 1901. The Lohner–Porsche Mixte Hybrid, being the first ever of its kind, makes
use of a gasoline powered engine in conjunction with electric generators and motors. In the early 1980's hybrid vehicles become more advanced
through the use of the regenerative brake design. Modern versions of hybrids enter the scene in the late 1990's with the Honda Insight and Toyota
Prius. These models suffer a slow start due to high purchase costs and relatively low costs of fuel. As the purchase price of hybrid vehicles decline
over the following years and the cost of fossil fuels increase, hybrids have become increasingly popular. Today, the use of hybrid vehicles are
continuing to rise and become more popular with the addition of plug–in hybrid electric vehicles. Plug–in vehicles are able to be charge from an
external power source while it is parked, allowing for the batteries to fully charge without the use of the combustion engine. This technology isn't
only for civilian applications. The Shadow is developed by two American companies, General Dynamic Land Systems (GDLS) and Lockheed Martin
Missiles and Fire Control. They are awarded an initial contract in 1997 by the Office of Naval Research as well as the Defense Advanced Research
Agency (DARPA). The purpose of this contract is to create a vehicle compatible to meet multiple mission variants, which is currently being fulfilled

Hybrid Cars : Advantages And Effects Of Hybrid Vehicles
Hybrid is a term used to describe a combination of two or more distinctive things, aiming to accomplish a common objective. A hybrid vehicle is a fuel
efficient vehicle having two motors– one a gasoline powered motor and the other electric motor. The reason for combining two motors is using their
strengths and reducing deficiencies. Electric motor is used at low speed wile gas motors perform better at high speed generating extra power for a
particular motor weight. During rush hours, when vehicles are continuously stopping and running, performance of electric motor is appreciative. Gas
motor supports higher speed supporting driving at the highways. (Anderson 134–45) Hybrid vehicles are continuously gaining popularity in the general
public. With the growing societal concerns about green revolution and also achieving significant reduction in fuel consumption, hybrid vehicles are
considered satisfactory in performance. They have become so popular that certain tax incentives have been offered by the government on hybrid
vehicles. Due to their better performance compared with gas powered vehicles, we present the thesis of our paper as follows: Thesis statement: it is
hypothesized that compared with the gas powered vehicles, hybrids offer more benefits in maintenance, are cost–effective, and most importantly
environmental–friendly. History of Hybrid Cars A steam–powered motor carriage was used in France in the eighteenth century. In the next century, a
car with electric motor

The Hidden Cost Of Hybrid Vehicles
Victor Samaniego
December 16, 2014
GEO 368
The Hidden Cost of Hybrid Vehicles
One of the most debated subjects in today's society is the growing concern over global warming. This concern is derived from the increase in global
pollution from many aspects but in particular greenhouse gasses. This increase in pollution is attributed to a growing population that is more
dependent on modern commodities. Of these commodities one of the greatest contributors to this cycle are motor vehicles. Because of the growing
concern over the environmental effects of cars, manufacturers have began to develop new vehicle types in order to reduce the amount of pollution
emitted through carbon emissions. Some of the options available now being produced by ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This particular project will observe how the carbon footprint of automobiles effect the global climate? Has the introduction of "eco–friendly" vehicles
changed this footprint? Ultimately the end result will yield the environmental impact of "eco–friendly" vehicle production, and whether it can outweigh
its carbon footprint. It is important to note that both the environmental effects and economic effects are crucial in the advancement of technologies
used by the auto–manufacturers; in a sense both are dependent on the other.
The purpose of this paper is to support the amateur research experiment in regards to the efficiency of combustion and combustion hybrid engines. A
brief literature review on the effects of automobile use and production will help draw a conclusion as to whether hidden environmental effects outweigh
its marketed green value.
Environmental Effects of Motor Vehicle Exhaust The importance of the environmental effects attributed to the use of motor vehicles cannot be
understated; as one of the primary producers of chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) cars a greatly responsible for the increase of greenhouse gasses (Desonie,
2009). Greenhouse gasses are considered to be the primary reason for the rise in global temperatures. Within the entire existence of the motor vehicle,
or approximately one hundred years, the temperature of the earth

The History Of Hybrid Vehicle
A hybrid vehicle, in its most simple definition, is one that utilizes two or more distinct power sources to move it. When considering this vehicle type,
the most common configuration is a Hybrid Electric Vehicle (HEV). This frequently used configuration combines an internal combustion engine and
one or more electric motors to move the vehicle. To better understand the concept ofhybrid vehicle technology, the areas that of the topic that should
be focused on are the history of hybrid vehicles, their progression, how hybrid systems work, and the positives and negatives of the use of this
technology today.
The history of modern hybrid vehicle technology can be traced back as early as the beginning of the 20th century. In 1900, Ferdinand Porsche
developed a vehicle known as the "Mixte," a 4 wheel–drive series hybrid carriage with a later design that featured hub–mounted electric motors in each
wheel, powered by a gasoline generator. When considering more modern technology designs such as regenerative braking, in which energy developed
during the braking process is converted to energy that powers the car, the earliest predecessor can be found dating back to 1967. This concept was first
implemented in the American Motors vehicle known as the "Amitron," a battery powered urban vehicle, and served as the first use of this technology
in the United States. Although certain concepts and ideas were developed early on in the 20th century, their widespread implementation did not occur

Advantages And Disadvantages Of Hybrid Vehicles
Abstract
Although the internal combustion engine vehicle is the most popular vehicle type in the world it has serious problem relating to its exhaust emissions
and the drown back of energy resources and high demand of petrol and diesel etc. the motor industry is trying to solve these kind of problem and
developed many different kind of vehicle which use alternative energy, compressed natural gas, and solar energy, and electricity etc. The hybrid vehicle,
which combines of the internal combustion engine and the battery.
This reach report is also describes how the history of hybrid vehicle and the definition and the introduction of hybrid vehicle and the components of
hybrid vehicle and the advance technology in hybrid vehicle the types of hybrid vehicle at last the advantages and disadvantages of hybrid vehicle .
Introduction,
Hybrid vehicle become more popular due to the cost of fuel ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The aim of this report to show the technical structure and lay out of research report it will show brief explanation off the chapters is to investigate
some of the control options of the series and the parallel hybrid vehicle using In particular the simulation studies will be used to investigate the fuel
consumption and energy use of the different hybrid structures.
Chapter 1 will be on history hybrid vehicle Chapter 2 the Definition and introduction of hybrid vehicles the simple layout of what is hybrid vehicles
why is the hybrid vehicles selected and how the hybrid vehicles work. Chapter 3 then describes Characterised off hybridization in chapter 4,
Components of hybrid vehicle chapter 5 advance technologies in hybrid vehicle, chapter 6 types off hybrid vehicle and chapter7 describes advantages
and disadvantages of hybrid vehicles. And at last the conclusion from the work and the areas of further work is discussed

Hybrid Vehicle
Abstract: As gas prices raise the average automobile consumer demands a better, more fuel efficient vehicle. This demand has forced manufacturers to
begin producing hybrid vehicle; first four door hybrid sedan was unveiled by Toyota in 2000. The Toyota Prius' success encouraged it competitors to
roll out their hybrid cars as well setting a common standard for environmentally friendly and efficient vehicles. The relationship of consumer and
manufacturer in the car industry on a macro level has always been one in relative equilibrium. As demand increases the car manufacturers have
increased supply. The green movement in the United States pushed for hybrid vehicles and car manufacturers responded by producing more vehicles,
making the... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This can be seen by the younger age group that has recently begun purchasing hybrid vehicles. Sales in 2005 of hybrid vehicles only 12.34% were
purchased by individuals ages 30–39 and only 9.61% were purchased by individuals ages 20–29; in 2011 12.68% were ages 30–39 and 17.84% were
ages 20–29. (Priuschat.com) The increasing attention the younger population places on environmentally friendly and less gas consuming vehicles
the more likely corporations are going to spend time and energy devoted towards its research and development. Hybrid cars in themselves have
become more and more fuel efficient from a Prius bought in 2005 which provided an EPA estimated 37.2 miles per gallon is in 2011 providing 42.7
miles per gallon. With media attention car manufacturers are increasing what the vehicle can do and making them more and more efficient. A major
factor for individuals who are seeking to purchase a new vehicle is the cost of gasoline which has risen almost 32% since January 2011. The chart
below indicates the trend of increasing gas prices. As prices increase demand inherently falls creating room for alternative products to step in. "16% of
Prius buyers stated that the primary reason for buying the Prius was to save money on gas."(inflationdata.com). The fact that a meaningful number of
people can reasonably expect for their hybrid purchase to save them money is perhaps the most important indicator for future hybrid

Fusion And Hybrid Electric Vehicle
Three model years passed by and I finally got behind the wheel again of a Ford Fusion. Just like the last time, this model was the Fusion Energi, a
plug–in hybrid electric vehicle based on Ford's popular midsize car. Now in its fifth model year, the 2017 Fusion Energi is a close match to the
standard hybrid model as well as to the gasoline version. Besides the electric charging port located just ahead of the driver's door, the other differences
have to do with badging – you'll find Fusion Energi markups on the exterior as well as inside the sedan. And that's a good thing too – the Fusion is
already an attractive model and no styling differentiation is warranted. Some manufacturers opt for silly looking grilles or other embellishments to
distinguish gas and hybrid models. On the other hand, it seems Ford decided that a near uniform look for all Fusion models is entirely sufficient. 2017
Ford Fusion Energi Platinum The 2017 version welcomes a third trim level, Platinum, joining the SE and Titanium editions. Also new this year is the
grille, exterior LED lighting, and SYNC 3 infotainment system. All models now come with an 11–speaker audio system and a new rotary transmission
selector. What hasn't changed is the 2.0–liter, four–cylinder engine powering this model nor the permanent–magnet AC–synchronous electric motor or
the lithium–ion battery. Also present is an electronically controlled continuously variable transmission to turn the front wheels. Selling hybrids is a

Hybrid Vehicles and Their Effect on the Environment Essay
Today, people use their own personal vehicles to travel more than ever before. Personal transportation is no longer considered a luxury; it is now
considered a necessity. The number of cars in the United States has been growing steadily since the 1970s. The number of miles traveled by cars has
risen nearly 150 percent, yet the United States population has only grown roughly 40 percent during that time (hybridcars.com, Driving Trends).
Although it may seem like we are advancing into the future, in reality, we are moving backwards from the effects these vehicles have on our bodies
and the environment. The pollution produced by these vehicles has brought us to the day where we must find other modes of transportation that cause
less... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
On the other hand, there are still other pollutants that have a greater effect on people and the environment.
Carbon Monoxide Carbon monoxide is a colorless, odorless, poisonous gas that affects the flow of oxygen to one's brain and other parts of the body.
This gas merges with the hemoglobin in a person's blood, which then weakens the flow of oxygen in the body (hybridcars.com, Pollutants). The effects
are severe and in some cases deadly towards smokers and people with heart disease (Larminie 246). This toxin can permanently alter the central nervous
system throughout the body (hybridcars.com, Pollutants). Carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide are not the only pollutants that come from vehicles.
Sulphur and Nitrogen Oxides Sulphur oxides and nitrogen oxides both have great effect on the lungs. Sulphur oxides cause respiratory illnesses,
mostly in children, the elderly, and people who already have heart and lung diseases (hybridcars.com, Pollutants). Nitrogen oxide causes the lungs to be
irritated and increase the chances of infection. Nitrogen oxide can also react with other surrounding agents to cause ground level ozone, or smog. The
creation of the ozone then "irritates the eyes, damages the lungs and causes respiratory problems" (Larminie 246).

Why Hybrids Vehicles Are Better Than Gas
Why Hybrids Vehicles Are Better Than Gas Introduction Hybrid is a term used to describe a combination of two or more distinctive things, aiming to
accomplish a common objective. A hybrid vehicle is a fuel efficient vehicle having two motors– one a gasoline powered motor and the other electric
motor. The reason for combining two motors is using their strengths and reducing deficiencies. Electric motor is used at low speed wile gas motors
perform better at high speed generating extra power for a particular motor weight. During rush hours, when vehicles are continuously stopping and
running, performance of electric motor is appreciative. Gas motor supports higher speed supporting driving at the highways. (Anderson 134–45) Hybrid
vehicles are continuously gaining popularity in the general public. With the growing societal concerns about green revolution and also achieving
significant reduction in fuel consumption, hybrid vehicles are considered satisfactory in performance. They have become so popular that certain tax
incentives have been offered by the government on hybrid vehicles. Due to their better performance compared with gas powered vehicles, we present
the thesis of our paper as follows: Thesis statement: it is hypothesized that compared with the gas powered vehicles, hybrids offer more benefits in
maintenance, are cost–effective, and most importantly environmental–friendly. History of Hybrid Cars A steam–powered motor carriage was used in
France in the eighteenth

Electric Vehicles Vs Hybrid Vehicles
My recommendation report will be focusing on the Electric vehicles versus Hybrid vehicles by keeping in view two criterions. Problem The use
of vehicles has solved many of our problems and has facilitated the human kind in many aspects starting from transportation purposes to the time
efficiency. If we just be looking at the positive side of the vehicles then the negative aspects of the use of vehicles will be hidden from us.
(Hooftman, Oliveira, Messagie, Coosemans, & Mierlo, 2016)The two important aspects that bring negativity in the selection of the vehicles are its
effects on environment and also its costs as compared to the benefits it is giving. The paper will select two types of vehicles and will analyze them
on the basis of environment concerns and cost/benefit analysis to provide a better solution to select which product is the best. The basic problem
which is arising is that which product is most effective to be used which will satisfy both the criteria selected for the analysis. The two criteria
selected are actually the 2 most important aspects of selecting any vehicle. Scope The paper compares two vehicles Electric Vehicles and Hybrid
Vehicles on the following two criteria; 1.Environmental Concerns 2.Cost/Benefit Analysis The above mentioned 2 criteria will be used to make a
comparison and analysis of report of the two vehicles to judge their effectiveness and efficiencies in both the criteria. Discussion Environmental
Concerns With the latest advancement in

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