International Retail Corporation Limited

International Retail Corporation Limited
This report will discuss whether International Retail Corporation Limited (IRCL) should proceed with the proposed integration of the (ERP) system, to
be finalised for operation within two months. The report will outline the implications of the current system the (IRCL uses, justify the reasons why
(IRCL) should use the new (ERP) system 1.Current System Deficiencies The current accounting software package may not be the most appropriate
software package for (IRCL) due to an array of factors. The developer of the existing software package did have good technical IT skills, as referred to
the case study. This draws attention to problematic issues such as 'inadequate support of business' which refers that the implementation of newer and
efficient technologies to make operations run smoothly which improves functionality and performance, which were not taken intro consideration by
(IRCL). This is evident, as the current software cannot process more than one thousand transactions a day causing a severe impact on the potential
client growth and the expansion of the business whilst also having a detrimental impact on the economic growth of the company. Furthermore, another
limitation of current software is "inability to handling production data capacity' The inconsistent and inaccurate distribution of data in the in the
inventory and sales databases could lead to communication issues and have a product appear to be in stock where in reality it is not. This is giving
clients false
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Basic Types Of Software Maintenance
2.What are the three different types of software maintenance and how is effort distributed across these maintenance types? Software maintenance is
the general process of changing a system after it has been Delivered .By modifying existing system changing and adding of components are done when
needed There are three different types of software maintenance: 1. Fault repairs: Coding errors are usually relatively cheap to correct; design errors are
more expensive as they may involve rewriting several program components. Requirements errors are the most expensive to repair because of the
extensive system redesign which may be necessary. 2. Environmental adaptation: This type of maintenance is required when some aspect of the
system's environment such as the hardware, the platform operating system, or other support software changes. The application system must be
modified to adapt it to cope with these environmental changes. 3. Functionality addition: This type of maintenance is necessary when the system
requirements change in response to organizational or business change. The scale of the changes required to the software is often much greater than for
the other types of maintenance. 9.3 software maintenance 3.What process metrics might be used to assess maintainability? Examples of process
metrics that can be used for assessing maintainability are as follows: 1. Number of requests for corrective maintenance: An increase in the number of
bug and failure reports may

Market Analysis for Product Software
Market analysis for product software
Market analysis for product software consists of a number of techniques that allow an organization to collect and disseminate information from their
external environment of software products for use in determining their market strategy and actions. For example, market analysis helps to determine
critical strategies for new software products such as time–to–market length, creating product differentiation, creating and preserving supplier credibility,
developing effective distribution channels, forming relationships with large customers, and managing market efforts (Igel & Islam, 2001).
This topic has its roots in marketing discipline. Many types of market research techniques are used to gather this ... Show more content on
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For consumers, psychological traits, such as risk–taker versus risk–avoider, play a great role in major decisions by the individual (Trondsen, 1996).
Many other factors play a role for corporate buyers of product software. Businesses buy product software usually as an indirect material to help them
increase the effectiveness of their processes. Trondsen describes the corporate buying process for product software. There is a complex interaction of
individual and group goals working during the decision–making process that are constrained by available resources (1996). A technique for dealing
with the buying process in a firm is the buying center.
Many techniques are used to provide information on customers. Some examples are: Customer satisfaction dimensions Consumer surplus for software
products Database marketing technique for software products
Competitor Analysis for Product Software
The final major area of analysis in market analysis is the industry itself. By knowing what is happening with competitors, a software company can
adjust strategies to be more successful in the marketplace. Companies should know about market share percentages, strength and weaknesses, industry
structure, and strategic groupings among other things to get a good picture of what the competitive environment is like. Strategic groupings can be in
the form of alliances between product software firms.
Competitor analysis is especially important

Object Oriented Refactoring Lifecycle Survey
Object Oriented Refactoring Lifecycle Survey K L K Pratik Rao, Himanshu Jangra, Rishika Reddy, Harika M Computer Science & Engineering Dept.,
University of Texas at Arlington Arlington, Texas, USA Klkpratik.rao@mavs.uta.edu Himanshu.jangra@mavs.uta.edu rishika@mavs.uta.edu
harika@mavs.uta.edu Abstract– Index Terms– 1. INTRODUCTION 2. RELATED WORK 2.1 Serge Demeyer and Stephane Ducasse 's Refactoring
Process This is a five step technique based on class diagram. Step 1: Create Subclass Step 2: Move Attribute Step 3: Move Method Step 4: Split
Method + Move Method Step 5: Clean–up The advantage of this technique is that it's easier to find elements which are easily passed by because these
elements change their position after the making... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The disadvantage point is that it makes unnecessary repeated position moving even of the optimized element. 2.3 Process Design for Software
Reuse Lee et al. proposed a four step process design for refactoring. Step 1: Reverse Engineering Step Step 2: Target Definition Step 3: Refactoring
Step Step 4: Testing Step Fig. 1. Detailed Refactoring Step Class Performance: This work made classes have enough attributes and enabled them to
improve performance as a refining object–oriented system by deleting unnecessary relationship of classes on applying various equipment in
object–oriented supporting for software system refining. Speed Improvement: The execution speed improved by around 12% for common classes
and 46% for core classes. 3. MOTIVATION A software project is capable of becoming a monster of missed schedules, blown budgets and flawed
products". An approach to achieve meaningful deductions in software costs is to acquire an existing software system as opposed to creating another
particular case. Often, though, the available software systems will not provide an exact fit for the problem at hand. Software that solves a same
problem might be available, but such software may need to be modified in some way before it can be reused. These changes may involve restructuring
the software. As the software is enhanced, modified and adapted to new requirements, the complexity increases and

Software Process Model Essay
Software process model is a step by step highly structured technique for designing and development of any software. There are various process
models widely used for developing software. Process models give a guidelines regarding development of the software.
Process models are very important for developing the software in a systematic manner, such that it will be delivered within the time deadline and
should also have proper quality. There are four major steps which includes Elicitation, Designing, Coding and Testing.
In this paper we develop a new model for software development that lays special emphasis on highly structured lifecycle and defining an output with
each stage and also tries to fulfill the objective of the Software Engineering of developing high quality product within schedule and budget. The new
proposed model is designed in such a way that it allows client and developer to interact freely with each other in order to understand and implement
requirements in a better way using the concept of process model.
Keywords–Software Engineering, software process models, Free–Flow Model, Requirement collection, Testing, Activities involved in process models,
Comparative analysis of models.
I. INTRODUCTION
Software process model is a technique which gives a new way of designing of any software within less time and gives high quality of software product
as per the requirement. Software process gives the better performance in Implementation and

A Rubik 's Cube Is A Logic Game And Mathematical Puzzle
A Rubik's cube is a logic game and mathematical puzzle that develops critical thinking and spatial reasoning skills. It is a three–dimensional puzzle
originally invented and developed by Erno Rubik to serve the purpose of a mathematical aid in the 1970's but unexpectedly evolved into what is now
considered to be the world's top–selling toy. Erno Rubik was a young professor teaching interior design and architecture in Hungary when he first
created the object. He created an object that was not supposed to be possible. His solid cube twisted and turned – and still did not break or fall apart.
Rubik first invented the cube, formerly known as the 'Magic Cube' to help explain three–dimensional geometry to his students. The puzzle is in the
form of a cube made up of smaller, coloured interlocking cubes that can be manipulated by twisting the horizontal and vertical planes. Initially before
the cube has been manipulated each face of the cube is covered in a different colour. Meaning when you twist and turn the cube away from its original
orientation the colours on each face will be jumbled. Although it has now been made apparent that every legal permutation of the Rubik's cube can be
solved in 20 moves or fewer, it has been reported, the first time Rubik jumbled the cube it took him a month to solve it. Throughout the introduction I
have used information from sites reference [1] – [4] found in the appendix. Research into existing, similar applications There are a few games of

The Effect Of Cloud Computing On Software Development Process
NAME OF THE UNIVERSITY
Effect of Cloud Computing on
Software Development Process
Name of the Student
3/7/2013
Abstract
This research paper is about discussing the effects of cloud–computing on the software development process. Cloud computing is very popular these
days. The concept of cloud computing is quite different from other existing computing techniques. Cloud computing is a modern concept evolving as a
multidisciplinary field based on web–services and service oriented architecture; this is supported by Alter (2008). So it is affecting the software
development process to a great extent which has its own pros and cons. These will be discussed in this research paper. There is a lot of research work
going on this topic and few ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This concept is not entirely new as most of us are using this from past many years in one form or another using emails and WWW. But now days the
concept has revised too much. Users can access the resources directly through the internet; there is absolutely no need of having the direct physical
access to the resources within the organization's premises. The concept is based on service provisioning where the services can be easily provisioned
and de–provisioned as per the user's request and demand. This is very beneficial for the users as they do not have to pay for the entire service, they
will pay as per its use, which reduces the total cost. This concept ahs in turn invented some new concepts like mesh computing, pay–per–use service,
cloud platforms, etc.
This is very important to investigate this area as it reduces a lot of development cost and the development time too. It makes the access to the services
as very easy and comfortable job. A lot of research is going on this topic to further improve its efficiency and effectiveness.
Discussion
The concept of cloud computing is very popular these days. So let us try to understand its architecture and the concept on which cloud computing is
based on:
Conceptualization of Cloud Computing
The conceptualization of cloud computing can be explained from the below drawn figure. There are mainly two types of

Process Of Software Development : The Waterfall Model
In this semester, we covered three SDLC's waterfall, incremental, and integration. The waterfall model divided the process of software development
into different steps and the next step could not be initialized until the current step was completed. Incremental development was more of an agile
development, since the processes could interleave. Integration development relies heavily on reusable code, which focused into integrating the
components into the system. GCC and CLANG strive to give users the latest and most recent updates of their compilers. Therefore, with both being
updated so frequently, the waterfall model is not the best SDLC for either of these systems. However, GCC or CLANG could be either incremental or
integration. Both ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
CLANG allows the public to submit changes that could become requirements, but they need to be validated by the CFE or DEV team depending on
what kind of changes need to be made. They also have standards that need to be followed in contemplation of changes becoming requirements.
Software documentation is a key part of the system in order to give guidance of how the architecture of the software project is made. CLANG uses
doxygen to generate its documentation, since the system is constantly changing. GCC uses their own online documentation to provide manuals and
latest releases. Both GCC and CLANG have incredibly detailed and easy to follow documentation, which gives the user the essential information to
perform any task on the compilers.
As described above in brief detail both GCC and CLANG allow the public to submit changes and both have standards that need to be followed in
order to get the changes looked at. GCC will only commit changes if is considered a major change. They have a description on what a major
change is as well as what the process is to make a major change. CLANG provides a more thorough explanation on what is done to validate a patch
and release it to the public, which makes it better in a way. CLANG describes the seven steps that merits a proposed extension, as well as the coding
standard that needs to be followed. Both systems have a complex way of validating changes, since they need to guarantee that the change is not only
valid but also doesn't

Software Reusability
Software reusability
TERM PAPER
Software reusability is generally considered a way to solve the software development crisis. When we solve a problem we try to apply the solution
to similar problems because that makes our work easy and simple. Now in this paper I would like to cover important aspects of software reusability.
But one thing is for sure software reusability can improve software productivity. Software reuse has become a topic of much interest in the software
community due to its potential benefits, which include increased product quality and decreased product cost and schedule. The most substantial
benefits derive from a product line approach, where a common set of reusable software assets act as a base for subsequent ... Show more content on
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And it's not just a technical issue; it is highly managerial in nature. As much as libraries of reusable code and other assets are important, they will not
be fully utilized without management and process support of reuse.
Organization and Process
The classical software development process does not support reuse.[2] Reusable assets should be designed and built in a clearly defined, open way, with
concise interface specifications, understandable documentation, and an eye towards future use. Typically, customer, client, and contract projects are
built as "one–time only," without reuse in mind, and tend to be tightly bound within themselves, without the more robust open interfaces which ease
the reuse process. Therefore, in order to make the most of software reuse, the software development process must evolve to include reuse activities.
A strong organizational foundation must exist for reuse to succeed, since domain engineering involves a different way of looking at software
products, called a product line approach. A product line is a family of similar products addressing a particular market segment, or domain, and
provides a massive opportunity for reuse. With a reuse process in place, every

How to Get Software Requirements Right
How to get Software Requirements right
Abstract
The importance of getting the software requirement right has made big difference to so many major projects in the IT industry. Many techniques and
solutions have been developed for understanding and getting software requirements right first time in the software development life cycle, but fewer
people are taking these techniques into account and this is the reason why most of the IT projects are failing. I define here how to get software
requirements right and why it has become some important to get software requirements right.
Introduction
Requirements Analysis is known as the process which allows us to understand the customer needs and expectation from proposed software. It is ... Show
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Moreover, when requirements are specified early in the lifecycle, 80% of the functionality is relatively unwanted by the users and 45% of these
features are never used. These problems mean costly rework, compromised product quality, delayed delivery on current projects and start of new ones,
lost credibility and lowered revenue opportunities.
Developing and managing requirements at the start of a software project can provide significant benefits to the whole outcome: – Quicker and easier to
develop and deliver high value products. – Greater insights into development capacity and capabilities. – Better understanding of the organisation and
customer needs. – Higher business and user satisfaction with the overall product. – Closer alignment with business goals and expectations. – Cost
saving – Result of the product is what the company actually required so get a product that meets the requirements of the system. – Reduces rework and
conflicts which would have come from unclear and ambiguous requirements.
How to get the requirements right?
According to Pooja.R.Guptam, in order to get the software requirements right, it can be very beneficial to cover all the following aspects of
requirement analysis: 1. Define the problem and High level description of the solution: It is

The Unified Software Development Process Framework
Reflections of chapter 1, 2 and 3:
Chapter 1: Computer Technology: Your Need to Know
Unified Process:
The Unified Software Development Process is a popular iterative and incremental software development process framework.
Fig.1.1 – Disciplines and phases in the Unified Process
Phases under Unified process:
1)The Inception phase:
It basically focuses on establishing the project 's scope and vision.
2)The Elaboration phase:
It focuses on establishing the system 's requirements and architecture.
3)The Construction phase:
It focuses on completing construction or building of the system.
4)The Transition phase:
It focuses on completing transitioning or deployment of the system to the user community.
Disciplines under Unified Process: ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The testing discipline includes activities that verify correct functioning of infrastructure and application software components.
4)Deployment Disciplines:
The deployment discipline contains set of activities for installing and configuring infrastructure and application software components and bringing
them into operation.
Technical knowledge of computer hardware and system software is needed to perform deployment tasks.
Chapter 2: Introduction to System architecture
Computer system classes:
Computer systems are classified on the basis of CPU, storage capacity, I/O capacity, and number of users simultaneously using a system, and an
application software.

Classes of computer systems:
Microcomputer
Portable
Midrange computer
Mainframe
Supercomputer
1)Microcomputer:
It is a small sized relatively cheap computer with a microprocessor and a CPU.
It can also be known as a Personal computer or a workstation.
It is a computer with less capacity and capability less than a minicomputer.
Specially in the 1970s and 80s with the advent microcomputers became popular in the 1970s and 80s
Computer memory is in the form RAM.
Workstation is more powerful than a personal computer which can be specifically used for scientific purpose.
2)Portable:
Portable computer is cheaper than a microcontroller as the components used are reduced in size and also a technology of a battery is improved.
Again there are different types of

Software Development Methodologies For A Rehabilitation...
Content 1.Introduction 1.1 Purpose of Project 2.Project Aim, Objectives and Scope 2.1 Project Aim 2.2 Project Objectives 2.3Scope 3.0 Software
Development Methodologies 3.1 Waterfall Methodology 3.2 Rapid Application Development 3.3 Agile Software Development Methodology 3.4
Methodology Evaluation 4.0 Resources 4.1 Hardware Resources 4.2 Software Resources 5.0 Requirements and Risks 5.1 Core and Desirable
Requirements 5.2 Risks 6.0 Activity Plan 7.0 Conclusion 1.0 Introduction Each year in Northern Ireland an average of four thousand people have
strokes[1], minor and major, which affects each individual and their families. A stroke can take away an individual's confidence and self–independence
meaning the individual will need care from medical professionals and will have to undergo rehabilitation. The rehabilitation process for stroke patients
requires the patients to attend different specialists within a hospital depending on the severity of the stroke and the damage it has caused to the
patients. The patients may need to attend appointments with Occupational Therapists, Counsellors, Eye Specialists and Physiotherapists. 1.1 Purpose
of Project A stroke patient's rehabilitation requires the patient to attend different units within a hospital and it is difficult with the current system to
monitor the movement and attendance of a stroke patient to their appointments. This project will monitor and record the

Variants Of Unified Process
Abstract
In the past years, with the development of the society. The requirements of customers was becoming more and more. For improving work efficiency
and meeting customers' needs, the Unified Process (UP) had to be made changes. After continuous innovation, four main variants of the Unified
Process were created.
Introduction
The Unified Process (UP) which can also be called Unified Software Development Process, is an iterative and incremental software development
framework. The customized process can be defined from the Unified Process. Besides, the conceptual foundation of the Unified Process is
architecture–centric. In addition, the Unified Process still think that the highest–risk factors should be firstly focused on and be solved as soon as
possible by the project teams. Furthermore, the Unified Process defines the functional requirements through using the Use ... Show more content on
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History of the Unified Process (Ambler, 2006)
Comparison and Evaluation of Variants of Unified Process
The Definitions of the Variants of Unified Process
The Enterprise Unified Process (EUP)
The Enterprise Unified Process (EUP) is a software development framework which can use structured and modular approaches to develop the
software. It is an extension to the Rational Unified Process (RUP) and was also developed by Scott Ambler. (Ambysoft Inc., 2015)
The Agile Unified Process (AUP)
The Agile Unified Process (AUP) is an agile version of the Rational Unified Process (RUP). It depends on the Rational Unified Process (RUP) and
use the simple and easy to understand approaches to develop business application software. (Ambler, 2014)
The Essential Unified Process (EssUP)
The Essential Unified Process (EssUP) is an improvement version of the Rational Unified Process (RUP). However, it always focuses on the
practices in the process of software development. The Essential Unified Process (EssUP) was invented by Ivar Jacobson. (Jacobson, Pan, & Spence,

2006)
The Open Unified Process (Open

A Description Of The Core Activities Within The Software...
A description of the core activities in the software development process 1.Requirements 2.Design 3.Implementation 4.Testing / verification
5.Documentation 6.Maintenance An explanation of the distinction between systems analysis and systems design and a description of the activities
involved in each System development can generally be thought of having two major components: systems analysis and systems design. In System
Analysis more emphasis is given to understanding the details of an existing system or a proposed one and then deciding whether the proposed system
is desirable or not and whether the existing system needs improvements. Thus, system analysis is the process of investigating a system, identifying
problems, and using the information to recommend improvements to the system. System design is the process of planning a new business system or
one to replace or complement an existing system. Analysis specifies what the system should do. Design states how to accomplish the objective. After
the proposed system is analyzed and designed, the actual implementation of the system occurs. After implementation, working system is available and
it requires timely maintenance. An explanation of the benefits of information systems Information systems changed forever the way accounting tasks
are processed. The days of green paper pads are gone, and instead businesses have a centralized place where all accounting transactions are entered and
saved. No more looking for paper

The Software Development Process : Execution Strategy
Sotera's Software Development Process – Execution Strategy Sotera has attempted to evolve with emerging development technologies in times past,
however, majority of the specialized service offerings that we provide have become progressively focused toward the intelligence market and or Cyber
and Data Solutions and not so much strictly software development efforts anymore. Notwithstanding the aforementioned, the traditional waterfall
methodology and some elements of agile are utilized in support of client requirements; typically specific to what he client desires. On the occasions
where we are requested to propose the best solution to client requirements, we often propose a modified agile methodology which blends traditional
elements of software implementation methodology with agile. Sotera proposes the use of a general Enterprise Application Implementation
Methodology (EAIM) for each development project that we pursue. Within our proposal our focus is detailing our EAIM, which most closely
resembles the Waterfall Methodology. However, we always make it a point to thoroughly review the customer's requirements in order to determine if a
more agile approach is warranted and then we typically plan our implementation efforts accordingly. Sotera's Project Management Office (PMO), is
responsible for ensuring that a common body of knowledge for different software development approaches are developed and maintained such that our
client–facing Program/Project Managers have all

Extreme Programming : A Successful Customer Satisfactions...
Introduction
Extreme Programming is one of the popular agile processes (Wells) and is about social changes (Beck and Andres). XP has been proven as one of the
successful customer satisfactions since it delivers potential software that can be used, as the customer needs it. It continues to empower developers as
it focus on developing excellent programing techniques and communication (Beck and Andres). Extreme programming includes collaborative teams in
order to accomplish and solve problems as efficient as possible (Wells). Extreme programming hav five essential ways to improve software projects
such: communication skills, simplicity, require feedback, respect and courage (Wells). An XP programmer requires maintaining communication with
customers and colleague, and sustaining their design simple and clean (Wells). Programmers are to get feedback by testing the software, and delivering
end system product to the customers as early s possible (Wells). Lastly, programmers respect their colleagues as they, together, courageously respond to
the changing and evolving technology (Wells).
In addition, XP has its own twelve simple rules these rules are: planning, building blocks or small releases, standardized naming schemes, collective
ownership, coding standard, simple design, refactoring, testing, pair programming continuous integration, 40–hour workweek and on–site customer
(Hutagalung). Although XP is an improved process, more efficient and predictable, it has its own weakness

Disadvantages Of Software Development Life Cycle
Part B (1.1) Introduction A software development process, also known as a software development life cycle (SDLC) can be explained as a structure,
imposed on the development of a software product. The software development life cycle (SDLC) is an umbrella term for the overall process of
developing, implementing, and retiring information systems through a multiple step process from initiation, training, documentation , design, analysis,
maintenance, and consulting. Software development life cycle (SDLC) can be termed as a process of bringing ideas to reality in the creation of a
software product with in the software industry. Types of Software Developing Life Cycles (SDLC)
1.Waterfall Model.
2.Prototype ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
When in use, prototype model may increases the complexity of the system will scope of the system expanding beyond.
Doesn't work well for smaller projects.
Leads to implementing and then repairing way of building systems.
Online systems, web interfaces have a very high amount of interaction with end users, are best suited for Prototype model.
It might take a while for a system to be built that allows ease of use and needs minimal training for the end user.
3. Spiral Model. As a result of these weaknesses of the waterfall model, the spiral model was developed which emphasizes iterations of the phases
with each phase producing on early Prototype representing a part of the overall system. This helps in demonstrating a proof of concept early in
development. This model is similar to the incremental model, but with more emphasis placed on risk analysis. A software project repeatedly passes
through these phases in iterations (called spirals in this model). The baseline spiral, starting in the planning phase, requirements are gathered and risk is
assessed. Each subsequent spirals builds on the baseline spiral.
Planning Phase – The project is reviewed and a decision is made whether to continue with a further loop of the

The Capability Maturity Model
Comparison between CMM & CMMI
Term– Paper 2015 Abdul Basit Memon under the Supervision of Sugandh Wafai SZABIST
Abstract
Capability Maturity Model (CMM) is used when we talk about or refers a proper process improvement approach which contain process models. It was
developed by the Software Engineering Institute (SEI). This paper contains a background discussion of CMM. An overview of the development by
using CMM Technique, concluded summary of the models, and a proper description of thesoftware development process improvement models and the
outcomes given by the software suppliers; this comparison can helps us to understand the usage of CMM or CMMI, its approach to process
improvement; summarizes some of the strengths and weaknesses of the CMM; it tells the current status of the practice and how much money you can
save by investing on software process improvement; the comparative study of the Capability Maturity Model which shelters the using of capability
maturity model, key process areas, structure of capability maturity model, staged representation, behaviour at five different characteristics , stages,
assistances, profit and difference between CMMI and CMM. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Introduction Capability Maturity Model isn't a process of lifecycle models. It is a way of improving the software development quality. It was
developed by Software Engineering Institute (SEI) of Carnegie–Mellon University in 1986. II. Purpose of Using CMM The main purposes of using
CMM is to measure the quality of the software development processes of any organization and to measure maturity of the software outcome and to
identify the method of their practices of processing software, which are required to increase the maturity of these processes. III. Staged
Representation CMM Shown in fig.1; five stages of CMM in which a company can handle its process of software development, these stages can help
to organization & manages its processes in a well–mannered

Change Of Software Development Process
There was a need to change our software development process to something that was more transparent, collaborative and iterative. There were few
options available that suited our needs however it wasn't an over night change in methodology. We tried few options like Feature Driven Development
methodology and also for Rapid Development methodology for some user experience focused applications. However the neither of those were
successfully able to resolve effective work partition and collaboration between teams physically located in different geographical locations. This led us
to try some other agile methodologies like Scrum and Extreme Programming. We were successful in resolving a lot of management issues with scrum.
Extreme programming ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Under Extreme programming developers would pair and only the code that is deemed best by both the developers gets submitted to central repository.
We also experimented with Test Driven Development in Extreme programming methodology and found it very useful.
Solution Implementation
Since past two years we have been using, under the umbrella of Agile, Scrum with Extreme programming for new application layer teams and
Kanban for service layer as well as production support teams. The implementation started with lot of training for Scrum. Not only we hired trained
scrum masters, we sponsored a lot of technical as well as business leaders to take Scrum Master or Product Owner certification. There was task force
setup to form move Agile Transformation initiative with well–defined goals. It also took lot of real estate restructuring within our office space. Since
all the technical teams were transformed into scrum there was not need to have office cubicles. Hence the whole floor was transformed into multi
group tables where each team sat on one table. All the developers were also provided laptops to be flexible in moving across teams if there was need
to stand up or tear down a team. Training was the key aspect to make Agile transformation successful. There was multiple mandatory training sessions
setup for all employees. Also each teams were assigned an agile coach to ensure the concepts were clear

The Software Development Life Cycle
Have you ever wondered how does software developers go about creating their Software Applications for their customers? Do you think they just
make assumptions and go straight into coding? No, software developers follow a process. In order to create that successful piece of software, they
need something to help guide them along which helps them plan, and manage the application. So what is this process? The Software Development
Life Cycle is the approach that developers use to help aid them in creating their software product. According to DuPaul " A software development
lifecycle is essentially a series of steps or phases, that provide a model for the development and lifecycle management of an application or piece of
software".... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
There are two different types of SDLC processes that can be used. You can decide to use waterfall or agile; depending on the type of project. The
difference between the two? The waterfall process is very traditional and begins from top to bottom; a well thought plan and defined requirements.
Agile SDLC breaks up a huge project into smaller chunks and changes /adjustments are made as needed throughout the process. Agile SDLC is
usually lead by a scrum Master and is more fast paced than waterfall ( DuPaul). The SDLC process can vary across different businesses and
organizations but it involves six stages that establish a lifecycle for software and it is essential to understand what is involved in each step. The first
step in the SDLC is the planning stage. Probably the most important part but this is the stage where all the ideas are laid out. During this phase the
objective of the project is determined and the requirements to create the product are discussed. Also estimation is done in this phase to see how much
resource such as people and costs, and the concept for the new product. All of this info is gathered, and analyzed to check if there is an different
solution to creating a new product. If there is no other alternative, the information is put together into a project plan and presented to management for
approval (Morris). The second phase in the SDLC is the analysis stage. During this stage the project team

Software Development Model Under The Refactoring Method...
Abstract–The quality of software is an important topic in the development of successful software application. Many software development methods
have been applied to enhance the software quality. The improvement of software quality can be achieved through using refactoring which improves the
internal structure of a software without changing its external behavior. However, refactoring effects the quality attributes of software such as
reusability, complexity, maintainability, flexibility, modularity, modifiability, and understandability. Thus there is a need to proof the imprint of
refactoring on the software quality. This paper will propose a software development model under the refactoring method concept. In addition, an
evaluation will be conducted to check the effectiveness of the reusability and modifiability quality attributes on a software development process with
and without applying the refactoring method. As a result, this study can be used by developers to aid them in determining whether or not to apply
refactoring to improve quality attributes.
Index Terms–Refactoring, Metrics, Software Development, Software Process, eXtreme Programming, Quality Attributes, Reusability, Modifiability.
I.INTRODUCTION Refactoring is the process of changing a software without altering its external behavior but improves its internal structure [1]. It
can be classiп¬Ѓed into internal quality attributes such as Depth of Inheritance Tree and Coupling between Objects and into external

Waterfall Model Is Based On Sequential Process
Waterfall model is based on sequential process that is used in software development process. It takes place in steps. It is called as waterfall because it
moves step by step in downward direction. As seen in manufacturing and construction site, each process is well structured and carried out step by step,
in software development Waterfall model carries out all phases in sequential manner. All the phases like Conception, Initiation, Analysis, Design,
Construction, Testing, Implementation and Maintenance are carried out in a sequential manner, step wise. It is stated that the first formal description
of Waterfall model was made in 1970 in the article written by Winston W. Royce. Though the first use of waterfall model was made in 1976 in the
article written by Bell and Thayer.
2.0 Spiral Model
2.1 Introduction & Overview [2]
Spiral model is another alternative process that is used in software development cycle. It is more focused on risk analysis. It is based on unique risk
pattern that is adopted by the software. It can adopt any of the software development process such as incremental, evolutionary prototype and waterfall
model. This method was introduced in 1986 in paper written by Barry Boehm. This model has four phases Planning, Risk Analysis, Engineering and
Evolution. At each progress the software project has to be passed through all these four phases. The baseline spiral is reference for each other
subsequent spirals. The baseline spiral starts with the planning

Impact Of Object Oriented On Software Development Process
ABSTRACT
Object–oriented technology has gained popularity for designing applications on a large scale within the last few years. The software developed by
using this paradigm are of superior quality and have low maintenance cost as compared to the software designed using other programming concepts.
This research paper analyze the benefits of object oriented approach in software development process and the process of reusability which is possible
due to the greater abstraction of data in object oriented languages. Encapsulation means data hiding that makes it feasible to reuse data and inheritance
are the basic mechanisms in the object–oriented approach. This paper examines the concept of reusability and how it can lower the production cost and
improves the software quality. Keywords: Object oriented programming, reuse, abstraction, encapsulation, cost, software quality, software maintenance.
EVOLUTION OF OBJECT ORIENTED PROGRAMMING
The complexity of new applications and need to cater different industries having different software requirements led to the evolution of object–oriented
approach. Object–oriented programming originated as a value addition to previous developments in the software industry and old programming
languages that had little or no data abstraction. Data abstraction is needed to deal with complex algorithms. The concept of objects which is the basic
building block of object oriented programming was introduced in Simula (Dahl and Nygaard, 1966), has

Lessons for Managing Technology Projects
Lessons for Managing Technology Projects From Construction Case Assessments and Analysis Introduction Managing the scope, complexity and costs
of enterprise systems including information technology (IT) projects is very comparable to managing a complex construction project as well. Just as
IT projects have many dependencies and complex requirements that serve to constrain scope and costs, the same holds true on large–scale construction
projects as well (Chang, 2010). The essential elements of creating and using project schedules based on the Critical Path Method (CPM) and the
pervasive use of Work Breakdown Structures (WBS) are critical in both types of projects to ensure successful project completion (Capek, Sucha,
HanzГЎlek, 2012). The lessons learned from the construction case analysis are presented in this paper. Managing Projects Over Their Lifecycles Of
the many lessons learned from the case study, one of the most relevant is how construction projects are managed over their entire lifecycle with the
long–term goal being the efficient utilization of the asset being built. The same holds true for enterprise software, as project managers must taken into
account every phase of the application development process and also pay very close attention to how the applications will deliver value to users over
time as well. For constructions projects, the initial design requirements of streamlining initial building and site development, coupled with defining the
many

Selection and Implementation of an Enterprise Maturity...
Abstract – This paper tries to determine the possible options as enterprise maturity models for software houses in Pakistan. Some characteristics of
small Pakistani software houses are provided which affect implementation of a maturity model. Some possible problems are identified in the
implementation of the best maturity model and some solutions are also provided. I.INTRODUCTION In last 15 years, information technology has
developed at an outstanding rate throughput the world including Pakistan. This development of information technology also requires the development
and use of large and complex software solutions. These solutions are provided by different software houses found mostly in the developing countries.
Due to the... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In this paper we will consider the small companies, having 1 to 25 employees. III.CHARACTERISTICS OF SMALL ENTERPRISES Enterprises that
have obtained ISO–9000/CMM/CMMI certifications are mainly large and medium–sized ones, but around 90% of Pakistan's software enterprises are
small–sized ones with less than 25 staff [1]. The characteristics of these small–sized companies can be compared with their Chinese counterparts that
possess these characteristics: Firstly, small–scale, creative, and flexible; Secondly, most persons are the so called all–rounders. Most of them are
technology developers who become managers giving some attention to management. They include team leads and project managers. They do coding,
'manage' projects or products life cycle and junior developers. Not only but also they are supposed to test the products as well. In this way experienced
and specialized management staffs are rare. Thirdly, it is easy to communicate between staffs, but the degree of documentation is not enough and the
projects' supervisions and requirements are mainly made through communication. Most of the time they follow agile SDLC methodology and client
has to keep in direct contact with the developer. Fourthly, quality awareness is weak. Most persons pay attention to the function of products rather than
quality and

My Company Infinite Technologies ( Infi Tech ) Essay
At all education institutions, including The University of Auckland there are many international students. Many of whom have very limited english
and therefore do not get the full university experience as they are severely disadvantaged in a very important aspect of university: communication.
Seeing a growing need here, My company Infinite technologies (Infi–Tech) has developed a software which uses google translate, a microphone,
googleglass and an earpiece in advanced new technology which translates someone speaking in real time from the mic to the earpiece. This allows the
students to understand conversation and understand teachers better, and they will therefore become more intergrated with univesity.
3. BUSINESS SECTION
3.1 Vision
At Infi–Tech we believe that new generation technology will give people the opportunity to lead more enjoyable, happier and better lives.
3.2 Industry Analysis: The Wearable translation device industry
Force:High/Low:Justification:
Buyer power:LowAs there at present is no such product that exists like this, buyers only have one option.
Supplier power:HighThe google–glass required to install on the product is required, so google holds the bargaining power when making deals.
Threat of new entrants:HighDue to the relatively easy nature for large IT companies to create products and/or upgrade previous products, they can
release a new product overnight that could take all marketshare.
Threat of substitutes:HighThe product is rather

Essay On Why Is It A Good Idea To Test A Module
. State why it is a good idea to test a module in isolation from other modules and why different modules making up a software product are almost
never integrated simultaneously? It's a good idea to test a module in isolation from other modules to best identify and rectify bugs within each module.
Also to it's important that each module works properly on its own. In this way, problems are easier to identify and fix than otherwise would be the case.
Similar precaution is taken when integrating different modules. Such modules are rarely integrated simultaneously because the likelihood of bugs and
problems slipping through unnoticed is much higher. By integrating module incrementally, each module can be tested as it is added partially and in turn,
... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Change is inevitable because technology, consumer demand, client need, and the amount of resources are always in flux. The demand for complex
systems are in large part a reaction to the complexity of reality and as the world is always changing in complex ways, hence the need for
continuously changing systems. I'd posit that this is a good thing, especially regarding what systems are able to do as technology has changed how we
are able to live and function, I'd say for the better, and I assume that honing and advancing software systems will continue to make the world a better
place.
Two examples of software process activities are design modeling, which documents the structure of the software which then helps honing and
developing said software, and code refactoring, which improves code quality and makes it more ready to adjust to change. Both of these are
essentially ways of making processes clearer and cleaner so that when change does occur, there's a higher level of understanding and amenability.
References:
FoundationofSoftwareEngnineering.(n.d.).Retrievedfrom

Software Engineering Is Like An Art
"Software engineering is like an art in that it begins with a problem and ends with the creation of a solution that solves it (Blum, p.9)." Engineers grew
out of the ashes of the problems of the world. Software engineers deal with problems and maintenance in computer software. For a computer to find a
solution to anything, programs have to be designed and written into the computer using models for the software process. Bernd Bruegge, in his
presentation titled, Software Lifecycle Models, states "a software process represents all the phases needed to create a program, from the study of the
goals leading to the objective, to the maintenance of said goals and how the phases relate to one another." There are many different models used as
guidelines to form the software process needed to create a program, but this paper will prove how the waterfall model performs the software process in
the most reliable and user–friendly fashion. The waterfall model will be defined and then compared to the V–model, prototype model, and Boehm's
spiral model, with all aspects in relation to software engineering. M. C. Escher's painting, "Waterfall", depicts a waterfall defying reality by creating an
infinite flow of water from a structure that seems to be realistic. Escher's waterfall, on paper, seems to be flawless but when implied to the real world,
the design is impossible. The waterfall model used to create software processes is flawless if used properly, but if one step is overlooked,

How Software Development Process Is Important For...
Software development process is key to obtaining a competitive advantage over competitors. PricewaterhouseCoopers (PwC) is working on ways to
leverage data analytics technology with its audit practice. Business analytics is a new way for companies to separate themselves from their
competitors. I recently completed an internship at PwC and will work there full–time upon completion of this program. PwC uses analytics to help
solve complex business issues and to identify opportunities across different industries. PwC is the largest professional service company in the world
and is part of the Big Four accounting firms. PwC operates in over 157 countries with more than 750 offices throughout the world. (2) PwC is
structured into three service lines, which are Assurance, Advisory and Tax. The assurance practice audits almost 30% of the global fortune 500
companies. (2) The advisory practice consists mainly of consulting activities that cover strategy, cyber security and privacy, human resources, deals
and forensics. (2) These three practices generated $35.4 billion in revenue in 2015. (2) PwC's Software Development Efforts PwC is constantly
searching for ways to develop software since data is a growing asset that various businesses are having difficulty converting into a powerful strategic
tool. PwC can "apply data driven insights across the enterprise, including financial assurance, tax, technology, operations, customers, human capital,
risk, regulatory and deals."

Object Oriented View : Problem And Infrastructure Domains
Answer 8: The focus of object–oriented view is on the elaboration of design classes that belong to both problem and infrastructure domains. Classes are
elaborated by specifying messaging details, identifying interfaces, defining attribute data structures, and describing process flow for operations. In
traditional view, three components are refined, they are control modules, domain modules, and infrastructure modules. To generate programming
language source code detailed representations of data structures, interfaces and algorithms for each program are to be created. Answer 9: Access and
shortcut keys: Short cut keys does not contain characters from the double bite character. Bitmaps and Icons: This functionality doesn't use text. When...
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Refining the design by adapting each pattern to the specific of the software you're trying to build. Answer 11: Three dimensions of software
quality are Accessibility: The degree to which software can be used comfortably by a wide variety of people including those who require assistive
technologies like screen magnifiers or voice recognition. Compatibility: The suitability of software for use in different environments like different
operating systems, browsers, etc. Concurrency: The ability of software to service multiple requests to the same resources at the same time. Answer
12: Regression testing is considered as a critical part of any integration testing procedure, because if you want to verify whether the change made did
not introduce any unexpected effect. Regression testing then verifies if that still works and implementation testing verifies if the new things work. In
worst case, regression testing will require a full blown acceptance test, and it may take much longer to test than testing for the one or two lines of
code that has changed. Modularization, good design, and good record keeping will minimize regression testing because you may be able to argue that
particular things don't need to be retested in one area if something is changed in another area. If you have robust code controls in place, you can argue
for minimization of regression testing. Most large shops will have an automated compilation sequence

The Agile Software Development Process Essay
Motivation Over the last several years, agile software development processes have become increasingly popular. According to Fowler (2003), the agile
software engineering processes attempt to enable more flexible and adaptive software development than the traditional software engineering processes
offer. Agile practitioners consider documentation as an important aspect for their projects but there is too little internal documentation available in their
projects (Stettina and Heijstek, 2011). Although the documentation is mentioned, it is not anchored in the original process that relies on verbal
communication (Schwaber and Beedle, 2001). Verbal communication is susceptible to lapses of memory and after some time it gets progressively
harder to recall design rationale. This problem is compounded by team turnaround (Stettina and Heijstek, 2011). The main objective of documenting a
project is to instruct consumers about the structure of the system, its functionality, operability and the design structure in case there is need to redesign
the system. The primary consumers of the design documentation are those who maintain or upgrade the system. Other stakeholders, such as users,
testers, and project managers may also need to know about the system (Selic, B., 2009). However, according to Bran Selic, (2009) software
developers do not like to document, as it has no value for them. Even the agile manifesto, issued by the software industry's avant–garde, proclaims
"Working software

Software Development Life Cycle
Software Development Life CycleThe software development life cycle is the cycle in which software is developed. It is a process that has been
improved upon as programming has expanded and become a bigger part of computers and networking. Programming is necessary in order to enable
computers to perform in a desired manner, and those computers rely on that programming as instructions in order to function. Since computers rely
on their programming to know how to function, the programming needs to be as efficient and flawless as possible, in order to produce ideal results.
The software development life cycle is a tool used to help achieve ideal results. The first stage of the software development life cycle is "Analysis". This
... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
n.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software_development_process

Software Engineering : Software Development Cycle
Software Engineering Process When engineers design software, most engineers use a software development methodology known as the Software
Development Cycle (SDLC). The process is a structure that is one my might is imposed on the software development community. There are a number
of models for this process and all use a variety of methods, tasks, and activates during their own process. Here are two of the process models: Waterfall
Process – this is where developers execute their steps or phases in a defined order. In this order, they affirm requirements, analyze those requirements,
design a solution tactic, create a software framework that applies to the solution, develop code, test that code, deploy, and support their solution
(TutorialsPoints, 2016). Iterative Process – this process establishes a straightforward implementation of a subcategories of the software requirements
and iteratively improves the progressing adaptations until the complete system is implemented. At every iteration, design adjustments are made and
new useful abilities are enhanced. The simple idea behind this technique is to cultivate a system through repetitive cycles or iterative and in reduced
portions at a time or incremental (TutorialsPoints, 2016). In addressing the challenges of managing software development activities, there are more
than enough factors of consider. One consideration would be unreliable estimates regarding the size of the job and the time it takes are difficult issues to

Abstract Capabilities Maturity Model And Development Of...
Abstract–Capability Maturity Model(CMM) is an important model for software industry to evaluate the capability maturity of a software
organization. It means through the CMM model, ability or productivity of software organization is measurable and we can choose better software
development organization for our software projects How does this model be built, and how could we use this model to evaluate a software
organization? In this research paper, I will present the history of Capability Maturity Model first and then present my initial findings about CMM.
And this paper will also give details of my research approach for CMM, research hypothesis, and research conclusion. By compare and contrast with
the CMM model and development of modern software industry, finally I will try to give my modern approach for evaluating capability of software
organization. keywords–Capability Evaluation; CMMпј›Capability Maturity Model; software development organization; software process
improvement; maturity level; software capability evaluation.
I. Introduction
In recently years, With the developments of software industry and rapidly increased requirements for software developments, hundreds and thousands
of software development organizations and companies set up nowadays. Some of software companies have a long and famous history, such as IBM,
they always give satisfied software products for users. While some software companies are set up recently are not equipped with good ability and

Development of Software Applications
Custom decision support system software application The development of software applications is an intricate effort which can be approached from
several angles. Four common approaches include prototyping, rapid application development, object–oriented analysis and design business process
engineering. Each of these methods is characterized by distinctive features, as revealed below. Prototyping Prototyping as an approach to software
development represents a mechanism of data visualization, characterized nevertheless by the fact that it is not, in itself, a means of creating the
actual software. Prototyping is a complementary solution to actual software development and it allows a prototype of the future software
application to be presented to stakeholders for viewing purposes, collection of funds and so on. Prototyping is a useful planning mechanism since it
allows for the more accurate creation of estimates, deadlines and deliverables. In addition, the prototyping approach to software also allows the
software developers to access and assess the workloads and set feasible tasks (Oxagile, 2013). Rapid application development The rapid application
development approach to the creation of software reveals an insignificant emphasis on planning as a process integrant to software development. The
developers, as such, quickly set out to create the application (or a prototype of the application) in order to quickly possess a usable product. With rapid
application

An Organization Will Develop Stratified Software Or Good...
I. Introduction
In recently years, With the developments of software industry and rapidly increased requirements for software developments, hundreds and thousands
of software development organizations and companies set up nowadays. Some of software companies have a long and famous history, such as IBM,
they always give satisfied software products for users. While some software companies are set up recently are not equipped with good ability and
quality. How to make difference on these companies? How to evaluate capability of these software companies? Background search is not enough,
Software industry need more maturity and effective model to evaluate the capability of software organizations.
To evaluate capability of software organization, a lot of challenges are need to be take consideration. Such as, how do we know if an organization
will develop stratified software or good software for us? How many defects, how many kinds of defects will we need to take to maintain for these final
software products produced by these unknown software companies? And how many elements will affect the result of evaluation?
The Capability Maturity Model (CMM, see fig.1) was developed in the late 1980's in an attempt to assess the capability of software development
organizations. It is described in "Managing the Software Process [Humphrey89]". CMM combined with software process assessment and software
capability evaluation and maturity evaluation framework to test the software process

Software Engineering For Mobile Application Development Essay
Tanmaya Chennupati
Professor Erin–Elizabeth A. Durham
CSC6360: Mobile App Development
29 November 2016
Software Engineering for Mobile Application Development: Challenges and Research In the recent years we have seen rapid growth of applications
of mobile devices popularly known as "APPS". Recent surveys show that there are enormous numbers of mobile application developers. Although
there is a growing trend of these mobile applications, very few make it to the top charts of the devices thereby pushing the application developers to
provide with high quality, and useful applications. Software engineering comes in to picture here, thereby leading the development of the application
through different life cycle phases for good quality output. This paper presents the different challenges faced by the developers such as (a) building
good user interfaces(b) support for multiplatform (c) dealing with uncertainities. (d) change according to the environment. For each of the above stated
challenges we provide the current trends and advances done, along with the challenges that are faced in developing the application and also the future
risks and availabilities for developing the project.
1. Introduction
Mobile application development started long time ago, around ten years back. But although the development of mobile applications was done long
ago, their popularity has increased since the apple store by iphone has been developed in 2008. Ever since the marketers have spread the apps

Compare Waterfall And Spiral Life Cycle Model
CTEC2121 Organisations, Project Management & Research Deferred/Referred Assignment 2013/14 Student id: P11242166 Tutor: Richard Smith
Date: Aug 2014 Compare the waterfall and spiral lifecycle models discussing when it is appropriate to use the model. In this article we are going to
discuss the software development life–cycles. But first lets break down the software development part and the life–cycle part. Software development–
Software development is the whole combined process which involves the documentation, the software programming and the fixing & testing of the
bugs that come across while building and during the maintenance of the software. Software development life–cycle– A software development life–cycle
is made up... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
If a product that is required for constructing the system but for some reason it is not available or not known, then it can be added to the system in
the later stages whenever it is sourced. This makes the system more flexible in terms of designing and modifying. This model consists of a vast
utilisation of prototypes. Multiple versions of the same system are released along the different stages of the spiral which makes it easy to maintain
and ensures a exponential growth in the quality of the product. Since there are a lot of stages involved in the spiral model, there is a lot of
documentation to be done at each spiral of every phase. This makes it easy to understand and implement the requirements which leads to a
successful final product. Once a concept model is complete after the first spiral, the customers get to use the software for review purposes. This
happens at a very early stage. The work of the project can be divided into small sections(units). The Units that are classified as high risk can be dealt
earlier on in the project so that the team is ensured of minimum risk in the later stages of the project.

ISO/Iec 15504 Case Study
Crimson group. Project B
A study of ISO/IEC 15504 Information Technology–Process Assessment
Introduction
ISO/IEC 15504 also known as SPICE (Software Process Improvement and Capability Determination), is a set of technical standards for the computer
software development process and related business management functions. It is another joint international Organisations for standardization and
international Electrotechnical Commission standard. ISO/IEC 15504 initially was derived from process lifecycle standard ISO 12207 and from
maturity models like Bootstrap, Trillium and the CMM (Amazon.co.uk 2016). EL Emam and Birk (2002) describe ISO/IEC 15504 as "a newly
appearing international standard on software process assessment and it defines a number of software engineering processes and a scale for measuring
capability".
The three fundamental concepts of the standard are the process reference model (PRM), the process assessment model ... Show more content on
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ISO/IEC 15504–5:2012 provides an in–depth description of the structure and key components of the Process Assessment model, which includes two
dimensions, a process and capability dimension. It introduces assessment indicators also. "The process assessment model is a two–dimensional model
of process capability" (ISO/IEC 2012). In one dimension the process dimension, the processes are defined and classified into a number of process
categories. In the other dimension, the capability dimension, a set of process attributes grouped into capability levels is defined. The process
attributes provide the measurable characteristics of process capability. A process assessment model contains a set of indicators of process
performance and process capability. The indicators are used as a basis for gathering the objective evidence that allows an accessor to assign

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