Why Scale Matters in Ecology Studies

Why Is Scale Important In Ecology
Harlee Mariah Marsh Advanced Ecology– BIOL 351 Midterm Exam 1. Why is scale important in
ecology? Scale is important in ecology because it is one of the most varying factors when it comes
to conducting studies. When we look at scale it is not a definitive term but rather an adjusting term
dependent on the experiment conducted. Understanding that there are different meanings of scale
and how they interact is fundamental. The appropriate definition must be applied in order to
properly conduct an experiment. The struggle throughout the study of ecology has been defining the
overall optimal scale. Is this really possible? This problem occurs because of the multiple scales on
which ecological studies take place. In the fundamentals of ecology, there are several basic scales
that separate the entire field which include but are not limited to global, ecosystem, community,
population, and organismal ecology. Within each of these fields there are environmental factors that
affect an individual scale. Furthermore, once a single sub–sect changes in ecology it affects its
predecessor and successor. Due to these constant changes in the environment as a whole, ... Show
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As literature has discovered through time there is no general scale applicable to all experiments.
There is only an optimal scale on an individual basis of the experiment. The term scale has multiple
definitions and historically there are 15 definitions of scale, two stemming from different root
meanings (Schneider 2001). If this is the case, it is important to define what scale is being used in an
experiment. An example of scale is a patch environment. It is meant to be a sample of the total
environment, and within that sample it accounts for trends that would be found in the entire
environment. Even though this seems ideal for most experiments, there are variables that need to be
addressed in a scale such as a patch (MacArthur
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Midterm Ecology & Environmental Problems
Marina Herbst
11/01/2016
SC 253–301
Midterm Ecology & Environmental Problems
1. (a) How might one best define ecology today? (b) Please define the term "environmental
problem"? (c) Briefly describe the relationship between the science of ecology and our
understanding of environmental problems?
a) Ecology today can be defined as "the study of the interrelationships between living things and
their environment". It is important to understand that when we say that ecology includes the
"environment", we are talking about everything that is external to an organism, all the biotic and
abiotic. Nowadays it also attempts to understand and explain the how and why of the origins and
mechanisms of interactions.
b) Environmental Problems could be defined as the problems of humans and their relationships with
their environment.
c) Ecology is the tool used to better understand the causes, effects, and potential mitigation of
environmental problems.
2. (a) Define cybernetic; (b) define homeostasis, (c) define homeorhesis; (d) discuss the
relationships between cybernetic systems and homeostasis/homeorhesis; (e) describe the
significance of the cybernetic nature of ecological systems; (f) discuss the relationships between
disturbance level and the establishment of reinforcing vs balancing feedback loops.
a) Cybernetic is the ability of a system to regulate itself through feedback loops. Ecological systems
are cybernetic systems given that they are self regulated or controlled

Predictive Systems Ecology: Article Analysis
Predictive systems ecology is the study of current ecological standings to better predict the future
state of ecological systems in response to changing pressures and events. I believe that it is essential
to attempt to accurately predict the future state of ecological systems to better prepare for events that
may occur. Although no one can predict and foresee every single possible event that may occur, by
studying the ecological systems around us today we can be better prepared for the events that may
occur tomorrow. In this review, I will discuss how the article I have selected and the points it makes
are both valid and worthy of further research. The first point that the article makes is to state that
while theoretically plausible, forecasting ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The first element to be considered is that unlike predictive systems in other fields, such as
climatology or molecular biology, predictive models in ecology will have to take into account the
inherent uncertainty that come with the study of living and adapting ecosystems. Whereas other
fields can rely on tried and true methods of research and data observation, as well as thoroughly
solid theories, predictive systems ecology models would have to be developed to a point where they
can be used just as reliably. The next element that needs to be taken in account is the complexity of
the models and computational elements that would be needed in order to effectively predict systems
ecology. When dealing with models, science would have to recognize that ecosystems vary around
the globe, and so would the methods that scientist in those different ecosystems would have to
utilize to study their respective ecosystems. In order to combat this, predictive models would have to
designed in a way as to allow different scientist to adapt and mold the models to be as suitable for
their needs as they can. Also, the computational analysis software would need to be designed to
allow for different algorithms and equations to be used in order to make accurate predictions for the
different systems

Balancing Ecosystems Essay examples
Concerned Citizen
City Council of Glimmerville
Date: 09/21/2014
To whom it may concern:
First let me start off by introducing myself my name is Nicole Santa Isabel I live on the Big Island
of Hawaii. Currently a student for the University of Phoenix taking a course in environmental
science when I came across Glimmerville and its concerns with Grass Carp. Sparksville's aquatic
ecosystem is also having issues with balancing the ecosystem. This letter is to bring some light and
maybe provided some solutions to any issues Glimmerville may be facing.
Grass Carp is an herbivorous fresh water fish and was introduced originally from England. These
fishes as we all know are famous for feeding on aquatic plants and in some cases have damaged a ...
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This type of plant nearly took over every area choking the wildlife and aquatic plants providing no
area for other plants or animals to produce.
Our invasive and native species impact our eco systems dramatically. Although they seem to be
harmless from rapid breeding and overpopulation. Taking over the surrounding areas so that other
species are not able to survive. Aggressive species is another way to impact the ecosystems by
endangering other species that live in the same habitat.
Monitoring our wildlife will protect our succession in preventing ecosystem changes. Such as the
damage from invasive species on a natural habitat. Invasive species will unintentionally take over
the habitat to the point that other species will not be able to survive. For example an unknown vine
that rapidly takes over a neighboring plant to the point of extinction. This intern can change the
whole flow of energy in the ecosystem by soil chemistry.
Here are four tips as a solution to the grass carp situation. First try to eliminate reproduction by
possibly separating the male from the females and monitoring the reproduction amounts. The
advantage for monitoring reproduction of grass carps is to be able to maintain the way they
reproduce. Disadvantage is it's not always a 100 percent chance. Second solution to try limiting the
food supply if they primarily eat the seaweeds be sure to not provided

Pope By John Pope : A Critical Approach Between Science...
Pope
Pope Francisco suggests a bold attempt to reconcile religion with the interrelationships of physical–
chemical–biological–ecological–social–political–economic talk about global, national or local
politics, history, art, urban planning, systems ethnic groups, biochemistry, ethology, biology ... all
through a common relationship called ecology, natural and human. Pope mentions the needs of a
dialogue between science and religion, noting that "on many specific issues the Church does not
have to propose a final policy.
From the first chapter the Pope assumes the latest scientific findings on environmental matters as a
way to hear the cry of creation, to ' ' become personal suffering what happens to the world, and thus
recognize what is the contribution that each can contribute ' '. ' ' Various aspects of the current
ecological crisis ' ' is so rush. The Pope speaks of austerity of life saving measure of the great crisis
which we live.
We speak of an ecological debt: in the framework of an ethic of international relations, the
encyclical indicates that there is this ecological debt, especially North regarding the South.
Addressing climate change their 'different responsibilities ' ', and are greater in developed countries.
Knowing the profound differences on these issues, Pope Francisco is deeply impressed by the ' '
weak reactions ' ' against the dramas of so many people and populations, he said ' ' some numbness
and a cheerful irresponsibility ' ' . Lacking

The Complex Processes Of Urban Development
The complex processes of urbanisation overarches and entails a set of social, cultural, economic,
political, environmental and technological functions that result in sprawl and densities, proportional
to core size and settlement. Further implicating the extensive use of natural resources from fringes
and rural spheres within city limits to be consumed and then later in turn converted into waste.
Urban ecosystems are therefore, complex multifaceted systems that require a burdensome amount of
natural resources input and negotiations for their adequate development. In urban discourse, the lack
of interdisciplinary and trans–disciplinary interest partly due to an absence of tools to which all
disciplines can use to further incorporate ecological theories to assessment and planning of urban
centers. All these connections have been made and academics have divided the complex concept
into biophysical processes and socioeconomic processes when examining cities in case studies. The
urban ecology theory and a closely related concept of urban metabolism can explain the technical
aspects of urban density and growth but human influences are not accounted for in the assessment.
However, human scholarship is a key component that shapes the metabolic processes in urban
ecologies and in turn alters the initial footprint.
By examining the historical context of urban ecology, the early stages and latter results of the urban
ecology theory being transformed from a multidisciplinary concept into

Factors That Have Been Used By Managers
Introduction
There are many theories and strategies that managers used to achieve business success. The strategy
research and 'practical' models assumes that organizations are able to adapt to their environment.
However that is not necessarily the case as there are many examples of mainstream approach that
has been criticised for not taking into account how environments can also constrain individuals and
organisations. Mainstream approach such as organizational ecology and institutional theory is
argued for not considering on how environments are also one of the factors that constrain individual
and organisations which are also known as task environment. Task environment is the external
environment of an organization which affects its ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Examples of strategies that have been used that do not take environment into account are such as
organizational ecology and institutional theory.
Organizational ecology is the combination of organizational demography and the population
ecology of organization which focus on scientific analysis and study of interactions among
organisms and their environment. Organizational ecology utilizes the insights from biology,
economics, and sociology, and employs statistical analysis to try to understand the conditions under
which organizations emerge, grow, and die. This strategy analyse the effects of the environment on
organization structure population. According to the organizational ecology theory by (Dimaggio &
Powell, 1983) the strategy research and practical models assume that organizations are able to adapt
to their environment. However this is not always true as the theory did not take account of
economics problems such as sunk costs caused by environmental changes such as the case of The
Celler–Kefauver Act of 1950 was just such a shock, in that it opened horizontal and vertical mergers
to federal scrutiny and encouraged firms to spend excess capital on other kinds of acquisitions.
Other factors such as not enough information as they

Six Key Aspects of Ebm
Ecosystem and Human Activity
SIX KEY ASPECTS OF ECOSYSTEM BASED MANAGEMENT
October 27, 2013
Table of Contents
Introduction 3
Six Key Aspects of Ecosystem Based Management..........................................3
Integration of ecological, social, and economic goals and recognition of humans as key components
of the ecosystem.............................................................................3
Consideration of Ecological Not Just Political– Boundaries....................................5
Accounting for the Complexity of Natural Processes and Social Systems and Using an Adaptive
Management Approach in the Face of Resulting Uncertainties.........7 Engaging Multiple
Stakeholders in a Collaborative Process to Define Problems and Find
Solutions..........................................................................................8 Incorporating ... Show more
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Urbanized areas also modify microclimates and air quality by altering the nature of the land surface
and generating heat (Oke, 1987). Although ecological impacts of urban development often seem to
be local, urbanization also causes environmental changes at larger scales. Today's cities are
sustained by a socioeconomic infrastructure that operates on global scales; the ecologically
productive area required to support an urban area can be 100 to 300 times larger than the urban
region (Rees & Wackernagel, 1994). A new cooperative relationship between science, business
and policy is needed to gather all the information needed and to find a solution that benefits all of
society. The study of urban ecology ultimately involves studying how to integrate this new
interdisciplinary knowledge about urban ecosystems into policymaking processes––to improve
interactions between policymakers and scientists so as to help society achieve more sustainable
existence. Today, the scientific and political communities lack the effective two–way
communication and trust that they need to address urban ecological problems. Although science can
help society formulate a range of options to achieve societal goals, it cannot make value judgments.
In addition, scientists often cannot deliver definitive answers to questions posed by policymakers.
To be able to find solutions to the larger issues

The Importance Of Landscape Architecture
ARC252 Close Readings in
Landscape Architecture
Bhavika Sharma
(1003417509)
TA: Carlos
1C: Term Essay
Urban transformation, has been rapidly increasing at a global scale as witnessed in the past century.
Crossing the 50th percentile, the global population is moving towards inhabiting purely urban
spaces. Amid a post–industrial world, it is crucial the ecological knowledge be applied to building
systems to solve urban environmental needs and concerns. Ian McHarg, in his seminal text Design
with Nature, suggests that landscape should be the overarching principle that governs urban space .
The incorporation of green infrastructure such as native vegetation, natural materials, and fabricated
soils, into urban spaces is crucial in improving overall human ecology
Fredrick Law Olmstead, a figurehead in landscape architecture, suggested a design for New York
City's Central park with human ecology in mind. Using the Victorian English country park as an
outline, he created a green space that negated the hustle and bustle of the populous city. The need for
such a park was obvious to Olmstead, providing a "refreshment to both mind and nerves. "
Following such a model is Teardrop Park, which successfully acts as both a refuge and restorative
addition to New York City. Located in the lower Manhattan region the park was designed by
Michael Van Valkenberg.
Valkenburg and his team of associates employed McHarg's Strategy, incorporating knowledge from
environmental scientists into

A Writing Ecology Is A Dynamic, Interconnected System Of...
A writing ecology is a dynamic, interconnected system of communication, which works together
through interaction and sharing. As the term 'ecology' traditionally refers to the relationships
between organisms in an environment, the ability to metaphorically link this to a concept of writing
redefines the complexity of networked technologies and the influences of technological change. The
ability to participate in a digitally evolving space opens up new possibilities and opportunities when
accessing and expressing knowledge and information. Snowfall (Branch, 2016) is an explicit
example of this as it demonstrates key concepts through optimising its environment. By allowing the
audience to actively engage themselves in the text, Snowfall revolutionised traditional media in its
time.
Writing as a digitally networked environment enriches the experience of the reader by allowing
them to interact with new technological forms. The ability to engage in multimodal writing spaces
exceeds traditional alphabetic text by drawing upon the audience's sensory responses. New
multimodal media explores still and moving images, music, colour and sound that entices and
interacts with the responder. Snowfall is an example of this as it discusses the affects an avalanche
had on the town of Tunnel Creek. Its interactive form produces an interesting layout, which gives
the reader a more active and dynamic experience in contrast to traditional and more restrictive
written text. By using a

Comparing Brookchin's Social Ecology And Biocentric Approach
Deep ecology is used to describe different environmental philosophies. Deep ecology is similar to
biocentric because it also believes that the flourishing of human and nonhuman life on earth has
intrinsic value. In addition, deep ecology sees that the diversity of life forms have value also. Deep
ecology and biocentric is very similar. Brookchin's Social Ecology The biocentric view believes that
humans are not superior to animals. That they are on the same hierarchy level and that we are all a
part of this integrative system. The biocentric view also believes that nature wasn't just intended to
be consumed by individuals. Brookchin's social ecology is concerned with hierarchy. Brookchin
looks at groups of people such as men over women and young over old or mind over body. He looks
at the belief that one holds power over the other in society. Since he thinks that eventually most
hierarchy societies will dominate so he want to get rid of all social hierarchies. Brookchin relates to
biocentrism by the way that he views each member of society has value. He also believes that
humans aren't the ones that are ruining the environment but the social hierarchies. However,
biocentrism is nature based not ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Once the whole world can adopt this attitude, treating living and nonliving things as if it possesses
this immense amount of worth, treating them become easier. In the video, Food Inc. The chickens
were just throw out once they died and they didn't think twice about it. The cows were harmed and
were used as a tool for humans. If we adopt this way of thinking, we will think twice about our
actions. There will be many obstacles. However, slowly change can be made. For example, the sale
of organic food is one of the fastest growing sectors of the food industry. This demonstrates that
humans are slowly seeing the inherent value in animals and the

Ecocriticism In Silent Spring
As a criticism of the trend, "Ecological criticism" originated from the United States. The publication
of Silent Spring written by Rachel Carson symbolizes the beginning of the American ecological
movement. Just as Uncle Tom's Cabin written by Harriet Beecher Stowe started Civil War, Silent
Spring is the triggers of American environmental protection movement. Since then, ecocriticism
gradually emerged as the times demand.
This concept can be traced back to the 1970s when Joseph Meek came up with the term "literary
ecology" in his essay entitled "The Comedy of Survival: Studies in Literary Ecology " in 1974,
advocating that literary criticism should explore "the relationship between humans and other
species," and carefully examine and explore the literature's impact on human's behaviors and ...
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The first stage of ecocriticism is the research about how nature and environment are expressed in the
literature text. Next stage of ecocriticism concentrated on the promotion of nature–writing literature
that has been neglected for a long time, explore and analyze the history, development, achievement
and writing styles of the former nature–writing works. While the third stage of ecocriticism, the
scholars try to establish the new concept of ecological poetics in the hope of enhancing the
ecological theories construction through the concept of ecological system. Numerous ecological
theories have been founded during the three stages, such as Albert Schweitzer's ethic of reverence
for life, Leopold's ecological holism, Paul W.Taylor's biocentrism, Holmes Rolston's the value of
nature, Tom Regan's animal rights, Peter Singer's animal liberation and so on. This dissertation just
attempts to interpret the ecological thoughts in Toms River by using some of the ecocriticism
theories to reveal the truth about environmental pollution and the attitude and actions people should
take when dealing with environmental

The Financial Success Of A Company 's Social And Economic...
The biggest opposition to the protection of these wilderness areas is logging companies, who profit
off clear cutting timber as quickly and efficiently as possible. These companies then sell off the
deforested land and move their operations elsewhere. Clear cutting forests can have some benefits in
specific instances, such as preventing the spread of disease or saving millions of dollars in Wildland
firefighting costs ("Biodiversity and the Cost of Clear Cutting" – Musicians for Forests, 2015).
Unfortunately, these timber clear cutting operations come at a cost to taxpayers, local ecosystems,
and to loggers themselves. I can acknowledge that the financial success of a company has social and
economic benefits within human society. However, I believe that allowing a company to profit at the
expense of our ecological environment, degrading the very foundations of terrestrial life, is
antithetical to ethical behavior and human prosperity.
The following section outlines the economic, ecological, and social costs of clear–cut logging in the
Northern United States. I believe that the costs far outweigh any good that politicians, lobbyists, or
logging companies could argue come from aggressive clear–cut logging operations. In 1993 logging
on public lands in the northern Rockies (Region One) by the United States Forest Service cost the
government between $100 million and $200 million more than the amount received for the sale of
the timber (Bass, 1996). Compare this with the $2.5

Essay on Critical Commentary on Urban Sustainability
Introduction
Since the late 1980s, the notion of 'sustainable development' has transcended beyond the eminent
United Nations report titled Our Common Future, to mainstream dialogue throughout the globe at
all scales within government and public spheres. This form of development seeks to balance current
environmental, social and economic needs of the population, "without compromising the ability of
future generations to meet their own needs" (World Commission on Environment and Development,
1987, 43). Used interchangeably with 'sustainability' (Seghezzo, 2009), the concept has been
fastened to a plethora of themes, including that of cities where 'urban sustainability' speaks to
negligent urban expansion and resource depletion. However, as ... Show more content on
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As the wordplay in Satterthwaite's title suggests, the various interpretations of 'sustainable' and
'development' will dictate a city's actions, due to the strategic selection of what is being sustained in
a sustainable city. For instance, Satterthwaite (1997) suggests that a sustainable city may be
construed in an entirely social manner, leading to the sustaining –or rather preservation – of existing
social structures within the city. Consequentially, the achievement of the United Nation's 'sustainable
development' is compromised, since the economic and environmental aspects are left out of the
scenario (Satterthwaite, 1997). This example also exposes the anthropocentrism embedded in
'sustainability', as human needs are often emphasized over environmental concerns. However, in this
context, the oppression of nature is to be expected since 'sustainable development' is ultimately a
Western construct designed for human benefit and because of this, will never remedy the ecological
crisis society has created (Seghezzo, 2009).
A city contributing to sustainable development invokes a different set of actions according to
Satterthwaite (1997), as this compels populations to make tangible changes in consumer behaviour
or government structure, which consequentially fosters harmonization between social, economic and
environmental goals. This understanding supposedly leaves less room for interpretation, as the city's
actions are to follow a set of

Natural Environmental Resources And Indigenous Beliefs And...
This literature review is limited to the following parameters: natural environmental resources and
indigenous beliefs and practices of the Marakwet people. This study shall rely on the following
literature.
Ogunade (2005), in his article, "Environmental Issues in Yoruba Religion: Implications for
Leadership and Society in Nigeria" writes about the Yoruba people having rituals as a principle tool
that is used to control and approach the unseen world and rearrange the physical world and bring
material transformation change when the physical world is experiencing instability. He writes that
"This is an integral part of the reasons why Yoruba people are very careful about their interaction
and use of resources in nature – because these "corrective" rituals are also very expensive" (Ibid:2).
Just like the Yoruba people the researcher makes the assumption that the Marakwet people have
corrective rituals that are used in conserving natural environmental resources .Therefore motivation
for the study is to identify the rituals that are used by the Marakwet people in this study area in
regard to the environment conservation.
Tucker and Grim (2000) in their article The Challenge of the Environmental Crisis, Observes how
indigenous beliefs have a strong environment ethics,
"most indigenous peoples have environmental ethics embedded in their worldviews. This is evident
in the complex reciprocal obligations surrounding life–taking and resource–gathering which mark a
community's

The Importance Of Human Ecology
Human ecology is an interdisciplinary field, and it includes the interactions among humans and their
natural, social, and built environments. In order to understand fields such as sociology,
anthropology, psychology, home economics, etc., one must understand the different facets of human
ecology. Eco–psychiatry, for example, attempts to integrate ecology and psychiatry and explores the
effects of one's environment on mental health. The environment can be biological, social, or cultural
in nature. Several facets of human ecology can be linked to mental health including microbial,
social, and urban ecology. The diversity of microbiota is important for mental well–being in that
microbes directly influence aspects of mental health such as anxiety and stress, and the social
environment is important in that adequate and quality resources are necessary for the physical and
mental health of an individual. Research has shown that microbial ecology has a direct influence on
the mental health of individuals. Macro–biodiversity in the external environment has been shown to
influence mental well–being, and microbial diversity as a byproduct of this external biodiversity can
have effects on immune function and mood. Microbes have made many genetic contributions to the
human body including but not limited to protection against pathogens, nutrient absorption, and
manufacture of chemicals necessary for survival. Lack of microbial diversity and dysbiosis, or
microbial imbalance, due to

Chicago School Of Social Ecology Theory
Chicago School of Social Ecology has played its vital role in the development of urban ecology
theory as the sociologists and ecologists from aforementioned school such as Robert Park and
Earnest Burgess propagated that Central Business District (CBD) impacts urban and downtown
planning, urban renewal, urban expansions, housing projects, commercial activities,
industrialization, community development and urban ecological system. Next, the Berlin School of
Urban Ecology also extended the aforementioned theoretical argument when the theorist Herbert
Sukopp elaborated on studying the importance of biodiversity patterns, environmental
transformations and natural changes in the global ecological system, processes and structures.
Therefore, the theorists, academicians, researchers, sociologists and environmentalists argue that the
theory of urban ecology broadly incorporates the facets of other crucial disciplines related to
education, health, economy, psychology, social sciences, sociology, anthropology, history,
environment, biosciences, economy, politics, international relations, geography, urban architecture
and technology. One of the major developments pertaining to urban ecology theory is the
comprehensiveness of modern urban system by incorporating social consciousness, social structures,
social and government institutions, community relationships, migration, public infrastructure,
governmental revenue streams, unemployment and underemployment problems. In other words, the

Overview of Ecology Topics: Energy Flux, Food Webs and...
Energy Flux in Ecological Systems The concept of ecology considers interactions between
organisms and their environment across several scales of analysis. Population ecology includes
investigations of the physiological principles that modulate how individuals interact with their
environment, and resource competition theory that explores the dynamics of both individual and
interacting species. Community ecology focuses on large assemblages of species and considers how
in fluxes of matter and energy can define collections of species within an ecosystem. Consequently,
the concept of an ecosystem must consider how nutrient cycles shape the rate and efficiency of
energy transfer among and between species and communities. This essay will ... Show more content
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Intra– and interspecific competition Negative feedback processes can occur when different
individuals within a population compete for a limiting resource. This is termed intraspecific
competition. These effects can be extended to include pairwise interactions between species (e.g.
competition, mutualism, predator–prey), which is termed interspecific competition. To illustrate this
concept and how it relates to resource limitations, the concept of predator–prey interactions will be
discussed briefly. Gause conducted early experiments on simple species such as yeast and paramecia
to examine simple species assemblages and determine theoretical conditions of resource abundance
that might allow species to stably coexist (Gause 1934). His experiments were coupled with the
mathematical framework of Lotka–Volterra equations (Lotka 1925, Volterra 1926), and led to the
discovery that for two species with identical nutrient requirements, competition for limited resources
in a stable environment would ultimately lead to the competitive exclusion of one species against
the other. Though overly simplistic, the trends observed in these studies were confirmed in other
systems (e.g., rotifer–algae chemostats experiments: Yoshida et al. 2005, lynx–hare cycles: Hewitt
1921). This was formulated as the R* rule in exploitative competition by Tilman (1982), which
states that when two or more species are limited by the same resource, the species that can

Human Ecology Theory And Community Theory
Community Theory
In the Macro level of social work, communities are the primary settings for human behavior.
Communities are clusters of people who have something in common. A major social work
perspective views communities as entities where citizens can organize or be organized in order to
address mutual concerns and improve their over–all quality of life. Throughout this paper I will
discuss four conceptual perspectives of communities. I will cover the following, Human Ecology,
Socio–Psychological, Structural, and Functionalist.
These perspectives are important for a social worker to understand in order to create change for the
individuals in a community. In the process of explaining each perspective I will also discuss the key
concepts ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
These characteristics are usually race, ethnicity, religion, social pressure, or personal choice.
These Ecological concepts demographics, competition, segregation and integration can help social
workers analyze a community in terms of its fairness and support to all of its members. One of the
strengths gathered from this perspective is that it allows for the issues to be identified and it
implements change as needed. The Human Ecology perspective can help frame subsequent
questions like how to change the situation. It has concern for the individuals within the community
but its main focus is on the environment. With the focus on the environment it will be better to
determine why people behave the way they do. One of the concepts of this perspective is also one of
tis strengths and that is when integration occurs. Members will come together and function as a
whole. However, this theory does have its weaknesses. For one when the demographics mentioned
are becoming unlivable members will compete and segregate themselves. This causes the
community to always be in chaos. Viewing communities from a Human Ecology perspective it
provides a useful assessment mechanism for understanding why people act as they do within the
context of the larger community macro system.
Social–Psychological Theory
This theory is defined on how members within a community feel about themselves as well as their
behavior

Research Paper On Hopf Bifurcation
Abstract. In this paper, a classical model describing a food web in a chemostat involving three
species competing for non–reproducing, growth rate–limiting nutrient in which one of the
competitors predates on one of the other competitors is considered. Quantitative analyses of non–
negativity and boundedness of solution trajectories, dissipativity, and behavior around equilibria,
global stability and persistence of the model equations are analyzed. We present the global stability
of equilibria by constructing a Lyapunov function. Hopf bifurcation theory is applied. Keywords:
Chemostat; Food web; Global stability; Hopf bifurcation; Dissipative. 1. Introduction In
microbiology and population biology, the laboratory device chemostat extensively uses as a research
technique to culture microorganisms continuously under nutrient limitation in a controlled
environment in order to study the general ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Since one can measure the control parameter easily, the device has various applications in ecology
and population biology. It can be viewed as a simple lake system in ecology while it serves as a
laboratory bio–reactor in chemical engineering used for investigations in genetically altered cell. As
for example, the prey (bacteria) consumes nutrient (waste) while the predator (ciliates) feeds on the
prey in waste water treatment process. It is of mathematical interest to construct models with
chemostat. The dynamics of chemostat model with nutrient uptake is of Monod kinetics play an
important role in population ecology. After the first introduction of chemostat the researchers have
paid their attention to develop mathematical theories of models in it. Qualitative analyses of
predator–prey models in chemostat both from the experimental and the modeling aspect describe by
set of differential equations were studied by many authors (Aris and

Current Australian Environmental Issues
Introduction Ecology is the division of biology that deals with the relationships and interactions
amongst organisms and their environment, (including other organisms). It derives from the Greek
word 'Okologie', broken down oikos meaning 'house, place of dwelling or habitation' and logia
which is 'study of'. Ecology is literally the study of where organisms live (Ecology, n.d.). It is widely
believed that having an understanding of ecology can help us to better manage Australian
environments. Since settlement, European land management practices have placed our natural
environments under considerable pressure resulting in Australia losing nearly 40% of its forests, and
a significant amount of the remaining native vegetation being highly disintegrated (Bradshaw,
2012). Resulting in the degradation of habitats. This essay will discuss how better understanding
ecology can assist us with current Australian environmental issues. Forest habitats Firstly it should
be noted that Australia could lose a large proportion of its remaining ... Show more content on
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Emphasis must be drawn on the maintenance of existing primary forest patches, and the
regeneration of medium areas between fragments to increase native habitat area, connectivity and
ecosystem functions (Bradshaw, 2012). Australia had little forest cover to begin with so it is
troublesome that Australia has been subjected to such vast amounts of deforestation. The vegetation
left is highly disjointed and ecologically disturbed to the point where many flora and fauna species
have already gone extinct or are in proximate danger of extinction. It was anticipated that over 80%
of eucalypt forests in Australia had been humanly modified, back in 1992 (Bradshaw, 2012). Half of
these forests under current protection have been logged at some point since European colonisation
(Bradshaw,

The Field Of Ecology And Diversity
Ecology and diversity both focus on the measurable properties of size, types, importance, disparity,
and unevenness. In the field of ecology, the understanding of diversity sophisticates with a
quantitative linguist viewing diversity as a statistical analysis. Whereas, an ecologist state 's
diversity as numbered species (Jarvis, 2013). In ecology, all relationship are inversely related to
diversity (Finkel, Early, Fuller, 1998). Identifying a population is a significant step in developing a
definition of diversity and ecology. In this contribution to the definitions of ecology and diversity,
Spellman and Whiting (2007) claims that ecology constitutes an interrelationship of an organism
with its environment. The growth of these organisms may follow changes such that the population
diversifies into other measured organisms. Moreover, diversity is respective to a framework of
attaining a multicultural population of schools. The school 's population prospers due to the
implementation of diverse academic disciplines and other aspects of the curriculum (Rodman,
2010). Ecology Haeckel, a German biologist, used the term ''oecologie'', an older spelling ecology
which gives the meaning: management of a household or management of a world of living things
(Ecology, 2009). Karl Marx contended ecology as a ''metabolism to social interactions with nature,
explaining that "there is a necessary metabolic interaction

Ecology And Architecture Case Study
TABLE OF CONTENT
Abstract
Acknowledgment
List of figures
Chapter 1 – Introduction to ecology and architecture
1.1 – A brief on ecology and architecture
1.2 – Research Questions
1.3 – Aims and Objectives
1.4 – Outline of the study
1.5 – Focus and challenges
1.6 – Methodology
Chapter 2 – Ecotecture towards sustainability
2.1 – Ecology and architecture
2.2 – Ecotecture – Less bad approach
Chapter 3 – Paolo Soleri – early 20th century principle
3.1 – Brief of Paolo Soleri
3.2 – Understanding the principle – Arcology
3.3 – Case study 3.3.1 – Cosanti in scottsdale 3.3.2 – Arcosanti 3.3.3 – Lean linear city
3.4 – Design for the city of future
Chapter 4 – Ken Yeang – later 20th century principle
4.1 – Brief of Ken Yeang
4.2 – Understanding the principle – eco architecture
4.3 – Practice of Ken Yeang ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Since ancient times "designers" looked to nature for "solutions" to their common problems; they
saw nature as the perfect model to follow. Ecotecture is the art and science of designing human
systems that are integrated, functionally and aesthetically, with natural ecosystems. The word
"ecotecture" is a combination of the words "ecology," meaning pattern of relations between living
organisms and their environment, interactive with

The Pros And Cons Of Multimarket Competition
Multimarket contact involves firms' simultaneous competition against one another in multiple
product and/or geographical markets (Haveman and Nonnemaker, 2000; Korn and Baum, 1999) or
in international markets (countries) (Yu, Subramaniam, and Cannella, 2009). Prior research on
multimarket competition has examined exploitation in mature markets (Bowers, Greve, Mitsuhashi,
and Baum, 2014; Gimeno, 1999; Greve, 2008; Guedri and McGuire, 2011) such as geographic
markets (Fuentelsaz and Gómez, 2006; Greve, 2000) and sales growth (Greve, 2008) rather than
exploration in immature markets. In fact, external environments may affect the evolution and
dynamics of rival markets. Each competitor's market may rely on upstream, downstream, and
complementary ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Here, alliance diversification, which is analogous to corporate diversification, is defined as a
blurring of diverse alliance boundaries to combine various types of alliances, including intra–
industry alliances, such as vertical upstream and downstream alliances in the industry value chain;
horizontal alliances within an industry (Rindfleisch and Moorman, 2001); and intra–industry
exploration, exploitation, and ambidextrous alliances. This article also examines cross–industry
alliances that are formed through cooperation with partners in other related and/or unrelated
industries (Mayrhofer, 2004); cross–industry exploration, exploitation, and ambidextrous alliances;
and hybrid alliances (e.g., intra–industry and cross–industry alliance portfolios). From ambidexterity
and legitimacy perspectives as well as mutant–based innovation, this article presents four types of
alliance diversification–ambidextrous alliance portfolios, sequential ambidextrous alliances, mutant
alliances, and mutant alliance portfolios–to examine how followers move into diverse multimarket
ecosystems for innovation and value creation (Lansiti and Levien, 2004) and from cross–industry
alliances to intra–industry

The Struggle Between Economics And Ecology
Right from the end of the 19th Century and the beginning of the 20th Century, there has been a
fierce debate concerning how economic growth or development affects the environment or
ecological setup of a country. The debate has its basis on whether it would be recommendable for a
nation to concentrate on growing its economy while at the same time hurting or harming its
ecological system. Naturalists like Pinchot Gifford, John Muir, Love Canal and Cuyahoga County
always argued in favor of environmental preservation as opposed to concentrating all efforts towards
developing the economy (Olmes 154; Miller 150–51). This paper will, therefore, discuss the
struggle between economics and ecology specifically looking at particular events across the
Twentieth Century. It will also attempt to explain the factors involved in the pursuit for change on
the way people and the administration perceived the environmental conservation as opposed to
economic growth.
The Twentieth Century conservationists like John Muir and Gifford Pinchot always argued that it
was important for the government of the day to strike a balance between the two conflicting goals of
economic development and environmental conservation. According to Menzel (2007; 3– 4), other
environmental movements in the USA had been in constant conflict with industrial enterprises. The
major root cause of conflict being the fact that industrial enterprises had ignored the fact their
activities were hurting the environment through

What Do You Understand by the Term Deep & Shallow Ecology
Deep ecology is a contemporary ecological philosophy that recognizes the inherent worth of other
beings aside from their utility. The philosophy emphasizes the interdependent nature of human and
non–human life as well as the importance of the ecosystem and natural processes. It provides a
foundation for the environmental, ecology and green movements and has fostered a new system of
environmental ethics.
According to deep ecologists, the root, or "deep" cause of environmental destruction is
anthropocentrism, the worldview that holds humans are (1) that which has highest or the only
intrinsic value, (2) are fundamentally different and separate from nature, and (3) the dominant focus
of our attention. This anthropocentric worldview has ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Deep ecologists also tend to criticize the reformist environmentalism exemplified by large,
mainstream environmental organizations that work within the political system to gain policy
victories without challenging society's main assumptions and values that are the ultimate cause of
environmental degradation. Some deep ecologists also have criticized the animal rights movement
as maintaining an implicitly anthropocentric view that extends human rights to at least some
animals, and in so doing upholding a hierarchical view of nature (animals are more important than
plants). They also object to the individualist approach common among animal liberationists, which
they believe neglects the importance of whole systems.
There has been a vigorous, and at times shrill, debate between proponents of deep ecology and other
schools of radical environmental thought. Ecofeminism has criticized deep ecology for neglecting
the close ties between environmental thought and social ideology, especially the long–standing
tendency to associate nature with the female and then devaluing and oppressing both. Similarly, it
has criticized deep ecology's general neglect of social problems that are caused by the logic of
domination, in which some social groups are assumed to have more value and have the right to
control and use others, the same logic of domination that fuels

The Effects Of Climate Change On Forest Ecology System
Although our modern society would be more convenient and comfortable compared with 30 years
ago, climate change could be considered the most serious issue affecting the world. Climate change
impacts forest ecology system is significant developing recently however, human activities are also
damaging the global environment almost the same as development of new technology. Human
activities such as the burning of fossil fuels, agriculture and increased deforestation are contributing
to climate change. It is clear that people have to protect forests to decrease the climate change. In
addition, it requires not only national commitment but also individual actions solutions.
The technology of transportation is one of the typical issue for climate change due to carbon dioxide
(CO2) and other greenhouse and gas emissions. According to Natural Resources Defense
Council(NRDC), "In the United States, the burning of fossil fuels to make electricity is the largest
source of heat–trapping pollution, producing about 2 billion tons of CO2 every year" (Global
Warming 101, March 11, 2016). Have you ever thought of how many breaths do you do every day?
Compared to a person average which Environmental Protection Agency(EPA) Brown showed that
"The average person takes between 17,280 and 23,040 breaths a day" (April 28, 2014). It is still
huge number and difficult to picturing on minds however, it is certain that the percentage rising of
CO2 is impacts our daily life and people can not escape from

Community Conceptual Model
Community Conceptual Model
Community Conceptual Model Conceptual models are effective guides and tools used for nursing
practice. They merge concepts and ideas providing a framework for how to think or demonstrate the
elaborate connections between concepts, structures, or a system. They categorize existing
interrelationships amid concepts into ways that can effectively direct actions and interventions. The
objective of this paper is to define and examine the social ecology model and its application to the
nursing process and community health problems. Historical Development The historic development
of the social ecology model originates back to the systems theory and Dr. Urie Bronfenbrenner's
social ecological ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Development of policies that support healthy lifestyles will support health promotion, education,
and continuity of care. The final stage is evaluation of the effectiveness of the interventions.
Applications in Community Health The social ecological model is often used for studies with high
risk populations. Efforts to prevent obesity and other chronic diseases often use the social ecological
model. The model looks at all levels of influence that need to be addressed to encourage healthy
lifestyles. Addressing obesity and other chronic disease begins with the individual. This involves
assessing an individual's beliefs, attitudes, and knowledge. Through relationships and support of
family, schools, communities, and government, behavior can be changed. Interpersonal groups in
this model are families, friends, or any group interrelated will also influence healthy behaviors. They
can provide support in eating right and increasing physical exercise. Community level includes
schools, churches, work, and other groups that influence the individual. The community can support
policy change and improvements in the environment for example improving access to healthy foods,
changing zoning ordinances, and providing recreation centers providing physical exercise. Society is
the level that encompasses all levels, involving individual, interpersonal groups, organizations, and

Leadership From A Natural Sciences Standpoint
There have been many studies and papers written about leadership by looking at all sorts of
perspectives. More recently, researchers have started to look at the keys to leadership from a natural
sciences standpoint. The world is starting to understand that our views of leadership in organizations
have to be consistent with the nature of the world outside. Richard Wielkiewicz and Stephen
Stelzner go so far to say that the key to effective leadership is by looking at and having a fair
representation of all perspectives, that includes an environmental perspective. They not only give
assertions about leadership as a whole, but they also give criteria for looking at leadership from an
ecological standpoint as to better understand it.
In the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
A third assertion says organizations are more adaptive when diversity of input is present. This is an
easy statement to understand. If people with different backgrounds give input, there will be a wider
range of thoughts and ideas. If an organization takes these diverse perspectives into account, they
will be better able to adapt to changing thoughts and societal norms. The final assertion given is
related to Wheatley's notion of new and old science. Wheatley suggests that old science is a
mechanistic view that is no longer relatable and that her idea of new science is one that needs to be
followed (Wheatley, 2006, pg. 15). On the other hand, Wielkiewicz and Stelzner say that instead of
just rejecting old science, there should be a tension between the two approaches. One needs to find a
resolution between the traditional "industrial approach" and the lesser known neglected "ecological
approach".
There are four ecological principles than can help explain organizational leadership. They are
interdependence, open systems and feedback loops, the cycling of resources, and adaptation. By
looking at each principle, one can relate it back to their organization and hopefully be able to
integrate the things learned with previous notions in order to make leadership more efficient. While
it is an interesting idea to use scientific

A Brief Note On Science And Its Effects On The Middle Of A...
Dylan Fox
Professor Brinkerhoff
3/4/15
Advanced Ecology Midterm (1) Why is scale important in ecology?
Ecology is the study of the distribution and abundance of organisms, their interactions between each
other and their environment, and the structure and function of ecosystems. To this end, the scale
(spatial, functional, temporal, organizational, etc.) at which we observe nature and the multitude of
environments that comprise it is an extremely important factor in the study of ecology. Dumping
sewage effluent in the middle of a small pond is not going to register even a slight disturbance on a
global or even regional scale , but there is a still massive disturbance to the organisms at the small
scale of that pond ecosystem. Similarly, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Large–scale variations in these gradients are easy to observe, like an ecotone transitioning grassland
into desert. Smaller scale variations are harder to detect with the naked eye, and micro–variations in
habitat are harder to see still. The physical size of environmental heterogeneity / variation is not
indicative of its importance to biodiversity or its ecological relevance, however, as Hutchinson
reveals in his 1959 paper. He discusses the importance of the mosaic nature of the environment as a
significant contributor to biodiversity. While large–scale variations in habitat are certainly important
factors in organismal diversity and are responsible for niche differentiation, smaller scale and even
microscopic habitat variations are arguably just as (if not more) important factors that contribute to
biodiversity around the globe. Because the vast majority of animal species on Earth are physical
small, even the tiny variations in a landscape that define its mosaic nature allow for more numerous
and specialized niche differentiations than larger (and less numerous) land animals can fill .
Hutchinson's mosaic nature postulate was an extremely important breakthrough in modern Ecology,
and helped spawn further research into the importance of examining nature at many different scales
– microscopic, macroscopic, and everything in between.
Scale is an extremely important

Gesabelle
Instructional Unit on Ecology Week 6
Zachary Spooner
SEI 500
January 14, 2014
Michael Conway
SIOP® LESSON PLAN
Date: 12/5/12 | | Zachary SpoonerGrade/Class/Subject: Grade 8, Team A, Science | |
Unit/Theme: Introduction to Basic Concepts of Ecology
Standards: Region: USA– NAS– Science Education Standards
National Academy of Science
Type of Standard: Science Content Standards
Grade Range: Grades 5–8
Content Standard: Life Science
Area– POPULATIONS AND ECOSYSTEMS:
A population consists of all individuals of a species that occur together at a given place and time. All
populations living together and the physical factors with which they interact compose an ecosystem.
... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It covers the same information in the text but uses more simple language and includes pictures
associated with each vocabulary words. This is supplementary to the text so EL students and English
speaking students should each read both the handout and the text. The only exception would be for
EL's who's language challenges make it impossible for them to gain any comprehension from the
text. Most EL students will be encouraged to at least spend some time trying to read and understand
the text before goig over the handout. * Pass around some interesting photographs relating to
ecological systems to help gain some interest and motivation around the topic. * Further build
interest by discussing some interesting topics and facts related to ecology and

What Is Ecocriticism?
"Just as feminist criticism examines language and literature from a gender–conscious perspective,
and Marxist criticism brings an awareness of modes of production and economic class to its reading
texts, ecocriticism takes an earth–centered approach to literary studies." Cheryll Glotfelty (xviii)
Man is a part of this earth as the plants and animals are. Man is considered to be the only literary
creature on the earth and here the superiority of human minds arise and forget that he is the only part
of this physical surrounding. It has no doubt that we, Human Beings, depend on Nature for our
survival. The human culture directly or indirectly connected to the physical world. This intimate
relationship between human and non–human worlds has ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Cheryll Glotfelty, one of the forerunners of Ecocriticism defines Ecocriticism as, "the study of the
relationship between literature and the physical environment" (xviii). According to Glotfelty,
William Ruckert introduces the term Ecocriticism in his essay Literature and Ecology: An
Experiment in Ecocriticism in 1978, where he means by the term "the application of ecology and
ecological concepts to the study of literature"(xx). After this, lots of other terms like ecopoetics,
environmental literary criticism and green cultural studies were circulating in the literary world.
Ecocriticism means how nature is presented in literature. Cheryll Glotfelty states for ecocriticism,
"As a critical stance, it has one foot in literature and the other on land; as theoretical discourse, it
negotiates between human and the non–human."(xix). Ecocriticism is a swiftly mounting area of
research which shelters wide range of texts and theories and studies the relationship between man
and nature. In the literary texts, through the nature imagery, man–woman relationship, culture,
tourism, gender construct etc. the issues of environment has been studied which have wider
meanings than what is actually exhibited in their literal expressions. William Howarth observes in
Some Principles of Ecocriticism, "Since ecology studies the relations between species and habitats,
ecocriticism must see its complicity in what it

The Perspective On Demography And Its Effects On The...
Every aspect on demography comes into play when combined into unison from the perspective of a
person's environment. Factors such as age, ethnicity, gender and class are highly important in
shaping a person's environment, where a different combination is met with a distinct response, thus
placing great emphasis on the understanding of intersectionality through the lens of the sociological
imagination. Through social ecology, intersectionality and the sociological imagination intertwines
together to connect social issues and environmental problems as interrelated, where to solve one
side, the other side can not be ignored. To help protect our environment, we must begin to consider
beyond the industry cultures, but on the combination of all our carbon footprint's effect on the
environment. While equality is important, does all the countries have to reach the standard of
Western societies, instead for Western society to meet the developing countries somewhere in the
middle. Perhaps Eurocentrism is not so great after all when its existence is everywhere. The China
Price provides an excellent example of the consequences of the industrial culture prominent in many
Western countries, in which this culture takes advantage of the poor and marginalized groups for the
economy to prosper, as shown by the abundance of goods made from China. The environment in
many cities are covered with smog due to all the manufacturing and its byproducts going on in
China, and through this means,

The Effects Of Climate Change On The Earth Essay
"I went to the woods because I wished to live deliberately...and see if I could not learn what it had to
teach, and not, when I came to die, discover that I had not lived" (Thoreau, 66). In two decades of
life, I have struggled to find anything superior to a forest path for the endeavor of self–reflection and
growth. I have been awestruck at the vastness of the Blue Ridge mountains and entranced by the
moon's gentle glow permeating a midnight canopy. Although I treasure these sublime experiences,
they do not motivate me to advocate for a sustainable society. Climate change is a byproduct of
humanity's unprecedented impact on the planet and it threatens the sublime natural spaces that many
environmentalists hold dear. With the impending threats of sea level rise, super storms, food
shortages, and extinction, environmentalists must find a new course of action. If the worst
manifestations of climate change are to be prevented, the movement must more effectively engage
the public and facilitate a reduction of carbon emissions and material waste. At the root of this issue
lies environmentalism's failure to embrace a single conception of nature. As the movement lacks a
consensus on "nature," it has no uniformity of rhetoric or singular goal. Some environmentalists
wish to preserve sublime wilderness, others fight to prevent ecological collapse, while still others
wish simply to save nature. Whatever their motives for participation, environmentalists must unify
behind one conception

Transcendentalism and Deep Ecology
Transcendentalism has been linked to the birth of deep ecology, given the "emotion and spiritual
philosophy" that connects the two movements. Both transcendentalism and deep ecology
romanticize the natural world, and critique the way industrialization, modernization, and
urbanization encroach on ecological and spiritual purity. The eco–centric worldview and value
system espoused by deep ecology has its roots in transcendentalism (Hicks, n.d.). Both
transcendentalists and deep ecologists disparage the ways individuals, communities, and whole
cultures present the human being as being entitled to rape and plunder the earth.
However critical they were of human activity and stupidity, the transcendentalists were not
misanthropes. The transcendentalists advocated for a better world, one that discarded ineffective and
corrupt forms of government in favor of a more just and egalitarian society. All were abolitionists, in
an era where slavery and sexism were both normative. Emerson advocated material and spiritual
self–reliance over philanthropy as a means of self–empowerment. He also criticized traditional types
of philanthropy as having "a certain air of quackery," (Emerson, 1842). Philanthropy is often used as
an excuse to avoid doing the real work of transforming the self and the society, according to
Emerson.
Thoreau promoted political activism in a more direct way than Emerson. In "Civil Disobedience,"
Thoreau advocated various forms of civil disobedience as a means of

A Short Note On The Global Ecology Center
Arch 100 Term Paper.
The Global Ecology Center
Lihao Wang,
May 19
The word "sustainable" is very popular recent years. Many countries are trying to reduce the carbon
emission. They tried controlling the smoke of the car. They tried controlling the use of the electric
and recycle everything they can use again. However, the carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions of
buildings is more than either the transportation or industrial sectors. According to US Green
Building Council's research,In 2004, total emissions from residential and commercial buildings were
2236 million metric tons of CO2, or 39% of total US. Also, buildings consume 70% of the
electricity load in the US.(USGBC) A building called Global Ecology Center reduced 72% reduction
in carbon emissions and 50% in embodied carbon for building materials. Global Ecology Center is
located in Stanford, and it was chosen as an AIA Committee on the Environment Top Ten Green
Project for 2007. The capacity is 10,900 ft2. It completed in March 2004. Global Ecology Center
combined with laboratories and offices. It owned by and occupied by Carnegie Institution of
Washington, Corporation.(nonprofit) All told, the GEC achieved a 72 percent savings over a 2001
California Title 24–compliant building, the strictest energy code in the nation, for a modest capital
cost premium paid back between two and five years. In short, this is a good example for the
sustainable buildings and works very well. I visited the building twice and I found

Ecosystem Services And Ecosystem Based Management
Introduction/overview
This review of current literature attempts to provide the context for the upcoming research and
findings. Ecosystem services and Ecosystem–based Management (EBM) will be discussed. The
definitions, current methods, benefits, limitations, and challenges will be discussed. The literature
review will discuss the unresolved issues or current challenges.
This literature review will...discuss scope and limitations.
Ecosystem services
Ecosystem services are defined as the benefits natural ecosystems supply to human well–being
(Elliff and Kikuchi, 2015). These services directly and indirectly influence our welfare, and are of
great interest to stakeholders, but also the community (UNEP–WCMC, 2011). One ecosystem has
the ability to provide numerous services and functions. Recognition of ecosystem services is fairly
recent, but the concept is something that has been part of human society since ancient times (Elliff
and Kikuchi, 2015). The Millennium Ecosystem (MEA) in 2005, advanced the concept of
ecosystem services. According to the MEA, these services can be provisioning services, such as
food or water, regulating services, such as purification or waste management, habitat services, such
as maintaining a species, or cultural services, which would be things such as aesthetic value. This
assessment's goal was to create a foundation of economist and ecologists, in a world where people
and institutions appreciate natural resources and systems and recognize

AP Biology Homework
Varun Tandon
AP Biology Homework
1. Ecology is the study of organisms and how they interact with the environment. The major
subfields of ecology are organismal ecology, population ecology, community ecology, ecosystem
ecology, landscape ecology, and biosphere ecology. Organismal ecology deals with how a specific
organism interacts with and deals with challenges in an environment. Population biology deals with
how the environment and other factors affect individuals of a population. Community ecology deals
with the interaction of multiple species in a community as well as their interaction with the
environment. Ecosystem ecology deals with energy flow and chemical cycles in an environment.
Landscape ecology deals with how multiple ecosystems ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Coal burning is the human activity that is most greatly contributing to increased mercury levels.
34. See attached
35. Mercury wet deposition levels are highest in Florida, Illinois, Missouri, and Arkansas. This is
most probably due to these states having many coal–burning power plants.
36. Largemouth bass and spotted bass exceed this limit.
37. Largemouth bass, smallmouth bass, rock bass, spotted bass, pumpkinseed, rainbow–cutthroat
trout, and brown trout exceed this limit. This mercury level is most probably lower than the level for
humans because humans are larger than many of the piscivorous mammals and are able to resist
more mercury. In addition, these mammals consume fish in much higher quantities.
38. Yes, on average the largemouth bass has a mercury level of about 0.45 ug/g, which is higher than
the recommended amount for humans.
39. The mercury concentrations were highest in sediment because while rain can distribute the
mercury and "dilute" it to some degree, the mercury that falls to the ground in sediment is deposited
in high concentrations, with little dilution.
40. See

Why Scale Matters in Ecology Studies

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