More Related Content
Similar to Ppt chapter 19
Similar to Ppt chapter 19 (20)
More from stanbridge (20)
Ppt chapter 19
- 1. Introduction to Nerves and the
Nervous System
Chapter 19
Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
- 2. Role of the Nervous System
• Controlling the functions of the human body
• Analyzing incoming stimuli
• Integrating internal and external responses
Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
- 3. Make Up of the Nervous System
• Central Nervous System (CNS)
– Composed of the brain and spinal cord
• Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)
– Sensory receptors bring information into the CNS
– Motor nerves carry information away from the CNS
• Autonomic Nervous System (ANS)
– Uses components of the CNS and PNS to regulate
automatic or unconscious responses to stimuli
Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
- 4. Function of the Cells that Make Up the Nervous
System
• Allow movement
• Allow realization of various sensations
• Provide response to internal and external stimuli
• Stimulate learning, thinking, and emotions
Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
- 6. Types of Neuron Axons
• Afferent Fibers
– Nerve axons that run from peripheral receptors into
Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
the CNS
• Efferent Fibers
– Nerve axons that carry nerve impulses from the CNS
to the periphery to stimulate muscles or glands
- 8. Electrolytes Involved in Nerve Cell Action
• Sodium
• Potassium
• Calcium
Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
- 9. Movement of Electrolytes with Action
• Rest/Repolarization
– Membrane is impermeable to sodium
– Permeable to potassium
• Action/Depolarization
– Sodium goes into the cell
– Potassium leaves the cell
Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
- 10. Formation of Myelin Sheath
Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
- 11. Nerve Synapse
• Presynaptic Nerve
• Synaptic Cleft
• Postsynaptic Effector Cell
Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
- 12. Question
What nerve axons carry nerve impulses from the central
nervous system to the peripheral nervous system?
A. Somatic axons
B. Efferent fibers
C. Afferent fibers
D. Sensory axons
Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
- 13. Answer
B. Efferent fibers
Rationale: Efferent fibers–Nerve axons that carry nerve
impulses from the CNS to the periphery to stimulate
muscles or glands
Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
- 14. Neurotransmitters
Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
• Acetylcholine
– Communicates between nerves and muscles
• Norepinephrine and Epinephrine
– Catecholamines released by nerves in the
sympathetic branch of the ANS
• Dopamine
– Involved in the coordination of impulses and
responses
- 15. Neurotransmitters (cont.)
• Gamma-aminobutyric Acid (GABA)
– Inhibits nerve activity and is important in preventing
over-excitability or stimulation such as seizure
activity
Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
• Serotonin
– Important in arousal and sleep and in preventing
depression and promoting motivation
- 16. Central Nervous System
• Made up of brain and spinal cord
• Structures are covered by meninges
• Blood brain barrier
• Blood supply to the brain
Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
- 17. Anatomy of the Brain
Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
- 18. Hindbrain
• Runs from the top of the spinal cord into the midbrain
• Most primitive part of the brain - contains the brainstem
• Controls basic vital functions:
– Breathing
– Blood pressure
– Swallowing
– RAS
Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
- 19. Midbrain
• Contains the thalamus, the hypothalamus, and the limbic
system
• The thalamus sends direct information into the cerebrum to
transfer sensations
• Hypothalamus acts as major sensor activity in the body
– Temperature regulation
– Water balance
– Appetite
– Endocrine function
Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
- 20. Limbic System
• Contains high levels of neurotransmitters
– Epinephrine
– Norepinephrine
– Serotonin
• Controls expression of emotions
Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
- 21. Forebrain
• Made up of two cerebral hemispheres joined together by the
corpus callosum
• Receives and sends nerve impulses, coordinates speech and
communication, and facilitates learning
Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
- 22. Spinal Cord
• Made up of 31 pairs of spinal nerves
• Each spinal nerve has two components or roots
– Sensory fiber (dorsal root)
• Brings information into the CNS from the periphery
– Motor fiber (ventral root)
• Causes movement or reaction
Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
- 23. Function of Central Nervous System
• Sensory Functions
• Motor Functions
• Intellectual and Emotional Functions
Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
- 24. Intellectual and Emotional Function
• Two hemispheres of the brain process information differently
• Right Side
Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
– Artistic
• Left Side
– Analytical
• When learning takes place and actual change occurs in a
neuron
- 25. Intellectual and Emotional Function (cont.)
• Some degree of stress helps facilitate learning
• Increased stress inhibits learning
• The limbic system plays a role in learning
• Emotions associated with memory as well as the present, have
an impact on stimulus response
• The placebo effect is a documented effect of the mind on drug
therapy: If a person perceives that a drug will be effective, it is
much more likely to actually be effective
Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
- 26. Question
Which of the following documented phenomena may occur as a
result of drug therapy?
A. Action potential
B. Placebo effect
C. Expectation effect
D. Learning
Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
- 27. Answer
B. Placebo effect
Rationale: The placebo effect is a documented effect of the
mind on drug therapy: If a person perceives that a drug
will be effective, it is much more likely to actually be
effective.
Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins