Erik Erikson's Eight Stages of Psychosocial Development

The Developmental Theory Created By Erik Erikson
Abstract
This paper explores the developmental theory created by Erik Erikson, which focuses on the major psychosocial dilemmas that a person struggles with
over the course of their entire life. Following a brief biography of Erikson's life, the paper will touch upon the 8 stages between birth and death wherein
the most psychologically significant of these dilemmas take place. It will discuss the psychological impact of trust versus mistrust, autonomy versus
shame and doubt, initiative versus guilt, and industry versus inferiority on early development from infancy through childhood. It will then cover the
significance of identity versus role confusion, intimacy versus isolation, generativity versus stagnation, and integrity versus despair on the mind from
adolescence to late adulthood. The importance of the specific positive concept in each struggle, including the accepted ways in which to help those
concepts to flourish and grow, will be explored. Conversely, the likely causes of each of the negative concepts and their psychological impact on
stunting the emotional growth of the individual will also be discussed, along with the influences that many of these concepts impact each other both
directly in the next stage of development and indirectly many stages later.
Erik Erikson and a Lifetime of Development
The Life of Erik Erikson
Erik Erikson was born on June 15th, 1902 to mother Karla Abrahamsen in Frankfurt, Germany. Estranged since birth from his father, a stockbroker
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This essay explains the eight stages that Erik Erikson...
The best–known neo–Freudian was Erik Erikson. He formulated his own theory of personality development. He projected that everyone goes
through psychosocial stages rather than psychosexual stages as Freud proposed. Erikson has identified eight stages of psychosocial development that
each person goes through during their entire life span. In Erikson's theory, the stages of development process unfold as we go through life. Each of
these stages has tasks that have to be mastered in order to build toward a satisfying and healthy developed life. Those who do not master the task will
have a hard time dealing with crises. According to www.top–psychology.com/9043–Erikson and http://azaz.essortment.com/psychosocialdev_rijk.htm
the eight stages of... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Erik seems to think this is the best time to have a family because you are more worried with the welfare of others. This is the point when you feel
valuable and useful. When the person feels like they have failed it seems to take the meaning out of life. They become bitter and angry at the world.
Integrity vs. Despair This is the last stage of life, sixty–five years old to death. The person should be able to reflect on one's life and accept it. These are
the people who have lived their life to the fullest. They also have a more accepting view of death. For the people who want to live their life over
feels they have been cheated out of something. They become depressed because they ask the question, "what if?" They can be unhappy for the rest
of their lives. As people go through these eight stages of life they better their lives with acceptance and healthy relationships. Erikson believes a
person, throughout their entire life span, never stops developing, until death. I personally agree with his theory. I have interviewed and/or observed
four people that are at different points of Erikson's psychosocial stages to see how they are managing the developmental crises of that stage. My first
observation was of a fifteen month old, whom I watched to see how the subject was dealing with trust vs. mistrust. My second observation was with a
five–year–old, who has just begun school. This child was a good subject to compare to

John Dewey on Education
John Dewey focuses on what he considers as the audacity of imagination being one of the most vocal theorists on education and the related policies.
He defines education as a process of instruction, whereby it is unified by encouraging good. His theory of inquiry concentrates on the evolution of the
human race with respect to their surroundings. In addition, Dewy adopted the theory of evolution initiated by Charles Darwin. Hence he is of the
view that organisms in respect to their surroundings evolve due to the need to survive since their natural environments determine the causes of action
as well as the behaviour. Dewey used what is considered as pragmatism, whereby the students are expected to learn from "hands on approach"
(Dewey, 1966). This is executed by individual experiences in the classrooms as well as in non–classroom settings. He believed that students are tasked
with learning for the individual process, as life is the best learning process and environment for accruing essential knowledge. In addition, he believed
that education could be attained through psychology, which was a good basis for learning and accrual of an excellent education. Dewey distinguishes
three phases of education and learning processes. He identifies that the process of learning is instigated by what is considered as a "problematic
situation" (Dewey, 1966). This situation is defined by an individual who has instinctive or habitual responses as a part of the human cognitive
functions, which

Erik Homberger Erikson 's Life Of The Lakota And The Yurok
Erik Homberger Erikson was born on June 15, 1902 in Frankfort, Germany. Erikson was born to his Jewish mother Karla Abrahamsen, and his
biological father who was an unnamed Danish man who abandoned him before he was born. During his school years, he studied art and different
languages instead of chemistry and biology. When he graduated he was interested in becoming an artist. During the 1920's he decided to travel
Europe, where he had to sleep under bridges. After traveling around Europe for a year, he decided to enroll in an art school back in Germany. He
stayed at the art school for several years. Then he began to teach art and other subjects to American children who came to Vienna for Freudian
training. Erikson was admitted to the Vienna Psychoanalytic Institute. In 1933 he moved to Boston, where he filled a position at Harvard medical
school as America's first child analyst. While he taught at Yale and Berkley, he did his famous studies on the modern life of the Lakota and the
Yurok. Erikson is known for being a prolific writer. He has wrote many books and essays such as Childhood and Society (1950), Youngman Luther
(1958), Youth: change and challenge (1963), Etc. Erikson went on to teach at a clinic in Massachusetts then back to Harvard before he retired in
1970. In 1994 Erikson passed away at the age of 92. Erikson's main contribution to psychology was his developmental theory. He developed eight
psychosocial stages of development and believed that each stage presents

Theories Of Development : Guidance
Theories of Development: Guidance in Helping Claudia Most theorists believe that an affirmative family dynamic plays a vital role to the way a
child is shaped for his or her future. A child who experiences a secure attachment with their parents, will also be successful in seeking out positive
experiences in social circles (Benoit, 2004 October). In the same respect, a child who does not get to experience a real attachment, will struggle as
they grow (Benoit, 2004 October). Either way, from as early as infancy, the way a child is raised, will shape their behaviors for the rest of their
lives (Benoit, 2004 October). So what happens to a child who doesn 't get the chance to bond to a caregiver? Many cognitive and social issues
arise, and the child struggles not only within themselves, but also within their societal group. Claudia is a fourteen year old girl, diagnosed with
Depression, Bipolar Disorder, Borderline Personality Disorder, and Self Harm Disorder. Claudia 's problems started as an infant. She was born to a
mother who was addicted to cocaine, and could not care for herself let alone caring for Claudia. Claudia also never had a father figure in her early
years, and continues to struggle with having either a mother or a father figure in her life today. She was removed from her mother at a very young
age, and lived in foster care for a few years, before the Department of Social Services caseworker monitoring Claudia, quit her job and adopted her at
age five years

The Application of Erik Erikson's Theories Essay
Erik Erikson was a researcher of the Psychodynamic perspective who lived through the years 1902 to 1994. He developed a theory that dealt with the
stages of human development and was referred to as a Neo–Freudian. A Neo–Freudian are those "who have revised Sigmund Freud's theory" (Massey,
1986). His theory argued that "both society and culture challenge and shape us" (Feldman, 2011). Erik Erikson's theory of psychological development
does not specify specific ages, so the age categories can only be guessed upon. It is my personal thought that this was a smart move due to different
age milestones for different cultures. The essay titled Erik Erikson: Ages, stages, and stories argues that the stages "are organized into a system of...
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If the individual's needs are not met in this stage the individual will most likely develop a mistrust that will hamper relationship in the future. The
relationship between parent and caregiver is vital. "It is during the first months of life that the baby comes to trust or not, to have faith or not. Whether
trust and faith are developed has direct implications for identity formation" (Goodwin, 1998) The goal of this stage is to gain 'Hope'.
Our subject Belinda was born prematurely on May 23, 1990. During the early part of life the subject was very sickly as an infant. This did not seem
to effect Belinda's formation of Trust. According to the subject's mother, Patricia Hickman, Belinda was "a very trusting and happy baby, besides being
colic." (P. Hickman, personal communication, May 29, 2011).
Early Childhood: Autonomy v. Shame.
Early Childhood is roughly from 18 months to 3 years. During early childhood, the second stage of Erikson's theory manifests; this stage is called
Autonomy v. Shame. In this stage, "the psycho social theme of autonomy–shame and doubt is manifested during toddlerhood and leads to self–will or
will–power." (Ginsburg, 1992) If all the needs of the individual are met at this stage they develop a feeling of self–control and power over themselves.
If the individual's needs are not met in this stage they tend to develop feelings of shame and doubt in themselves. "If individuals

Erik Erikson 's Theory Of Development
Susan is a sixty–seven year old woman. She worked in human resources for a significant portion of her life, however, in her later middle adult life
decided to return to school to study to be a registered nurse (RN). This was tough for Susan considering she was a mother of five–her eldest being in
her late twenties and her youngest in elementary school. When asked to reminisce over her life, Susan had numerous interesting stories from her life
and shared much wisdom. If one analyzes Susan's lifespan interview using Erikson's theory, they will realize that she has always been conquering
developmental conflict at each life stage. Before analyzing Susan's life, when one looks closely at Erik Erikson's theory, there are eight stages of ...
In this developmental stage adults face generativity versus stagnation. In the last developmental stage, late adulthood, people encounter an integrity
versus despair crisis (Coon & Mitterer, 2015, p. 123–126). In addition, each stage has a virtue that is accomplished after the crisis has been resolved.
This was just an overview to Erikson's developmental theory, however, it greatly assists the analyzation of Susan's life. To begin, this paper will not
examine at the trust versus mistrust stage considering Susan cannot recollect being an infant. Therefore, beginning at the early childhood stage, Susan
felt extremely self–sufficient compared to her younger siblings; she remembers having bathroom accidents and incidents of bed–wetting. Nevertheless,
she remembers seeking her mother out and asking for assistance in the cleanup. Therefore, Susan clearly achieved autonomy over shame and doubt.
The virtue earned here was will–she was willing to seek support and admit wrongdoing. The subsequent stage is the middle childhood stage; this age
is characterized by children being playful and commencement school. At this period, the crisis is initiative versus guilt. Susan showed initiative and
made exceptional grades in preschool and elementary school and as stated previously she showed early signs of mastering appropriate times to be
guilty. She was ambitious and determined to do outstanding in school and was remorseful when she did

A Study Of Life Span Development
Have you ever asked yourself, who am I? What makes me the individual that I am today? Well, you are not alone. Many individuals have been trying
to figure out why they have certain characteristics or why they did not have those leadership or charismatic traits that they wish they could have. All
these questions can be explored through the study of life–span development. Within this science, we can explore the factors that influence who you are
with identity development, gender, stereotypes, ethnicity and culture. Identity is what makes the individual. The uniqueness, such as specific traits
ranging from religious to intelligence. Despite having the same parents, even siblings have different identity. One sibling might posses more
intellectual, and athletic traits than the other, while the other one is complete opposite. But having this unique set of traits is what makes us as an
individuals. It's what distinguishes between you and the world. If everyone would have had the same identity then we would not have evolved. We
would have not discovered all these scientific achievements throughout history. There wouldn't be all–stars or hall of fame sports athletes in history.
Having different qualities as an individual is what sets you apart and makes up the person you are today. Of course, you might ask yourself, why do
I hold these specific set of traits or why do I act this way? These questions have even been asked as early during adolescent years. During

My Life Through Erikson 's Lenses
Introduction
I am Kristie Puckett and I was born in Charlotte, NC on July 31, 1979. I was born to a Caucasian father and an African American mother and I am
the youngest of three children as well as the only girl in the family. This Developmental Analysis is my attempt of explaining who I am and how I got
that way. I am sure I will gain more insight while analyzing myself and am truly looking forward to looking and analyzing my life through Erikson's
lenses.
Erik Erikson was of the mindset that childhood is essential to personality development. He acknowledged many components of Sigmund Freud's
psychoanalytical theory such as the id, ego, and the superego. Erikson differed from Freud in that he would not accept that personality was developed
and based solely on sexuality and he believed that personality development continued well beyond 5 years of age.
According to Erikson, all the stages in his theory are present at birth but present only when a mixture of natural event and nurturing events occur. In
addition, each stage builds upon the previous stage and sets up the stage for the stages that follow. Each stage has some type of psychosocial crisis,
which is based on physiological development and the environment. If the crisis in a stage is resolved then development to the next stage proceeds,
however, the outcome of the stages is not permanent and can be altered by experiences later in life. (Erikson, Childhood and Society, 1993 )
Trust vs. Mistrust – Infancy –

Life Span Development and Personality of Michael Jackson
Jesse Jackson
Psy/304
February 4, 2001
Dr. Marcy Satan
Introduction
Michael Jackson was born August 29, 1958. Born the eighth of 10 children, Michael grew up in a working class family in a small three bedroom home
in Gary, Indiana. As a child, Michael struggled with his fame. He never lived a normal childhood and throughout his adulthood he tried to recapture his
lost youth. Although labeled as an outstanding entertainer and humanitarian in the world, Michael became dependent on pain medications. Scandals of
child molestation and Michael's obsession with his appearance further fueled his addiction. Overdosing ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
His voice deepened and he struggled with acne. He became obsessed with his appearance and through the years changed his appearance through plastic
surgeries. Michael ultimately throughout his life was going through an identity crisis. "In Erik Erikson 's stages of psychosocial development, the
emergence of an identity crisis occurs during the teenage years in which people struggle between feelings of identity versus role confusion" (Cherry,
2009). Michael struggled to make a commitment to his identity. His identity status could best described as moratorium, "the status of a person who is
actively involved in exploring different identities, but has not made a commitment"
(Cherry, 2009).
Theoretical Approach Michael Jackson behavior and achievements is best described by the humanistic theory of personality, Rogers's Person–Centered
Approach. Kowalski & Weston (2009),
described Carl Rogers's theory of personality, which focuses on understanding
the individual's phenomenal world. "Rogers similarly believed that human beings are
basically good but that their personalities become distorted by interpersonal

experiences, especially in childhood"

Erikson 's Theory On Development
From leaning objective 8.9, explains the development of the personality along with social interpersonal skills, and the concept of the self from
infancy to adulthood, I wanted to compare the first five stages of Erikson's theory on development to Ken Wilber's first five stages of his nine
stages, that he calls spaces. The first five stages of Erikson 's theory, which he notes as crisis, are trust versus mistrust, autonomy versus shame and
doubt, initiative versus guilt, industry versus inferiority, and identity versus role confusion. The first four "personal spaces," of Wilber 's theory are
the archaic, the magical, or egocentric, the mythical, and the rational. Erikson 's theory states that an emotional crisis must be successfully met for
normal development. Wilber 's theory is similar in that he uses an example of a multiple story building. If one stage isn 't completely understood,
but not mastered, then that floor will end up leaning, and a building like that cannot be sustained for long before its structural integrity is
compromised. Erikson's theory is based that social interactions were the most important thing to consider for healthy development of children. The
first stage, starting from infancy on to 1 year of age, has the crisis of trust versus mistrust. This just means that they develop either of these skills
based on how well their needs are taken care of. The next crisis starts at 1 year of age up to 3 years of age, toddler age. This one is called autonomy

Research Proposal
Quality of Life
Name:
Institutional Affiliation:
How would you as a person be classified? Well, this the one question that would raise a heated debate and long list of the elements critical in
classifying people that is because the issue is not about how best to classify people but rather what qualify life means. Quality life refers to the general
person's and societies' well–being as well as the individual's commitment to his or her life (Phillips, 2006). Quality life can also be defined in terms of
the measurement of energy and power in an individual necessary for the enjoyment of life and prevalence over the challenges encountered. What is
certain is that it is the individual that best determines the measurement of his or ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The intention here is that people should build confidence in whatever they do no matter what (Nussbaum & Amartya, 1993). It is also worth
noting that demographically, the social environment or experiences of an individual play a succinct role in the psychosocial developmentof the
person's different stages of development. In reference to Erik Erickson's theory of psychosocial development, it is critical for individuals to develop
their ego identity, behavioral competence as they are critical in addressing specific societal virtues and psychosocial crises (Erikson, & Coles,
2000). Additionally, Kohlberg's moral development theory asserts that an individual's future is affected by different demographic factors. The theory
primarily concerns three stages namely pre– conventional, conventional and post–conventional stagesthat are in turn helpful in the description of new
and comprehensive individuals' personalities (Kohlberg, & Hersh, 1977). The pre–convention stage especially in relation to criminal justice
concerns the moral reasoning levels of the judges in relation to the morality of an action and factors influencing it as in the case of a felony trail
(Kohlberg, & Hersh, 1977). The convention stage of moral development tackles the jury'sjudgment methods for the morality of actions of the
criminals through

Impact on Client: Diversity Interview Essays
Impact on Client
The client I chose for this diversity interview is 13 year old Willie Hazzard. Willie is the youngest son of Diane Hazzard. Willie is clearly effected by
the many generations of poverty, his mother's addiction, the neglect due to his mother's addiction, and his exposure to the foster care system. Willie
appears to lack trust, he is hostile, and he seems to be a little too familiar with living on the streets. His lack of trust can be attributed to his mother's
lack of parenting when he was little which caused him to be removed from the only home he had ever known and thrust into the child welfare system.
He bounced around to a few different homes and was returned to his mother 6.5 years later so he was never able to plant ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Malnutrition is also a serious problem among impoverished children and children in the home with drugs (Wagstaff, 2004).
Micro Skills, Strengths, & G.I.M. To engage the Hazzard family, I would try to be as warm and inviting as possible. I would offer warmth and
genuineness along with empathy for their situation. In order to display warmth and genuineness, I will let Willie know I am interested and
concerned with his situation, but I will be myself and not try to be fake. I will be respectful of him and value his opinions and feelings. I will
disclose information that about myself that is pertinent to Willie's situation in an effort to show my true genuineness to him. Empathy is
something every social worker should display to their client's no matter what the situation. Empathy is being aware of your client's feelings and
letting your clients know that their feelings are valid and understood. I will also make certain to be aware of my facial expressions and Willie and
his family's facial expressions while working with Willie. Facial expressions can say a lot about a person's feelings and it is important to be aware
of them. I do not want to portray facial expressions that show I am bored or appalled by any of Willie's statements, but I also must be alert if his
expression shows anger, boredom, or confusion. Lastly, I will employ attentive listening skills; being sure to clarify, rephrase, and provide
encouragement when needed.
The

The Notebook Essay
The Notebook is one of my favorite love movies of all time. The reason I love this movie so much is because that main characters Noah and Allie
go through so many trials and finally end up together in the end. This movie I feel shows me how strong their love for each other really was and I
now feel as if it is meant to be it will always find a way. Looking at the movie as a reference to get a better understanding of how lifespan
development works, I realized that most of the trials that Noah and Allie went though were part of stages of development. The theory of stages of
development was created by Erik Erikson, he believes that we go though certain stages in our life and if we do not get passed them properly we will
end up with ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Feeling happy about their choices in life I feel lead to a peaceful death because they had everything they ever wanted which was each other. In the
middle of the movie Noah finds out by Allie mother that Allie and her parents want her to go to school in New York. I believe this to be stage five
identity vs. identity confusion which happens during the adolescence part of people lives. Allie was trying to figure out who she really was. Allie
did everything her parents told her to do because she wanted to please and make them proud of her. When Noah came along I think things
changed for her because she was able to be herself around him and she was able to see what she really wanted. I think that trying to be someone
for her parents led her to be confused about whom she was and what she wanted. I think that Noah had a better sense of who he was because he
had to grow up a lot faster by this I mean he helped his father with the bills and he felt like a responsible adult. When Allie walked into Noah life he
knew that he wanted to proved and be with her and let her go and grow in college while he worked. He thought that Allie wanted to go to school
closer to where he was so that they can stay together. Yet Allie parents did not want her to be with Noah so they decided for Allie to go away to
school in New York and Allie followed what her parents wanted because she was unsure of what she really wanted or how to stand up for it.

Should Young Singles Leave Home Before They Are Married?
Ruth Garcia Elizabeth Fourzan English 1301 April 26, 2016 word count 1000 Should young singles leave home before they are married? It is a
worldwide social fact: the young singles that will not run away. "The Italians call them "mammon", or "mama 's boys". The Japanese call them
"parasaito shinguru", or "parasite singles". In the United States they are known as "boomerangs", and in the U.K., they are called "Kippers", which is
short for "kids in parents ' pockets eroding retirement savings". (Smith) Also, "Larger shares of young women are living at home with their parents or
other relatives than at any point since the 1940s The result is a striking U–shaped curve for young women – and young men – indicating a return to the
past, statistically speaking." (Fry) According to the U.S. bureau census, 55% of young single people ages 18–24, no longer live in their parents' home
until they are married; however, young single people should not leave home before they are mature, financially responsible and supported emotionally
and filially from their families. The first reason why young singles should not leave parents' home before 24 years old is because they are lack of
maturity. According to writer and psychologist Janet Belsky, "Psychologists have identified a life phase called emerging adulthood beginning after high
school and tapering by the late twenties... The main challenge of

The Global Population Is Ageing At An Alarming Rate
The global population is ageing at an alarming rate, with over eight precent of the world's population over 65 and this number is expected to double
by the year 2030 (International Federation for Social Workers, 2012). For Huffnung et. al. (2010), late adulthood encompasses the years following 65
and is characterised by a period of substantial decline in functioning including physical, psychological and social. Whilst dementia is not an inevitable
part of the ageing process, it has however due to the ageing population become more prevalent within society, especially within remote aboriginal
communities (Brodaty & Cumming 2010 cited in Jones & Creedy 2012, p.44). Dementia does not refer to a single disease rather, a group of
symptoms specifically retaining to the cognitive impairment of individual which later progresses to effect both physical and the social function of
sufferers. Developed by Engel (1977), the biopyschosocial model can be used to examine the progression of this disease during late adulthood. Thus,
late adulthood is seen as a period of significant change with individual facing unique challenges in regards to development.
Dementia is an emerging global health problem, with the prevalence of this disease estimated to sit at twenty five million people as of 2003 (Arkles
et al., 2014, p.6). However, due to the ageing population these figures are expected to double every twenty years and is estimated that by the year
2040 that eighty one million people will be

Developmental Development : Erik Erikson ( 1902-1994 )
There are five stages of the developmental lifespan, within each stage there are five different areas of development. Erik Erikson (1902–1994) believed
that psychological development continues throughout a person's life, he went on to develop his eight stages of psychosocial development. Sigmund
Freud (1856–1939) on the other hand believed that childhood experiences affect adult personality and by the time a person reaches adolescence their
psychological development is set, his five stages of psychosexual personality development was established. The lifespan begins in infancy (0–2years).
Physical changes are experienced by the child during this stage. They begin to sit without any assistance, move around and also grasp on to objects...
The second conflict occurs between 1 and 2 years of age; autonomy v shame and doubt. A child will begin to emphasise their independence, the
caregiver should be supportive and encouraging in this stage to aid with the child's growing confidence. Freud's theory of psychosexual
personality development states that different areas of the body called 'erogenous zones' take on specific importance at each of the five stages. The
first year of life is known as the 'Oral stage'. At this stage infants get pleasure from putting things in their mouth and sucking. If a child gets fixated
at this stage Freud believed that later in life they would be dominated by feelings of helplessness and be incapable of personal love for other people.
The second stage in Freud's theory is the 'Anal stage'. Toilet training occurs during this stage and Freud emphasised the process and control of
defecation as the source of pleasure. The next lifespan stage is childhood (2–12years). A child's emotional development is continuing as the child will
be developing a sense of self awareness as well as establishing their personality and gender. Social skills will develop greatly as friendships will be
formed and a child will take on a certain role within the new group setting. A continuation of primary socialisation occurs during this period of time in
a child's life. Cultural development also occurs at this stage as children will be deciding whether or not to take part in

Essay about A Child Called It, The Lost Boy and A Man...
For this report, I have read all three of Dave Pelzer's books about his life: A Child Called "It", The Lost Boy and A Man Named Dave. A Child
Called "It" chronicles Dave's life as a child, and is told from that viewpoint. From his earliest recollections of a relatively happy life with "the
Mommy" to his life and death struggle with "The Mother", this book details the horror of Dave's dehumanizing existence. Going far beyond
"typical" physical, emotional and psychological abuses, Dave's story tells of intentional starvation, forced coprophagia, poisoning and much more.
This volume covers his life from his earliest memories at age 4 until his rescue at age 12. The Lost Boy picks up the story where the first book leaves
off, following... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Dave took food from other children's lunches at school in order to survive. His schoolmates were aware of this, and it served to set him further
apart from them. The children called him names and he had no friends. Two of the disabilities that were apparent to me while reading these books
were the alcoholism of Dave's parents and Dave's developmental issues. Application of Developmental Theories Families are systems in which each
individual has a unique relationship with the other individuals in the family. Dave's place in his family was, indeed, unique. The subsystem
consisting of Dave and his mother had a foundation in the boundaries set by the mother. Dave's role in the family was, essentially, that he was not a
part of the family. Not only that, Dave's identity was stripped away by his mother. At the onset of the abuse, she began referring to him as "the boy."
As the situation worsened, she referred to him as "It", hence the title of the first book in this series. At the time of Dave's rescue, he exhibited two of
the four behavioral indicators of abuse that were established in 1979 by the U.S. Department of Health, Education and Welfare. He exhibited "overly
compliant, passive and undemanding behaviors aimed at maintaining a low profile, avoiding any possible confrontation with a parent which could

A Child 's Psychological And Social Development
This study looks upon those who move around a lot, with children, because of their jobs. Specifically, how moving around an excessive amount, and
absentee of parents, affect how children develop. Jobs that typically require moving are military, doctors without borders, missionaries, aid workers,
traveling journalist/photographer, and much more. The Smith family has been traveling around, primarily, the United States, for quite some time. The
Smith family occupations are both government field agents. The family consists of Mr. &Mrs. Smith, and their two children, one of them being their
daughter, Fern, who is 15 years old. Fern, has been moving every 2–3 years, around the country since she was 5. Her parents spend all day and night
on their ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Because Fern does not have someone she can discuss these changes with, she would more susceptible to depression.
Another milestone in adolescents is finding their identity. According toErik Erikson, he says that there are eight total stages humans go through, each
one corresponding with a particular time/age in a human's life, and each having a psychological crisis. During the time of adolescents, it is a search
for their identity or end up in a state of role confusion. Furthered by Kail and Cavanaugh (2016), to develop identity, it is facilitated through parental
discussion and encouragement. Through this discussion and encouragement, the child will have a better grasp of who they are, thus being able to
make tough decisions and able to handle a variety of situations, that they know will be the best route for them. Their identity development also affects
their career and interpersonal relationship development.
Since Fern's parents are more focused on their work, rather than their children, she is once again, unable to communicate with them about her sense of
self, or about things in general. Fern is not encouraged nor encouraged to explore her different self's. Fern would thus be unable to determine if the
sense of self she currently has been exploring, is the right one for her. She would also likely, have difficulties communicating with other people, older,
younger, and those who are of the same

Bruno Bettelheim and Psychosocial Development
Bruno Bettelheim and Psychosocial Development The psychological aspect of the human mind is one of the most mysterious and unpredictable
entities known to man. Bruno Bettelheim is an Austrian–born American child psychologist and writer that gained international recognition for his
blatant views on the psychological development of children. Bettelheim firmly believed that fairy tales contributed to the molding of a child's
unconscious and conscious mind, and the child's entire psych as a whole. Furthermore, Bettelheim also believed that fairy tales helped a child in his
search for an identity and for a meaning in life. As a child psychologist that dealt with troubled children everyday, Bettelheim cared greatly about
children and sought to ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Bettelheim sought help society and to educate others in order to prevent other children and future patients from such a burden. Bettelheim believed that
fairy tales must be left for a child's own interpretation in order for them to apply these tales to their own life as they begin to understand their conscious
and unconscious selves. Bettelheim states that "the vagueness of the tales [is] pedagogically suited to these tasks in that it engages the child's
imagination to fill in the details and invest his interests on whatever level he finds himself" (Heisig). The tales commonly deal with universal problems
that everyone faces, and children are able to easily apply these universal problems and messages to their own lives. Children comprehend that although
the tales are untrue, they are not unreal, so they apply these tales to their own beings (Heisig). Furthermore, the fairy tales engages a child's
imagination, and this allows him to sort out his conscious and unconscious self. A child must overcome the psychological problems of growing up by
coping with his unconscious self, and fairy tales allows children to familiarize themselves with their unconscious mind by fitting unconscious content
into conscious fantasies, enabling him to cope with that content (Tatar 270). In the process of relieving his conscious and unconscious pressures,
children must work through these psychological problems by themselves, and "in

Parenthood Movie Paper
"Parenthood" Movie Paper While watching the movie "Parenthood" I took an interest in the character Gary Buckman. Gary is the youngest child to
Helen Buckman who is Gil, the main characters, sister. Helen is a single mother who is still struggling with the fact that her ex–husband wants nothing
to do with his children and is refusing to help raise them. Gary has an older sister, Julie, who, instead of worrying about SAT scores she is totally
wrapped up in her boyfriend Todd, who is a race car wannabe that is not too much liked by Helen. Gary's behavior from the beginning of the movie is
odd. He is quite and not very open with his mother. He has angry posters plastered all over his bedroom door and a padlock locking his door... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In this stage a person tries to figure out who they are but sometimes they get confused to which of the possible roles they should adopt. Gary is
confused at which his role and stuck in role confusion. He does not seem to know or care what is identity is. His respond to most things is a shrug
is any response is given. When Julie moves out and he is told by Julie that she is moving out his response is a simple "bye" with no emotion. Gary
is searching for who he is supposed to be by not socializing with his mother or anyone else and by trying to defy everything that is expected of
him. The call to his father is a something that he thinks that will help him find himself by getting to know his father. After being denied his father he
ransacks his father's office now denying that part of his life and in a way saying that he does not want to become his father. Gary is also trying to
establish his own sexual identity and is confused by some of the feeling that he has been having. The suspicious paper bag he has been carrying around
just happens to be adult movies that he has been using to educate himself on the feelings that he has been having. When his mom breaks into his room
and finds the bag and what it contains the confrontation allows Gary to admit to his confusion on his sexual identity to his mom. His mom then
hesitantly turns to Todd for help and with this help Gary is able to begin

Analysis Of The Movie ' My Sisters Keeper '
The movie "My sisters keeper" is about 13 year–old Anna, who sues her parents for medical emancipation when she is expected to donate a kidney to
her sister Kate, who has leukemia. This essay will focus on three events in Anna's life, and discuss how each event in the characters life had an affect
on her physical, psychosocial and cognitive development. The events that will be discussed are: how being brought into the world to save Kate
affected Anna's psychosocial development, how having to undergo many surgeries at a very young age affected Anna's physical development, and also
how Anna's cognitive development was affected by her sisters sickness and death.
Being brought into the world as a savior sister and having to undergo countless surgeries so that her older sister can fight leukemia, has an impact on
Anna's psychosocial development. Psychosocial development focuses on the development of the personality. It refers to how a persons mind, emotions
and maturity level develop throughout the course of their lifespan (McLeod, 2010, p 4 ). Well known psychologist Erik Erikson gave an insightful
theory of how personality develops based on his experience when working in psychotherapy, with children and adolescents from low, upper and
middleclass background (Personality development, 2009, p 6). According to Erikson, the socialization process of an individual refers to eight stages,
each stage is accompanied by a "psychosocial crisis" that needs to be solved in the

The Development And Growth Of A Child Into Their Adult Years
Throughout the decades, there have been many theorists that have contributed their ideas and proposals, in regards to what they believe affects the
development and growth of a child into their adult years. Three of these successful theorists include: Erik Erikson, Daniel Levinson, and George
Herbert Mead. They each studied the developmental stages throughout one's life in their own perspectives, each proposing a new and revised theory.
Born in 1902, Erik Erikson was a psychologist best known for his study and theory of psychosocial development and the concept of the identity crisis.
He has published a number of books on his theories and research, including Childhood and Society, The Life Cycle Completed, and Gandhi's Truth. As
a student ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Mistrust". Therefore, depending on how the child is raised and treated throughout this stage, determines whether the child learns to trust the world and
his surroundings to fulfill his needs. Erikson believed that although there are different challenges the individual must successfully master at each stage,
these issues overlap with the issues of another level. This is because how one deals with the earlier challenges determines how one will resolve later
challenges, as there is a connection between present patterns of thinking and feeling, and the earlier unresolved and/or resolved development issues.
Going back to the example with the child, if he/she does not learn to trust in this stage, then trust will remain an unresolved issue throughout the
subsequent stages of development.
Erikson's theory is extremely important and significant in terms of understanding the growth and development of an individual. His theory helps to
explain the levels of conflict that every individual must undergo, and the possibilities that may arise if the individual in unsuccessful and does not
overcome the challenges that he/she is faced with. As stated in the example above, if the child did not learn to trust in the first stage, it will affect him
in all the following stages, as he/she will continue to have a lack of trust in the world. Erikson's theory helps us to understand why some people lack
certain feelings or emotions, as we can now recognize that the

Midlife Behavior Essay examples
From the life course perspective, midlife behavior has both antecedents and consequences. Earlier life experiences can serve either as risk factors or as
protective factors for the health and well–being during this stage of development. According to the study Journey from Childhood to Midlife
completed by Werner and Ruth Smith in 2001, by middle adulthood, most people have noted a balancing in their lives and improvement in overall
quality of their lives. The period of early adulthood had provided positive turning points such as community college, marriage to a stable partner or
military service. A contributing factor is relationships that provided emotional support as well. The presence of a nurturing caregiver from infancy, as
well as... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The two other theorists, Jung and Levinson held similar views. Karl Jung and Daniel Levinson theorized that middle adulthood was time for
balancing a person's life much like Erikson. However, Jung sees as a time for discovery and reclaiming parts of the self that was repressed in the
search for conformity in the first half of life. On the other hand, Daniel Levinson sees the life course more as a sequence of eras each with his own
biopsychosocial character with major changes from one to the next. Levinson sees adulthood as fluctuating periods of relative stability and periods of
transition. He viewed the developmental stage as balancing four opposing aspects of identity and to understand the life, and more importantly, the
personality theory, developed by Carl Jung, it is important to note the time span in which he lived. Jung's insight shows the human need for a
relationship. All three theorists felt relationships had an impact on human development and thus relationships in middle adulthood deserve further
examination.
Relationships play significant roles throughout the life course and this is especially true in middle adulthood. The relationships are the most diverse
and many of them mature and evolve through the stages of development while others just begin to emerge. This is seen in infancy with the most
significant relationship being their caregiver and in middle childhood it moves beyond

How My Personality Developed
According to Larsen and Buss (2005, p. 4), "personality is defined as a set of psychological traits and mechanisms within an individual that are
organized and relatively enduring which that influence the individual's interactions with, and adaptations to, the intrapsychic, physical, and social
environments". Then, the enhancement from the dynamic organization that leads to distinctive is called personality development. Blanchard–Fields
and Cavanaugh (2011, p. 14) stated that "personality development is progressed by the continuous interaction of the biological, psychological,
sociocultural, and life–cycle forces of development such as the environment, character and temperament". Not only that, the correct way in going thru
or settling down... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
I vomited and lost appetite. My hair began to fall. Doctor said that it was normal because the uses of anticancer drugs and radiation will give side
effects to the patients but it was just temporary. Somehow, I still couldn't accept the fact that I had to go thru all these. My mum and sister did not
have tumor in their breasts so I was supposed not being affected as well. Life is unfair! In fact, what hurt me the most was that my boyfriend
started to ignore me after I told him. He turned off his phone so that I could not reach him and he did not even visit me and so as my classmates. At
first, I thought that they were just busy on their own stuffs and they would come to visit me once they are free but they all were like suddenly
disappeared from my life, I met none of them. I felt so lonely and empty. I thought I was the famous one but the truth was that no one even cared
about me. All the efforts and memories that I put in my school were wasted. Suddenly, I had the thought of giving up. Maybe I should just end my
life. There was nothing left of me. I refused to take medicine and looked for reasons to skip treatments. Not only that, I chased my mum out of my
sight whenever she came to visit me. I scolded her and shouted at her. I always curled myself on bed and dreaming, feeling hopeless and broken. I
hated myself. One evening, a nurse sat beside me and she smiled to me. I knew her because I almost saw her everyday in the ward. Everyone called her

Long Tail
ail
Project #4: Literature Search
"The Long Tail"
by
R. Cros
Table of contents
I. Background
II. Thesis 1 and 2
III. Thesis Findings
A. Thesis One – Consumer–Driven
B. Thesis Two– Higher Consumer Engagement
IV. Thesis Objections
V. Unanswered Questions
VI. Bibliography
VII. Abstracts (compiled)

I. Background
As a part of the MBA curriculum, a class titled Management Information Systems was given at Roosevelt in the fall of 2009. The class dealt a great
deal with how information, innovation and technology were fundamentally changing business in America. The course focused primarily on the
importance of gathering data and converting it into information (for use by managerial ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The leadership of Grand Central make tough decisions each year, as their strategy calls for them to cull 2 books from their three hundred, on which to
focus most of their marketing time, energy and resources. The theory is that the couple books with the most potential will "carry" their year in terms of
generating revenue. This strategy bears out for them. The sixty–one titles Grand Central had on its front list in 2006 incurred marketing costs of
$650,000, and generated $100,000 in revenue. However, the company's best seller from 2007 incurred marketing costs of $7m, while generating nearly
$12m in revenue (Elberse 2008).
This tried and true method has been used for years, across industries, to great effect – basic Pareto Principal. But the argument can be made that this is
not a market–driven consumer approach. To the contrary, this can be seen as an approach that works in the perceived best interests of the firms (in
terms of things like budgeting and projecting), and while it may make some use of customer opinion data (polls, responses, feedback, market–study), it
can almost not help but be flawed. In reality, this may be an example of self–fulfilling prophesy, where the blockbuster products sell successfully,
almost arbitrarily, because of the great investment in resources and marketing.
The above scenario is one that the long tail theory tries to directly annihilate. In premise, there may be great

Essay about Theory and Client System Assessment
For this client system assessment, I have chosen a client I engaged with while at work, my client's name is Keith. Keith is 34 years old and has had
many unfortunate circumstances surrounding his life, beginning with his birth. Keith's family system consists of himself, his mother and two step
siblings. Keith was unfortunately the product of a rape, witnessed repeated domestic abuse situations with his mother's boyfriends and husbands, was
abused himself and to this day, Keith continues to suffer in all domains: emotionally, mentally and physically. I will assess Keith'sfamily system as well
as Keith as an individual utilizing Erikson's Psychological Stages of Development, Bowman's Family System Theory and Marcia's Identity Status
Model. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Keith's mother grew up poor and without much appropriate parental guidance, she was abused growing up and witnessed domestic violence in her
home. Keith's mother was uneducated as education was not valued in her home and always held menial, low paying jobs. Once Keith was born, his
mother was unable to provide the adequate basic necessities for herself and Keith. Feeling overwhelmed and burdened by her decision, Keith was
pushed aside as his mother chose a path of substance abuse and a variety of unsavory men.
Howe (2010) states "The majority of parents who maltreat their children have problems metalizing their children's psychological condition. Their own
histories tend to be ones of rejection, abuse, neglect, trauma and loss. Never having been fully recognized as an independent, complex psychological
being themselves, they have problems relating to their children as complex, separate psychological beings" (pg. 336). Unfortunately during this stage
of development, Keith was not given the appropriate amount of love, affection, care and maternal bonding time, which his mother was emotionally
unable to provide due to her traumatized state. Keith states his mother did not seek professional help after being raped and was forced to deal with it
all on her own; she constantly sought approval from abusive men, likely repeating the cycle from her childhood, but was not bonded with Keith as a

EriksonвЂ™s End Stage of Development Essay
As human beings age, according to Erik Erikson, they go through developmental stages that help to create and transform their personalities. If needs
are met and the ego is gratified, then the individual is able to move on to the next challenge. Onward they march in life and in stage until they find
the end level: integrity versus despair. This has been categorized as adults 65 years and older by Erikson. Here, people are to reminisce and judge
their lives in terms of merit or disappointment. Erikson himself had a lot to comb through in his later years. Erik Erikson was born in Frankfurt,
Germany just after the turn of the twentieth century. It is known that he was a product of an affair out of wedlock. He did not find this out... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
The final stage, however, is a little different. One does not have a challenge to overcome so much as a lesson to learn. The person must look back
on their life and see the mistakes they have made. They can also see the wise decisions reached and good times had. And it is at this point that
most people either see meaning or resentment in their lives. Once an adult reaches retirement, they begin to slow down, if they have not already,
and reflect upon a long life lived. They are at the mercy of many decades worth of memories, some good and some bad. The elder will feel a sense
of wellbeing if they are satisfied with their life. This satisfaction roots itself in accomplishment. Humans usually want to undertake many things in
their lives. Some are able to attain these and others are not. Those that do achieve their goals are filled with a sense of gratification. Arlene Handler
says that Erikson calls this "integrity" (The Developmental Stages of Erik Erikson, 2002 (revised 2009)). This also allows for a quiet acceptance of
death. People who accept death as inevitable do so with grace and ease. They look at their life and see an adventure with hills and valleys, but valleys
that they were able to climb out of with might and determination. Erikson thought this to be remarkable and was amazed by elderly people's resiliency.
He found that the strength at this stage was wisdom and that all the experiences

Erikson's Psychosocial Theory of Development: Young Adults...
Erikson's Psychosocial Theory of Development: Young Adults The young adult has numerous stresses placed upon them through the route of
development. Erikson has theorised developmental stages of growth into tasks. Of Eriksons' theoretical tasks, one task describes the theory of
intimacy versus isolation. This task theory can be examined using the normative crisis model. The knowledge of developmental tasks of the young
adult can be beneficial to the nurse especially associated with their ability to relate to the young adult. One of the stages in life is the young adult,
which suggests significant changes and an increase of responsibility. This stage of development is described as between twenty and forty years, where
"...the potential for... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The continuation of courtship is entirely reliant on the individual but the development of issues such as independence and sharing associated within a
serious relationship should be initiated. A result of this task achievement should be that the individual has developed or learned skills that are essential
to relationships, e.g. sacrifice, compromise and commitment. This task is considered a major issue that helps the individual to conclude their own
feelings on intimacy with another. (Gething, 1995.). The union of marriage is dependent on the partners involved as to the reason to extend a
long–term relationship to marriage. Some reasons for marriage can consist of a long–term commitment to sharing, companionship, monogamous
relationship and a desire to start a family. These characteristics symbolise dedication, expression and development of the individual's identity. Marriage
is an opportunity to overcome Erikson's negative theory of isolation and to continue through intimacy in a positive manner. (Turner & Helms, 1987).
These issues of marriage and courtship indicate a sense of achievement between identity and intimacy as Erikson stresses it is important as "...before
one can achieve intimacy, it is essential to have a sense of identity, which should be achieved in adolescence" (Gething, 1995, P.401). As this sense of
identity and intimacy develop the young adult should also be generating their own sense of moral values and ethics related to relationships.

Erik Erikson 's Theory Of Psychosocial Development
Erik Erikson was an ego psychologists who developed one of the utmost popular and prominent theories of development. While Erikson's theory was
influenced by psychoanalyst Sigmund Freud 's work, Erikson 's theory centered on psychosocial development rather than psychosexual development.
Erik Erikson 's theory of psychosocial development is one of the best–known theories of personality in psychology. Much like Sigmund Freud, Erikson
believed that personality develops in a series of stages. Unlike Freud 's theory of psychosexual stages, Erikson 's theory describes the impact of social
experience across the whole lifespan.
One of the main elements of Erikson 's psychosocial stage theory is the development of ego identity. Ego identity is the conscious sense of self that we
develop through social interaction. According to Erikson, our ego identity is constantly changing due to new experiences and information we acquire
in our daily interactions with others. As we face each new stage of development, we face a new challenge that can help further develop or hinder the
development of identity.
When psychologists talk about identity, they are referring to all of the beliefs, ideals, and values that help shape and guide a person 's behavior. The
formation of identity is something that begins in childhood and becomes particularly important during adolescence, but Erikson believed that it is a
process that CONTINUES throughout life. Our personal identity gives each of us an integrated

The Observation Of A Four Year Old Malen.b
From birth to the toddler stage a child changes significantly from facial features, to walking and sleeping much less during the day. At the age of four
his vocabulary increases significantly, the child can even put together sentences. They are like little people twith some sense of independence. This
paper will focus on the observation of a four year old male N.B conducted on March 6, 2015 from 5:00 pm – 5:30 pm and March 7, 2015 from 4:00 pm
to 4:30. The paper will provide examples of Piaget's theory, Vygotsky's theory as well as apply these examples to the cognitive and development of the
child.
Piaget's pre–operational stage focuses on the use of symbols, language use, memory and imagination to evaluate the child. During this stage it is
noted that thinking is done in a nonlogcial and nonreversible manner. For instance, N.B. used Lego's and hot wheel tracks to build a make believe
wall. He even placed some pillows on the carpet to mimic spiderman falling. The child then took the spider man and began to run around the living
room make noises and using his hand as if he was throwing a web on the wall and swing from one side to the other. When asked what he was doing,
N.B. stated he was spider man and had to save the town. He then pointed to where he had built a wall surrounding various objects. N.B then ran and
jumped over the wall and had a make believe fight with one of the action figures and stated he was saving the day. This demonstrates make–believe
play which is a

Erik Erikson 's Development Theory
Erik Erikson's Development theory
Erik Erikson's was born June 15, 1902, in southern Germany, His Jewish mother Karla Abrahamsen and to biological father, who was on unnamed
Darnish man. Erikson's biological abandoned him before he was born. Erikson was brought up by his mother and stepfather, Theodor Homberger, who
was Erikson's pediatrician. He never knew the true identity of his biological father. He always was in search of his identity; Erikson's search for
identity took him through some difficult experiences during his adult developmental stage.
During his school years, Erikson studied art and several languages instead of other subjects. Erikson never liked formal schooling, he was very
independent scholar. When Eriskon graduated high school, he was interested in becoming an artist. Around 1920, he decided to travel Europe but he
had to sleep under bridges (Boeree, 1997). After he traveled around Europe for a year, he made the decision to enroll in an art school back in
Germany. Erikson stayed at the art school for several years, so he began to teach art and other subjects to the American children who came to Vienna
for Freudian training (Sharkey, 1997).
Erik Erikson has made numerous contributions to society as a psychologist. His developmental theory had a great impact on the way to understand
psychology in modern world. There is not dough that all of his professional accomplishments have leaded us to a better understanding of the field of
psychology

Essay on Obstackes and Challenges in Life
Life is something that is much more complex than anyone can imagine. No matter who the person is or how old they are, everyone faces various
obstacles and challenges that make their lives difficult. Some people are faced with physical limitations such as not being able to pick something up
or walk up a flight of stairs while others may be faced with mental limitations such as being unable to comprehend something that's going on. Two of
the toughest points in an individual's life come during the years of adolescence and late adulthood. These points of a person's life can be
overwhelming and stressful as a person tries their best to grasp the changes occurring before their very eyes. Adolescence is often a time where drastic
changes ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
A movie that defines many of the issues adolescents are faced with is Rebel Without a Cause. For example, when Jim Stark repeatedly asks his
father "what do you do when you have to be a man?" we see how Jim is dealing with Erikson's stage of identity versus role confusion. Still only in
high school, Jim is trying to figure out what stage in his life defines him as a man by his family and culture. He finds that although he may be
gaining more privileges year by year, he is still under the control of his parents. There are also examples of risky behavior in this movie when Buzz
challenges some thugs to a knife fight and when the teenagers engage in a game that involved jumping out of a car as late as possible before it
goes over a cliff. Part of their logic behind doing this, as explained in the previous paragraph is because their brains were not yet fully developed
and they felt as if they were indestructible. Lastly, there is also an example of peer pressure in the movie when Jim decides to engage in the knife
fight after the thugs call him a "chicken". Jim wanted to show his friends and others around him that he was not afraid to turn down a challenge and
would do anything to beat these thugs, even if he secretly had some doubt in his mind. There are also other examples of peer pressure such as when
the teenagers

Analysis Of Lynda Gratton And Erik Brynjolfson's Career
Within our contemporary society, individuals are constantly changing in order to hold their jobs. The continuous development of technology is a threat
to workers as it causes individuals to be apprehensive of machines that can replace their careers. Emma Jacobs, who interviewed five individuals for the
Financial times, demonstrates distinct perspectives on the most efficient method to approaching an obstacle in one's career. Lynda Gratton and Erik
Brynjolfsson believe that one must change as technology gradually develops by attaining certain skills and having a new perspective towards a career
they adore. Meanwhile, Martin Ford believes that only the government can assist individuals on how to future–proof their career. Nonetheless, even ...
Therefore, Gratton provides helpful advice to future–proof one's career.
Erik Brynjolfsson also provided good advice because he portrays that one must embrace change in order to keep their job. For instance, Brynjolfsson
initially considers the fact that technology creates jobs, but he also believes that it destroys jobs as well. Brynjolfsson states that new innovations
promote overall wealth and income, which would benefit the economy. The reader is able to identify that Brynjolfsson is illustrating the benefits of the
advancement of technology in order to emphasize how it causes individuals to lose their jobs to machines. In response, Brynjolfsson believes that
humans must change by learning how to perform the tasks that they can do better than machines, by adopting skills such as motivation, persuasion,
nurturing and caring. One is able to comprehend that Brynjolfsson advices individuals to attain these qualities in order to apply them to their careers
and surpass the functions a machine can complete in order to keep their jobs. Likewise, to Lynda Gratton, Brynjolfsson also believes that one must
constantly learn to keep their job. He conveys that by attaining the skills required to survive and preparing for the future,

Erik Erikson 's Eight Stages Of Psychosocial Development
Erik Erikson's eight stages of psychosocial development are very well known in the world of psychology. These eight stages deal with critical
situations that we go through in life from infancy to late adulthood. "Throughout life we go through various stages during which we meet ever
changing psychosocial challenges – the completion of these stages prepares us to move on to the following stages (Erikson's Stages Through
Identity)." This makes sense because we go through life making decisions in order to learn form them, and as we go through these stages that is
exactly what we are doing. The first of Erik Erikson's eight stages of psychosocial development is Trust versus Mistrust. According to our textbook,
"babies either trust that others will care for their basic needs, including nourishment, warmth, cleanliness, and physical contact, or develop mistrust
about the care of others (Berger, 2014)." If parents are caring for their children correctly and fulfilling their child's needs than the infant will
successfully resolve the first phase of Erikson's stages of psychosocial development. At this point they will begin to go through the second stage,
Autonomy versus Shame and Doubt. During this period children either begin to do independent things such as using the bathroom, and feeding as well
as dressing themselves, or they begin to question whether or not they can complete these tasks on their own. Simply Psychology told that, "Erikson
states it is critical that parents

What is Psychosocial Development?
What is psychosocial development? Psychosocial development is development on a social realm. Psychosocial development is how one develops their
mind, maturity level, and emotions over the course of one's life. The rate of development depends on different factors such as biological processes as
well as environmental factors. A man namedErik Erikson who was a psychoanalyst who believed that early childhood successes and failures were
responsible for influencing later developmental stages developed this theory. Erikson's theory of psychosocial development is based around the theory
that social experience has an impact over an entire lifespan. There are eight stages developmental stages of development in the psychosocial theory and
I will ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
These plans could include things such as what kind of career they want, their sexual orientation, and who they are in life (Cooper, 1998). The
intimacy vs. isolation stage is between the ages of 19 to 40 and is very important to the relationships one will hold during these years. Erikson
believed that it did not matter how successful one was financially, they are not truly complete developmentally until one is capable of true intimacy.
People that have not successfully created a sense of identity will have a fear of commitment however, someone that has successfully developed a
sense of self is able to form bonds and create successful relationships as an adult (Davis & Clifton, 95). Middle adulthood is the generatively vs.
stagnation stages in which an adult must care of others and realize that they need a family or a legacy. During this stage, people will nurture their own
family or find ways to nurture others that need to be nurtured outside their immediate family. If an adult does not overcome the crisis during this stage,
then they will not grow which will result in them being selfish and self–centered. The last stage in Erikson's theory is the integrity vs. despair important
stage. This is the time in one's life when they begin to look at their life and the role that they have played in life. As one reflects on their

Psy/405 Klein vs. Erikson Debate Essay
Klein vs. Erikson Debate
Jamie Salas, Jessica Borrero, Melondy Moore, Reshunna Robbins, Roxanne Luck, Shayna Parks
6/29/15
PSY–405
Patti Toler
Roxanne – In this debate we are going to argue the applications of Melanie Klein's Objection Relations Theory and Erik Erikson's Post–Freudian
Theory in regards to their describing of individual personality characteristics along with interpersonal relations.
Team Klein will begin the debate:
Jessica – On the positive aspects of Klein's object theory on individual personality characteristics is how an infant's experience can shape their future
personality. One is the object of the breast, which later perceives total control and this drives ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Team Klein final conclusion:
Reshunna – In conclusion, it can be humbly said that Klein's object relation theory in an extension of psychoanalytic theory that attempts to confirm
Freud's concepts in a sense. Not unlike Freud's theories, Klein's theory is unable to be neither confirmed nor falsified through experimental research.
However, one cannot deny that the theory is conclusively valuable because it can be considered a beneficial manual to action, and possesses the
internal consistency that the major drive of human beings is indeed the point that they want to and are driven to relate. So while there are both pros and
cons, the theory respectfully holds it ground.
Team Erikson will debate their position:

Jaime – The positive aspects of Erikson's theory on individual personal characteristics is that it expanded on Freud's theory of infantile development by
adding to it other stages that we go through which affect our personality, those being adolescence where we are confronted with our "identity crises"
which he named, young adult, adulthood and old age (Feist, Feist, & Roberts, 2013). Now in order to move on from stage to stage we need to accept
the change and grow from it. These changes are affected by our environment and the connections and social associations we make with those around
us. In the early stages we learn trusting and mistrusting as well as learning to play or work with others. This emphasizes how

Erik Erikson 's Theory Of Development
In the early 20th–century, interest in the field of child development emerged. Researchers and theorists studied the ways in which children grew,
learned, and, in some instances, were shaped by societal influences (Weiland, 1993). The study of child development enables us to appreciate and
understand the social, emotional, physical, educational, and cognitive growth that children go through from birth to early adulthood. Grand theories
attempt to organize and arrange concepts and aspects of development using a step approach. Such as that of Erik Erikson's theory, the Psychosocial
Identity Development theory, in which he addresses the development of personal, emotional, and social progression in an individual through stages
(Pretorius et al., 2015). Erikson's model for the approach of development involves the focus of overcoming conflicts that individuals encounter over the
span of their childhood that influence their ego identity, or the conscious sense of self that develops and constantly changes due to new experiences and
information that is acquired through daily interactions with others and events. In Erikson's theory, he believed that each person experienced a conflict
that served as a defining moment in their development that essentially shaped who they would become later on in life; he believed that unresolved
problems of adult life echoed unresolved conflicts of one's childhood (Berger, 2011).
When working with Tim, a 16 year old star high school athlete who

Erik Erikson's Eight Stages of Psychosocial Development

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Erik Erikson's Eight Stages of Psychosocial Development